WO2007001618A2

WO2007001618A2 - Method and apparatus for measuring illumination and camera performances

Info

Publication number: WO2007001618A2
Application number: PCT/US2006/016268
Authority: WO
Inventors: David Elberbaum
Original assignee: Elbex Video Ltd.; Elbex America (Ny), Inc.
Priority date: 2005-06-23
Filing date: 2006-04-28
Publication date: 2007-01-04
Also published as: US20070002143A1; WO2007001618A3; US7629998B2

Abstract

A method and apparatus for measuring the performances of a camera Including illumination, signal levels, signal tonoiseratio, resolution, spectrum, color vectors and displaying the measured values in alphanumeric, waveforms, graphs and vectors onto a displayed scene generated by a camera under test, thereby enabling the user to better comprehend the meaning and verify the camera specifications and their fitness .

Description

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR MEASURING ILLUMINATION AND CAMERA PERFORMANCES

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to measurement of light and illumination and the performances of digital or analogue cameras such as sensitivity and signal waveforms, signal to noise ratio, resolution and spectrum.

2. DESCRIPTION OF PRIOR ART

The performances of CCTV, Web cameras and other television and digital cameras are measured in laboratories by a variety of test equipment, such as illumination meters, waveform oscilloscope, vectorscope and signal to noise meter by using standard illuminators, light boxes and charts. Normally, the conditions under which the measurements should or are performed are laboratory environment as defined, for a given performance measurement, by national or international institutions such as EIA, ISO, CCIR, SMPTE or other standards. For example signal to noise ratio is measured with the camera exposed to equally distributed 2000 Lux over a reflecting white plane.

Such measurements under controlled environment are proper, however because many of the inter-relations between light, illumination, bandwidth, noise and signal levels are not specified or subject to a cover-all standard, the potential users of such cameras cannot accurately comprehend the performance on the basis of the printed specifications, particularly when the specified figures relate to an unknown and/or undefined scene environment or scene content . Thus, the only practical references available to the potential users for selecting a camera are the comparisons between the published data sheets by the different manufacturers, the result of which is that the performances of cameras in the field do not match the user's expectation.

This gap between user's expectation and the actual performance of purchased cameras causes confusion and bewilderment. Moreover, the confusioncausedbymisinformationas tothetrueperformanceof cameras, as referred to in the camera's data sheets and specified figures of performances, are practically impossible to verify . This persisting state of misinformation enabled some manufacturers to take advantage of the market by publishing non-realistic performance figures. To avoid legal and other challenges, the non-realistic performances are commonly conditioned on complex terms and terminologies known only to professionals in the camera field. The result of all this is that many cameras are specified in catalogs and data sheets with unrealistic performancefigureswhichcausesgreatharmandlossestotheunsuspecting users of security and similar cameras .

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of this invention therefore to provide a method and apparatus for measuring accurately the fundamental performance items ofanalogueordigital, stil1orlivecamerasbyaportabletestequipment, in the field, where the cameras are intended to be placed or operated, for superimposing the measurement and graphs onto a display of a scene as generated by the camera under test and for highlighting the measured itemwithinthedisplayitself . Therebyprovidingthemeanstocomprehend the meaning of the specified items and their figures.

The method and apparatus for measuring illumination according to the present invention uses a pre-adjusted light sources, such as LEDs, in candela units for providing accurate controlled illumination of white light in the visual spectrum and in the UV or IR regions such as the 850nm wave length.

The candela is the standard unit of the luminous intensity (I) known also as candlepower, established and recognized by all national and international institutions. When the illuminated surface is at a distance (d) of 1 meter from the light source, the surface is illuminated withl Lux, whichis the establishedandrecognizedunit of illumination,

I The illumination (E) is defined by the well known formula E =—— , d wherein E = I Lux when I = I candela and d = 1 meter. The illumination is a fundamental item to represent camera performance and the terms "minimum scene illumination" or "minimum illumination" are of the mostimportantspecificationitemsofacamera, andarecommonlyspecified in Lux figures or fractions thereof.

The photometry including the measurement of illumination must take into account the human eye's spectrum, because the human eyes are unable to see radiated light in the infraredor the ultraviolet regions , therefore the agreed upon Lux unit by the International Commission of Illumination (CIE) is based on the properties of human eyes, by a defined visual spectrum graph, with 555 nm (green) wavelength at its peak.

Therefore, all the illumination testers for photography and other visual light application use a pass filter for allowing only the visual spectrum to reach the light sensing device of the illumination meter or tester and cut out any and all lights in the IR or the Ultra violet regions. By this the illumination meter will show "0" Lux for any light generated in the IR region, regardless of the light intensity.

For correctly measuring IR illuminated scene and the sensitivity of a camera to an IR illuminated and/or UV illuminated scene the method and apparatus of thepresent invention employs interchangeable filters comprising a visual spectrum pass filter and a given specific filter such as 850 nm or several given UV or IR wavelength pass filters, along with providing interchangeable pre-adjusted light source units forgenerating controlledand calibrated lights in candelavalue within the visual spectrum, the UV and the IR wavelength, matching said corresponding interchangeablepass filters . Thepre-calibratedlight sources thereby provide for illuminating the observed scene in the visual spectrum, and the selected UV or IR wavelength. This make it possible to verify the illumination level in a standard Lux value for the visual spectrum, and a specific lux value, such as IR Lux, or UV Lux for the selected wavelength.

The illumination sensor of thepresent invention includes light sensing device such as pin diode, for generating an electrical signal output that is relative to the amount of light radiated onto the sensor when it is exposed to an illuminator (primary light source such as the LED) or to a secondary light source, such as a reflected light from an object or a scene, through a diffusing filter or a diffuser. The diffusing filter in a dome shape, flat or other spherical shape can be made of acryl, polycarbonate and other plastic or glass materials in milky white tint for the visual spectrum or in a tint corresponding to a selected UV or IR bandwidth for diffusing the incoming light of the selected bandwidth of the illuminator used for the measurement .

Themeasurement of illuminationdescribedaboveapplies onlytoradiated light in open space or free air, it does not apply to light passing throughlensesbecausethelensmagnificationpowerdeereaseor increase the distance from the light source or the scene tobe observed optically.

Also, the ratio of a light entering a lens to the light exiting the lens is dependent upon the lens aperture known as "f" number. The passing light will decrease inversely with the square of the f number, or passing light = l/f . Therefore, to provide for actual measurement of a term known as "face plate illumination" , the light sensor assembly of the present invention further includes interchangeable lens mount for enabling the mounting of a lens into the light path of the light sensor.

The generated output signal from the light sensor is processed by an analog to digital converter and by a CPU for generating digital, numericaloracoloredgraphofthemeasuredillumination, fordisplaying the measurement values, graph or both and/or superimposing the values or graph onto a display of an observed scene .

The apparatus of the present invention includes a video input circuit for connecting a camera under test and an LCD or other display monitor for displaying an image generated by the tested camera. The display circuits include a circuit for superimposing onto the displayed scene, as generated by the camera under test, the values of the measured illumination as measured by said illumination sensor and a memory circuit for storingthe imagewiththe superimposedvalue of themeasured illumination, and for enabling the user to move the illumination sensor ontodifferentpositionswithintheobservedsceneandforsuperimposing plurality of measured illumination values at the position they were measured over the entire scene or an illumination graph, representing the overall illumination of the observed scene and to position the light sensor with an attached lens under test, side by side with the camera and the lens under test, for measuring and superimposing also the actual face plate illumination value. Such complete, coverall display with superimposed values or graph provide the user with unambiguous illumination values inside an actual display of the scene generated by the camera under test .

It is similarlypossible to change the illuminators fromvisual spectrum to UV or IR illuminator with specific bandwidth and to repeat the steps described above for generating similar scene displays under UV or IR illuminated conditions.

The apparatus of the present invention further includes a circuit for measuring the inputted video signal in mV and in IRE values and for outputting the measured values in digital, numeric or a graph known as waveform to said superimposing circuit for superimposing the video signal waveform and/or numeric value onto said scene display generated by the camera under test. The CPU and the memories include a program to generate a grid display, representing the signal levels in mV/lRE and the time base in horizontal or vertical period units, fed to the superimposing circuit for adding the grid to the displayed waveform.

