WO2007029684A1 - フラーレン類又はナノチューブ、及び、フラーレン類又はナノチューブの製造方法 - Google Patents
フラーレン類又はナノチューブ、及び、フラーレン類又はナノチューブの製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2007029684A1 WO2007029684A1 PCT/JP2006/317526 JP2006317526W WO2007029684A1 WO 2007029684 A1 WO2007029684 A1 WO 2007029684A1 JP 2006317526 W JP2006317526 W JP 2006317526W WO 2007029684 A1 WO2007029684 A1 WO 2007029684A1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/15—Nano-sized carbon materials
- C01B32/152—Fullerenes
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
- G01N27/02—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating impedance
- G01N27/04—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating impedance by investigating resistance
- G01N27/12—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating impedance by investigating resistance of a solid body in dependence upon absorption of a fluid; of a solid body in dependence upon reaction with a fluid, for detecting components in the fluid
- G01N27/125—Composition of the body, e.g. the composition of its sensitive layer
- G01N27/127—Composition of the body, e.g. the composition of its sensitive layer comprising nanoparticles
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y10/00—Nanotechnology for information processing, storage or transmission, e.g. quantum computing or single electron logic
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y40/00—Manufacture or treatment of nanostructures
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/15—Nano-sized carbon materials
- C01B32/152—Fullerenes
- C01B32/156—After-treatment
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/15—Nano-sized carbon materials
- C01B32/158—Carbon nanotubes
- C01B32/16—Preparation
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/20—Carbon compounds, e.g. carbon nanotubes or fullerenes
- H10K85/211—Fullerenes, e.g. C60
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/20—Carbon compounds, e.g. carbon nanotubes or fullerenes
- H10K85/221—Carbon nanotubes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/549—Organic PV cells
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/30—Self-sustaining carbon mass or layer with impregnant or other layer
Definitions
- Fullerenes or nanotubes and method for producing fullerenes or nanotubes
- the present invention relates to fullerenes or nanotubes, a method for producing the same, and a method for producing a device using fullerenes or nanotubes.
- Non-Patent Document 1 Chemistry and Physics of Fullerenes Hisanori Shinohara, Yahachi Saito, P.134
- Non-Patent Document 2 J. Mort et al., Appl. Phys. Ett. 60 (14), 1735 (1992)
- Non-Patent Document 3 T.Arai et al, Solid State Communications, Vol.84, No.8, 827 (1992)
- Non-Patent Document 4 T.Unold et al., Synthetic Metals 121 (2001) 1179-1180
- Non-Patent Document 5 A. Hamed et al., Physical Review B, Vol. 47, No. 16, 10873 (1993)
- Non-Patent Document 6 Photoelectric Properties and Applications of Low-Mobility Semiconductors, R. Konekamp, Springer, p.65
- Figure 10 is a graph comparing the electrical conductivity of C published in the past.
- Figure 10 Mort
- the electrical conductivity tends to increase as the measured vacuum increases.
- “In situ” means that after the fullerene thin film is formed by vacuum deposition, the electrical conductivity is measured without taking the thin film out of the vacuum vessel.
- 10- 6 ( ⁇ cm) - 1 or more indicates a conductivity
- the 10- 6 ( ⁇ cm) - tend showing less than one conductivity there Ru.
- 10- 6 ( ⁇ cm) - 1 or more conductivity corresponds to the conductivity of the semiconductor region
- 10 "6 ( ⁇ ⁇ m) —Conductivity less than 1 is said to correspond to the conductivity of the insulator region.
- Fullerene is a novel material having a unique electronic state in which ⁇ electrons spread throughout a spherical molecule, and is used as a material for devices such as transistors, solar cells, fuel cells, display devices, and sensors, especially organic devices. It is expected to show excellent properties.
- the use as fullerenes the device material, the electrical conductivity of the fullerene semiconductor region (10- 6 ( ⁇ cm) - 1 or more) is preferable gesture et al with, faster devices, such as a low-loss I spoon performance In order to improve, the electrical conductivity is higher!
- fullerene reported so far covers a wide range from the insulator region to the semiconductor region.
- Adsorption of oxygen has been reported as a major factor in reducing the electrical conductivity of fullerenes.
- oxygen is adsorbed in the fullerene crystal (physical adsorption), and the electrical conductivity is greatly reduced.
- the electrical conductivity of fullerene that has adsorbed oxygen is 4 orders of magnitude lower than the conductivity measured by In Situ.
- Non-patent Document 3 When oxygen is adsorbed by fullerene, which is a majority carrier of electrons, oxygen is negatively charged and functions as an acceptor, so that the conduction electron density is decreased, and the electrical conductivity is lowered (Non-patent Document 3). Even in the in-situ measurement, if the measurement vacuum is poor, high electrical conductivity cannot be obtained (Non-patent Document 4). It is thought that a small amount of oxygen in the vacuum vessel is adsorbed by fullerene and lowers the electrical conductivity.
- Non-Patent Document 3 Changes in electrical conductivity when stored in an inert gas atmosphere at room temperature have also been reported. According to Non-Patent Document 3, resistance increases by several percent when stored in a nitrogen atmosphere! Only was observed. According to Non-Patent Document 5, store in an Ar, N, or He atmosphere at 21 ° C.
- Adsorbed by fullerene is considered not to cause a decrease in electrical conductivity
- Non-Patent Documents 3, 5, and 6 it is possible to recover electrical conductivity by heating fullerene in a vacuum.
