WO2007059508A1 - Systemes a energie dirigee fondes sur un reseau d'antennes a renversement temporel - Google Patents

Systemes a energie dirigee fondes sur un reseau d'antennes a renversement temporel Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2007059508A1
WO2007059508A1 PCT/US2006/060916 US2006060916W WO2007059508A1 WO 2007059508 A1 WO2007059508 A1 WO 2007059508A1 US 2006060916 W US2006060916 W US 2006060916W WO 2007059508 A1 WO2007059508 A1 WO 2007059508A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
array
target
computer
antennas
source
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Application number
PCT/US2006/060916
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English (en)
Inventor
Henry Zmuda
Jian Li
Pasquale Michael Sforza
Original Assignee
University Of Florida Research Foundation, Inc.
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Publication date
Application filed by University Of Florida Research Foundation, Inc. filed Critical University Of Florida Research Foundation, Inc.
Publication of WO2007059508A1 publication Critical patent/WO2007059508A1/fr

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
    • H01Q21/28—Combinations of substantially independent non-interacting antenna units or systems
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41—WEAPONS
    • F41H—ARMOUR; ARMOURED TURRETS; ARMOURED OR ARMED VEHICLES; MEANS OF ATTACK OR DEFENCE, e.g. CAMOUFLAGE, IN GENERAL
    • F41H13/00—Means of attack or defence not otherwise provided for
    • F41H13/0043—Directed energy weapons, i.e. devices that direct a beam of high energy content toward a target for incapacitating or destroying the target
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41—WEAPONS
    • F41H—ARMOUR; ARMOURED TURRETS; ARMOURED OR ARMED VEHICLES; MEANS OF ATTACK OR DEFENCE, e.g. CAMOUFLAGE, IN GENERAL
    • F41H13/00—Means of attack or defence not otherwise provided for
    • F41H13/0043—Directed energy weapons, i.e. devices that direct a beam of high energy content toward a target for incapacitating or destroying the target
    • F41H13/0068—Directed energy weapons, i.e. devices that direct a beam of high energy content toward a target for incapacitating or destroying the target the high-energy beam being of microwave type, e.g. for causing a heating effect in the target

Definitions

  • the invention relates to high power microwave (HPM) directed energy systems and methods.
  • High power microwave (HPM) directed energy weapon (DEW) systems generally can be classified into one of two categories, narrow band (NB) or ultra wide band (UWB).
  • NB systems transmit a continuous wave (CW) frequency and are most effective when it is known that the target is vulnerable to a particular frequency.
  • UWB systems transmit a very short high-intensity pulse and are generally useful when specific frequency vulnerabilities of the target are not known.
  • the advantages of HPM DEW systems are accompanied by some practical limitations.
  • a major practical limitation is that for the power output level required in most DEW applications the prime power source is often excessively large, confining the use of HPM DEW systems to either ground- based stations or to aircraft capable of carrying a generator which can produce the appropriate amount of electrical power.
  • a related limitation is that at output power levels high enough to achieve significant electromagnetic field strength at a sufficient stand-off distance from the target, the extremely intense fields at the radiating aperture may result in field breakover, undermining the aperture's effectiveness. Though these power-related limitations can generally be overcome, this tradeoff results in a large, heavy radiating aperture that places limits on the applicability of such systems.
  • Phased array antennas have been recognized as being able to overcome many of the power-weight limitations discussed above.
  • the amount of power required from a single array element is reduced by a factor of N. Since each array element can have its own source of prime power, the energy burden per element is greatly reduced. This also mitigates the breakover issues, as well as the size and weight problems associated with using a single aperture.
  • a phased array antenna may be steered electronically providing for rapid, dynamic beamforming, including the ability to shape and thus direct the beam, all without physically moving the aperture. Since arrays can occupy a greater spatial area than does a single antenna, the larger effective aperture size provides a narrower, more focused beam, providing a capability for surgical strike using a HPM DEW.
  • phased array systems present unique difficulties that have impeded their wider use.
