WO2006129925A1 - An extended head pile with inside and outside reinforcement - Google Patents
An extended head pile with inside and outside reinforcement Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2006129925A1 WO2006129925A1 PCT/KR2006/001913 KR2006001913W WO2006129925A1 WO 2006129925 A1 WO2006129925 A1 WO 2006129925A1 KR 2006001913 W KR2006001913 W KR 2006001913W WO 2006129925 A1 WO2006129925 A1 WO 2006129925A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- pile
- head
- supporting
- extended
- outside
- Prior art date
Links
- 230000002787 reinforcement Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 67
- 238000010030 laminating Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 abstract description 33
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 29
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000004567 concrete Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 7
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000003014 reinforcing effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910001294 Reinforcing steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009435 building construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004035 construction material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011372 high-strength concrete Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003475 lamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002250 progressing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D5/00—Bulkheads, piles, or other structural elements specially adapted to foundation engineering
- E02D5/22—Piles
- E02D5/48—Piles varying in construction along their length, i.e. along the body between head and shoe, e.g. made of different materials along their length
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D2200/00—Geometrical or physical properties
- E02D2200/16—Shapes
- E02D2200/1685—Shapes cylindrical
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D2600/00—Miscellaneous
- E02D2600/40—Miscellaneous comprising stabilising elements
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a head-extended pile, and more particularly to a head-extended pile having an improved bearing capacity against load of a structure. Also, the present invention relates to a head-extended pile with inside and outside reinforcements for providing a pile construction method to ensure stability, construction workability, and economic efficiency in constructing the pile.
- construction of a foundation for reinforcing the ground is generally carried out according to conditions of the ground or the load of the building or the structure so that the building or the structure can be stable on the ground.
- Construction of a shallow foundation or a deep foundation is carried out on various conditions, such as load of a structure.
- the shallow foundation is a foundation having a penetration width ratio below 1 while the deep foundation is a foundation having a penetration width ratio above 1.
- piles are used to reinforce a bearing capacity of the ground.
- a pile foundation system is a foundation system characterized in that heads of the constructed piles are connected to a structure. Piles may be classified into steel piles, concrete piles, and composite piles based on their material. Installation of the pile may be classified into pile driving, auger drilled piling, and in-place casting.
- the pile driving is a method characterized in that a pile is erected, and is then forcibly driven into the ground by hammering until the pile is fully penetrated into the ground.
- the pile is forcibly penetrated into the ground by means of hammering energy, it is penetrated while the pile pushes through the soil around the pile. Consequently, a bearing capacity of the pile is excellent, and the pile is simply constructed.
- the pile driving method has drawbacks in that it is difficult to penetrate the pile vertically when the pile needs to be penetrated deeply into the ground and also excessive vibration and noise are generated when the pile driving method is carried out. Consequently, the pile driving method is limited to use in urban areas due to certain restrictions.
- the auger drilled piling is a method characterized in that a hole is previously bored in the ground, a cement paste is poured halfway into the hole, and then a pile is fixedly inserted into the hole.
- the auger drilled piling method can solve the drawbacks of the pile driving method.
- the pile burying method is mainly used to construct pile foundations in urban areas.
- FIG. 1 is a conceptual drawing showing the relation between an inherent proof stress of a pile and a constructional proof stress of the constructed pile.
- load (PF) of a structure 11 is supported by means of constructional proof stress of a plurality of piles 12 penetrated into the ground below the structure 11.
- the constructional proof stress of the constructed pile 12 is the sum of a front end bearing force (TF) at the front end of the pile and a surrounding frictional force (SF) around the outer circumference of the pile.
- TF front end bearing force
- SF frictional force
- a ⁇ 400 pretensioned spun high-strength concrete pile (hereinafter, referred to as "PHC pile") has an inherent proof stress of 112 tf and a constructional proof stress of 60 to 80 tf. As a result, 32 to 52tf of the inherent proof stress of the pile is wasted.
- PLC pile pretensioned spun high-strength concrete pile
- a proof stress test of the pile after the construction is completed shows that the surrounding frictional force is insignificant and most of the constructional proof stress is the front end bearing force. Consequently, it is necessary to increase the constructional proof stress near to the inherent proof stress of the pile in the auger drilled piling method to improve the efficiency in use of the pile.