- Non-Patent Document 1 describes that most oxygen can be removed by heating at 180 ° C. or higher in a vacuum or in an inert atmosphere.
- the physical adsorption of oxygen is a reversible phenomenon, and it is possible to desorb oxygen adsorbed in fullerene by heating in a vacuum or an inert atmosphere. This is different from the decrease in electrical conductivity when fullerene is heated or irradiated with light in an oxygen atmosphere. In the latter case, since the carbon atoms constituting the fullerene and oxygen are chemically bonded, oxygen is not desorbed even when heated in a vacuum or in an inert atmosphere.
- Vacuum heating is known as a method for recovering the electric conductivity of fullerene!
- some organic device manufacturing processes cannot be processed by vacuum equipment.
- the process of forming an organic material on a device by a coating method is a process that must be performed at atmospheric pressure.
- Non-Patent Document 1 The inventors tried heating under conditions similar to those of Non-Patent Document 1 as a method for releasing or adsorbing adsorbed oxygen without using a vacuum to restore or improve electrical conductivity. That is, a method of heating at 200 ° C. in a nitrogen purged heating atmosphere was tried. However, once the 10- 9 ( ⁇ « ⁇ ) - 1 to a low beat electrical conductivity 10- 8 ( ⁇ cm) - 1 only did not recover to a remarkable effect is obtained such mosquito ⁇ ivy. That is, the electric conductivity 10- 6 ( ⁇ cm) - be restored to 1 or more, only knowledge is obtained, et al from Non-Patent Document 1 was not feasible.
- the present invention (1) is a fullerene characterized in that the oxygen content is 10 14 atoms / cm 3 or less and the water content is 1 ⁇ ⁇ 3 or less.
- the present invention (2) is a fullerene characterized in that the water content is 10 16 pieces / cm 3 or less. It is.
- the present invention (3) is a fullerene having an electrical conductivity measured at 27 ° C of 10-i ⁇ cm) -1 or more and 10 ( ⁇ « ⁇ ) -1 or less.
- the present invention (4) is 27. Fullerenes with an electrical conductivity measured by C of 10—i ⁇ cm) —1 or more and 10 3 ( ⁇ ⁇ ) —1 or less.
- the present invention (5) provides the fullerenes C, C, C, C, C, C, or a mixture thereof.
- the present invention (6) in the content of oxygen 10 14 / cm 3 or less, and the content of water is nanotube, wherein 10 16 cm- 3 is below.
- the present invention (7) is a nanotube characterized in that the water content is 10 16 pieces / cm 3 or less.
- the present invention (8) comprises the fullerenes of the invention (1) to the invention (5), or the nanotube according to any one of claims 6 or 7, or the claims 1 to 5.
- the present invention (9) provides a transistor, solar cell, or fuel cell using the fullerenes of the invention (1) to the invention (5) or the nanotube according to any one of claims 6 or 7. , Organic EL, sensor, or resistor.
- the present invention provides the fullerenes of the invention (1) to the invention (5) or the nanotube according to any one of claims 6 and 7 in an inert gas at 200 ° C. This is a method for producing fullerenes or nanotubes, which is heated at a temperature of C to 700 ° C for 10 seconds to 10 hours.
- the present invention (11) provides the fullerenes of the invention (1) to the invention (5) or the nanotube according to any one of claims 6 or 7 in an inert gas in a container.
- the container is heated at a temperature of 100 ° C. to 700 ° C. for 10 seconds to 10 hours while purging the container.
- fullerenes or nanotubes are flowed in a vessel having a volume of V liter.
- An inert gas with a flow rate of XV liters / minute or more and a flow rate of 10 XV liters / minute or less is continuously flowed, and the flask is heated at a temperature of 100 ° C to 700 ° C for a heating time of 10 seconds to 10 hours. This is a method for producing monones or nanotubes.
- fullerenes or nanotubes are heated at a rate of temperature increase of 20 ° C / min or less, and at a temperature of 100 ° C or more and 700 ° C or less, 10 seconds or more and 10 hours or less. This is a method for producing fullerenes or nanotubes, which are heated for a heating time of 10%.
- the fullerene is C.
- the present invention is characterized in that the inert gas is a single gas or a mixed gas selected from nitrogen, Ar, He, Kr, Ne, and Xe.
- the present invention (16) is characterized in that the oxygen content in the inert gas atmosphere in contact with the fullerenes is 1 Oppb or less and the water content is 1 Oppb or less. (10) A method for producing fullerenes or nanotubes according to the invention (15).
- the container or the pipe for introducing the inert gas into the container is a stainless steel whose surface is protected by a passive film made of acid chromium, aluminum oxide, or metal fluoride.
- the material of the container or the pipe for introducing the inert gas into the container is a material whose gas discharge amount from the surface is Si X 10-15 (Torr'l / sec'cm2) or less.
- the present invention (19) includes a fullerene or nanotube-processed thin film subjected to the treatment according to the fullerene or nanotube production method of the invention (10) to the invention (18) on a SiO, SiN, Polyimide, polymethyl methacrylate, polyvinylidene fluoride, polycarbonate
- Protective film such as polyvinyl alcohol, acrylic resin, or glass
- An organic device manufacturing method characterized by being formed by spin coating, coating, or dipping.
