WO2007067083A1

WO2007067083A1 - Plasma power supply

Info

Publication number: WO2007067083A1
Application number: PCT/RU2005/000624
Authority: WO
Inventors: Rudolf Klavdievich Katargin; Konstantin Rudolfouich Katargin
Original assignee: Rudolf Klavdievich Katargin; Katargin Konstantin Rudolfouic
Priority date: 2005-12-05
Filing date: 2005-12-05
Publication date: 2007-06-14

Abstract

A plasma power supply is based on a high-frequency electro-reactive engine and is embodied in the form of a simple converter for converting a fuel chemical energy directly into electric power with an efficiency output ranging from 40 to 70 %. The invention makes it possible to use liquid and gas fuels, and in combination with a gas generator, any conceivable type of fuel, thereby extending the range of the application of the inventive power supply for transport means, in industries and, in particular, in rural regions. It can be advantageously used for reprocessing domestic wastes and smoke emissions in cities into electric power, thereby helping in rationally resolving one of the more important megalopolis problems.

Description

Plasma current source

The invention relates to the field of engineering, in particular to plasma ion sources that perform the functions of a magnetodynamic current generator (MHD), which was widely published in 60 - 80 years.

Known MHD generators are converters of the chemical energy of fuel into electrical energy by temperature ionization of the gas stream and its separation into electronic and ionic components by blowing gas in a transverse magnetic field. Further connection of the flows of electrons and ions through the payload conductors (light bulbs, electric motors, etc.) gives the necessary amount of electric power for consumers. The principle of such electricity generation is theoretically very promising, however, it did not go into further practice due to the low temperature resistance of structural materials [l, p. 242].

Another equally important prototype may be a fuel cell. Fundamentally extremely simple. Two electrodes with a platinum coating are lowered into a vessel with electrolyte, hydrogen is supplied under one of them, and oxygen under the other. Thanks to platinum, gas molecules dissociate into atoms. On a hydrogen electrode, electrons from fuel atoms under the influence of the same catalyst go to a conductor with a payload (say, an electric motor), and on oxygen atoms, due to their pronounced electron affinity, they take these electrons and, leaving the electrolyte, where hydrogen ions are met _* combine to form water. The movement of electrons along the conductor is the current to power the electric motor. A closed ring of charge movement is created - the electron beam is closed on two merging ionic arms. Thanks to platinum, the costs of dissociation of gas molecules and ionization of atoms are not required, which is very important for understanding the physical process of catalytic production of current from chemical energy directly.

In general, any chemical reaction for gases can be excited in at least three ways. The first is thermal, where by warming the test tube with the mixture, you can always achieve an active start of the reaction. The second is a catalyst, which is described in the fuel cell. The third method is more rare - exposure to light, a radioactive source, an electric discharge [2, p. 63]. So, for example, a test tube with a mixture of chlorine and hydrogen can be detonated by irradiating light with a wavelength of not more than 4785 Angstroms (i.e., at least 2.59 eV.). Interestingly; each reaction requires its own wavelength of light, since it must correspond to the binding energy in the molecule of the most active substance for disintegration

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Replacement sheet molecules into atoms and make them excited. An electric discharge always has a wide spectrum of radiation, therefore, in this electromagnetic series there is always the necessary wavelength for any reaction, otherwise, to break bonds in molecules and create active atoms, i.e. it is a universal catalyst for any chemical reaction (better than any platinum). By the way, this method of chemical process activation has long been used in auto engines to ignite the fuel mixture in cylinders.

The general meaning of the described prototypes is that in order to obtain a useful electric current directly from gaseous substances, it is necessary to divide them into ionic and electron flows. In practice, the separation of gaseous substances into ions and electrons successfully use t i and ion sources, both with positive and negative ions [3, p. 382]. On the basis of ion sources, electric propulsion engines for spacecraft were made, which are used to correct the orientation of earth satellites in space. In recent decades, due to such promising developments, ion sources on electric jet engines have been brought to high perfection, where the efficiency (efficiency) reaches 70 - 80% [4 ₅ c.l7G], which is quite comparable with the efficiency of fuel cells. In principle, an electro-jet engine is an ion source, just dressed in a case-cover. Thanks to the motor application of ion sources outside the earth, a very unusual feature was revealed. When an accelerated ion flux into outer space, usually a positive charge, expires from the nozzle, a charge of the opposite sign is formed on the engine body - negative. And if you do not take the necessary measures, the Coulomb force stops the ion flux, and all the charged particles that have escaped are forced to come back. No matter how powerful a source of electric current works to create an ion stream, the return of ions is ensured - you cannot argue with Coulomb force. In view of this, another source of the opposite charge (usually electronic) is installed near the nozzle exit to neutralize the ion stream, their fusion with the electrons compensates for the charge of the main stream [5, p. 111]. This is done due to the electrical connection by the conductors of the neutralizing device of electrons to the engine electrode farthest from the nozzle. On this principle, it is possible to create a current source for direct energy conversion during the oxidation of fuel into electrical energy, similar to the MHD generator.