The well known IRE values (defined by the Institute of Radio Engineers) are the standard signal level for broadcasting television signal. The IRE scale for the IV P-P is equal to 140 IRE, wherein 100 IRE represents 0.714V video (maximum luminance signal) and the 40 IRE represents 0.286V sync level.

The measuring of a camera sensitivity, as defined by SMPTE which govern the video broadcast industry standards, calls for exposing the camera to 2000 Lux of uniformly lighted white light and close the iris of the lens until the camera signal outputs non saturated 100 IRE of video signal . Because this measurement is complex and not simple to comprehend by users, the sensitivity specifications of cameras in the general market stipulate a Lux value at which the camera will generate 100 IRE of video signal when used with a stipulated f number

(of a lens) . However, because the generated signals by the pickup device are amplified by an AGC amplifier the 100 IRE value can be obtainedby averyhighgainAGC amplifier, even though the non amplified pickup device signals can be far lower, such as only 5 IRE.

Therefore, by superimposing the video signal waveform measured in IRE or mV units onto the display of a picture taken by the camera under test will provide the user with unambiguous picture reality, with illumination in Lux and signal in mV and IRE values on top of the displayed picture . Moreover, the superimposing circuit provides for highlighting the selected horizontal line or period of the display for which the signal waveform is superimposed.

By this the display of the picture taken by the camera under test can include the many different Lux values, the signal waveform in IRE and/or mV value and the highlighted horizontal line or period forwhichthesignalwaveformisdisplayed, givingtheusercomprehensive datapertainingtheilluminationandthesignal levels, all superimposed onto the display of a picture taken by the camera under test with the selected lens. Another very important measurement data to compile the presentation of the camera basic performances is the signal to noise ratio (S/N) . Thebroadcaststandardforsignal tonoiseratio (S/N) calls formeasuring the noise when the camera is exposed to 2000 Lux of uniformly lighted white light with the lens aperture (IRIS) set such that a flat 100 IRE, non saturated signal is obtained. During S/N measurement all the amplifiers such as AGC amplifiers and video signal processing circuit, such as gamma circuit and others are all switched off. By such setup, the noise is riding on a clean white, flat level of 100 IRE or 0.714 of video signal and can be measured with accuracy. The measured signal to noise ratio is specified in dB, such as 46 dB or 48 dB.

S/N measurement can be carried by two steps, first the measuring of the peak white signal of a camera positioned against 2000 Lux lighted test chart, (withall thevideosignalamplifiers andprocessors switched off) proceeded by comparing the measured peak white signal to a black level noise, measured when the lens is capped, e.g. with no light penetrating the pickup device.

Both known measurements do not provide a practical information as to the S/N of a camera, considering that the camera's high gain AGC amplifier and other video signal processing circuit are active and aregenerating internalnoise, particularIyunder lowlight conditions .

The method and apparatus of present invention provides for measuring the S/N by placing reflecting screen inside the measured scene for measuring both, the noise riding on top of, and the level of a "white" signal that corresponds to the light reflected by said screen and comparing the level of the noise measured with the level of said "white" signal , for generating the actual S/N figure in dB and for superimposing the S/N value into the display, to provide real practical means for the user to comprehend the meaning of S/N value.

Because the reflecting screen may not cover the entire observed scene as observed by the camera under test, it is necessary to set borders for the measurement of the S/N of said "white" signal, such that the S/N measurement will apply only to the portion of signal representing the reflected light by the screen. Accordingly said superimposing circuit further provides for setting and superimposing border lines onto the superimposed signal waveform, for defining the portion of thewaveformbetweenthe twoborderlines . Thereby, theS/Nmeasurement is confined to the signal generated by the reflected light from the white reflecting screen only, and is not influenced by other signals generated by reflected light outside the screen.

The method for measuring the resolution of a camera in TVL (TV lines) is to position the camera against 2000 Lux illuminated resolution test chart and review the chart displayed on a monitor for identifying the resolving power of the camera with a lens. The resolution can be further verified through the video signal waveform, wherein the resolution limit is reached when a given signal, out of the sweep signals corresponding to the resolution chart, is attenuated to 40% level in relation to the signal level corresponding to the 50 TVL resolution. The level of the 50 TVL base signal will be close to 100 IRE.

In contrast a resolution chart illuminated by 10 lux or below will result with rounded signal edges and with substantially generated noise, this will affect mostly the higher resolution. Further under lower illuminations the 50TVL signal level will be far lower than the 100 IRE andthus, the attenuatedhigher frequencysignal, attenuated to 40% in ratio to the 50 TVL signal, will equal the noise level and thus, reducing the overall resolution of the camera.

Therefore, to correctly measure the camera resolution in the field, the present invention provides for a sweep frequency or step frequency screen, calibrated in TVL, for placing the screen into the scene viewed by the camera under test, for measuring the camera's resolution in the field under the actual illumination of the scene the camera is intended for. The camera should be positioned at a distance such, that the displaywill cover the entire sweep frequency or step frequency (bar) screen. And with the waveform superimposed onto the display for verifying the resolution in TVL.

Another important performance item of a camera is the camera's pickup device and the circuitries' spectrum. A well known spectrum analyzer generates signal level graph in its Y axis, against a frequency range or band in its H axis . Such graph of a camera positioned against sweep frequency test chart , clarifies the linearity of the camera processing and amplifying circuits and the noise that they generate, along with the overall camera performances including resolution, contrast and color levels.

Here too however, the measuring of the camera's spectrum under good illumination suchas 2,000 luxdoes not correctlydescribe the frequency spectrum of a camera exposed to low level of illumination. Under low illumination level the high gain AGC amplifier is operated at its full gain in combination with other processing circuitries, all of whichcauseharmonics , noisesandotherunwantednonlinearperformances . For this purpose the present invention provides for superimposing frequency spectrum graph onto the display of a scene as generated by the camera under test, enabling the user to fully understand what to expect from a given camera .

The accuracy of the color signals, vectors and level, are greatly influencedbylightlevelsandparticularlyonthetypeoftheilluminators used, the spectrum of the illuminators and the color temperature of the illuminated environment of a scene. Vectroscope is well known test equipment to measure color signal accuracy and color signal levels in a laboratory environment, however, the well known vectroscopes do not provide for superimposing color vectros onto the display of a scene as generated by a camera under test .

A color signal decoder of the apparatus of the present invention will generate all the data pertaining the chrominance signals, such as the chrominance signal of NTSC, PAL or digital video signals, include any of the well known J-PEG or M-PEG compression variations feeds the data to a CPU for processing the data into a well known vectroscope display, for superimposing the color vectros onto the scene display generated by the camera under test .

For providing a practical, small size and light weight tester for the many described different measurements and more, the apparatus of the present invention uses high speed, powerful CPU processor, along with a range of high capacity and speed field memories, high capacity flash ROM and SRAM devices and employs FPGA device which canbe formedintodifferent circuits combinationsbyasoftwareprogram.

Because of the memory capacity and the high power CPU the apparatus of the present invention is further provided with a software program for generating color chart, Retma chart, resolution chart, grayscale chart and other well known charts used in the television industry. The charts can be individually recalled for display on the LCD screen and for generating chart signals for testing monitors, recorders such as VHS or digital recorders and/or for combining chart signals along with the camera under test signals for testing the camera system's other devices and/or the cabling connecting the camera to a control center and for providing a PC connected to the tester the data and references for comparisons of test chart signal and the camera signal .

Further, the method and apparatus of the present invention provides for transmitting the display with all the superimposed data, along with other particular of the measurements, such as tables and lists of the measured data to a printer or to a PC for data storing and for printing out the measurement results . The PC may include a program for remotely controlling the tester of the present invention and/or for generating reports, graphs, waveforms, vectors and other data pertaining the tested camera in details.

The tester further provides for distributing the display signals to a remote monitor to offer better resolution of a large size monitor because of the small LCD size used with portable tester, which is inherently (by size) having lower resolution and/or to prevent the tester display from generating light into a very dark or total darkness scene under test .