- the present invention (20) is a stainless steel in which a fullerene having a carbon content of 99.6 wt% or more is used, and the surface is protected with a passive film made of acid chromium, aluminum oxide, or metal fluoride. in a vacuum vessel having a material or Ranaru inner wall, a deposited film composed of fullerenes or nanotubes deposited at degree of vacuum of 10- 9 Torr.
- a fullerene having a carbon content of 99.6 wt% or more is used, and an inner wall having a gas discharge capacity from the surface ⁇ X 10-15 (Torr'l / sec'cm 2 ) or less is used.
- a vacuum vessel having a deposited film becomes fullerenes or nanotubes force was deposited at degree of vacuum of 10- u Tor r.
- the present invention (22) is a stainless steel using a fullerene having a carbon content of 99.6 wt% or more and having a surface protected with a passive film made of acid chromium, aluminum oxide, or metal fluoride. in a vacuum vessel having a material or Ranaru inner wall, a method of manufacturing a deposited film made of fullerenes or nanotubes performing deposition at a degree of vacuum below 10- 9 Torr.
- the present invention uses fullerenes having a carbon content of 99.6 wt% or more, and has an inner wall with a gas discharge capacity from the surface ⁇ X 10-15 (Torr'l / sec'cm 2 ) or less. a vacuum vessel having a production how fullerenes or nanotubes force becomes deposited film performing deposition at a degree of vacuum below 10- u Tor r.
- the present invention (24) comprises a container having a gas inlet and a gas outlet, a heating means, a heating control means, and a gas flow rate control means.
- the heating condition and the gas flow rate condition are linked to each other.
- This is an apparatus for producing fullerenes or nanotubes, which is characterized by being controllable.
- the present invention (25) is a gas sensor using the fullerenes of the inventions (1) to (5) or the nanotubes of the invention (6) or the invention (7) as a detector. .
- the present invention (26) is the presence of gas due to the change in electrical resistance of the fullerenes of the inventions (1) to (5) or the nanotubes of the invention (6) or the invention (7). Alternatively, it is a gas detection method for measuring the concentration.
- Oxygen contained in fullerenes or nanotubes can be efficiently removed, and electrical conductivity can be reliably recovered or improved.
- organic semiconductor materials with high electrical conductivity can be manufactured, excellent organic semiconductor devices comparable to inorganic semiconductor devices such as high performance transistors, solar cells, fuel cells, organic EL, or Sensor becomes feasible.
- the electric conductivity can be controlled by controlling the impurity concentration, it can be used as a material for producing high-precision resistors.
- the electrical conductivity 10- 9 ( ⁇ cm) - 1 or more 10 3 ( ⁇ cm) - 1 can be controlled in the following range. It is also possible to create a high resistance with a small element area.
- the material containing fullerenes or nanotubes of the present invention can be used for a sensor such as a gas sensor because the resistance value of the material varies greatly depending on the concentration of oxygen or water contained in the gas in contact with the material. is there.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a continuous processing apparatus for vacuum vapor deposition and inert gas heating.
- FIG. 2 is a graph showing the change in electrical conductivity of fullerene when the nitrogen heat treatment of the present invention is performed.
- FIG. 3 is a graph showing a change in electric conductivity of fullerene when the argon heat treatment of the present invention is performed.
- FIG. 9 is a graph showing changes in the electric conductivity of fullerene when the protective film of the present invention is formed.
- FIG. 10 is a graph comparing the electrical conductivity of fullerenes.
- FIG. 11 (a) and (b) are cross-sectional views of an apparatus according to a specific example of the gas sensor of the present invention.
- FIG. 12 is a graph showing the dependence of the electrical conductivity recovery rate upon heat treatment on the inert gas flow rate.
- concentration of impurities adsorbed on fullerene was quantitatively evaluated and the correlation with electrical conductivity was investigated.
- Non-Patent Document 5 states that “It is known that water vapor functions as a catalyst that promotes oxidation for some substances. However, the effect of water vapor on the electrical conduction of fullerene is still It is not known. " From this description in Non-Patent Document 5, it is impossible to predict a decrease in the electrical conductivity of fullerene due to water adsorption. Besides Non-Patent Document 5, there is no document that suggests the influence of water on the electric conduction of fullerene.
- the inventors have found that the water adsorbed by the fullerene under a specific heating condition can be efficiently separated and the electrical conductivity can be greatly improved. We also succeeded in efficiently desorbing the adsorbed oxygen by improving the heating conditions.
- the fullerene thin film that has been subjected to the inert gas heat treatment is electrically inde- pendently deposited in the atmosphere or oxygen by depositing a passivation film on the thin film in-situ.
- the fact that the conductivity did not decrease was surprising.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a continuous processing apparatus for vacuum vapor deposition and inert gas heating. Shown in the figure The processing apparatus includes a container vacuum pump 2, a gas introduction pipe 3, an exhaust pipe 4, a crucible 6, a vapor deposition substrate 8, and a substrate heater 10.
- the vapor deposition substrate 8 for measuring electrical conductivity is a substrate on which a gold electrode is previously formed on a glass substrate.After the process is completed, the electrical characteristics can be evaluated without removing the vapor deposition substrate 8 from the container 1. Connected to the measuring device placed in the line via wiring.
- the apparatus shown in FIG. 1 is a combined apparatus for vacuum vapor deposition and inert gas heat treatment.
- the heat treatment apparatus according to the present invention does not have a member necessary for vacuum vapor deposition, and includes a container gas introduction pipe 3 and an exhaust pipe 4.
- it may be a dedicated heat treatment apparatus composed of the substrate heater 10 and the fullerene film holder.