  • Traditional delay-and-sum or Fourier beamforming methods require a priori knowledge of a target's precise location.
  • both the target and the array platform airborne are in motion, with the target generally moving at high speed.
  • a sophisticated feedback control system is typically needed to dynamically generate the time delays needed to correctly steer the beam produced by array element motion.
  • the medium through which the HPM beam propagates is generally random and inh ⁇ mogeneous, owing to atmospheric effects, such as clouds, rain, or the stratosphere, and/or owing to man-made obscurants, such as smoke, rocket plume, and debris. These conditions can make determination of the correct Fourier beamforming weights effectively impossible.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic view of an unmanned combat air vehicles (UCAV) formation that collectively forms a phased array high power microwave (HPM) weapon system, according to an embodiment of the invention.
  • UCAV unmanned combat air vehicles
  • HPM high power microwave
  • FIG. 2 is schematic view of an exemplary UAV platform for implementing Time
  • FIGS. 3(a) and (b) are schematic views of two desired energy distributions (beam patterns) on a target plane, according to the invention, one illustrating the energy distribution generated by a planar array flight formation, and the other illustrating the energy distribution generated by a linear array flight formation.
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic view of a plurality of individual HPM radiators collectively forming a phased array HPM weapon system to protect airport assets, according to another embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic view of a ship-based HPM array for defending against an incoming threat, according to yet another embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG.6 is a schematic view of an exemplary aircraft-based HPM defense system, according to still another embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 7 is a schematic view of Time Reversal Antenna Network for Directed Energy
  • a directed energy system comprises an antenna array and a microwave power source coupled to each antenna element in the array.
  • the power level of the source, as well as its bandwidth, is specified once a particular application is established.
  • At least one computer or processor is communicably connected, such as over the air, to the array of antenna elements and the sources of radiation.
  • DEW directed energy weapon
  • At least one antenna in the array of antennas transmits broadband microwave radiation toward a suspected target.
  • Backscattered radiation emanating from the target is received by the array of antennas and is time gated by the computer or processor to form time-gated signals.
  • the computer or processor calculates weights for each antenna in the array using an adaptive beamforming algorithm to provide a weighted, time-reversed (TR) signals for transmission to the target.
  • the computer or processor then triggers the source of radiation for each antenna in the array to transmit a high power time reversed signal toward the target.
  • the inventive approach implements a physical time reversal, wherein energy is directed to a single target location and adaptive weights are utililzed to ensure that all other targets receive little or no radiation.
  • the system comprises a plurality of movable unmanned combat air vehicles (UCAVs), wherein each of the UCAVs includes at least one of the antennas comprising the array, a radiation source and a computer or processor.
  • UCAVs movable unmanned combat air vehicles
  • the TR process can implemented according to the known principle of optimal matched filtering in order to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio. Although TR is by its very
  • time reversal of a finite time duration signal can be made causal by introducing a sufficient, though otherwise arbitrary, amount of excess time delay.
  • the TR process receives the backscattered signal emanated by the irradiated target, time reverses that signal, and then retransmits the TR signal.
  • the target motion is generally unknown and generally subject to abrupt change.
  • the radiators and target are stationary.
  • the target may try to evade being radiated, unlike conventional TR applications.
  • the DE application requires that target tracking be utilized.
  • the inventive TR approach as described herein readily performs this task.
  • the intervening medium is often changing (smoke, rain, pocket plume, etc.) and unpredictable, unlike in conventional TR applications where the intervening medium is fixed. 5.
  • the target location is known to within a rather limited field of view. For DE applications, a full 360-degree is generally required.
  • amplification of a broadband signal is generally required to obtain a power level that, when generally combined with the TR signals from other array radiators, can inflict significant stress on a target.
  • the target is ten kilometers or more distant from the array.
  • the realization of a broadband amplifier capable of producing such high power output levels is presently challenging.
  • the individual UCAVs can each be outfitted with at least one antenna or an array which would once again bring the power/bandwidth requirements for each array element to be within reasonable levels based on currently available devices.
