WO2006090185A1 - Method of prognosis of mental diseases, e. g. autism and cerebral palsy - Google Patents
Method of prognosis of mental diseases, e. g. autism and cerebral palsy Download PDFInfo
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- WO2006090185A1 WO2006090185A1 PCT/GB2006/000699 GB2006000699W WO2006090185A1 WO 2006090185 A1 WO2006090185 A1 WO 2006090185A1 GB 2006000699 W GB2006000699 W GB 2006000699W WO 2006090185 A1 WO2006090185 A1 WO 2006090185A1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
- C12Q1/6876—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes
- C12Q1/6888—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes for detection or identification of organisms
Definitions
- This invention relates to a method for the prognostication of the outcome of and monitoring the progression of applied behavioural analysis (ABA) treatment of mental disorders, e.g. autism, especially childhood autism.
- ABA applied behavioural analysis
- Autism is the name for a spectrum of developmental disorders that affect as many as 63 in 1000 children, at least 6 per 1000 having a severe form. Moreover there are indications that its prevalence is increasing. The causes of autism are not clearly understood and while some patients respond to one form of treatment, others do not.
- autism extends to cover both severe and mild forms of autism, e.g. Aspergers syndrome.
- ABA applied behavioural analysis
- EIBI Early Intensive Behavioural Intervention
- TIPO - The Early Intervention Program
- ABA is probably the most effective treatment for autism and no pharmaceutical treatment appears to work.
- Using behavioural training based on ABA i.e. ABA treatment
- ABA treatment on children as young as 3 years old about 50% reach approximately normal behaviour.
- the treatment tends to be most successful when started at an early age and thus early diagnosis of autism is important.
- ABA treatment is time consuming both for the patient and the physician and moreover it is a prolonged and relatively unpleasant experience for both the patient and the physician. At present there is no way of knowing in advance whether an individual patient will be among those that benefit from ABA treatment.
- biochemical markers for autism e.g. chemicals which can be detected in the urine or blood of sufferers of autism
- biochemical markers which can be correlated to a prognosis for ABA treatment in general and TIPO treatment in particular. These may correlate both to the likelihood of success in an ABA treatment regime which has not yet begun and to the success of a currently ongoing treatment. Detection of such biomarkers thus allows the physician to propose ABA treatment with a higher likelihood of success or to suggest cessation or avoidance of ABA treatment with a lower likelihood or no likelihood of success. Clearly this reduces undue suffering by the patient and expense to the family or society.
- mental disease or disorder
- ABA neuropeptide-like ABA
- a prognosis of the likely success of ABA treatments for these diseases may also be obtained using the method of the invention.
- mental diseases include for example cerebral palsy (the mental component thereof that is), developmental delay, learning disorder, mental retardation, conduct disorders, phobic anxieties, panic disorders, obsessive compulsive disorders, addictive behaviour (e.g. smoking), anorexia, bulimia, bipolar disorder, depression, ADHD, Tourettes syndrome, Retts syndrome, Fragile X, depression and pervasive development disease (PPD and PPD- NOS).
- the invention provides a method of prognosis for applied behavioural analysis treatment of mental disease (e.g. autism) in a human subject, said method comprising analyzing a sample of body tissue or fluid from said subject for the presence or absence of a chemical marker indicative of the likelihood of success or failure of applied behavioural analysis treatment of said mental disease and, optionally, based on said analysis, beginning, continuing or ceasing applied behavioural analysis treatment of said subject.
- mental disease e.g. autism
- the invention provides a method of assaying for a chemical marker indicative of the likelihood of success or failure of applied behavioural analysis treatment of a human subject, said method comprising analyzing a sample of body tissue or fluid from said subject for the presence or absence of said marker, optionally providing an indication of the content of said marker in said body tissue or fluid, and optionally providing an indication of the prognosis for ABA treatment.
- the invention provides a method of theragnosis of a human subject having or suspected of having a mental disease, said method comprising analyzing a sample of body tissue or fluid from said subject for the presence or absence of a chemical marker indicative of the likelihood of success or failure of a course of treatment for said mental disease and, optionally, based on said analysis, beginning, continuing or ceasing said course of treatment, e.g. ABA treatment.
- a chemical marker indicative of the likelihood of success or failure of a course of treatment for said mental disease and, optionally, based on said analysis, beginning, continuing or ceasing said course of treatment, e.g. ABA treatment.