- a fullerene film holder is disposed at the position of the vapor deposition substrate 8.
- the vapor deposition substrate 10 is attached to a predetermined position in the container 1, the fullerene powder 7 is placed on the crucible 6, the valves of the gas introduction pipe 3 and the exhaust pipe 4 are closed, and the container 1 is attached by the vacuum pump 2. Evacuate. Next, an electric current is passed through the fullerene sublimation heater 5 to heat the crucible 6 and sublimate the fullerene powder 7.
- fullerene powder having a purity of 99.8% was used, and the degree of vacuum at the time of vapor deposition was 1.0 to 5.0 X 10 Torr.
- the crucible 6 was heated to 500 ° C., and a fullerene thin film 9 having a flat surface with a thickness of about 0.8 ⁇ m was deposited on the vapor deposition substrate 8 in a sublimation process of about 2 hours.
- the electrical conductivity is measured in this state.
- the measured temperature is controlled by the substrate heater 10 and a cooling device and temperature sensor (not shown).
- the electrical conductivity was measured by the two-terminal method.
- the width of the gold electrode used in the experiment was 20 mm, and the distance between the two gold electrodes was 0.5 mm.
- the fullerene sample can be once taken out of the vacuum vessel and attached to the processing apparatus shown in Fig. 1 again to measure the electrical characteristics. It is also possible to attach a fullerene sample once brought into contact with the atmosphere and having deteriorated electrical conductivity to the processing equipment, heat the inert gas, and then measure the electrical characteristics in a vacuum atmosphere. An inert gas such as nitrogen is introduced from the gas introduction pipe 3 and the gas introduced from the exhaust pipe 4 is exhausted. That is, the gas in the container 1 is always replaced with the introduced inert gas. In this state, the fullerene thin film on the substrate 8 is heated by the substrate calorie heater 10. Gas flow rate, fullerene thin film Is controlled by a control system (not shown).
- the electrical conductivity was measured by dark current measurement without irradiation of light even when left in the air or when! A voltage V was applied between the two electrodes placed on the substrate, and the current I flowing between the electrodes was measured.
- the electrode width was W
- the electrode spacing was d
- the fullerene film thickness was t
- FIG. 2 is a graph showing the change in electrical conductivity of fullerene when the nitrogen heat treatment of the present invention is performed.
- Measurement conditions include a temperature 160 ° C, a vacuum degree 0.75 ⁇ 3.7 X 10- 7 Torr.
- Conductivity of the fullerene prior to Caro heat treatment the In-Situ Measurement of-deposited 10- 2 ( ⁇ ⁇ ) - 1, then, if it is left at room temperature for 10 minutes in an oxygen atmosphere, conductivity 10- 1Q (Q cm) - 1 from 10- 9 ( ⁇ cm) - was changed to 1.
- a fullerene sample was placed in a sealed container, and heat treatment was performed to raise the temperature from 30 ° C to 160 ° C in 15 minutes while continuing to flow nitrogen gas. Measurement of the temperature rise immediately after immediately conductivity, about the same 10- 2 As Depo ( ⁇ cm) - 1 until the conductivity was confirmed that you are recovering.
- FIG. 3 is a graph showing a change in the electric conductivity of fullerene when the argon heat treatment of the present invention is performed.
- Measurement conditions include a temperature 180 ° C, a vacuum degree 0.75 ⁇ 3.7 X 10- 7 Torr.
- Conductivity of the fullerene before heat treatment the In-Situ Measurement of-deposited 10- 2 (Q cm) - 1, then, when left at room temperature for 10 minutes at a steam atmosphere, conductivity 10- 12 (Q cm) - 1 or et al 10- 9 ( ⁇ ) - was changed to 1.
- a fullerene sample was placed in a sealed container, and heat treatment was performed to raise the temperature from 30 ° C to 180 ° C in 15 minutes while continuing to flow argon gas.
- FIGS 4 and 5 show the impurity concentration detection data by the API mass spectrometer.
- APK Atmospheric c pressure ionization mass pressure ionization This is a mass spectrometer capable of measuring the impurity content of the water.
- FIG. 4 and FIG. 5 are the same data but have different vertical scales.
- the measurement sample is a C vapor-deposited film, which is stored for about one month at room temperature, in a dark room, and in the atmosphere after vapor deposition. impurities
- Fig. 4 focuses on changes in oxygen concentration
- Fig. 5 focuses on water concentration.
- fullerenes and the terminology will be used as a concept encompassing fullerenes and endohedral fullerenes. The exact definition of fullerenes will be described later.
- the volume of the container used for the evaluation experiment is about 17 liters. Also, real The film thickness of the fullerene film used in the experiment is 20 nm to 8 / zm.
- the recovery rate of conductivity was defined as ( ⁇ 1 ⁇ ⁇ 0) / ⁇ 0 X 100 (%). However, ⁇ 1 is the conductivity after heat treatment, and ⁇ 0 is the conductivity before heat treatment. From Fig. 12, it can be seen that the conductivity recovery rate is significantly improved when the gas flow rate exceeds 3 times the volume per minute.
- the inner wall surface material of the pipe for introducing the inert gas is a stainless steel material protected by a passive film made of acid-chromium, aluminum oxide, or metal fluoride, and the heating container or the heating
- the material of the container was a material having a gas discharge amount force of Si X 10-15 (Torr-l / sec-cm 2) or less from the surface, a remarkable recovery in electrical conductivity was observed.