- Japanese utility model laid-open publication No. S55-50142 discloses a front end supporting steel pipe pile attaching a front-end steel plate having a through hole to the front end of a steel pipe, and adding a reinforcement rib between the steel pipe and the front end steel plate.
- the Japanese publication discloses the technical scope inserting the pile on exposed ground or into excavated hole, and situating and burying the pile in the ground.
- proof stress of the pile is easily wasted because a surrounding frictional force is not present by method of filling soil without cement in the pile, and the work of reinforcement (especially, the reinforcement of the central) is very difficult.
- the work of reinforcement especially, the reinforcement of the central
- Japanese patent laid-open publication H2003-138561 discloses a pile with multi-stage improving a continuous underground wall.
- This publication discloses the method of a concrete placement using a continuous excavator in the longitudinal direction in place.
- it also has some problems in construction cost and workability.
- it is not used in actual because it is necessary to simultaneously use a truck mixer for curing the concreted surface and a iron rod.
- the present invention has been made to solve the above problems, and it is an object of the present invention to provide a head-extended pile with inside and outside reinforcements for supporting load of a structure so that an efficiency in use and an economic efficiency of the pile are improved by increasing constructional proof stress of a pile without affecting the weight and the volume of the pile used in an auger drilled piling method, the head-extended pile is adapted to a pile construction method to ensure stability, construction workability, and economic efficiency in constructing pile.
- the present invention provides a head-extended pile with inside and outside reinforcement parts that make a head having a diameter larger than that of the pile.
- the head extends right and left with respect to a central axis at the front end of the pile to increase the front end supporting stress of the pile.
- the present invention enables the design and the production of a pile to achieve easily by a head-extended pile extending to the same length with respect to a central axis, for a general pile with a diameter of ⁇ 300 to ⁇ 500, and enables to obtain a more accurate value of the proof stress of the pile without an error by having the area in which the sum of a supporting force with respect to a central axis is same, for a large pile having a diameter over ⁇ 500.
- a head- extended pile for supporting load of a structure comprising: a first head portion having the same length extending right and left with respect to a central axis of a first supporting wall; and a second head portion having the same length extending right and left with respect to a central axis of a second supporting wall, wherein a circular structure is formed symmetrically by the first and the second supporting walls, also and the first and the second head portions; a hammering surface being provided on the top surface of the circular structure; and a central borehole being formed between the first head part and the second head part.
- the first and the second head portions have a uniform thickness respectively, and each of the first and second head portions may include inclined surfaces formed at both sides thereof.
- the uniform thickness set at the first and the second head portions is achieved by sequentially laminating a plurality of head portions.
- the constructional proof stress of a pile can be increased to near the inherent proof stress of the pile without increasing the weight or the volume of the pile used in an auger drilled piling method. Consequently, the quantity of the piles to be used in the work of burying the pile is reduced, therefore efficiency in use of the pile and economic efficiency of the pile are improved. Also, the reinforcement part or the reinforcement disk can be attached to a conventional pile in market. Consequently, applicability of the conventional pile is also improved.
- a designed proof stress of the pile is generally decided by pile manufacturers in such a manner that the designed proof stress corresponds to the proof stress of the pile decided on the basis of the ground conditions or the construction workability, which is lower than the inherent proof stress of the pile.
- the designed proof stress of the pile is suffered a loss of approximately 30 to 40 % compared to inherent proof stress.
- 100 % of the proof stress can be utilized in this construction method when the head-extended pile according to the present invention method is used.
- the total number of the piles may be reduced approximately 30 to 40 %.
- the size of pile cap is decreased, and thus the amount of concrete cement and required reinforcing steel is reduced approximately 10 to 20 %.
- FIG. 1 is a conceptional view of a pile's proof stress showing the relation between an inherent proof stress of a pile and a constructional proof stress of the constructed pile;
- FIG. 2 is a sectional view showing a change of moment varying as the position of a force applied on the axis when a structure is loaded;
- FIG. 3 is a plane view and partial sectional view showing a head-extended pile with inside and outside reinforcement parts according to the present invention; [41] FIG.
