WO2007060375A1 - Antenne reseau a maillage irregulier et eventuelle redondance froide - Google Patents
Antenne reseau a maillage irregulier et eventuelle redondance froide Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2007060375A1 WO2007060375A1 PCT/FR2006/051232 FR2006051232W WO2007060375A1 WO 2007060375 A1 WO2007060375 A1 WO 2007060375A1 FR 2006051232 W FR2006051232 W FR 2006051232W WO 2007060375 A1 WO2007060375 A1 WO 2007060375A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- network
- sub
- antenna
- radiating elements
- networks
- Prior art date
Links
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 24
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 claims description 12
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 claims description 11
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000003491 array Methods 0.000 abstract 3
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000004642 Polyimide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000003321 amplification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002068 genetic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005286 illumination Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000003199 nucleic acid amplification method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920001721 polyimide Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000002922 simulated annealing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003213 activating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005670 electromagnetic radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005284 excitation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000010354 integration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 244000045947 parasite Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000003071 parasitic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000010363 phase shift Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000750 progressive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
- H01Q3/26—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
- H01Q21/06—Arrays of individually energised antenna units similarly polarised and spaced apart
- H01Q21/22—Antenna units of the array energised non-uniformly in amplitude or phase, e.g. tapered array or binomial array
Definitions
- the invention relates to network antennas.
- network antenna is understood to mean an antenna capable of operating in transmission and / or reception and comprising a network of sub-networks of at least one radiating element and control means able to control by means of active channel (s).
- active channel s
- s the amplitude and / or phase of the radiofrequency signals to be transmitted (or in the opposite direction, received from the space in the form of waves) by each of the sub-networks so that they transmit (or receive) signals radio frequencies according to a chosen diagram. Therefore, it will be as well network antennas called direct radiation (often designated by their acronym DRA), active or more rarely passive, as “antennas network-reflector” (or “reflectarray antennas”).
- certain network antennas such as direct-amplifying antennas distributed just behind the radiating elements, make it possible to operate in multibeam mode, which is a basic property required for example in the framework of Ka-band multimedia missions (18.2 GHz to 20.2 GHz in transmission or 27.5 GHz to 30 GHz in reception), or to reconfigure beams in flight, for example in the Ku band (10.7 GHz at 12.75 GHz in transmission or 13.75 GHz at 15.6 GHz in reception).
- a third disadvantage may be added to the two main precedents when there is a strong isolation constraint between near areas due to frequency reuse. Indeed, the "soft" degradation of performance when some active channels fail (progressively during the mission) often becomes unacceptable when the percentage of outages becomes significant.
- patent document FR 2762937 has proposed a gap network antenna with "cold redundancy".
- This solution consists in providing selected network locations with a limited number of substitution subnetworks and associated active control chains, which are used only in the event of failure of one or more active control chains.
- the locations of these substitution subnetworks are chosen so that transmission and / or reception continues to meet the needs: as a first approximation, the apodized distribution law of the energy must remain globally similar before and after activation of some of the redundancies.
- a substitute subnet When a substitute subnet is not used, it forms a transmission and / or reception hole in the network, which is taken into account when optimizing the antenna.
- the presence of a large number of holes in the array lowers the directivity of the antenna for a given external dimension.
- level side lobes low to avoid in particular that the "lattice lobes" due to the periodicity do not interfere in the useful angular range
- a transmission and / or reception network antenna comprising a network of sub-networks of at least one radiating element and control means responsible for controlling the amplitude and / or the phase of the radio frequency signals at transmit or receive as waves by each of the sub-networks so that they transmit or receive RF signals according to at least one chosen diagram.
- This network antenna is characterized in that its sub-networks comprise an average number of radiating elements which increases from the center of the network towards its periphery, and are arranged relative to each other so as to constitute an irregular mesh offering lobes Secondary low-intensity diagram and high gain in a preferred direction.