- the impurity concentration of the inert gas is preferably less than lOOppb, more preferably less than lOppb, and more preferably less than lOOppt.
- the inert gas atmosphere in contact with fullerenes was a high-purity gas atmosphere with an oxygen content of 10 ppm or less and a water content of 10 ppm or less, and was heated to 300 ° C or higher.
- the electrical conductivity was further improved as compared with the vapor deposition film of As D ⁇ o fullerenes, and highly conductive fullerenes with an electrical conductivity of 10-cm) -1 or higher could be produced. This is probably because the raw material fullerenes used for vapor deposition contained trace amounts of moisture and oxygen, and these moisture and oxygen could be removed by heating with inert gas.
- a higher heat treatment temperature is preferable for removing impurities, but fullerenes themselves sublimate when the heating temperature is too high.
- the heating temperature is preferably 700 ° C. or less.
- Figures 6 (a) to 6 (h) are diagrams for explaining adsorption and desorption of impurities from fullerenes.
- the impurities physically adsorbed in the fullerenes are considered to move relatively freely in the fullerenes.
- the moving speed is considered to be greater when heated than when stored at room temperature.
- the concentration of oxygen or water in the film is low in order to achieve a significant recovery or improvement in electrical conductivity by heat treatment.
- fullerenes or nanotubes having an oxygen content of 10 14 pieces / cm 3 or less and a water content of 10 16 pieces / cm 3 or less, and a water content of 10 16 cm —
- fullerenes with electrical conductivity measured at C of 10— ⁇ cm) 1 or more and 10 3 ( ⁇ cm) 1 or less are heated in an inert gas, they are highly effective in restoring and improving electrical conductivity. It is done.
- the heat treatment conditions in this case are as follows: in an inert gas, at a temperature of 200 ° C to 700 ° C, for 10 seconds to 10 hours, or while purging the vessel with an inert gas in the vessel, It is preferable that the temperature is 100 ° C or more and 700 ° C or less, and it is 10 seconds or more and 10 hours or less.
- Non-Patent Document 1 Based on the knowledge disclosed in Non-Patent Document 1, it was the contact with the fullerene surfaces that did not cause significant recovery of electrical conductivity when the container was simply purged with an inert gas and heated. This is probably because the oxygen atmosphere that has been desorbed once is re-adsorbed by the fullerenes, because the nitrogen atmosphere is not always replaced and replaced by nitrogen. In that sense, nitrogen gas It is important to control the flow rate of which inert gas is introduced into the vessel and to heat while always supplying new U ⁇ inert gas.
- Figure 7 shows the correlation between the electrical conductivity of C and the impurity concentration. As shown in Figure 7
- the electrical conductivity ⁇ has a negative correlation with the concentration of oxygen or water contained in fullerenes.
- the electrical conductivity does not simply depend on the oxygen concentration or only the water concentration. For example, when the water concentration is high, the electrical conductivity does not increase even when the oxygen concentration is extremely low. Nah ...
- the graph shown in Fig. 8 summarizes a lot of measurement data in consideration of the synergistic effect of oxygen concentration and water concentration on electrical conductivity.
- the vertical axis the oxygen concentration of the logarithm
- the horizontal axis represents the concentration of water in logarithmic, fullerene insulator (sigma Ku 10- 6 (Q cm) -, semiconductor ( ⁇ > 10 "6 ( ⁇ cm) “ 1 ), a region that becomes a highly conductive semiconductor ( ⁇ > 10 _1 ( ⁇ cm)” 1 ).
- the oxygen concentration is 10 16 pieces / cm 3 or less and the water concentration is preferably 10 18 pieces / cm 3 or less. 10 14 pieces / cm 3 or less, and a water concentration of 10 16 pieces / cm 3 or less is more preferable.
- the oxygen concentration is 10 12 pieces / cm 3 or less, and the water concentration is 10 14 pieces / cm 3. More preferably, it is not more than cm 3 .
- highly conductive semiconductor region or “highly conductive fullerenes” is not a term commonly used in the industry, but the fullerene of the present invention.
- fullerenes of ⁇ > 10- ⁇ cm) -1 which can be manufactured by the manufacturing method of the kind, as an organic semiconductor, “highly conductive It is called "One Ren”.
- FIG. 9 is a graph showing changes in the electric conductivity of fullerene when the protective film (passivation film) of the present invention is formed.
- the container is purged with nitrogen without taking the fullerene film out of the container, and a protective film made of polyimide is formed on the fullerene film by spin coating. About 2 ⁇ m deposited.
- oxygen was introduced into the container and left at room temperature for 10 minutes, but no decrease in electrical conductivity was observed as shown in the figure.
- SiO, SiN, polymethyl methacrylate, poly-polyethylene, and polysiloxane alone can be used.
- CVD PVD
- coating or dipping
- a device that fully employs ultra-clean technology was created in order to minimize the separation of moisture and oxygen from the vacuum chamber.
- the container 1 in Fig. 1 uses a surface protected by a chromium oxide passivated film
- the gas introduction pipe 3 uses a stainless steel pipe whose inner surface is treated with an acid-chromium passivated gas, and has a gas retention part.
- a liquid nitrogen trap and a liquid nitrogen trap are used to remove trace amounts of oxygen and moisture present in an inert gas such as nitrogen or argon introduced through the gas introduction pipe.
- the ultra-clean condition was created by passing the molecular sieve adsorber.