  • the time reversal antenna network-DEW (TRANDEW) system and associated process mitigates the problems associated with determining the correct timing signals for array control and automatically accounts for the fact that the HPM beam will propagate in an inhomogeneous, random media for which an analytic determination of proper beam weights is not otherwise possible.
  • the TRANDEW process also provides compensation when the target and/or the array platform are in motion through updated calculations.
  • microwave radiation of the target are generally digitized (ADC) and preferably pre-conditioned using on-board digital signal processing (DSP).
  • ADC digitized
  • DSP digital signal processing
  • the preconditioning of the backscattered signals generally includes removal of antenna inter-element coupling effects
  • time-gated signals are time-reversed and weighted using an adaptive beamforming algorithm, such as the preferred RCB algorithm described below, and are then used to trigger the HPM generators which form the TRANDEW.
  • an adaptive beamforming algorithm such as the preferred RCB algorithm described below.
  • the reception of the backscattered signals will be generally corrupted by noise and interference. Since the received signal are captured by an array of antennas, signal extraction is preferably accomplished using array processing methods, such as adaptive beamforming algorithms.
  • a preferred adaptive beamforming algorithm is the data-adaptive Robust Capon Beamforming (RCB) algorithm, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,798,380 (the '380 patent) to Li, one of the present inventors, and titled “Robust capon beamforming," or as described in related U.S. Pat. No. 6,894,642 (the '642 patent), also to Li, et al.
  • the '380 application discloses a method for enhanced Capon beamforming, referred to therein as an advanced robust Capon beamformer, which includes the steps of providing a sensor array including a plurality of sensor elements, wherein an array steering vector corresponding to a signal of interest (SOI) is unknown.
  • the array steering vector is represented by an ellipsoidal uncertainty set.
  • a covariance fitting relation for the array steering vector is bounded with the uncertainty ellipsoid.
  • the matrix fitting relation is solved to provide an estimate of the array steering vector.
  • the RCB algorithm is a data-adaptive beamforming method which has higher resolution and much better interference suppression capability than its data-independent counterpart, such as the delay-and-sum (DAS) and space-time (Fourier) beamforming methods.
  • DAS delay-and-sum
  • Fourier space-time
  • the RCB algorithm can also be used to place nulls in the beam pattern at locations where the HPM DEW effects are not desired, such as at locations of unmanned combat air vehicles (UCAVs) when a formation of CAVs forms a phase array PPM weapon system.
  • UCAVs unmanned combat air vehicles
  • TRANDEW approach is that it compensates for the inhomogeneous media in which the HPM beam propagates, thus providing improved fluence on the target. Since TR can be performed and updated at a rapid speed using currently available high speed signal processors, both target and weapon platform motion can be accounted and compensated for. Finally, knowledge of the precise location of each antenna element is not required, since the TR process automatically includes the necessary information about the antenna location and the environment in which energy radiates. The combination of the TR process, time gating and RCB weighting ensures that the energy contained in the UWB signal will be directed substantially only to the target of interest which scattered the interrogation signal and not to the numerous other scatterers that are likely to exist. [0024] An exemplary application involves a UCAV-based weapon system.
  • the invention can more broadly be used for radiation applications where the source and target are both generally moving, such as air-to- air engagement or even in an air-to-ground engagement where the ground target is a vehicle (e.g., a tank or other military vehicle) which is in motion.
  • the goal is generally to irradiate a single target
  • the invention can be used to radiate more than one target. When more than one target is engaged, the respective targets are generally engaged one at a time.
  • the invention can also be applied beyond weapons systems, such as for various homeland security application, some of which are described below.
  • the invention can be embodied as an airport defense system as described below.
  • FIG. 1 A high-level depiction of an operational scenario illustrating one possible application of a system, according to the invention, is schematically shown in FIG 1.
  • the HPM phased array comprises single radiating elements on each aircraft in a swarm of UCAVs 101 - 109.