- the network antenna according to the invention may comprise other characteristics that can be taken separately or in combination, and in particular:
- its network may for example comprise a central part in which the sub-networks comprise between one and four (and for example between one and two) radiating elements, and surrounded by a peripheral part where they preferably comprise between one and sixteen elements, with a much higher average number than in the central part;
- the irregular mesh can be made from sub-networks consisting of groups of at least two compact planar radiating elements;
- the irregular mesh is for example made from first second and third sub-networks consisting of groups comprising respectively four, eight and sixteen compact planar radiators;
- the compact planar radiating elements are, for example, small metal blocks (or “patches”); - Some sub-networks, called “substitution”, located in selected locations, may be provided only to be used in case of failure of at least one other sub-network. In this case, most of the substitution sub-networks can for example be located in a peripheral part of the network, where the presence of "holes" in the illumination of the antenna is not penalizing (but contributes with the irregular mesh to create the necessary apodization);
- DRA direct radiation active antenna
- its control means comprise a "beamformer” (whose acronym is BFN), which can be controlled by no, and signal amplifiers (or active chains) each associated with one of the subnetworks (including those known as substitution, when they exist) and charged to operate according to powers that are substantially identical to the transmission;
- BFN beamformer
- signal amplifiers or active chains
- Such a beamformer, coupled to the active chains, is in particular indispensable for enabling the emission and / or reception of at least two radio frequency signal beams according to selected directions;
- the beam forming means may be reconfigurable so as to allow the modification of the selected beam directions and / or the number of beams; in a variant, it may be in the form of a reflector array antenna. In this case, there is no beamformer (x) in the form of a circuit.
- the distribution of the transmitting signal (or its summation in reception) takes place in free space from (or towards) a primary source, and the shape and orientation of the beam are controllable by means of devices integrated with the radiating elements.
- FIG. 1 very schematically and functionally illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a direct radiation array antenna to which the invention can be applied;
- FIG. 2 very schematically illustrates a first example of an irregular mesh network; according to the invention, in an intermediate optimization phase,
- FIG. 3 very schematically illustrates a second example of an irregular grid network according to the invention
- FIG. 4 very schematically illustrates a third example of an irregular mesh network and cold redundancy according to the invention
- FIG. 5 very schematically illustrates a fourth example of an irregular mesh network according to the invention.
- the object of the invention is in particular to enable the reduction of the number of subnetworks of a network antenna, an apodization by means of amplifiers with substantially identical powers (in the best adapted case of a transmitting antenna), as well as possible redundancy to compensate for breakdowns.
- the network antenna is direct radiation (or DRA). But, the invention is not limited to this type of network. It also relates to reflector array antennas. It is recalled that a reflector array antenna is constituted by radiating elements charged with intercepting with minimal losses of the waves, comprising radiofrequency signals to be transmitted, delivered by a primary source, in order to reflect them in a chosen direction, called direction pointing. In order to allow the reconfigurability of the antenna pattern, each radiating element is equipped with a phase control device with which it constitutes a passive or active phase-shifting cell. To simplify the description, it is considered in what follows that the network antenna is dedicated to the emission of radio frequency signals. But, the invention is not limited to this case. It concerns in fact the network antennas dedicated to the transmission and / or reception of radio frequency signals. Referring first to Figure 1 to describe a direct radiation AR array antenna capable of implementing the invention.
- MFF beam forming module
- All the radiating elements of a network (or panel of radiating elements) R are generally of the same type. These are for example pavers (or “patches”), horns, dipoles, or propellers.
- the cobblestones (or patches), which are compact but not very directive elements, are preferably used in sub-networks, that is to say in subsets (more directional) consisting of several patches connected by fixed lines, as is the case in Figure 5, which will be discussed later. They therefore lend themselves particularly well to a variable arrangement with fine granularity (without excessive cost), which is one of the objectives of the present invention.
- Each active channel Cm comprises, for example, a phase-shifter Dm, responsible for applying a selected phase shift to the signals that the associated sub-network must transmit in the form of waves, and a power amplifier Am, responsible for applying a chosen amplification to the signals. out of phase to be transmitted by the radiating elements concerned in the form of waves (or electromagnetic radiation).
- a phase-shifter Dm responsible for applying a selected phase shift to the signals that the associated sub-network must transmit in the form of waves
- a power amplifier Am responsible for applying a chosen amplification to the signals. out of phase to be transmitted by the radiating elements concerned in the form of waves (or electromagnetic radiation).
- Am amplifiers are most often of so-called SSPA type ("SoNd State Power Amplifier” - solid state power amplifier delivering a power of a few Watts). More rarely, if the power to be supplied exceeds ten watts, and a low consumption is preponderant compared to the increase of the mass, the amplifiers can be "mini-tubes" (compact version of "Wave Tubes”). Progressives (or TOP) 'used for a long time in the field of radar and satellite communication systems).