- high electrical conductivity can be achieved by vacuum deposition of fullerenes without the need for inert gas heating. It was proved that a fullerene film of the same degree can be deposited.
- the conditions for forming the high electrical conductivity film are preferably as follows.
- a fullerene raw material a high-purity material having a carbon content of 99.6 wt% or more is used.
- the surface chromium oxide used as having also an inner wall of stainless material force protected with a passivation film becomes aluminum oxide, or metal fluoride force, or amount of released gases force from the surface s l X 10- 15 (Torr'l / sec'cm2) Ru with those having the material strength is also the inner wall.
- vacuum degree during vapor deposition should be not more than 10- 9 Torr. 10—1 Torr or less is more preferable. 10— u Torr or less is more preferable.
- a container having a gas inlet and a gas outlet is provided. It is preferable to use a device comprising a heating means, a heating control means, and a gas flow rate control means. Furthermore, it is preferable that the heating condition and the gas flow rate condition can be controlled in conjunction with each other, and the heating rate, the heating temperature, and the gas flow rate are controlled precisely in synchronization.
- fullerrenes is a concept including fullerene, endohedral fullerene, heterofullerene, chemically modified fullerene, fullerene polymer, and fullerene polymer.
- the “encapsulated fullerene” is a spherical carbon molecule in which atoms or molecules other than carbon are confined in the hollow portion of the bowl-shaped fullerene molecule.
- the production method according to the present invention has fullerenes as well as fullerenes, or a solid, powder, coating film, single crystal, polycrystal, thin film, fiber, dopant containing fullerenes. It can be applied to materials, vapor deposition materials or co-deposition materials There is an effect of recovery or improvement of electrical conductivity.
- the production method according to the present invention can be applied to nanotubes such as carbon nanotubes, and has an effect of restoring or improving electrical conductivity.
- Fullerenes such as fullerenes, endohedral fullerenes, or fullerenes, or the various gas adsorption states of nanotubes have extremely sensitive and reversible effects on their electrical properties. Alternatively, nanotubes can be applied.
- oxygen concentration and water concentration can be measured from lppb to lOOOppm in a wide range of concentrations.
- noble gas elements such as He and Ar
- inert substances such as N are used as detection target gases.
- gas cannot be detected without affecting the electrical characteristics.
- gases in addition to oxygen and water, alcohol, halogen gas, oxidizing gas, or reducing gases such as hydrogen, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, etc. are used to absorb fullerene.
- gases that have the effect of trapping electrons or holes in the film the presence and concentration of the gas can be detected by measuring the electrical resistance of the fullerenes or a detector that also has nanotube forces. is there.
- the use of endohedral fullerenes as a material for the detector makes it possible to produce a gas sensor with excellent characteristics.
- the use of endohedral fullerenes containing an alkali metal element, an alkaline earth metal element, a rare earth element, a halogen element, or a group V element is effective in improving the characteristics.
- the electrical resistance of the detection body changes depending on the gas concentration adsorbed on the detection body.
- the gas concentration in the contact gas is higher than the adsorption gas concentration, there is movement (absorption) of gas molecules from the contact gas to the detection body.
- Corresponding saturation concentration when the gas concentration in the contact gas is higher than the adsorption gas concentration, there is movement (absorption) of gas molecules from the contact gas to the detection body.
- Corresponding saturation concentration Conversely, if the gas concentration in the contact gas is smaller than the adsorbed gas concentration, there is also a movement (release) of the gas molecules to the contact gas, and the adsorbed gas concentration will also be the gas in the contact gas after a certain period of time.
- concentration Corresponding saturation concentration.
- a gas sensor having a high response speed can be realized by, for example, the following configuration.
- the gas sensor includes a plurality of detectors that can be independently heated and purged with an inert gas. Prior to use, all detectors are heated and purged to release the gas adsorbed on the detectors. The gas concentration is measured by the first detector, and at the next concentration measurement timing, the gas concentration is measured by the second detector. At this time, the first detector is heated and purged to release the adsorbed gas. At the next concentration measurement timing, the gas concentration is measured by the first or third detector. At this time, the second detector performs a heat purge.
- the number of detectors to be prepared may be set as appropriate according to the required specifications of the gas release speed and response speed.
- the gas concentration can be measured by measuring the initial change rate of the electric resistance without using the saturation value of the electric resistance.
- the electrical resistance increases and reaches a saturation value after a certain period of time.
- the rate of change of electrical resistance before saturation depends on the gas concentration. That is, when the gas concentration is large, the increase rate of electric resistance is large, and when the gas concentration is small, the increase rate of electric resistance is also small.
- API / MS Ultra-sensitive real-time measurement of gas components by atmospheric pressure ion mass spectrometry
- API / MS is a high-sensitivity gas analysis technology that uses an ion concentration technology called ion molecule reaction and has a sensitivity that is more than 1000 times that of a conventional gas chromatographic mass spectrometer.
- mass spectrometers have the disadvantages of large size and high price.
- an ion molecule reaction device with fullerenes such as fullerene and endohedral fullerene, or a detector consisting of nanotubes, and adsorbs ions that have ionized gas molecules to the detector, and detects the change in electrical resistance. Therefore, it is possible to detect gas with higher sensitivity or It is possible to detect the concentration of the gas.
- Electrospray and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization devices have already been put to practical use as ion molecule reaction devices. These ionization molecule reaction devices and fullerenes or detectors made of nanotubes can be combined to make the device smaller. It is possible to produce a gas sensor that is inexpensive and easy to carry.