By all the above, it will become clear that the method and apparatus of the versatile tester of the present invention for measuring light andcameraperformancesoffersthetruemeans toverifytheveryimportant specification items of camera performances.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The foregoing objects and features of the present inventionwill become apparent from the following description of the preferred embodiment of the inventionwith reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG.l is an illustration of a tester for measuring illumination and camera performances of the preferred embodiment, including the accessories and attachments for the tester of the present invention;

FIG.2 is an illustration of a setup for measuring and verifying the illumination by the tester of the present invention;

FIG.3 is an illustration of a setup for measuring camera performances by the tester of the preferred embodiment including accessories of the present invention;

FIG.4 is an illustration of the illumination sensor of the preferred embodiment with interchangeable diffusers of the present invention;

FIG.5 is an illustration of a setup of the preferred embodiment for measuring and verifying the face plate illumination by the tester of the present invention.

FIG.6 are charts, displays and graphs as generated by the tester of the present invention. FIG.7 is ageneralblockdiagramof the testerformeasuring illumination and camera performances of the preferred embodiment of the present invention;

FIG.8 is a block diagram shown in FIG.7 showing the active circuits for the measurement of illumination;

FIG.9 is a block diagram shown in FIG.7 showing the active circuits forprocessing, superimposinganddisplayinggraphs of themeasurement ;

FIG.10 is a block diagram shown in FIG.7 showing the active circuits for measuring signal levels and other signal elements for processing, superimposing and displaying of waveforms, graphs, and vectors onto the display;

FIG. HA is a display of a waveform superimposed onto a scene including S/Nmeasuring screenof apreferredembodiment of thepresent invention;

FIG. HB is a waveform superimposed onto a display of a resolution chart of a preferred embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. HC is a display of a spectrum graph superimposed onto a display generated by a camera under test;

FIG. HD is a vectorscope display of a color accuracy superimposed onto a display generated by a camera under test; DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

FIG.l shows an apparatus 1 for measuring the performances of a camera 5 with an attached lens 5L, comprising a camera tester 2, illumination sensor 3, pre-calibrated light source 4, optional monitor 7, external PC 8, white reflecting screen 6N, a resolution chart 6R and a combined test chart 6C. The tester 2 includes keys 31, LCD display 49, video signal buffer output 5B and a power supply 2P. The power supply 2P may also be a battery charger for charging a rechargeable battery such as NiCd (Nickel Cadmium) , not shown, that may be included inside the tester 2. By this arrangement the tester can be used in places orsiteswithnopoweroutlettobecomefullyportable . TheNiCdbatteries and/or the power supply 2P may also power the camera 5 under test and as shown in FIG.l the camera 5 is connected to the video input connector 2OA and to the power connector 56.

The connector 2OB provides buffered video output to 5B, which may be a peripheral equipment related to the testing procedure or to a system to which the camera 5 is connected to, or intended to be connected to . The PC 8 is connectedvia a communication line to the communication line connector 48, which may be a network connector, or a connector known as USB or D sub connector for communicating data and protocols such as RS232 or RS422 and similar. The PC 8 may be installed with a program for remotely controlling the tester 2, for processing the testing and for storing the data generated by the tester 2. Similarly the PC 8 may include video processing circuit and may be used for displaying the video signals superimposed with testing data and for generating printout signals of the video signals generated by the camera 5 under test, along with the test data superimposed onto the displayedobj ect or scene and/or for displayingand/orprinting the video signal and the data separately. Further, the tester 2 shown as a stand-alone unit canbe constructed as a plug-in card for insertion into a PC slot (not shown) or embedded into a PC.

The remote monitor 7 is connected to the video output connector 46 for remotely displaying the test procedure and results. The use of remote monitor 7 has several important aspects, such as using larger screen size for providing better resolution, versus the small size LCD 49, it also allows for persons that are not directly processing the test at the site to view remotely the actual testing results and procedures. Further, for testing the sensitivities of cameras in a very low light or low illumination environment, the LCD 49 may become a light source within the scene and thereby influence the test result. In such instances it is better to switch off the LCD 49 and replace it by a remote monitor such as monitor 7 that is viewed during the test, but does not influence the test.

The white reflecting screen 6N, the resolution chart or the resolution screen 6R and/or the combined chart 6C are used for measuring S/N, resolution and as will be explained later the camera's spectrum. The illuminationsensor3 andthepre-calibratedlight source4 areconnected to the connectors 41 and 43 respectively as shown in FIG.l and in the setup IA shown in PIG.2 , which is a setup for measuring andverifying the light source and the illumination measurement accuracy.

The method and apparatus for measuring illumination according to the present invention uses pre-calibrated light source 4 for illuminating the scene IB of FIG.3, using illuminating devices such as LED or light bulb, calibrated to radiate light (luminance intensity) in candela units .

The candela is the standard unit of the luminous intensity (I) known also as candlepower, established and recognized by all national and international institutions . One candela of radiated light bya device, such as light bulb or LED, is approximately the amount of light energy as will be radiated by an ordinary, common candle. When the light radiating device is a point source, such as the LED, and the illuminated area surrounding the point source is a spherical surface at a distance (d) of 1 meter from the light source, the entire portion of the spherical surfaceisilluminatedwithlLux, whichistheestablishedandrecognized unit of illumination.

I

The illumination (E) is defined by the well known formula E =——- , d wherein the illumination decreases inversely with the square of the distance, and wherein E = I Lux when I = I candela and d = 1 meter. The illumination is a fundamental item to represent camera performance and the terms "minimum scene illumination" or "minimum illumination" are of the most important specification items of a camera, and are commonly specified in Lux figures or fractions thereof.

While light energy like other radiated energy can be measured by pure physical means as it applies to radiometry, the photometry including the measurement of illumination must take into account the human eye' s spectrum. This is because the human eyes are unable to see radiated light in the infrared or the ultra violet regions, therefore the agreed upon Lux unit by the International Commission of Illumination (CIE) is based on the properties of human eyes, by a defined visual spectrum graph, with 555 nm (green) wavelength at its peak.

Therefore, all the illumination testers for photography and other visual light application use a pass filter for allowing only the visual spectrum to reach the light sensing device of the illumination meter or tester and cut out any and all lights in the IR or the Ultra violet regions. By this the illumination meter will show "0" Lux for any light generated in the IR region, regardless of the light intensity. This is very important for the security market, wherein many cameras will operate under what may be seen as total darkness, but in fact the scene is well illuminated by an IR light source.

For correctly measuring IR illuminated scene and the sensitivity of a camera to an IR illuminated and/or UV illuminated scene the method and apparatus of the present invention employs interchangeable filters comprising avisual spectrumpass filter and a given specific or several UV or IR wavelength pass filter, such as 850 nm. For this reason the tester 2 may be provided with plurality of pre-calibratedlight sources 4 forgeneratingcontrolledandcalibrated lights in candela units within the visual spectrum, the UV and the IR wavelength and with interchangeable corresponding pass filters for passing light to the illumination sensor in the visual spectrum, the UV and the IR wavelength. The use of visual spectrum or a selected specificUVor IRwavelength illuminators andfilters makes it possible, by positioning the illuminators 4 against the sensors 3 at a precise distances, in meters, to read and verify the illumination level in a standard Lux value for the visual spectrum, and a specific lux value, such as IR Lux, or UV Lux for the specific selected wavelength, such as 850 nm.

The illumination sensor 3 of the present invention includes light sensing device such as pin diode, for generating an electrical signal output that is relative to the amount of light radiated onto the sensor when it is exposed to an illuminator (primary light source such as the LED) or to a secondary light source, such as a reflected light from an object or a scene, through a diffusing filter or a diffuser.

The diffusing filters in a dome shape 3W, flat 3N or other spherical shape 3M shown in FIG.4 can be made of acryl, polycarbonate and other plastic orglassmaterials inmilkywhite tint fordiffusionthe incoming visual spectrum light rays in all directions. The use of dome shape diffuser 3W is to diffuse lights reflected from wider angle, such as 60° or more, for matching wide-angle camera observation conditions . A flat diffuser 3N is used for measuring a narrow angle of a light such as for measuring primary light source, while varying spherical shapes 3M can be employed for diffusing reflected light rays from varying angles of a scene . Diffusing filters for UV or IR illumination measurements can be made of acryl, polycarbonate and other plastic or glass materials in a tint corresponding to a selected UV or IR bandwidth for diffusing the incoming light of the selected bandwidth of the illuminator used for the measurement.