- FIG. 4 is a partial sectional view showing a difference between when hammering a head-extended pile with reinforcement parts as an embodiment of the present invention and a case of a conventional extended pile;
- FIG. 5 is a partial sectional view showing a case of hammering a head-extended pile with inside and outside reinforcement parts related to another embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 6 is a partial sectional view of a head-extended pile with inside and outside reinforcement part in laminated forms as another embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a sectional view showing a change of moment when a structure is loaded.
- a structure is applied a load from a structure itself to the center of the structure in the direction as indicated in an arrow.
- FIG. 3 is a plane view and partial sectional view showing a head-extended pile with the inside and the outside reinforcement parts according to the present invention
- a pile 5 is a cylindrical structure with the first supporting wall 1 and the second supporting wall 2 formed in the center.
- the pile 5 includes an inside reinforcement part Rl formed inside a pile 5 as a cylindrical structure, an outside reinforcement part R2 formed outside a pile 5, and a central borehole 7 formed in the center.
- a first head portion 3 has extended parts extending right and left with respect to a central axis of a first supporting wall 1
- a second head portion 4 has extended parts extending right and left with respect to a central axis of a second supporting wall 2.
- the length of each extended part is the same.
- the first and second supporting walls 1 and 2, and the first and second head portions 3 and 4 are a pile of circular structure 5 formed symmetrically, a hammering surface 6 is provided on the top surface of the circular structure 5.
- a central borehole 7 is formed between the first and the second head parts 3 and 4.
- the central borehole 7 prevents the buoyant force from being generated by the slime or water flowed by hammering at supporting surface in low end of a pile, and guides smoothly the stream of force in hammering as a medium of a hard ground and a weak pile.
- FIG. 4 is a partial sectional view showing a difference generated when hammering a head-extended pile illustrated as an embodiment of the present invention and a conventional extended pile.
- FIG. 4 a left drawing represents in case of hammering a conventional extended pile, and a right drawing represents in case of hammering the pile of FIG. 3 according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- the cylindrical pile 5 having a diameter of 350, 400, 450, 500, or 600 mm may be a concrete pile, a PHC pile or a steel tube.
- the inside and the outside reinforcement parts Rl and R2 are disk-shaped structures having a predetermined thickness fixed to the lower end of the cylindrical pile 5 by means of a fixing unit.
- the fixing unit can bind the pile with the reinforcement disk using a conventional welding.
- the reinforcement disk is integrally formed, or further comprises a steel reinforcing band wrapping the lower end of the cylindrical pile if the cylindrical pile 5 is a concrete pile or a PHC pile. In this case, the pile is fixed when the steel reinforcing band welds the inside and the outside reinforcement parts.
- Table 1 shows dimensions and dynamism of the pile and the reinforcements.
- the magnitude of the increase varies with the stress of the front end by the change of the frictional force, and it means that the dimension of the pile is decided according to the condition of the ground.
- the central borehole 7 guides unnecessary slime into the pile in inter- penetrating of the pile by hammering, also serves to guides soil and cement pastes flowed by hammering into the pile, and makes the slime and cement pastes mix and harden.
- FIG. 5 representing another embodiment of the present invention is a cross- sectional view showing the structure of the head-extended pile with the inside and the outside reinforcement parts.
- the head extended pile 5 comprises the cylindrical pile part, and the inside and the outside reinforcement parts Rl and R2.
- the cylindrical pile 5 having a diameter of 350, 400, 450, 500, or 600 mm may be a concrete pile, a PHC pile, a steel tube, an H-shaped steel, or any other complex tube or wooden tube.
- the reinforcement parts formed at lower end has a disk-shaped structure with a predetermined thickness integrally formed or fixed to the lower end of the cylindrical pile part using a fixing unit.
- FIG. 5 similar to as FIG. 3, represents a pile 5 having a circular structure formed symmetrically by the first and the second head portions 3 and 4, and the first and the second supporting walls 1 and 2.
- Each of the first and second head portions 3 and 4 has a uniform thickness, and includes inclined surfacs 10 formed at both sides thereof.
- Table 2 shows dimensions and dynamism of the pile and the reinforcements.
- the increased magnitude varies with the stress of the front end by the change of the frictional force, and it means that the dimension of the pile is decided according to the condition of the ground.