- the beam forming module (x) MFF can be either of analog type or of digital type. It is responsible for supplying the various active channels Cm with signals to be out of phase (to simultaneously point all the beams, in case of parasitic movement of the carrier of the antenna-network), and to amplify (as well as possibly to filter ). In cases where it is desired that the directions of each of the beams are independently controllable, the controllable phase shifters, shown in FIG. 1, are also included in the MFF beam forming module (x): there are then as many only beams and radiating elements.
- phase and / or amplitude law The set of phases and amplification levels that must be applied to the signals by the different active channels Cm is called a phase and / or amplitude law.
- This law defines a diagram (here of emission) for the antenna AR.
- the number of different diagrams that an AR antenna can generate simultaneously depends on the number of input ports Pn of the beam forming module (x) MFF. Each input port Pn is indeed responsible for activating a given diagram.
- Each (emission) diagram corresponds to the emission of a wave beam in a given direction so as to cover a zone (or spot). It is important to note that an AR antenna can simultaneously transmit several beams corresponding to different digrams activated by different input ports Pn (this is called multibeam operation).
- the antenna when the programming of the diagrams is fixed in the beam forming module (x) MFF, the antenna is called “fixed beam”, often called “passive antenna”. In the opposite case, the antenna is called reconfigurable, often called “active antenna”, because the presence of controllable elements is almost always associated with that of amplifiers distributed on all the channels. It then comprises, as illustrated in Figure 1, an EC configuration input (that is to say a wired connection with a pre-programmed control module).
- a network antenna dedicated to the reception has a similar arrangement to that of the network antenna dedicated to the transmission presented above. What differentiates them is the fact that the energy is transmitted in the opposite direction (from the radiating elements to the beam forming module (x)) via low noise amplifiers (or LNAs for ("Low
- the present invention relates to the particular arrangement of the network R of sub-networks SR of radiating elements ER.
- the subarrays SR of the network R comprise an average number of radiating elements ER which increases from the PC center of the network R to its periphery PP (except in the case of Figure 2, which illustrates an intermediate configuration does not take into account all the criteria), and secondly are arranged with respect to each other so as to constitute a irregular mesh.
- the term "average number of radiating elements ER” means an average number relative to a set of sub-networks SR situated in the same region of the network R (for example a central part PC or a peripheral part PP). It is therefore not necessary to have in the same region of the network R SR subnetworks whose number of radiating elements ER is systematically smaller than that of the sub-networks SR located in another region of the network R , further from its center. But, this is often the case.
- the network R comprises a central part PC in which the subarrays SR comprise between one and three radiating elements ER, or even between one and two radiating elements ER, and a peripheral part PP surrounding the part PC station and in which the sub-networks SR comprise between one and fourteen radiating elements ER, or between three and fourteen elements.
- This irregular grid results for example from a distribution of SR sub-networks of the pseudo-random type under constraint (s). It is determined according to the specifications of the antenna side lobes, the isolation between near areas in the case of frequency reuse, and the constraint or constraints on the shape of the sub-networks. Many types of constraints can be envisaged, for example the form or forms of the sub-networks (sub-networks with rectangular contour are easier to achieve for example with small cornets or radiating tiles), or the decomposition of the network in symmetrical quadrants.
- FIG. 2 illustrates a first example of an irregular grid network R according to the invention, in an intermediate optimization phase (that is to say before taking into account the apodization criterion by the geometry).
- each sub-network SR is delimited by continuous lines, while the radiating elements ER of a sub-network SR are separated by dotted lines.
- the central part PC essentially comprises sub-networks SR whose average number of radiating elements ER is equal to two and is smaller than that (equal to about three) of the sub-networks.
- SR networks located in the peripheral portion PP which also includes sub-networks SR small numbers of radiating elements (two or even only one).
- Figure 3 is illustrated a second example of network R to irregular mesh according to the invention.
- all the adjacent identical symbols define radiating elements ER of the same sub-network SR, connected to an active chain Cm.
- the central part PC comprises sub-networks SR whose number of radiating elements ER is between one and two
- the intermediate part P1 comprises sub-networks SR.
- the peripheral part PP comprises sub-networks SR whose number of radiating elements ER is between one and fourteen.
- FIG. 4 is illustrated a third example of network R having both an irregular mesh and cold redundancies.
- all the adjacent identical symbols define radiating elements of the same sub-network, connected to an active chain Cm.