Themeasurement of illuminationdescribedaboveappliesonlytoradiated light in open space or free air, it does not apply to light passing through lenses . This is firstly because of the lens magnification power, for example wide-angle lens or telephoto lens depending on which, the distance from the light source or the angle of the scene to be observed is optically decreased or increased.

Further, the ratio of a light entering a lens to the light exiting the lens, or the decrease in the light passing through a lens and reaching the face plate of the camera pickup device such as CCD or CMOS device, is dependent upon the lens aperture known as "f" number. The passing light will decrease inversely with the square of the f number, or passing light = l/f . For example with f2 the passing light will be 1/2 = 1/4 e.g. only 25% of the light entering the lens will reachthefaceplate ofthecamera' spickupdevice . Therefore, toprovide for real, truemeasurement of a termknownas "faceplate illumination" , it is necessary to mount a lens onto the light sensor.

Accordinglythe light sensor 3 of thepresent invention further includes interchangeable lens mount 3L shown in FIG.4 for enabling the mounting of variety of lenses such as the lens 5L into the light path of the light sensor 3, thereby providing for measuring a primary light or a light reflected from a given scene through the lens 5L intended to be used with a test camera 5 as shown in FIG.5. The lens mount 3L includes a built-in diffusing filter 3LS, calibrated such that the measured illumination values will read the exact illumination of a faceplate of the camera pickup device such as a CCD or CMOS device. The built-in diffusing filter 3LS canbe milkywhite forvisual spectrum or can be selected for a specific UV or IR wavelength, such as 850 nm, which is commonly used for IR surveillance.

Shown in FIG.7 is the electrical block diagram of the tester 2 including the illumination sensor 3 and the pre-calibrated light source 4. The block diagram of the tester 2 shown in FIG.7 is the overall block diagramcoveringallcircuitoptionsandsignalpathoptionsformeasuring and testing the different items of camera 5 specifications, light and illuminations.

The well known circuits of the tester 2 include CPU 30, SRAM 32, Flash ROM 33, Field memories 26, 35 and 38, superimpose circuit 36, color encoder 39, color decoder 25, programmable amplifier 23, buffer video amplifier 21, analog to digital converter 24, routing switches S20 andS21, network & data communicationprocessor 47 , LCD displaymonitor 49 and select keys 31. The tester 2 further include the connectors 2OA, 2OB, 46 and 48 that are explained later, an analog to digital converter and control circuit 42 for the illumination sensor, the illumination sensor connector 41, power control circuit 44 for the calibrated light source and the calibrated light source connector 43.

Thepower supplycircuit 50 includes aNiCdbatteryor otherrechargeable battery 52, power switch 51, power input connector 54, power line 53 for powering the tester 2 with the sensor 3 and the pre-calibrated light source 4 and a power connector 56 for powering a camera under test. The buffer amplifier 21 feeds buffered video signal through the connector 2OB for connecting other peripheral equipment to the tested camera and/or provide for connecting the test equipment to an existed system without disturbing the system while testing the cameraperformances . Manyofthecircuitsofthetester2areincorporated into a single device such as the well known gate array or FPGA IC devicethat canbeformedintomanycircuitcombinationsthroughsoftware programs, or embedded into the device through masking. The routing switches S20 and S21 shown as a contact switch can be any well known digital, analog or data switch that are selected and controlled by the CPU 30.

FIG.8 shows the electrical blockdiagramportionof the tester2 selected to the calibration setup mode IA shown in FIG.2, via the select keys 31. The CPU 30 commands the signal routing switches S20 and S21 and activates the different circuits as programmed for the selected test mode. Active circuits of the tester in the calibration testing setup mode IA as shown in FIG.2 include the analog to digital converter and sensor control circuit 42 and the LED power control circuit 44, both of which are shown as circuits within the tester 2, but can be included inside the sensor assembly 3 and the calibrated light source assembly 4 respectively. The control circuit portion of the circuit 42 can be any of the many well known circuit for signal level or range selection, includingvoltage dividers, comparators, biasedcontrolled or programmed amplifier andmore, all of which can be used for selecting thescaleofthemeasuredilluminationinsteps, forprovidingmeasurement ranges such as 0.01 ~ 0.1 Lux, 0.1 ~ 1 Lux, 1 - 10 Lux, 10 ~ 100 Lux, 100 ~ 1,000 Lux, 1,000 ~ 10,000 Lux etc. The scale selection can be programmed to operate in automatic mode on the basis of the measured value in Lux or in manual mode through the selection keys 31.

The power control circuit 44 controls the current and/or the voltage applied to the LED or to a light bulb of the light source 4. Because of the substantial tolerances in light radiation by light bulbs, such as incandescent, fluorescent or other bulbs and/or by the LEDs, it is necessary to pre calibrate such standard light sources that are used for measuring apparatuses in a proper laboratory conditions. Forthispurposethecontrol circuit44 includesEPROMdevice, programmed individually to provide accurate control data to each individual light source 4. The well known EPROM is programmed to control the current fed to the LED or the voltage applied to a bulb or both the current flow and the voltage applied using well known programmable current and/orvoltage control circuits . The power control circuit 44 is shown in FIG.8 as a circuit within the tester 2, however in practice a power control circuit, similar to the circuit 44 is included in every light source 4 that is provided as an accessory to the tester 2. By such arrangement, the program for the EPROM of the power control circuit is simplified for controlling only its individual LED or bulb, while an EPROM of a power control circuit 44 as shown in FIG.8 will need tobe programmed for interchangeable light sourceunits 4, whichrequire more complex controlling means to ensure that each interchangeable light source 4 is correctly controlled to radiate standard candela units of luminous intensity.

Further, the well known CPU device 30 commonly incorporates an analog to digital converter and the ADC and control circuit 42 shown as a separate circuit in FIG.8 may not be needed and may not be used, in which case the connector 41 will be directly connected to the CPU 30.

The digital output of the digital to analog converter 42 is fed to the CPU 30 for processing the received digital data and for outputting and displaying the measurement details in Lux values as shown in the display 65 or in a colored graph shown in the display 66 of FIG.6 onto the LCD 49 and/or onto a remote monitor 7 and/or onto the PC 8 showninFIG.1. ForthispurposetheCPUfeedstheprocessedmeasurement detail data directly to the well known color encoder 39 for outputting a display signal to the LCD 49 and to the remote monitor output 46. The color encoder 39 encodes the output signals of the memory 38 into well known display signals, such as NTSC or PAL and/or VGA or VGX etc. Simultaneously, the CPU 30 feeds the processed data to the well known network and data communication circuit 47 for feeding the data through the data connector 48 to a remote PC 8 shown in FIG.l. The routing switch S21 shown in FIG.8 is positioned to connect terminal 1 with the output terminal 4 of the switch S21 through a command by the CPU 30, on the basis of the mode selected by keys 31. The keys Kl, K2, K3, K4 and Kn of the select keys 31 can be a set of mechanical switches, rubber pad switches, or touch screen or combination thereof connected to the CPU 30 for commanding, processing and selecting modes, testing ranges, measurements readings, displays, store and playback commands, inputtingtestingdetails, positioningoftestingparticulars, controlling the communication to and from a PC and any other operation and testing function as used by a common keyboard of a PC.

As explained above, the tester can be a plug-in unit of a PC or a build-in circuit and/or a program for installation into a PC. By such arrangement the CPU 30, the memories 26, 35 and 38, the SRAM 32 and the flash ROM 33 along with other circuits such as the analog to digital converters 24 and 42 and/or the color decoder 25, the color encoder 39 and the superimposing circuit 36 can be replaced by circuits or programs incorporated in the PC, including the LCD 49 which can be an LCD display of a laptop PC, while the keys 31 can be replaced with a programmed standard keyboard of a PC.