  • Each UCAV carries a DEW prime power source (not shown) that needs only to provide the energy required for its RF array element.
  • Each UCAV is generally able to communicate with every other UCAV such that the swarm forms a fully connected network, such as based on an RF link. Such communication is generally required if RCB array processing is used.
  • a DEW prime power source not shown
  • This information can be obtained from an on-board or remote radar system or from an intelligence gathering agent. The information obtained can then be communicated to the UCAV swarm. Once the existence and approximate location of the
  • the system performing the TRANDEW process can proceed as described in the paragraph below.
  • a low-power pulse is transmitted from an antenna on any one of the UCAVs 101-
  • All UCAV antennas are now set to operate in the receive mode, such as by using a transmit/receive (T/R) switch.
  • T/R transmit/receive
  • the backscattered signal received from the target is captured by each UCAV antenna.
  • a time gate is employed to exclude any unwanted reflections such as signals reflected from other UCAV swarm members or other targets whose range is different (and its associated time of arrival longer) from that of the desired signal backscattered by the target.
  • the backscattered signal from the target automatically contains the delay information about the inhomogeneous, random nature of the medium in which the signal propagated. This information is utilized in the time reversal from the backscattered signal using an adaptive beamforming algorithm, such as the RCB algorithm.
  • the weight factors provided by the RCB algorithm on the time gated signals are used to ensure that the TR process does not direct the energy to unwanted directions such as friendly targets or toward other array elements.
  • the RCB algorithm also minimizes the influence of noise as would be encountered in a jammed environment.
  • these gated signals are used to trigger the HPM UWB sources, the propagation path from the array element to the target will be such that the energy from each source arrives at the target essentially simultaneously and hence maximizes the fluence on-target.
  • the process can be repeated at a rate determined by the
  • HPM UWB source If the target and/or sources are in motion, their new location will automatically be accounted for in the TRANDEW process.
  • FIG. 2 schematically illustrates an exemplary UAV platform 200 according to the invention.
  • Each UAV (node in the network) includes the subsystems illustratively shown in the figure.
  • the HPM antenna 205 illustratively being a monopole in FIG. 2, is a radiator with a broad beamwidth so to enable versatile electronic steering of the array with almost full spherical (isotropic) coverage.
  • the transmit/receive (T/R) module 210 allows the HPM antenna 205 also to be used in a receive mode as well for target identification and tracking.
  • An Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) 215 digitizes the backscattered signal for extraction of the target information via DSP by a dedicated on-board computer 220.
  • ADC Analog-to-Digital Converter
  • the on-board computer 220 communicates with other node members via an RF link 225 to accommodate the RCB array processing as described above. Once the required weight information has been obtained, the on-board computer 220 triggers the HPM source 235 that emits the UWB pulse. The weighting that has been coordinated with all other UCAV radiators results in maximum fluence on the target.
  • Prime power 245 is a power source that provides power to the respective subsystems.
  • HPM DEW systems have been identified as being a viable way of securing this defense.
  • each individual element needs only a fraction (TV 1 ) of the prime power needed for the collective DEW as well as greatly relaxing the individual UWB source and radiating aperture requirements.
  • FIG. 4 shows a number of individual HPM radiators that collectively form a phased array HPM weapon system to protect airport assets.
  • the HPM phased array is comprised of single radiating elements, each conveniently located at various locations around the airport, including in one embodiment on mobile platforms.
  • Each HPM array element requires a DEW prime power source that needs to provide only the energy required for its own RF array element. It is assumed that each array element is able to communicate with every other array element such that the array forms a fully connected network.
  • a priori knowledge of the existence of a target and a reasonably accurate initial estimate of its location are generally required. This information can be obtained from an on-board or remote radar system or from some other intelligence gathering agent such as an infrared detection system, and then communicated to the array elements.
  • TRANDEW process preferably proceeds as follows:
  • a low-power pulse is transmitted from any one of the HPM Array Elements on the antenna.
  • the HPM Array Elements may be conveniently located on the roofs of buildings, in remote areas of the airport, or on mobile platforms.