- the subject is preferably a child.
- the subject in general for mental diseases which may be diagnosed in childhood, such as autism, cerebral palsy, ADHD, Tourettes syndrome, development abnormalities and Retts syndrome, etc., the subject is preferably a child.
- child herein is meant a human aged up to 18 years, more particularly 1 to 16 years, especially 2 to 15 years, particularly 3 to 12 years.
- the subject for the methods of the invention is preferably one already diagnosed as having the particular mental disease or less preferably one suspected of having the particular disease.
- body tissue or fluid is meant herein a fluid from the human body (e.g. blood, saliva or urine, or an extract or derivative thereof, e.g. serum or plasma), a tissue sample, or a surface cell sample (e.g. collected by rubbing a mucosal surface such as the lining of the mouth).
- the sample may be treated, e.g. with a preservative, antioxidant or enzyme inhibitor, and may be dried or absorbed onto a substrate.
- the sample is urine or serum, particularly urine, or a sample collected by swabbing the interior of the mouth. Thymol is particularly conveniently used as a preservative.
- the biomarker concentration determined is preferably normalized against the creatinine content of the urine which consequently is preferably also measured in the methods of the invention.
- Creatinine is commonly used as a normalizing factor for urine concentration in assays for analytes in urine and in the present invention may be measured by conventional means.
- Chemical marker detection may conveniently be effected by chromatography, e.g. HPLC 3 typically using reversed phase gradient elution.
- diagnostic techniques for marker detection may of course be used, e.g. radioimmunoassays or enzyme immunoassays.
- a binding partner for the analyte e.g. an antibody, antibody fragment or construct, single chain antibody, oligonucleotide, etc.
- Antibodies to the analytes used in the methods of the invention may be prepared by standard antibody generation techniques, e.g. by immunization of mice or other mammals with immunogenic conjugates of the analyte and an immunogenic carrier (e.g. a foreign protein such as keyhole limpet hemocyanin).
- binding partners may be found by panning against a chemical or biological library, e.g. a phage display library.
- binding partners for analytes may also be effected by CAM-D, e.g. using the technique of EP-A-818744.
- the prognostic markers of particular interest according to the present invention appear to fall into seven groups:
- the content is preferably compared against the mean value for a control pool (e.g. a set of asymptomatic individuals, of ABA treatment responders or of ABA treatment non-responders, preferably of similar age (e.g. within 2 years) and particularly preferably of the same sex, especially preferably a set of at least ten such control individuals).
- the mean and the standard deviation (SD) of the mean for the control pool are preferably determined in advance and supplied as a calibration tool to the user of the method of the invention. Values above the asymptomatic control mean are considered indicative of relevance, values above control mean plus SD are more indicative of relevance and values above control mean + 2xSD are highly indicative of relevance.
- the gluten derivatives which, on HPLC, elute after hippuric acid and before IAG.
- Serotonin uptake stimulator (pyro-Glu-Trp-Gly-NH 2 ).
- beta-casomorphineamides e.g. beta-casomorphine- 1-3 -amide, beta-casomorphine-l-4-amide and beta-casomorphine- 1-5-amide, especially beta- casomorphine- 1 -4-amide (Tyr-Pro-Phe-Pro-NH 2 ).
- beta-casomorphines e.g. beta-casomorphine l-3(Tyr-Pro-Phe), beta-casomorphine 1-5 (Tyr-Pro-Phe-Pro-Gly), and beta-casomorphine 1-4 (Tyr- Pro-Phe-Pro).
- Deltorphins e.g. A, 1(C) or II(B)
- Prognosis for poor or no response to ABA treatment may be made on the basis of an HPLC peak area (or height) which is significantly higher than the asymptomatic control mean and wherein the total peak area (or heights) for the gluten derivatives is greater than that for ⁇ AG and/or the total peak area (or heights) for the serotonin uptake stimulator is greater than that for IAG.
- HPLC peak area or height
- the total peak area (or heights) for the gluten derivatives is greater than that for ⁇ AG and/or the total peak area (or heights) for the serotonin uptake stimulator is greater than that for IAG.
- a control factor that may be used is that the total peak area (or heights) for IAG should itself be at least 1.5 times, e.g. at least twice, the value for the asymptomatic control set.
- the gluten derivatives show at least two peaks in the HPLC trace between the peaks for hippuric acid and for IAG.