- FIG. 5 is a partial sectional view showing a case of hammering a head-extended pile with inside and outside reinforcement parts according to another embodiment of the present invention. When hammering after drilled piling, the pile 5 is penetrated into the ground by the depth of X thereby increasing the proof stress of the pile.
- the length of the inside and the outside reinforcement part (FIG.3: Rl and R2) is set with the condition in which the square of a separate distance to the unit stress is same (the moment is same) and a separate distance to the power of the fourth to the unit stress (the settlement is same) is same.
- the moment is satisfied with sinking limit condition by a designed standard and a designed stress that the materials of the reinforcement part has.
- FIG.3: Rl and R2 is based on the conditions in which the total stress applied an inner reinforcement area and the total stress applied an outer reinforcement area are same so that the same unit stress applies at an inner reinforcement area and an outer reinforcement area. Therefore, the moment is satisfied with settlement limit condition by a designed standard and a designed stress that the materials of the reinforcement part.
- the above pile-construction method is carried out at a distance of 2.5 times of a pile's diameter, a trial is done with one per 250 under the dynamic pile loading testing or the static pile loading testing.
- the dynamic pile loading testing used in the field especially includes as E.O.I.D(End of Initial Driving), which is carried out before the surrounding cement paste harden and carried out 1 -3 weeks after the cement paste harden.
- the two methods can continue a succeeding construction step after measuring a pile-driving immediate proof stress with E.O.I.D method to continue to carry out a pile construction.
- the method carried out after the filling materials harden is difficult to continue a construction step, because it needs the time to harden the filling materials.
- To continue a pile construction it is required that the pile-driving equipments run over the pile, therefore more cost and time are required to protect the pile.
- the pile construction can not be carried safely until after the proof stress is enough in E.O.I.D method.
- a D400 PHC A-type pile it has an outer diameter of 400mm and an inner diameter of 270mm.
- This is a conventional pile with a hollow that the central part is empty in a cross section to use the cross section efficiently, and allows to have a proof stress efficiently using a structural mechanics.
- the area that meets a supporting surface in which a pile touches slime is 683.74 cm , and a reinforcement disk is reinforced 25mm at inside and outside due to the nature of the ground, it is reinforced with a structure having an outer diameter of 450mm and an inner diameter of 220mm.
- the area that meets a supporting surface in which a pile touches the slime is increased to 1209.69 cm , and it means that the supporting surface is increased to 177%.
- a final pile becomes an efficient pile with an outer diameter of 450mm and an inner diameter of 270mm from a conventional pile having an outer diameter of 400mm and an inner diameter of 220mm.
- FIG. 6 represents a partial sectional view of a head-extended pile with an inside and an outside reinforcement parts in laminated form as another embodiment of the present invention.
- a pile 5 is a cylindrical structure with the first supporting wall 1 and the second supporting wall 2 formed in the center. It includes laminated inside reinforcement parts Rl and Rl formed inside a pile 5 as a cylindrical structure, and laminated outside reinforcement parts R2 and R2 formed outside a pile 5, and a central borehole 7 formed in the center.
- the first head portion 3 having the same length extending right and left with respect to a central axis of the first supporting wall 1 is composed of Rl + R2; and the second head portion 4 has the same length extending right and left with respect to a central axis of the second supporting wall 2.
- the first head portion 3 forming the first layer is composed of Rl'+R2' and the first head portion 3 forming the second layer has the length of Rl + R2.
- the second head portion 4 is also composed of the first and the second layer having the same length in the same manner, and it is sequentially laminated to compose the first head portion and the second head portion.
- the lamination is carried out by means of welding, etc. when a metal pile is used as shown in FIG. 6(B), and a pile is used after multiple forming and hardening when a concrete pile is used as in FIG. 6(D).
- a band-shaped metal is wound around the concrete pile as an iron plate-reinforcing band, and then metal extending parts (inside and outside reinforcement parts) are fixed by means of welding, etc.
- the first and second supporting walls 1 and 2, and the first and second head portions 3 and 4 are the pile of circular structure 5 formed symmetrically.
- a hammering surface 6 is provided on the top surface of the circular structure 5.