For this, two electro-reactive engines without neutralizers can be used, one of which gives a stream of, say, positive hydrogen ions (fuel), the other oxygen (oxidizer) emits a stream of negative ions. Imagine that the engine housings are not electrically connected, try to start them and give

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Replacement sheet the ability of both ion jets to intersect (connect). The released ion streams compensate their charges in the space behind the engines, but only at the beginning. The outflow of both jets after the first impulse will stop, since both engine shells will be charged by the amount of emitted ions. The hydrogen casing has a negative sign - an excess of electrons, while the oxygen one is charged with a positive sign - a lack of electrons. If we connect the engine housings with a conductor through an electric lamp or electric motor, then we give the opportunity to flow electrons from the hydrogen housing to the oxygen one, and then the ion flows from the nozzles will flow normally, with further formation of water vapor when connected in space and the electric motor will rotate or the electric lamp will burn. The movement of electrons along the conductor is an electric current, i.e. it turns out the current generator.

For an example of constructive execution of the indicated principle of current formation, it is reasonable to use the simplest, in our opinion, ShchT-10 electric reactive engine, developed in Germany in the early seventies [5, p. 97]. This, in principle, is so far the only ion source capable of working at very low and high ambient pressures. According to Figure A, it is a quartz or ceramic cylinder 1 with a bottom (like a glass), encircled by an inductor 2 of a high-frequency electromagnetic field with a frequency of about 1 - 30 MHz. Hydrogen is introduced from the cylinder through the bottom and the anode grid 3, which immediately enters the high-frequency field of the inductor, resulting in the formation of plasma. In it, under the action of high frequency and light radiation, as a catalyst, gas atoms decay into ions and electrons, and the latter, due to the negative charge, are forced to return back to the anode grid 3 positively charged by the current source. Hydrogen ions, having a positive charge q, are accelerated by the electric field of the current source E under the action of the force F = q E to the negative cathode ring 4 and, due to the large mass (compared to the electron) and speed, slip ring 4, which is a nozzle ^" outflows, where they fly out into outer space, here, near the nozzle, a little to the side, to compensate for the positive charge of the stream, a neutralizer 5 is usually placed in the form of an electron source that emits them in the direction of the positive stream.

If not electrons are used as a neutralizer, but a source of negative oxygen ions, the atom of which, as we know, can easily be converted into a minus ion due to the high affinity for the additional electron (ozone in nature), then the charge of the hydrogen stream is ensured by combining the ions with oxygen and the formation of the resulting water vapor.

Replacement sheet For a specific example, Fig. 2 shows the installation of an electric jet engine, in which hydrogen enters the main building 1, and oxygen is supplied to the neutralizer 5, and, of course, the axes of gas movement are located at an angle for the intersection of ion jets. On the hydrogen casing 1 of the engine, in addition to the high-frequency inductor 2, the grid-anode 3 and the nozzle ring 4, there is an additional coil 6 of a constant magnetic field along the axis of the casing. For the purpose of local magnetic field amplification, a coil 7 is installed to create a magnetic plug at the nozzle. The same version of the magnetic plug was very successfully tested on an electric jet engine (SPD) created under the direction of A.I. Morozov [4, c.l62].

The operation of the installation is in principle similar to the previously described RIT-IO engine. When gas is supplied from the cylinder into the cavity of the hydrogen (fuel) cylinder 1 in the high-frequency field of the inductor, the gas becomes a plasma bunch, burns up to 10-15 thousand degrees [6, p.275] and decays into ions and electrons. In the longitudinal magnetic field of coil 6, electrons, by virtue of their negative charge, rotate around the lines of force of the magnetic field and are forced to drift to the left to the bottom of the cylinder and settle on grid 3 [7, p. 55, p. 2O7]. If by chance the electron goes to the right along the magnetic line, it will fall into the strong field region of the magnetic plug of coil 7, will be reflected, and “rush back to the grid 3. Hydrogen ions, having a positive charge, and also due to rotation from the Lorentz force, will rush to the right along the magnetic lines and due to the increased mass, a magnetic plug slips through and flies out from the nozzle of the engine into space through ring 4. An ion that has accidentally left towards the bottom (to the left side) loses energy for dissociation and ionization of molecules coming from the balloon and In the MHD generators, the gas is separated into electronic and ionic components by a magnetic field, where ions and electrons, due to different charge signs, are wound onto magnetic field lines in opposite directions and drift to their electrodes.