- the second, the more prominent, of these peaks may be used in prognosis as above.
- the first of these peaks on its own is indicative of poor or no response to ABA treatment when area (or height) is significantly higher than the values for control sets of patients responding to ABA treatment (itself higher than the equivalent value for an asymptomatic control set).
- the IAG peak is on its own indicative of poor prognosis for response where its height is significantly greater (e.g. at least 50% greater) than that for a control set of patients responding to ABA treatment (again itself higher than the equivalent value for an asymptomatic control set).
- the detection technique used in the method of the invention may be any appropriate analytical technique. However the use of liquid chromatography is preferred, especially HPLC.
- a hyphenated technique i.e. one involving a separation technique combined with a spectroscopic technique, may advantageously be used, examples of such techniques include LC and GC combined with MS or NMR, preferably LC-MS.
- Such hyphenated techniques have the advantage that the "result", i.e. poor/good prospects of successful treatment or poor/good progression of existing treatment may be generated by applying a prediction matrix (generated from asymptomatic controls, responder controls and poor responder controls) to the data matrix from the hyphenated technique.
- Such a prediction matrix can moreover be generated without chemical identification of the biomarkers, e.g. as described in WO 02/03056.
- the invention provides a prediction matrix applicable to the data matrix of a hyphenated analytical technique to produce a value indicative of prognosis for response to ABA treatment of a mental disease, e.g. of autism.
- a prediction matrix and a hyphenated analysis technique is of particular relevance when the sample being assayed contains protein and nucleic acids, e.g. where a blood sample is used.
- the sample may optionally be pretreated with enzymes such as DNAases or proteases.
- enzymes such as DNAases or proteases.
- genetic markers for treatment prognostication may contribute to the prediction matrix even where they have yet to be identified.
- the prediction matrix contains a significant contribution from a nucleic acid, e.g. an oligonucleotide
- the relevant chromatographic fraction may be further analysed to detect the relevant gene sequence or fragment.
- the predictive marker is chemically identified, it may conveniently be assayed for in an automated assay device, e.g. as disclosed in WO 02/090995, using an assay cartridge containing all the required assay reagents, e.g. buffers, antibodies, etc.
- an assay cartridge for use in an assay for a marker for a mental disease (e.g. autism, i.e. a diagnostic marker such as IAG) or for a prognostic marker for response to ABA treatment of that mental disease.
- a reference compound e.g. creatinine
- the invention provides a computer, e.g. functionally linked to a hyphenated analysis machine, programmed with the prediction matrix of the invention.
- a data carrier e.g. a chip, disc or tape, programmed with the prediction matrix of the invention.
- principal component analysis may be used to generate a prediction or prediction matrix using hyphenated or non-hyphenated spectroscopic or chromatographic techniques effected on unknown samples and compared with known (control) samples.
- the aspects of the present invention are applicable more generally than in relation to autism alone, and in particular that they are applicable to learning disorders and mental disorders in general, e.g. mental retardation, mental developmental delay, depression, schizophrenia, dyslexia and attention deficit disorders (e.g. ADHD).
- the invention may be used to prognosticate the likely efficacy of behavioural treatment. It may also be used to predict when behavioural treatment should be used in preference to pharmaceutical treatment, e.g. treatment with sedatives or other mood-altering drugs such as ritalin. As mentioned above these form further aspects of the present invention.
- Figure 1 is an HPLC trace for urine from an autism-asymptomatic control set
- Figure 2 is an HPLC trace for urine pooled from a set of patients having autism and responsive to ABA treatment
- Figure 3 is an HPLC trace for urine pooled from a set of patients having autism and not being responsive to ABA treatment
- Figure 4 is an HPLC trace for urine from a patient having autism and not being responsive to ABA treatment
- Figure 5 is a mass spectrum trace for urine from a patient having autism and not being responsive to ABA treatment
- Figure 6 is a mass spectrum trace for urine from a patient having autism and being responsive to ABA treatment
- Figure 7 is an HPLC trace for urine from a female monozygotic twin diagnosed as having cerebral palsy.
- Figure 8 is an HPLC trace for urine from the cerebral palsy-asymptomatic female twin of the twin of Figure 7.
- Example 1
- Urine was collected in a sample container and frozen at -20°C
- Urine was thawed, spun in a centrifuge for 10 minutes at ambient temperature at 4000 x g, measured for pH and filtered through a Costar Spin X cellulose acetate filter.