- a central borehole 7 formed between the first and the above second head parts 3 and 4 enables to prevent the buoyant force caused by the slime or water flowed by hammering at supporting surface in low end of a pile, and to guide smoothly the stream of force in hammering as a medium of a hard ground and a weak pile. Furthermore, in hammering, it is possible that a laminating part delivers the force stream from the upper laminating part to the lower laminating part, and continues to guide uniformly the force to the ground, thereby delivering ideally the force stream to the ground.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Paleontology (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Piles And Underground Anchors (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US11/909,206 US20090263197A1 (en) | 2005-05-30 | 2006-05-22 | An extended head pile with inside and outside reinforcement |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
KR1020050045604A KR100760888B1 (en) | 2005-05-30 | 2005-05-30 | An extended head pile with inside and outside reinforcement |
KR10-2005-0045604 | 2005-05-30 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2006129925A1 true WO2006129925A1 (en) | 2006-12-07 |
Family
ID=37481820
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/KR2006/001913 WO2006129925A1 (en) | 2005-05-30 | 2006-05-22 | An extended head pile with inside and outside reinforcement |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20090263197A1 (en) |
KR (1) | KR100760888B1 (en) |
CN (1) | CN101146961A (en) |
WO (1) | WO2006129925A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
KR100937932B1 (en) * | 2008-01-14 | 2010-01-21 | 송기용 | Guide Device for Construction of Slurry Wall and Excavation Method Using the Same |
Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS5550142U (en) * | 1978-09-26 | 1980-04-02 | ||
JPS6030715A (en) * | 1983-07-29 | 1985-02-16 | Kazuo Fujimura | Concrete foundation pile |
JP2001064964A (en) * | 1999-08-31 | 2001-03-13 | Daiwa House Ind Co Ltd | Pile foundation, construction method for the foundation, and support pile |
JP2003138561A (en) * | 2001-11-05 | 2003-05-14 | Takenaka Komuten Co Ltd | Method of manufacturing and evaluating pile with multi- stage enlarged-diameter and pile with multi-stage enlarged-diameter |
WO2005090689A1 (en) * | 2004-03-20 | 2005-09-29 | Ext Co., Ltd. | Pile with an extended head and working method of the same |
Family Cites Families (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4657441A (en) * | 1984-10-15 | 1987-04-14 | Hsa, Inc. | Penetration conductor pipe drive shoe |
CA1254393A (en) * | 1985-05-14 | 1989-05-23 | Takashi Takeda | Frost damage proofed pile |
US6575240B1 (en) * | 1998-12-07 | 2003-06-10 | Shell Oil Company | System and method for driving pipe |
US7226246B2 (en) * | 2000-06-15 | 2007-06-05 | Geotechnical Reinforcement, Inc. | Apparatus and method for building support piers from one or successive lifts formed in a soil matrix |
JP2003213675A (en) | 2002-01-25 | 2003-07-30 | Nishimatsu Constr Co Ltd | Wall pile |
-
2005
- 2005-05-30 KR KR1020050045604A patent/KR100760888B1/en active IP Right Grant
-
2006
- 2006-05-22 US US11/909,206 patent/US20090263197A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2006-05-22 CN CNA2006800090618A patent/CN101146961A/en active Pending
- 2006-05-22 WO PCT/KR2006/001913 patent/WO2006129925A1/en active Application Filing
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS5550142U (en) * | 1978-09-26 | 1980-04-02 | ||
JPS6030715A (en) * | 1983-07-29 | 1985-02-16 | Kazuo Fujimura | Concrete foundation pile |
JP2001064964A (en) * | 1999-08-31 | 2001-03-13 | Daiwa House Ind Co Ltd | Pile foundation, construction method for the foundation, and support pile |
JP2003138561A (en) * | 2001-11-05 | 2003-05-14 | Takenaka Komuten Co Ltd | Method of manufacturing and evaluating pile with multi- stage enlarged-diameter and pile with multi-stage enlarged-diameter |
WO2005090689A1 (en) * | 2004-03-20 | 2005-09-29 | Ext Co., Ltd. | Pile with an extended head and working method of the same |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
KR100760888B1 (en) | 2007-09-21 |
CN101146961A (en) | 2008-03-19 |
US20090263197A1 (en) | 2009-10-22 |
KR20060123934A (en) | 2006-12-05 |
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