- Each shaded area represents an SRS substitution subnetwork connected to an active chain Cm called cold redundancy.
- cold redundancy is described in detail in patent document FR 2762937. It will therefore not be described again here. It is simply recalled that an active channel Cm is said to have redundancy when it remains off (or not activated) as long as it does not replace one or more other active (non-redundant) channels that have failed.
- cold redundant active chains simply requires the integration of low level switches in the MFF (x) beamforming module. Moreover, active cold redundant chains do not cause over-consumption since they are powered only when they are used to replace at least one faulty active channel (whose power supply is then cut off either by a specific command , or automatically in the event of fuse protection against short circuits).
- the network R thus comprises SRS substitution subnetworks and so-called main SRP subnetworks (used when their respective active channels Cm are not down).
- SRS substitution subnetworks are located in selected locations so that transmission and / or reception can continue to be normal (ie with one or more diagrams almost unchanged).
- the locations, shapes and numbers of radiating elements ER of the SRS substitution subarrays are preferably determined at the same time as those of the main SRP subnetworks. To do this, we introduce into the calculation, from the beginning, an additional initial constraint of providing emission holes and / or reception.
- FIG. 5 is a fourth example of an irregular grid network R according to the invention. This example of a network is well adapted to satellite-based network antennas (for example in telecommunication applications).
- each geometrical block (square or rectangular) represents a sub-network of at least two compact planar-type ER radiating elements, such as small metal blocks (or patches). More precisely, the irregular mesh is constituted here from three different types of sub-networks.
- Each first subnet SR1 consists of a group of four compact planar radiating elements ER.
- Each second subnet SR2 consists of a group of eight compact planar radiating elements ER.
- Each third subnet SR3 consists of a group of sixteen radiating elements compact planar ER.
- the radiating elements ER of the same subarray SR1, SR2 or SR3 are connected to an active channel Cm.
- each sub-network can be constituted from a stack comprising for example a structure (for example aluminum) defining first cavities and the channels of different lines of excitation, then a circuit (for example in duroid or polyimide quartz) defining so-called "leading" blocks and including the distribution lines, then a structure (for example aluminum) defining second cavities, then a circuit (for example in duroid or polyimide quartz) defining cobblestones called "parasites", and finally a circuit protection against radiation.
- a structure for example aluminum
- a circuit for example in duroid or polyimide quartz
- the first sub-networks SR1 (which contain the lowest number of radiating elements ER) are placed in a central part PC of the network R
- the second sub-networks SR2 (which contain an intermediate number of radiating elements ER) are placed in an intermediate part P1 of the network R
- the third sub-networks SR3 (which contain the largest number of radiating elements ER) are placed in a peripheral part PP of the network R. Therefore, many SR sub-networks for which the average number of radiating elements ER increases significantly from the center to the periphery.
- first SR1, second SR2 and third SR3 subarrays respectively comprising 2, 4 and 8 compact planar radiating elements ER, or 2, 8 and 16 compact planar radiating elements ER, or else 2, 8 and 32 compact planar radiating elements ER. Any other values can be considered.
- an irregular mesh can be defined from two types of sub-networks or more than three types.
- the number of active channels of the network antenna, and therefore its cost, can be significantly reduced, compared to a network antenna conventional (that is to say, regular mesh) with substantially equivalent performance.
- This reduction can reach 50% in some cases not using an active chain in cold redundancy.
- the cold redundancy operation requires an addition of about 10% of active chains in cold redundancy, so that the overall reduction becomes less than or equal to 40%. But, it allows to maintain better performance for the network antenna in the presence of failures of main active channels.
- the invention makes it possible to use amplifiers of substantially the same power, which further makes it possible to reduce the cost of the network antenna and to improve its energy efficiency (it is indeed recalled that in a network antenna with mesh regular apodization requires significantly different powers).