Shown in FIG.2 is the setup IA for illumination range and accuracy verification, in which the sensor 3 is positioned in a precise distance D measured in meters, from the pre-calibrated light source 4. For example, if the light source 4 is pre-calibrated to 1 candela and the distance D is 1 meter, the reading of the tester 2 will be 1 Lux. By changing the distance D it will be simple to verify the values

I of the tester 2 readings by applying the formula E = d²

By changing the illuminators 4 to IR or UV illuminators and the corresponding filters of the sensor 3 to match the spectrum of the illuminators and inputting the illuminators and filters data through the keys 31, the reading of the tester 2 will correspond to IR Lux or UV Lux as shown in the display 65 of FIG.6.

As the pre-calibrated light sources 4 radiate standard light in candela units the tester 2 is provided with adjustments and calibration of the sensor 3 for reading for example, precise 1 Lux at a distance of 1 meter (for 1 candela) and 0 Lux when the sensor 3 is cupped. The calibration procedure is commanded through the keys 31, which also command the storing of the calibration data, the measuring data and the graphs. For storing and replay of the illumination data, the tester 2 shown in FIG.8 set to calibration and illuminationmeasurement mode 2A, employs the SRAM 32 for temporary storing the signal inprocess, flash ROM memory for storing the data and the field memory 38, which stores the display signals within the display circuits.

Theprocessedandmeasuredilluminationdatacanbefedtothesuperimpose circuit 36 directly from the CPU 30 or via the routing switch S21 for superimposing values onto illumination graph 66 shown in FIG.6, which is fedby the CPU 30 to the field or frame memory 38. Alternatively the CPU 30 may feed directly a complete superimposed graph or data or both to the color encoder 39. The color encoder 39 generates display- signals for displaying the illumination data, graph or both onto the LCD display 49.

The block diagram 2B of the tester 2 of the present invention shown inFIG.9 set to illuminationsuperimposemode IB shown inFIG.3 , includes a video input 2OA and a color decoder 25 for feeding the signal of a camera under test through the routing switch S21 to the display circuit chain including the superimpose circuit 36, field memory 38 and color encoder 39 for displaying an image generated by the tested camera onto the LCD 49 and/or onto remote display monitor through the remote monitor connector 46. The superimpose circuit 36 of the display circuit chain is for superimposing onto the displayed scene, as generated by the camera under test, the values of the measured illumination 67ML shown in the display 67 of FIG.6 as processed by theCPU30 onthebasis of the signal level outputtedfromthe illumination sensor 3. The memory circuit 38 stores the image with the superimposed value of the measured illumination. The illuminator 4 shown in FIG.3 can be used for illuminating a scene if the scene shown in the setup IB is in total darkness, alternatively the illuminator 4 is not needed when the illumination measurements accuracies are checked for calibration and are O.K.

The tester 2 includes SRAM 32 for temporary storing the displayed picture and the superimposed values of the illumination by shifting the stored display between the memory 38 and the SRAM 32 via the CPU, for enabling the user to move the illumination sensor 3 into different positions within the observed scene, for superimposing onto the stored display additional measured illumination values 67ML at the position they were measured over the entire scene, one position after another using up-down-left-right keys of the keys 31, as well as the measuring range inLux 67L, therebyprovidingoverall illuminationof the observed scene as shown in the display 67 of FIG.6

The color decoder 25 also feeds its output to the field or frame memory 26 for storing the decoded signals. The decoded signals include data pertaining all the individual pixels of the generated field or frame signals generated by the camera 5 under test, all of which is fed to the CPU 30. The CPU 30 uses the data pertaining the pixel timing for introducing Lux level values on the basis of the plurality of themeasuredilluminations intothepixel layout , as coordinatedthrough the left-right-up-down keys of the keys 31 at the time of measuring, and uses the combined Lux values and the pixel layout to form a graded color graph made of graded colors Cl up to Cl2 shown in the display 66 of FIG.6. For better presentation of the display it is preferable to display the scene in B/W, overlaid with a graded color graph Cl ~ C12 for representing the overall illumination of the entire scene, supplemented with a graded color bar 66M for providing the user with illumination scale in Lux ranges (not shown) for easy reference. The graded color graph is fed to the memory 36 for overlaying the graph onto the B/W display. The color encoder 39 is commanded to encode the scene display in B/W and outputs the encoded signal to the LCD 49 and to a remote monitor through the connector 46. Simultaneously the CPU 30 output the processed data and the display through the network/data communication processor 47 to the data connector 48 for feeding the display and the measurement data to a remote PC 8 shown in FIG.l.

It is further possible, according to the present invention, toposition the light sensor 3 with an attached lens 5L under test, side by side along with the camera 5 under test with the lens 5L as shown in the setup 1C of FIG.5, for measuring and superimposing the face plate illumination value onto the stored display, thereby, superimposing all the illumination data pertaining a scene onto a display generated by a camera under test while observing the scene, including the face plate illumination value of the tested camera 5.

Even though FIG.5 shows that two lenses 5L are used in the face plate illumination measurement, one attached to the camera 5 and one to the illumination sensor 3 , onlyone lens canbe used for the measurement .

The circuits of the tester 2 provide for shifting of displays that are stored in the memories 26, 35 and 38 to the SRAM 32 back and forth and therefore the display generated by the camera 5 under test can be shifted from the memory 38 to be temporary stored in the SRAM 32.

During this temporary storing the lens 5L can be removed from the camera and installed onto the sensor 3 for measuring the face plate illumination and for superimposing the measured value of the face plate illumination onto the display, after the stored display is transferred back to the memory 38. By such arrangement the face plate illumination measurement can be carried with only one lens 5L and not as in the test setup shown in FIG.5 with two identical 5L lenses. Such comprehensive displays with superimposed Lux values or a graph, provides the userwithunambiguous illuminationvalues inside anactual display of the scene generated by the camera under test, based on which the user can make a sensible decision on the fitness of the cameraand/orthelens . Similarlytheusercanverifythe specifications and their fitness to the actual illumination level at the site.

A Flash ROM 33 or other storage/memory device such as HDD, SD card or a memory stick incorporated in the tester 2 can store multiple displayssuperimposedwiththemeasuredilluminationsvalues, including the faceplate illumination in Lux. The Flash ROM 33 can store multiple displays superimposedwith the many illuminationmeasuredvalues along with other measurements and graphs . The multiple stored displays can also be used for comparison purposes of the test results, such as comparing the storedpictures of the same images , testedunderdifferent illumination levels and/or different illuminators. For this purpose the Flash ROM 32 can be fed with the displayed data directly from the SRAM 32 or via the CPU 30. Similarly, the Flash ROM 33 can be fed with the displayedpicture and the illumination values separately, through the CPU 30 from the memories 26, 35 and 38. The memories 26, 35 and 38 shown in FIG.7 FIG.l as separate memories, such as well known single packaged field or frame memory IC can be a larger single memory device that is segmented into three or more separate memories, addressed through the CPU 30, the CPU controlled routing switches S20 and S21, or both the CPU 30 and the routing switches S20 and S21. Tiie flexibility of snxtting stored data to and from the Flash ROM

33, the SRAM 32 and the memories 26, 35 and 38 provides among the many other functions, for repeating the measuring steps described above forvisual spectrum, but withUV or IR illuminator, for generating identicalorsimilarscenedisplaysunderUVorIRiIluminatedconditions, with all the measurements superimposedwith the measured illuminations throughout or separately displayed, giving the user an^' unambiguous multi picture data and displays to compare, review and verify all the illumination variations possibilities against each other and their fitness to the intended use of a camera and/or the lens and/or the correctness of the published camera specifications.

Shown in FIG.10 is the tester 2 set to waveform mode 2C for measuring the inputted video signal in mV and in IRE values and for outputting the measured values and displaying the signal level in a graph known aswaveform. Inthewaveformmode the tester 2provides for superimposing the video signal waveform 68W shown in the display 68 of FIG.6 and/or numeric Lux value 67L AND 67ML onto said scene display generated by the camera under test as shown in the display 67 of FIG.6. Further, the superimposing circuit can be fed with a corresponding grid display 68G, selected from a multi grid programs stored in the flash memory 33, having Y axis corresponding to the signal levels in mV and/or IRE and with a time base in the X axis, such as time base 68T, for either the horizontal or vertical period units or fractions thereof.