- Urine was measured for creatinine content by standard clinical procedures.
- Urine containing 250 nm of creatinine was applied to the HPLC.
- Urine was passed through a reverse phase cl8 column in trifiuoroacetic acid with an acetonitrile gradient.
- Acetonitrile concentration was 10 niM in trifluoracetic acid:
- Peaks are very consistent, they appear in sequence with little deviation after the main peak (Hippuric Acid - HA) which typically elutes at 22-23 min. Thus all molecules afterward come out in sequence.
- the system is manipulated with buffer concentration so that HA does come out at this time point allowing the assignment of the other molecules. Controls are run with some of the purified molecules on each run to test where they elute.
- Peaks of interest are following HA (peak 0, see Figure 4 labeled for ID).
- Peak elution times are in parentheses.
- the labeled Figure 4 shows additional peaks, and this patient does not express the full spectrum of described peaks. Not every patient has the same profile.
- Other peaks which appear to be important are beta casomorphin 1-6 (, beta casomorphin 1- 7 (61m), beta casomorphin 1-8 (63m), Deltorphin (A, 56min). Deltorphin 1 or(C), Deltorphin II or (B), Dermorphin (59min), A4 Glutemorphin (42m), Gluten Exophrin A5 (43m), Gluten Exorphin B5, Gluten Exorphin C, Gliadinomorphin (51- 52min), beta casomorphine 1-5 amide (65m). Relative elution times are in parentheses.
- a capillary system was used with a Cl 8 reverse phase column into a TOF-MS scanned from 200-2000.
- One non responder and one responder are provided.
- the samples were simply run and not normalized for creatinine.
- there are several differences in the profiles from non-responder to responder the most obvious being a peak of MW at 687.36 at 34 minutes in the responder. Inspection revealed that this peak was not present in the 3 non-responders that were examined. Inspection of the H PLC chromatograms from this patient and the others, revealed no major differences in the absolute expression of compounds.
- Urine samples from two monozygotic female twins, one having cerebral palsy and one free from cerebral palsy were taken and subjected to HPLC analysis as in Example 1.
- the HPLC trace for the twin with cerebral palsy and the twin without cerebral palsy are shown in Figures 7 and 8 respectively. It may readily be seen that the trace for the twin with cerebral palsy contains many peaks that are either absent from or less prominent in the HPLC trace for the twin without cerebral palsy.
- HPLC peaks present significantly in the affected twin but absent or less prominent in the non- affected twin include those at 11.920, 14.800, 22.667, 27.120, 30.213, 34.667, 39.707, 41.333, 42.240, 47.093 and 86.240 minutes. These figures may of course be rounded up to one or two decimal points.
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Priority Applications (8)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EA200701602A EA200701602A1 (en) | 2005-02-28 | 2006-02-28 | METHOD FOR PREDICTING MENTAL DISEASES, FOR EXAMPLE OF AUTISM AND CEREBRAL PARALYSIS |
CA002598945A CA2598945A1 (en) | 2005-02-28 | 2006-02-28 | Method of prognosis of mental diseases, e. g. autism and cerebral palsy |
EP06709924A EP1853922A1 (en) | 2005-02-28 | 2006-02-28 | Method of prognosis of mental diseases, e.g. autism and cerebral palsy |
JP2007557576A JP2008532033A (en) | 2005-02-28 | 2006-02-28 | Prognosis determination method for mental disorders such as autism and cerebral palsy |
US11/817,184 US20090011452A1 (en) | 2005-02-28 | 2006-02-28 | Method of Prognosis of Mental Diseases, E.G. Autism and Cerebral Palsy |
AU2006217658A AU2006217658A1 (en) | 2005-02-28 | 2006-02-28 | Method of prognosis of mental diseases, e. g. autism and cerebral palsy |
IL185554A IL185554A0 (en) | 2005-02-28 | 2007-08-28 | Method of prognosis of mental diseases, e.g. sutism and cerebral palsy |
NO20074515A NO20074515L (en) | 2005-02-28 | 2007-09-06 | Procedures for forecasting mental illnesses, e.g. autism and cerebral palsy |
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GB0504096.9 | 2005-02-28 | ||
GBGB0504096.9A GB0504096D0 (en) | 2005-02-28 | 2005-02-28 | Method |
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PCT/GB2006/000699 WO2006090185A1 (en) | 2005-02-28 | 2006-02-28 | Method of prognosis of mental diseases, e. g. autism and cerebral palsy |