  • a time gate is employed to exclude any unwanted reflections such as signals reflected from other antenna elements or other targets whose range is different from that of the desired target.
  • the TRANDEW process ensures that energy is not placed in unwanted directions, such as the assets being protected, by placing spatial nulls in those directions.
  • Each HPM Array Element contains the subsystems previously illustrated schematically in FIG. 2.
  • the HPM antenna shown as a monopole in FIG. 2, is a radiator with a broad beamwidth to allow for versatile electronic steering of the array with almost full spherical coverage.
  • the optimal radiating element used will be determined by the requirements of the specific application.
  • T/R transmit/receive
  • An Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) digitizes the backscattered signal for the extraction of the
  • the on-board computer communicates with other node members via the RF link to accommodate the TRANDEW processing as discussed. Once the required weight information has been obtained, the on-board computer triggers the HPM source that emits the UWB pulse, the weighting which has been coordinated with all other HPM radiators to result in maximum fiuence on the target.
  • the versatility of the TRANDEW approach allows it to adapt readily to a variety of other applications.
  • the invention can be used to protect ships, as shown in FIG. 5.
  • ship defense a major problem encountered is the ability to find and track an incoming missile that is flying close to the surface of the water.
  • the excellent time resolution provided by the TRANDEW process can isolate the incoming threat and make ineffective its ability to seek its target.
  • a single aircraft can be retrofitted to include HPM radiating elements to be used as a defensive or offensive array. This is illustrated in FIG. 6.
  • HPM radiating elements to be used as a defensive or offensive array.
  • FIG. 6 shows that using distributing array elements over the body of an aircraft, referred to as a conformal array, is generally known, array processing has used either Fourier or delay-and-sum beamforming, which has been problematic in this particular application.
  • the TRANDEW approach overcomes many of the problems associated with conformal arrays and provides for almost any aircraft to incorporate an HPM defense system.
  • Another application of the TRANDEW system is known as "RF target painting.”
  • the TRANDEW system maintains an HPM signal on a target so that a traditional RF-guided kinetic energy weapon may be guided to the target.
  • the TRANDEW approach once again allows for the HPM generating sources to be spatially dispersed, for example, by using the UCAV swarm illustrated in FIG. 7. This makes it more difficult to destroy the illuminating source thus allowing for a continued HPM signal, though reduced in strength, even is some subset of the UCAV swarm is destroyed.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Radar, Positioning & Navigation (AREA)
  • Remote Sensing (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Variable-Direction Aerials And Aerial Arrays (AREA)
  • Radar Systems Or Details Thereof (AREA)

Abstract

Cette invention concerne un système à énergie dirigée. Le système comprend une ou plusieurs sources générant un rayonnement micro-onde à large bande de forte puissance et couplées à un réseau d'éléments d'antenne. Le système comprend également un ou plusieurs ordinateurs ou processeurs connectés en communication au réseau d'éléments d'antenne et à la source de rayonnement. Au moins une antenne du réseau d'antennes émet un rayonnement micro-onde à large bande en direction d'une cible. Le rayonnement rétrodiffusé émanant de la cible est déclenché sélectivement dans le temps par l'ordinateur ou le processeur afin que des signaux à déclenchement sélectif temporel soient formés. L'ordinateur ou le processeur calcule un facteur de poids adaptatif pour chacune des antennes du réseau d'antennes afin qu'un signal à renversement temporel à envoyer à la cible subisse une formation de faisceau. L'ordinateur ou le processeur déclenche l'envoi par la source de rayonnement d'un signal à renversement temporel haute puissance à l'aide de la formation de faisceau en direction de la cible.