The well known IRE term (defined by the Institute of Radio Engineers) is the standard signal unit for broadcasting television signal. The well known analogue video signal for the NTSC broadcast signal, as published by IRE and by all international organizations, is IV P-P that includes 0.714V video and 0.286V sync signals (the CCIR values are 0.7V video and 0.3V sync) . The IRE scale for the IV P-P is equal to 140 IRE, wherein 100 IRE represents 0.714V video (maximum luminance signal) and the 40 IRE represents 0.286V sync level. The whole IRE scale covers 160 IRE as applied to zero carrier of a broadcast color signal, however for specifying signal levels relating to video and cameras sensitivity a maximum of 100 IRE is used, wherein 100 IRE is equal to maximum video signal of 0.714V P-P, and each IRE represent video signal level of 7.14 mV.

The measuring of a camera sensitivity, as defined by SMPTE which govern the video broadcast industry standards, calls for exposing the camera to 2000 Lux of uniformly lighted white light and for closing the iris of the lens (increase the aperture f number) gradually until the camera signal outputs non saturated100 IRE ofvideo signal . The specification in the data sheet of a broadcast camera will indicate the f number at which a non-saturated and non-amplified signal level of 100 IRE is measured. Because this measurement is complex and not simple to comprehend by users of security systems and amateur photographers, thesensitivityspecificationsof cameras inthesecurityortheconsumer market stipulate a Lux value at which the camera will generate 100 IRE of video signal when used with a stipulated f number (of a lens) .

However, becausethegeneratedsignalsbythepickupdeviceareamplified by an AGC amplifier (all cameras incorporate AGC) the 100 IRE value can be obtained by a very high gain AGC amplifier, even though the non amplified pickup device signals can be far lower, such as, for example, only 5 IRE for the specified sensitivity in Lux. Further, the sensitivity specification of some cameras are conditioned on generated signal of only 20 IRE or even 10 IRE for a given extremely low Lux number such as 0.001 Lux, which causes confusion.

Therefore, by superimposing the video signal waveform measured in IRE or mV units onto the display of a picture taken by the camera under test will provide the user with unambiguous picture reality, with illumination in Lux and signal in mV and IRE values onto the displayed picture. Moreover, the superimposing circuit provides for highlighting the selected horizontal line 68H shown in the display 68 of FIG.6, or period of the display for which the signal waveform is superimposed. The decoder 25 shown in FIG.10 feeds its output signal which includes the separated sync signal to the CPU 30. By counting and/or timing the vertical and the horizontal pulses the CPU 30 can identify each and every horizontal line or vertical period. The CPU 30 therefore outputs to the superimpose circuit 36 and to the color encoder circuit 39 highlight signal for highlighting the identified line or lines of the display, or for highlighting the vertical period of the stored waveform, corresponding to a display stored in the memory 38.

Shown in FIG.10 the signal path of the camera under test connected to the connector 2OA is fedto the colordecoder25 andto theprogrammable amplifier23. Theoutput of the colordecoder is fedthroughtheterminal 3 and the output terminal 4 of the routing switch S21 and through the superimposing circuit 36 to the memory circuit 38. The output of the programmable amplifier 23 is fed through an analog to digital converter 24 to the CPU 30 and through terminals 2 and 4 of the routing switch S20 to the memory 26. The analog to digital converter circuit 24 feeds digital data corresponding to the video signal level of the camera under test to the CPU for processing the data and feeding a graph on the basis of the signal level and a selected time base, as selected by the select keys 31. The programmable amplifier 23 is fed withcontrolsignalsfromtheCPU, forprovidingcontrolledandprogrammed amplified signal levels commensurating with a grid select display, in IRE or mV values, such as 100 IRE, 50 IRE, 20 IRE, 10 IRE and/or 700 mV P-P, 500 mV P-P, 300 mV P-P, etc, similar to the way a well knownvectroscope display is selected. The analog to digital converter 24 shown in FIG.10 as a separate circuit, similar to the analog to digital converter 42, may not be used because the CPU 30 contain analog todigital convertercircuitandthereforetheoutputoftheprogrammable amplifier 23 can be fed directly to an input of the CPU 30.

The well known waveform graph 68W shown in the display 68 of FIG.6 commonlyrepresents themeasured signal in IRE ormVof a single selected horizontal line, selected from the field or a frame of the signal generated by the camera under test. However, by changing the time base of the graph display to a fraction or a portion of an horizontal line or to multiple horizontal lines, it is possible to display a waveform graph for a selected multiple horizontal lines of the signal withthe selected time base 68T is displayedas well . Since the waveform is superimposed onto the picture as generated by the camera under test, thepresentinventionprovidesforhighlightingthesingleselected horizontal line 68H, or the group of horizontal lines of the displayed picture of which the waveform represents their signal level in IRE and/or mV.

On the other hand, when the time base of the waveform is selected tomultiple vertical periods, thepresent inventionprovide for storing the displayed picture into the memory 38 and highlighting the vertical period of the waveform, not shown, which is the waveform of the entire displayedpicture that is stored in the memory 38 of the circuit display chain.

By this the display of the picture generated by the camera under test can include the many different Lux values of the different objects of thescene, thefaceplate illuminationvalue, theoverall illumination graph, the signal waveform in IRE and/or mV value and the highlighted horizontal line or period for which the signal waveform is displayed, giving the user comprehensive data pertaining the illumination and the signal levels, all superimposed onto the display of a picture generated by the camera under test with the selected lens.

Another very important measurement of the camera basic performances isthesignaltonoiseratio (S/N) . Themeasurementstandardforbroadcast cameras (by SMPTE) for signal to noise ratio (S/N) calls for measuring the noise when the camera is exposed to 2000 Lux of uniformly lit light box with the iris of the lens set such that a flat 100 IRE, nonsaturatedsignal is obtained. During S/Nmeasurement all the signal amplifiers suchas theAGCamplifierandvideosignalprocessingcircuit, such as gamma circuit and others are all switched off . By such setup, the noise is riding on a clean, flat level of 100 IRE or 0.714 of video signal and the signal tonoise ratio canbe measuredwith accuracy. The measured signal to noise ratio is specified in dB, such as 46 dB or 48 dB.

OtherS/Nmeasurement methodis carriedbytwo steps, first themeasuring of the peak white signal of a camera positioned against 2000 Lux lighted test chart (withall thevideo signal amplifiers andprocessors switched off) , proceeded by comparing the measured peak white signal to a black level noise, measured when the lens is capped, e.g. with no light penetrating the pickup device.

TheknownS/Nmeasurementshoweverdonotprovideapractical information as to the S/N of a camera when the camera's high gain AGC amplifier andothervideo signal processing circuits are active andare generating internal noise, particularly under low light conditions. Because of this, the users of cameras do not understand at all such an important item of specifications, even though the digital recordings of camera signals are greatly affected by noise.

Themethodandthe apparatus ofpresent inventionprovides formeasuring the S/N during a single selected H line 68T, (which is the highlighted line 68H in FIG.11A) by placing white reflecting screen 6N shown in

FIG.3 inside the measured scene for measuring both, the noise riding on top of, and the level of the "white" signal that corresponds to the light reflected by said white reflecting screen 6N and comparing the level of the noise measured with the level of said "white" signal, and for generating the actual measured S/N figure in dB and for superimposing the S/N value 75 of FIG. HA into the display, to provide real practical means for the user to comprehend the meaning of S/N value .

Said reflecting screen 6N is an highly reflecting white screen, such as used for projecting movies or displaying projected PC data, having reflecting ratio of 79% or 90% or higher. The screen 6N can be made of soft fabric or solid materials and it is preferable to provide suchreflecting screenthat canbe rolledor folded, so as tobeportable. As the reflecting screen of this invention may cover only a portion of the entire scene, it is preferable to provide the screen 6N with two black vertical borderlines 6NB shown in FIG.l for marking the S/N measurement borders onto the signal waveform superimposed onto the display.