The gas in the case of the oxygen neutralizer 5, also heated by an inductor or a conventional heater, reaches approximately 900 - 1200 ⁰ C [8, p. 371], as in other used neutralizers, causes the molecules to decompose into individual atoms and no more. The resulting atoms are thermally excited, and, under the pressure of the gas mass from the balloon, are forced to go to grid 8 on which, due to their high affinity for the oxygen electron [9.C.45], they take the electrons they need from the grid and exit the nozzle, negatively charged into space towards positive hydrogen ions. According to Coulomb's law, they are mutually attracted. The resulting water vapor molecules inertia escape into the surrounding space. Grid 8, depleted of electrons in contact with oxygen atoms, through the conductors of an electrical circuit through

imputing sheet the electric motor 9 receives an excess of electrons from the electrode 3, which again and again receives hydrogen electrons from the plasma of the high-frequency discharge of the hydrogen casing due to the magnetic field of the solenoids. A closed ring chain of charge movement is formed consisting of two closed ion flows and one electron, similar to the ring current chain formed during operation of a fuel cell [10, p. 77]. An electric circuit with a current source, switch B (fig. 2) and ring 4 is necessary only for initial ignition and in emergency situations, and after the start of the process can be turned off as unnecessary. Of course, the installation can work successfully even with the power source turned on, however, in order to save money, it can be turned off.

High-frequency inductors for gas heating usually consume relatively little electricity, but more than solenoid coils. To increase the efficiency of the installation, it is quite reasonable to introduce a limited amount of oxygen into the hydrogen stream, then, in the high-frequency zone, when a certain amount of heat is released from a partial chemical reaction, the inductor will need less energy to maintain the temperature of the plasmoid, which reduces the electric power of the high-frequency inductor. Depending on the design, the efficiency of the plasma current source can be in the range of 40 - 70%, although according to the Carnot formula it can be higher. A sufficiently strong light radiation in a plasma from a high temperature (like an electric spark) has a catalytic effect, stimulates the dissociation and ionization of molecules, and this dramatically reduces the required power of the inductor against the calculated value without a catalyst.

The use of a plasma current source is promising especially in the field of transport engineering. Since the proposed current source is lighter per unit of power and is incomparably more durable in the operation of a conventional fuel cell, it can be used on electric vehicles, autonomous electrical units, in general, where current sources of medium and high electric power are required in technology. Such a current source is especially necessary for rural residents of remote villages, for example, in Siberia, capable of providing power to the refrigerator, electric stove, heating, etc. without supplying energy from the electric network. The described method of generating electricity allows the use of various types of fuel instead of the hydrogen given for the example. Easily applicable liquid, gaseous fuels, up to coal powder, which significantly expands the area of application of a plasma current source in household, industry and agriculture. Given the high efficiency of a plasma current source, it is economically very beneficial to use the conversion of household waste into electrical energy. Paying drivers for the waste brought to them (now everything is done the other way around) will pose an environmental problem

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Claims

of our time, from head to foot, will clear our forests and the nearest rivers of garbage and landfills in nooks and crannies. The money for the electricity generated by the power system will fully cover the cost of payment for both drivers and maintenance personnel of the plasma system. A plasma current source is indispensable for the purification of flue gases at industrial enterprises, since any administration is also interested in receiving money from smoke, you only need to give such an opportunity.

High-frequency plasma sources (plasmatrons) using gases, due to the lack of atomized contact current electrodes, have been perfected by modern industry to perfection. They are used as high-temperature burners where it is necessary to melt or obtain chemically pure refractory materials, for heating gas flows during aerodynamic tests of models and products intended for supersonic and space flights [b, c_287], in the paint and varnish industry to produce millions of tons of dyes, and many other areas. The use of plasmatrons to produce electric current will enrich the practice with a completely new direction in the development of technology along with other types of ion sources, which can equally well be used as electric generators.

Literature.

L. Mirdel. Electrophysics. M. World, 1972.

2.T. Erdey Gruz. Chemical current sources. M. World. 1974.

3. Physics and technology of ion sources. Ed. I. Brown. M. World. 1998.

4.Favopsky O.H., Fishroit B.B., Lithuanian E.I. Fundamentals of the theory of space electric propulsion systems. M. High School. 1978.

5.Grishin S.D., Leskov L. B., Kozlov H.I. Electric rocket engines. M. Engineering. 1975.

6 High-speed electrotherm. Directory. Ed. A.B. Donskoy. M. Engineering. 1965.

7.L.A. Artsimovich, SJ. Lukyanov. The movement of charged particles in electric and magnetic fields. M. Science. 1972.

8.B.D D. Rusanov, AA Friedman. Physics of chemically active plasma. M. Science. 1984.

9.G. Gray. Electrons and chemical bonding. M.Mir. 1967.

10. H.B. Korovin. New chemical current sources. M. Energy. 1978.

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