- Such small and inexpensive gas sensors are used only in the semiconductor manufacturing field, chemical industry plants, leak detection of piping in nuclear power plants, incinerator and automobile exhaust gas concentration measurements, explosives in airports and public facilities, It has a wide range of applications in toxic substances, drug possession tests, fuel cell development (such as hydrogen concentration measurement), and in the medical field, for example, breath analysis.
- FIG. 11 (a) is a first specific example of the gas sensor according to the present invention, and is a cross-sectional view of a gas sensor having a refresh function capable of measuring a gas concentration in real time.
- FIG. 11 (a) shows a cross-sectional view of two detectors, but three or more detectors may be provided.
- the gas sensor includes gas introduction pipes 22 and 23 separated by a partition wall for introducing the detection gas 21.
- the detectors 26 and 27 are, for example, those in which a film having an endohedral fullerene force is deposited on a substrate, and electrodes for electric resistance measurement are provided at both ends.
- the gases introduced by the introduction pipes 22 and 23 are detected by the detection bodies 26 and 27, respectively.
- the electrical resistance of the detection body changes, and resistance measurement is performed by the measuring device 30, and data processing for converting the gas concentration is performed.
- the gas adsorbed to the detection body can be quickly discharged by detecting nitrogen gas introduced by the nitrogen gas introduction pipes 24 and 25 and simultaneously heating the detection body by the heaters 28 and 29. As described above, the gas concentration can be measured in real time by providing a plurality of detectors.
- FIG. 11 (b) is a second specific example of the gas sensor of the present invention, which is a gas sensor equipped with a device for ionizing a detection gas by the atmospheric pressure ionization method.
- the detection gas 31 is introduced into the ionizer through the introduction pipe 3 2.
- the gas flow 34 of the detection gas is heated by passing through the tubular heater 33, and becomes a gas 36 due to an electric field formed between the grid electrode 37 and the power source 35.
- the ionized gas is adsorbed by the detection body 38, the resistance change of the detection body is measured by the resistance measuring device 39, and the data is converted into a gas concentration.
- the production environment for the fullerene film was created according to the production conditions of the above highly conductive fullerene, and the internal vacuum degree of the container 1 in FIG. 1 was set to 5 ⁇ 10 ” 10 Torr (6.65 ⁇ 10” 8 Pa). According to the measurement of API-MS connected to the container 1, the water concentration in the fullerene film forming part in the container 1 was 3ppt. Set 50mg of fullerene C (manufactured by Tokyo Kasei) to a molybdenum vapor deposition boat,
- the evaporation boat was heated at 500 ° C. for 1 hour, and a fullerene thin film having a thickness of about 0.4 m was deposited on the evaporation substrate 8.
- the substrate temperature was 82 ° C
- a current of 1.1 mA was observed at an applied voltage of 2 V by the two-terminal method
- the electric conductivity was 0.34 ( ⁇ « ⁇ ) -1 .
- the electrical conductivity was 0.11 ( ⁇ cm) when slowly cooled to a room temperature of 27 ° C.
- the production environment of fullerene film was made according to the production conditions of the above highly conductive fullerene.
- the chamber was baked at 150 ° C for one week.
- the internal vacuum of the container 1 in FIG. 1 is 10- u Torr, and the moisture concentration in the fullerene film forming part in the container 1 is less than lppt as measured by API-MS connected to the container 1. It was. Set 50mg of fullerene C (manufactured by Tokyo Kasei) to a molybdenum vapor deposition boat and heat the vapor deposition boat at 470 ° C for 30 minutes.
- a fullerene thin film having a thickness of about 0.1 ⁇ m was deposited on the vapor deposition substrate 8.
- the substrate temperature was 74 ° C
- a current of 2.6 mA was observed at an applied voltage of 0.2 V by the two-terminal method, and the electrical conductivity was 32.5 ( ⁇ « ⁇ ) -1 .
- the electrical conductivity when it was gradually cooled to a room temperature of 27 ° C. was 10.2 ( ⁇ ⁇ ) -1 .
- a production environment for a co-evaporation film including a fullerene film was created according to the production conditions of the above highly conductive fullerene.
- the chamber was baked at 150 ° C for one week.
- the internal vacuum of container 1 in Fig. 1 is 10- u Torr, which is measured by API-MS connected to container 1.
- the water concentration in the fullerene film forming part in container 1 was less than lppt.
- Fullerene C manufactured by Tokyo Chemical Industry
- the evaporation boat was heated at 470 ° C. for 30 minutes, and a fullerene copper phthalocyanine thin film having a thickness of about 0.1 m was deposited on the evaporation substrate 8.
- the substrate temperature was 74 ° C
- a current of 10.4 mA was observed at an applied voltage of 0.4 V by the two-terminal method, and the electrical conductivity was 63.1 ( ⁇ ⁇ ) -1 .
- the electrical conductivity when cooled slowly to room temperature 27 ° C was 20.4 (Q cm) -1 .
- nitrogen gas passed through a molecular sieve adsorber was introduced into the chamber to return to atmospheric pressure, and the sample was moved to another chamber through a load lock.
- the sample After continuing to introduce oxygen gas into the chamber with the sample for 10 minutes, the sample was returned to the original chamber. After that, the electrical conductivity of the sample was measured while flowing nitrogen gas, and it was 4 X 10 " 8 (Q cm) _1 . Voltage was applied to the ceramic heater to which the sample was fixed while nitrogen gas was continuously flowed. The sample was heated, and the sample reached 160 ° C by heating for 15 minutes, and the electrical conductivity at that time was 15.2 ( ⁇ cm) -1 , which was almost the same as that before oxygen introduction.