The borderlines 6NB are needed to limit the measurement of the noise level andthe reflected "white" signal tothe timeperiodof thewaveform, correspondingtothesaid"white"signals . Theborderlinesaretherefore needed to distinguish said "white" signal from other signals of the waveform, because it is not possible to identify noise from a random live video signal and the only way to separate the noise from the video signal is by having the noise 71 riding on top of a leveled white signal 72 as shown in FIG. HA or to measure the "white" signal and compare it to a noise signal generated by the camera when the lens is capped.

In practice the reflecting screen 6N or 6C will not cover the entire observed scene as observed by the camera 5 under test, therefore the present inventionprovides a program for setting left and right borders onto the waveform corresponding to said border lines 6NB for limiting the measurement of the S/N to the signal generated by the reflected light from said reflecting screen. Accordingly the CPU 30 includes a program for setting and superimposing borderlines 73 onto the display and the superimposed waveform, commensurating with the actual borderlines6NBofsaidreflectingscreenbyusingtheleft-right-up-down keys 31. Bythis, the S/Mmeasurement is confinedtothe signal generated by the reflected light from the white reflecting screen 6N between its border lines 6NB, and is not influenced by other signals generated by a reflected light outside the screen as shown in FIG. HA. Once the borderlines 73 are set onto the waveform 68W the CPU 30 processes, compare and calculated the measured noise 71 riding on top of and the signal level 72 of the reflected white light of the waveformportion between the borderlines 73 only and output to the superimpose circuit the S/N value in dB 75.

By superimposing the measured S/N value in dB along the illumination values in Lux, the signal levels and waveform values in mV and IRE units onto the actual display of the scene, generated by a camera under test , the user canbetter evaluate and comprehend the performance of the camera . The resolution of a camera is another fundamental item of the camera specification and it is commonly specified in TVL or Television Lines, such as 240 TVL or 320 TVL. The lines referred to are not the horizontal scanning lines of the television system. The TV lines are the numbers of vertical black/white lines that are visibly resolved by the camera and are not displayed on a monitor as a "gray" or shaded area.

The common method for measuring the resolution of a camera in TVL is to position the camera against highly illuminated resolution test chart such as the resolution chart 6R or the well known RETMA chart 6S shown in FIG.6, and review the chart displayed on a monitor for identifyingtheresolvingpowerofthecamera (withalens) . Thelimiting resolution will be the narrowest line that is visibly resolved. The resolution can be further verified through the video signal waveform, wherein the resolution limit is the given frequency or TVL signal, out of the sweep frequency or step frequency signals corresponding to the resolution chart, is attenuated to 40% level versus the signal level measured at 50 TVL resolution.

Astandardtestchartformeasuringresolutioninalaboratoryenvironment is illuminated by 2000 lux and generates sharp edge signals with minor accompanyingnoise . Moreover, the 5OTVLbased signal i.e. the reference 100% level, will be close to 100 IRE. In contrast a resolution chart illuminated by 10 lux or below will result with rounded signal edges and with substantially generated noise, this will affect mostly the higher resolution. Further under lower illuminations the 50TVL signal level will be far lower than the 100 IRE and thus, the attenuated higher frequency signal, attenuated to below 40% in ratio to the 50 TVL, will equal thenoise level andthus, reducingthe overall resolution of the camera .

Therefore, to correctly measure the camera resolution in the field, the present invention provides for the use of a sweep frequency or step frequency screen 6R, calibrated in TVL, for placing the screen into the scene viewed by the camera under test as shown in FIG.3, for measuring the camera's resolution in the field, under the actual illumination of the scene the camera is intended for. The camera should be positioned at a distance such, that the horizontal width of the display will cover the exact width of the entire sweep frequency, step frequency 6R or of the combined chart 6C or screen. With the grid 68G and the waveform 68W superimposed onto the display 80 for verifying the resolution in TVL, e.g. 40% level 81 versus the 100% reference signal level of 50 TVL 82 as shown in FIG. HB, the CPU will calculate and display the resolution measurement in TVL 83 along with the illumination value in Lux 67ML.

Another item of specification of a camera is the camera spectrum. The measurement of spectrum differs from the waveform measurement by the X axis of the measuring process, wherein the waveform X axis is time period (H line(s) or V period(s)) and the spectrum graph's X axis is a band of frequency sweep, as shown in FIG. HC. The grid for the spectrum graph, according to the present invention, can be superimposed on the basis of frequencies and/or TVL and by this the precision of the measuring and reviewing of the camera performances, including the resolution is greatly enhanced, because the level value of the signals at 50 TVL and all other TVL values are precisely marked.

Here too however, the measuring and specifying the camera's spectrum under good illumination such as 2,000 lux does not reflect upon the spectrum of a camera exposed to low level of illumination. Under low illumination level the high gain AGC amplifiers is operated at its full gain in combination with other processing circuitries, all of whichcauseharmonics , noisesandotherunwantednonlinearperformances . For this purpose, here too, the present invention provides for superimposing frequency spectrum graph onto the display of a scene as generated by the camera under test, enabling the user to better understand the camera performances. Such spectrum graph of a signal of a camera positioned against sweep frequency test chart 6R or against the combined chart 6C or screen clarifies the linearity of the camera processing and amplifying circuits and the noise that they generate, along with the overall camera performances including resolution, contrast and color levels.

The CPU 30 of the tester 2 shown in FIG.12 is programmed to generate a sweep frequency, such as 10 Hz up to 10 MHz within a selected H line period 68T of the camera signal under test, e.g. within time period of about 50μ sec. The generated sweep frequency is used for measuring the response and spectrum of signals generated by the camera 5 under test and for forming of the X axis of the spectrum graph, shown in FIG. HC. The measuring of the spectrum, according to the present invention, can be selected to any portion of the waveform 68W of a given selected horizontal line period, for example it can be limited to measure the spectrum of the signal between the 50 TVL and the 40% of the signal, representing the limiting resolution shown in FIG . HB . Such spectrum graphoffersfarmoreaccurateandnonobjectiveviewingoftheresolution testing result.

To limit the spectrum measurement to a given portion of the H line the tester 2 provides for setting borderlines 73, shown in FIG. HA, freely throughout the waveform 68W prior to switching over to the spectrum mode. For identifying the portion 93 of the selected line 68T (shown as H-44 in FIG. HC) for which the spectrum measurement apply. During the spectrum test mode only said portion 93 of the line is highlighted as shown in FIG. HC.

The combined chart 6C shown in FIG.1 offer the advantages of measuring different important items of the camera performance including S/N (highly reflectingwhite surface) , resolution 62, contrast (grayscale 64) , color vectors (color chart 63) , spectrum and more by shifting the selected line to any of the chart's items as viewed by the camera.

The accuracy of the chrominance (color) signals, and the chrominance signal level depends on the camera pick up device and the processing circuitry, but it is greatly influencedbylight levels andparticularly on the type of the illuminators used, the spectrum of the illuminators and the color temperature of the illuminated environment of a scene.

Vectroscope, which is well known test equipment to measure color signal accuracy and color signal levels is commonly used in laboratory- environment for measuring the chrominance, e.g. the color signals accuracies under well controlled illumination environment. None of the well known vectroscopes provide for superimposing color vectros onto the display of a scene as generated by a camera under test.

The color signal decoder 25 of FIG.10 decodes and generate all the data, includinglevels andvectors, pertainingthe chrominance signals, such as the chrominance signal of NTSC, PAL or digital video signals, include any of the well known J-PEG or M-PEG compression variations, such as J-PEG, MJ-PEG, M-PEG, M-PEG2, M-PEG4 or H263 and the like. The color signal decoder feeds the data to the CPU30, whichisprogrammed to process the data into a well known vectroscope display, for superimposingthe colorvectros 101 onto the scene display100 generated by the camera under test shown in FIG. HD. This will provide the user with clear unambiguous details pertaining the color accuracy and color signal levels generated by the camera under test, for the specific scene the camera is intended for and under the actual illumination levels 67ML and color temperature. This provides the user with clear references for evaluating the effects of different illuminators and illumination environment upon the actual displayed picture and the shifting vectors of the color signals.