PCT/US2006/060916 2005-11-15 2006-11-15 Systemes a energie dirigee fondes sur un reseau d'antennes a renversement temporel WO2007059508A1 (fr)

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Cited By (10)

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WO2009091424A1 (fr) 2007-11-15 2009-07-23 Raytheon Company Système et procédé pour dévier un missile guidé
EP2472215A1 (fr) 2010-12-29 2012-07-04 Thales Procédé et dispositif de neutralisation d'une cible
WO2014168892A1 (fr) * 2013-04-07 2014-10-16 Ziva Corporation Nœuds de coopération distribués utilisant une inversion de temps
EP2919543A1 (fr) * 2014-03-13 2015-09-16 Raytheon BBN Technologies Corp. Dissémination de paquets dans un réseau sans fil effectuant un faisceau réparti
US9201132B2 (en) 2011-04-15 2015-12-01 Ziva Corporation Anti-Geolocation
DE102014014117A1 (de) * 2014-09-24 2016-03-24 Diehl Bgt Defence Gmbh & Co. Kg Abwehrvorrichtung zum Bekämpfen eines unbemannten Luftfahrzeugs, Schutzeinrichtung zum Bekämpfen eines unbemannten Luftfahrzeugs und Verfahren zum Betrieb einer Schutzeinrichtung
US9497722B2 (en) 2011-05-02 2016-11-15 Ziva Corp. Distributed co-operating nodes using time reversal
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US9794903B2 (en) 2013-09-23 2017-10-17 Ziva Corp. Synchronization of distributed nodes
US11946726B2 (en) 2022-07-26 2024-04-02 General Atomics Synchronization of high power radiofrequency sources

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Cited By (17)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP2232296A1 (fr) * 2007-11-15 2010-09-29 Raytheon Company Système et procédé pour dévier un missile guidé
EP2232296A4 (fr) * 2007-11-15 2011-06-08 Raytheon Co Système et procédé pour dévier un missile guidé
WO2009091424A1 (fr) 2007-11-15 2009-07-23 Raytheon Company Système et procédé pour dévier un missile guidé
EP2472215A1 (fr) 2010-12-29 2012-07-04 Thales Procédé et dispositif de neutralisation d'une cible
FR2970072A1 (fr) * 2010-12-29 2012-07-06 Thales Sa Procede et dispositif de neutralisation d'une cible
US9201132B2 (en) 2011-04-15 2015-12-01 Ziva Corporation Anti-Geolocation
US9497722B2 (en) 2011-05-02 2016-11-15 Ziva Corp. Distributed co-operating nodes using time reversal
US9548799B2 (en) 2013-04-07 2017-01-17 Ziv A Corp. Distributed co-operating nodes using time reversal
WO2014168892A1 (fr) * 2013-04-07 2014-10-16 Ziva Corporation Nœuds de coopération distribués utilisant une inversion de temps
US9794903B2 (en) 2013-09-23 2017-10-17 Ziva Corp. Synchronization of distributed nodes
US9351314B2 (en) 2014-03-13 2016-05-24 Raytheon Bbn Technologies Corp. Packet dissemination in a wireless network performing distributed beamforming
EP2919543A1 (fr) * 2014-03-13 2015-09-16 Raytheon BBN Technologies Corp. Dissémination de paquets dans un réseau sans fil effectuant un faisceau réparti
DE102014014117A1 (de) * 2014-09-24 2016-03-24 Diehl Bgt Defence Gmbh & Co. Kg Abwehrvorrichtung zum Bekämpfen eines unbemannten Luftfahrzeugs, Schutzeinrichtung zum Bekämpfen eines unbemannten Luftfahrzeugs und Verfahren zum Betrieb einer Schutzeinrichtung
US10760879B2 (en) 2014-09-24 2020-09-01 Diehl Defence Gmbh & Co. Kg Anti-unmanned aerial vehicle defense apparatus, protective device for fighting an unmanned aircraft and method for operating a protective device
WO2016195765A1 (fr) * 2015-06-02 2016-12-08 Raytheon Company Procédé et appareil pour systèmes de réseau en phase mobiles
US10379203B2 (en) 2015-06-02 2019-08-13 Raytheon Company Methods and apparatus for mobile phased array system
US11946726B2 (en) 2022-07-26 2024-04-02 General Atomics Synchronization of high power radiofrequency sources

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