- the production environment of fullerene film was made according to the production conditions of the above highly conductive fullerene.
- the vacuum degree of the container 1 measures the 5 X 10- 1Q Torr, by the measurement of AP bets MS which is also connected to the container 1, the concentration of water in the container 1 was 3 ppt.
- the fullerene thin film having a film thickness of about 0.4 m was obtained on the vapor deposition substrate 8 fixed to the ceramic heater.
- the substrate temperature was 80 ° C
- the electrical conductivity was 0.06 ( ⁇ cm) -1 .
- electric conductivity when slowly cooled to room temperature 27 ° 0. 02 ( ⁇ ⁇ ) - 1.
- argon gas passed through a molecular sieve adsorber was introduced into the chamber 1 to return to atmospheric pressure, and the sample was moved to another chamber space through a load lock. After continuing to introduce air into the chamber with the sample for 10 minutes, the sample was returned to the original chamber.
- the film is heated to 500 degrees Celsius for 1 hour, and the film thickness is deposited on the deposition substrate 8 fixed to the ceramic heater. A fullerene thin film of about 0.4 m was obtained.
- the substrate temperature was 80 ° C, and the electrical conductivity was 0.03 ( ⁇ cm) -1 . Thereafter, the electrical conductivity when cooled slowly to 27 ° C was 0. 0 ( ⁇ ⁇ ) -1 .
- the chamber was then baked at 150 ° C for 4 days. When the electrical conductivity was measured on the 4th day of baking, it decreased to 0.0008 ( ⁇ ⁇ ) -1 . After the baking was stopped, the chamber was cooled to 30 ° C for 1 day. The degree of vacuum was 2 ⁇ 10— u Torr. Nitrogen gas passed through a molecular sieve adsorber was introduced into the chamber and brought to atmospheric pressure. The sample was heated to 303 ° C in 25 minutes with the voltage applied to the ceramic heater to which the sample was fixed while flowing nitrogen gas. The electrical conductivity at that time was 0.76 (Q cm) -1 . It was then gradually cooled electric conductivity up to 2 8 ° C was measured, As- high 0.12 ( ⁇ ⁇ ) than when Depo - 1 der ivy ⁇
- Example 1 the internal vacuum degree of the container 1 is 10- u Torr.
- the other points were the same as in Example 1.
- the electric conductivity further superior to that of Example 1 was shown.
- the fullerenes or nanotubes and the method for producing the same according to the present invention can significantly improve the electrical conductivity of organic materials and the performance of organic semiconductor devices. Useful in the field.
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Abstract
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US12/065,738 US20090230979A1 (en) | 2005-09-05 | 2006-09-05 | Fullerene or nanotube, and method for producing fullerene or nanotube |
JP2007534422A JP5406451B2 (ja) | 2005-09-05 | 2006-09-05 | フラーレン類又はナノチューブ、及び、フラーレン類又はナノチューブの製造方法 |
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Cited By (3)
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WO2011102364A1 (ja) * | 2010-02-22 | 2011-08-25 | 東洋炭素株式会社 | 容器入りフラーレン及びその製造方法並びにフラーレンの保存方法 |
JP2011236109A (ja) * | 2010-04-14 | 2011-11-24 | Mitsubishi Chemicals Corp | フラーレン精製物及びその製造方法並びに有機半導体材料の評価方法 |
US8381587B2 (en) | 2007-05-08 | 2013-02-26 | Ideal Star Inc. | Gas sensor, gas measuring system using the gas sensor, and gas detection module for the gas sensor |
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JP2011014244A (ja) * | 2009-06-30 | 2011-01-20 | Hitachi High-Technologies Corp | 荷電粒子銃及び荷電粒子線装置 |
US11447391B2 (en) * | 2015-06-23 | 2022-09-20 | Polyvalor, Limited Partnership | Method of growing a graphene coating or carbon nanotubes on a catalytic substrate |
US10352914B2 (en) * | 2016-02-08 | 2019-07-16 | North Carolina State University | P-type environment stimulus sensor |
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- 2006-09-05 KR KR1020087005318A patent/KR20080044260A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
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US8381587B2 (en) | 2007-05-08 | 2013-02-26 | Ideal Star Inc. | Gas sensor, gas measuring system using the gas sensor, and gas detection module for the gas sensor |
WO2011102364A1 (ja) * | 2010-02-22 | 2011-08-25 | 東洋炭素株式会社 | 容器入りフラーレン及びその製造方法並びにフラーレンの保存方法 |
JP2011168463A (ja) * | 2010-02-22 | 2011-09-01 | Toyo Tanso Kk | 容器入りフラーレン及びその製造方法並びにフラーレンの保存方法 |
CN102762496A (zh) * | 2010-02-22 | 2012-10-31 | 东洋炭素株式会社 | 装入于容器的富勒烯及其制造方法以及富勒烯的保存方法 |
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JP2011236109A (ja) * | 2010-04-14 | 2011-11-24 | Mitsubishi Chemicals Corp | フラーレン精製物及びその製造方法並びに有機半導体材料の評価方法 |
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TW200711995A (en) | 2007-04-01 |
JP5406451B2 (ja) | 2014-02-05 |
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