For providing a practical, small size and light weight tester for the many described different measurement and for generating grids and test charts for other testing purposes the apparatus of the present invention uses high speed, powerful CPU processor and high speed, high capacity field or frame memories 26, 35 and 38, along with high speed and capacity flash ROM and SRAM devices and employs FPGA device which is formed into different circuit combinations by a software program, making the tester 2 very flexible and highly practical for field testing and for laboratories applications.

Moreover, the high capacity and fast memories along with the fast powerful CPU 30 enable the tester 2 to store comprehensive software program for generating color chart 63 , Retma chart 61, sweep frequency or resolution chart 62, gray scale chart 64 shown in FIG.6 and other wellknownchartsusedinthetelevisionindustrysuchasstepfrequencies, cross hatch (not shown) . The charts can be individually recalled for display on the LCD screen 49 and for generating chart signals through the connector 46 for testing monitors, recorders such as VHS, DVD or other digital recorders and for combining chart signals along with the signals of the camera under test for the purpose of testing the system other devices and/or the cabling connecting the camera to a control center etc. The CPU 30 also provides for propagating all the test data to the PC 8 connected to the tester through the connector

48.

Further, the tester 2 of the present invention provides for feeding the display' s data with all the superimposed data, along with other particular of the measurements, suchas tables and lists of the measured data to a printer (not shown) or to the PC 8 for storing and/or for

4S printing out the measurement results. The PC 8 may include a program for remotely controlling the tester 2 of the present invention and/or for generating reports, graphs, waveforms, vectors and other data pertaining the tested camera in details.

Also, the feeding of the display signals to a remote monitor via the connector 46 offer several advantages. One is to provide better resolution displays by using large size monitor versus the small LCD size used with a portable tester having inherently lower resolution. Another is to prevent the tester display from generating light into a very dark or total darkness scene under test. By all the above, it become clear that the method and apparatus of the versatile tester 2 of the present invention for measuring light and camera performances offers the means to verify the very important specification items of camera performances .

It should be understood, of course, that the foregoing disclosure relates to only a preferred embodiment of the invention and that it is intended to cover all changes and modifications of the example of the invention herein chosen for the purpose of the disclosure, which modifications do not constitute departures from the spirit and scope of the invention.

Claims

What is claimed is:

1. A method for measuring camera performances selected from a group consisting of sensitivity, illumination, minimum illumination, minimumsceneillumination, faceplateillumination,picturesignal level, signal to noise ratio, resolution, spectrum, color vector, color signal level and a combination thereof of a camera connected toaperformance tester includingamonitor, superimposingcircuit and illumination sensor for outputtingmeasurements selected from a group consistingof alphanumeric characters, waveforms, graphs, vectors and a combination thereof pertaining said performances, comprising the steps of: directing said camera to observe a scene selected from a group consisting of things, objects, premises, interiors, exteriors, landscape, horizon, scrolls, charts, light boxes, illuminators and a combination thereof for generating a display signal of said scene; positioning said illumination sensor at said scene for measuring illumination items selected from a group consisting of said illumination, minimum illumination, minimumsceneillumination, face plate illumination and combination thereof; displaying said scene on the basis of said scene signal generated by said camera onto said monitor,- and superimposing saidmeasurements onto said scene displayedby said monitor through said superimposing circuit.

2. The method for measuring camera performances according to claim 1whereinsaid.illuminationsensorisprovidedwithinterchangeable filters and mount selected from a group consisting of visible spectrum, UV, IR, lens mount and a combination thereof and wherein saidmeasurements of illumination items are outputted for visible spectrum, UV and IR independently.

3. The method for measuring camera performances according to claim

1 wherein said tester further includes a pre-calibrated light sourceforverifyingtheaccuracyofsaidilluminationmeasurements .

4. The method for measuring camera performances according to claim

2 wherein said tester further includes interchangeable pre-calibrated light sources selected from a group consisting ofvisual spectrum, UVand IR, matching said filters, forverifying theaccuracyof saidmeasurements of saidillumination itemswithin the visual spectrum, UV and IR independently.

5. The method for measuring camera performances according to claim 4whereinsaidpre-calibratedlightsourcesareusedforilluminating said scene withprecise radiated light within the visual spectrum, UV and IR independently.

6. The method for measuring camera performances according to claim 1 wherein said,performances further include usable illumination, usable sensitivity, usable minimum illumination, usable scene illumination, usableminimumsceneillumination, usablefaceplate illumination, full video, day-night and IRE.

7. The method for measuring camera performances according to claim 1 wherein said tester further provides for outputting programmed chart signals including charts selected from a group consisting of color chart, Retma chart, gray scale chart, resolution chart, sweep frequency chart, step frequencies chart and cross hatch chart .

8. The method for measuring camera performances according to claim 1 wherein said tester further provides an output connector for feeding said display signal to a remote monitor.

9. The method for measuring camera performances according to claim 1 wherein said tester further includes a data output connectors for feeding said measurements and said display signal to a PC for processing, displaying and printing said scene superimposed with said measurements or separately.

10. The method for measuring camera performances according to claim 1 wherein said tester is incorporated into a PC or is a plug-in accessory of a PC.

11. Anapparatusformeasuringselectedperformancesofacameraselected from a group consisting of sensitivity, illumination, minimum illumination,minimumsceneillumination, faceplateillumination, picture signal level , signal tonoise ratio, resolution, spectrum, color vectors, color signal level and a combination thereof, comprising: a tester for measuring said performances including illumination sensor, superimposing circuit and a monitor,- saidtestermeasures andprocesses signalsgeneratedbysaidcamera under test positioned to observe a scene selected from a group consisting of things, objects, premises, interiors, exteriors, landscape, horizon, scrolls, charts, light boxes, illuminators and a combination thereof and by said illumination sensor for generating display signals selected form a group consisting of said scene generated by said camera and measurements signals including alphanumeric characters, waveforms, graphs, vectors and a combination thereof pertaining the measuring of said performances and outputting said display signal to said monitor; saidtesterfurther includes selectkeys forselectingsaiddisplay signals for displaying onto said monitor said measurements of said performances individually and for commanding said superimposing circuit to superimpose said measurements onto said scene generated by said camera.

12. Theapparatus formeasuringcameraperformances accordingto claim llwhereinsaidilluminationsensorisprovidedwithinterchangeable filters and mount selected from a group consisting of visible spectrum, UV, IR, lens mount and a combination thereof andwherein said measurements of said illumination items are outputted for visible spectrum, UV and IR independently.

13. The apparatus formeasuringcameraperformances according to claim 11 wherein said tester further includes a pre-calibrated light sourceforverifyingtheaccuracyofsaidilluminationmeasurements .

14. The apparatus formeasuringcameraperformances according to claim 12 wherein said tester further includes interchangeable pre-calibrated light sources selected from a group consisting of visual spectrum, UVand IR, matching said filters, forverifying the accuracyof saidmeasurements of saidilluminationitemswithin the visual spectrum, UV and IR independently.

15. The apparatus formeasuring cameraperformances accordingto claim

14 wherein said pre-calibrated light sources are used for illuminating said scene with precise radiated light within the visual spectrum, UV and IR independently.

16. The apparatus formeasuringcameraperformances accordingto claim

11wherein saidperformances further includeusable illumination, usable sensitivity, usable minimum illumination, usable scene illumination, usableminimumsceneillumination, usablefaceplate illumination, full video, day-night and IRE.

17. The apparatus formeasuring cameraperformances according to claim

11 wherein said tester furtherprovides for outputtingprogrammed chart signals including charts selected from a group consisting of color chart, Retma chart, gray scale chart, resolution chart, sweep frequency chart, step frequencies chart and cross hatch chart .

18. The apparatus formeasuringcameraperformances accordingto claim

11 wherein said tester further provides an output connector for feeding said display signal to a remote monitor.

19. The apparatus formeasuringcameraperformances accordingto claim

11 wherein said tester further includes a data output connectors for feeding said measurements and said display signal to a PC for processing, displaying and printing said scene superimposed with said measurements or separately.

20. The apparatus formeasuringcameraperformances according to claim

11 wherein said tester is incorporated into a PC or is a plug-in accessory of a PC.