Landscapes
- Variable-Direction Aerials And Aerial Arrays (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CN200680049472.XA CN101375466B (zh) | 2005-11-28 | 2006-11-27 | 具有不规则网孔和可能的冷冗余的阵列天线 |
EP06842043.9A EP1955405B1 (fr) | 2005-11-28 | 2006-11-27 | Antenne reseau a maillage irregulier et eventuelle redondance froide |
US12/095,211 US8294615B2 (en) | 2005-11-28 | 2006-11-27 | Array antenna with irregular mesh and possible cold redundancy |
CA2631330A CA2631330C (fr) | 2005-11-28 | 2006-11-27 | Antenne reseau a maillage irregulier et eventuelle redondance froide |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR0553623 | 2005-11-28 | ||
FR0553623A FR2894080B1 (fr) | 2005-11-28 | 2005-11-28 | Antenne reseau a maillage irregulier et eventuelle redondance froide |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2007060375A1 true WO2007060375A1 (fr) | 2007-05-31 |
Family
ID=36763110
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/FR2006/051232 WO2007060375A1 (fr) | 2005-11-28 | 2006-11-27 | Antenne reseau a maillage irregulier et eventuelle redondance froide |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US8294615B2 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP1955405B1 (fr) |
CN (1) | CN101375466B (fr) |
CA (1) | CA2631330C (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2894080B1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2007060375A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (12)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US9140779B2 (en) | 2010-03-08 | 2015-09-22 | Nederlandse Organisatie Voor Toegepast-Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek Tno | Method of compensating sub-array or element failure in a phased array radar system, a phased array radar system and a computer program product |
WO2015008216A1 (fr) * | 2013-07-16 | 2015-01-22 | Ramot At Tel-Aviv University Ltd. | Réseau réflecteur à collage optique |
RU2622620C2 (ru) * | 2015-05-12 | 2017-06-16 | Федеральное государственное казенное военное образовательное учреждение высшего образования "Военный учебно-научный центр Военно-Морского Флота "Военно-морская академия имени Адмирала флота Советского Союза Н.Г. Кузнецова" | Способ возбуждения электромагнитных волн |
CN105044675B (zh) * | 2015-07-16 | 2017-09-08 | 南京航空航天大学 | 一种srp声源定位的快速实现方法 |
US10886615B2 (en) * | 2015-08-18 | 2021-01-05 | Maxlinear, Inc. | Interleaved multi-band antenna arrays |
US10454187B2 (en) | 2016-01-15 | 2019-10-22 | Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. | Phased array antenna having sub-arrays |
US10153731B2 (en) | 2016-10-24 | 2018-12-11 | RF Pixels, Inc. | Apparatus and method for operating a power amplifier array with enhanced efficiency at back-off power levels |
FR3062524B1 (fr) * | 2017-02-01 | 2021-04-09 | Thales Sa | Antenne elementaire a dispositif rayonnant planaire |
US10483654B2 (en) * | 2018-02-05 | 2019-11-19 | The Boeing Company | Axisymmetric thinned digital beamforming array for reduced power consumption |
US10700441B2 (en) * | 2018-07-20 | 2020-06-30 | Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. | Configurable wide scan angle array |
US20220183153A1 (en) | 2019-05-06 | 2022-06-09 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Patterned article including electrically conductive elements |
CN111209670B (zh) * | 2020-01-06 | 2020-10-13 | 电子科技大学 | 一种可实现高增益的不规则子阵排布优化方法 |
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2005
- 2005-11-28 FR FR0553623A patent/FR2894080B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2006
- 2006-11-27 CA CA2631330A patent/CA2631330C/fr active Active
- 2006-11-27 EP EP06842043.9A patent/EP1955405B1/fr active Active
- 2006-11-27 CN CN200680049472.XA patent/CN101375466B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2006-11-27 US US12/095,211 patent/US8294615B2/en active Active
- 2006-11-27 WO PCT/FR2006/051232 patent/WO2007060375A1/fr active Application Filing
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US6246364B1 (en) * | 1999-06-18 | 2001-06-12 | Hughes Electronics Corporation | Light-weight modular low-level reconfigurable beamformer for array antennas |
US20020140616A1 (en) * | 2000-09-22 | 2002-10-03 | Sridhar Kanamaluru | Ultra-wideband multi-beam adaptive antenna |
GB2384914A (en) * | 2002-02-01 | 2003-08-06 | Roke Manor Research | Antenna array calibration device |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CA2631330C (fr) | 2015-01-13 |
EP1955405B1 (fr) | 2020-11-25 |
FR2894080A1 (fr) | 2007-06-01 |
CN101375466B (zh) | 2016-05-04 |
US8294615B2 (en) | 2012-10-23 |
CN101375466A (zh) | 2009-02-25 |
FR2894080B1 (fr) | 2009-10-30 |
EP1955405A1 (fr) | 2008-08-13 |
US20090303125A1 (en) | 2009-12-10 |
CA2631330A1 (fr) | 2007-05-31 |
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