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US (1) | US20090011452A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1853922A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2008532033A (en) |
CN (1) | CN101189522A (en) |
AU (1) | AU2006217658A1 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2598945A1 (en) |
EA (1) | EA200701602A1 (en) |
GB (1) | GB0504096D0 (en) |
IL (1) | IL185554A0 (en) |
NO (1) | NO20074515L (en) |
WO (1) | WO2006090185A1 (en) |
ZA (1) | ZA200707230B (en) |
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WO2011139914A1 (en) * | 2010-04-29 | 2011-11-10 | Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation | Metabolic biomarkers of autism |
WO2014036182A2 (en) | 2012-08-29 | 2014-03-06 | California Institute Of Technology | Diagnosis and treatment of autism spectrum disorder |
US8703424B2 (en) | 2010-03-22 | 2014-04-22 | Stemina Biomarker Discovery, Inc. | Predicting human developmental toxicity of pharmaceuticals using human stem-like cells and metabolomics |
US9176113B1 (en) | 2014-04-11 | 2015-11-03 | Synapdx Corporation | Methods and systems for determining autism spectrum disorder risk |
US10041932B2 (en) | 2014-04-11 | 2018-08-07 | Laboratory Corporation Of America Holdings | Methods and systems for determining autism spectrum disorder risk |
US10060932B2 (en) | 2013-07-09 | 2018-08-28 | Stemina Biomarker Discovery, Inc. | Biomarkers of autism spectrum disorder |
US10111914B2 (en) | 2014-10-30 | 2018-10-30 | California Institute Of Technology | Compositions and methods comprising bacteria for improving behavior in neurodevelopmental disorders |
US10124025B2 (en) | 2014-10-30 | 2018-11-13 | California Institute Of Technology | Compositions and methods comprising bacteria for improving behavior in neurodevelopmental disorders |
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US10525020B2 (en) | 2015-02-11 | 2020-01-07 | Laboratory Corporation Of America Holdings | Metabolic markers of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder |
US11147792B2 (en) | 2017-05-15 | 2021-10-19 | Axial Therapeutics, Inc. | Inhibitors of microbially induced amyloid |
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US9128168B2 (en) * | 2007-12-14 | 2015-09-08 | Cornell University | Method of determing excretion of sodium and other analytes |
CN105652016A (en) * | 2016-01-28 | 2016-06-08 | 深圳大学 | Autism detection marker and detection method thereof |
RU2698634C1 (en) * | 2019-03-18 | 2019-08-28 | Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение "Уральский научно-исследовательский институт охраны материнства и младенчества" Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации (ФГБУ "НИИ ОММ" Минздрава России) | Method for prediction of the risk of infantile cerebral paralysis in infants born in early preterm delivery at the first year of life |
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- 2005-02-28 GB GBGB0504096.9A patent/GB0504096D0/en not_active Ceased
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2006
- 2006-02-28 ZA ZA200707230A patent/ZA200707230B/en unknown
- 2006-02-28 CN CNA2006800145644A patent/CN101189522A/en active Pending
- 2006-02-28 CA CA002598945A patent/CA2598945A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2006-02-28 AU AU2006217658A patent/AU2006217658A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2006-02-28 EA EA200701602A patent/EA200701602A1/en unknown
- 2006-02-28 WO PCT/GB2006/000699 patent/WO2006090185A1/en active Application Filing
- 2006-02-28 US US11/817,184 patent/US20090011452A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2006-02-28 JP JP2007557576A patent/JP2008532033A/en active Pending
- 2006-02-28 EP EP06709924A patent/EP1853922A1/en not_active Withdrawn
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2007
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CN101189522A (en) | 2008-05-28 |
US20090011452A1 (en) | 2009-01-08 |
GB0504096D0 (en) | 2005-04-06 |
AU2006217658A1 (en) | 2006-08-31 |
EP1853922A1 (en) | 2007-11-14 |
ZA200707230B (en) | 2008-11-26 |
CA2598945A1 (en) | 2006-08-31 |
JP2008532033A (en) | 2008-08-14 |
IL185554A0 (en) | 2008-01-06 |
EA200701602A1 (en) | 2008-02-28 |
NO20074515L (en) | 2007-09-06 |
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