WO2006067233A1 - Fuel compositions - Google Patents
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- WO2006067233A1 WO2006067233A1 PCT/EP2005/057156 EP2005057156W WO2006067233A1 WO 2006067233 A1 WO2006067233 A1 WO 2006067233A1 EP 2005057156 W EP2005057156 W EP 2005057156W WO 2006067233 A1 WO2006067233 A1 WO 2006067233A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- fuel
- fuel composition
- metal
- compression
- ignition engine
- Prior art date
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/04—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on blends of hydrocarbons
- C10L1/08—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on blends of hydrocarbons for compression ignition
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
- C10L10/02—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for reducing smoke development
Definitions
- the present invention relates to fuel compositions , to processes for their preparation and to their use in the operation of compression-ignition engines .
- GB-A-437023 discloses a process for refining cracked hydrocarbons of substantially gasoline boiling range by the treatment with a solid active adsorbent such as Fuller' s Earth, clay or other suitable adsorptive catalysts , under conditions of elevated temperature and superatmospheric pressure adequate to maintain said hydrocarbons in substantially liquid phase, which comprises first removing from said hydrocarbons relatively unstable low boiling constituents , namely dissolved gases , propane, part or all of the butanes and their corresponding unsaturates , and reducing the vapour pressure of said hydrocarbons by submitting them to a stabilising fractionation and thereupon subj ecting the stabilised hydrocarbons , whilst still hot, to said refining treatment .
- a solid active adsorbent such as Fuller' s Earth, clay or other suitable adsorptive catalysts
- US-A-3529944 discloses a method for clarifying and stabilising hydrocarbon liquids which are subj ect to oxidative deterioration, particularly j et fuels , which includes adding to the fuel a material which accelerates the oxidative deterioration of the fuel, such as a polyphenyl substituted lower alkane or lower alkylene, an alkanol ester of citric acid or acetoxy ethyl monobutylether; passing the hydrocarbon liquid through a solid, particulate, adsorbent media to remove microimpurities and the products of oxidative deterioration; and thereafter adding additional amounts of a stabilising material to stabilise the hydrocarbon liquid against further oxidative deterioration .
- a material which accelerates the oxidative deterioration of the fuel such as a polyphenyl substituted lower alkane or lower alkylene, an alkanol ester of citric acid or acetoxy ethyl monobutylether
- Suitable adsorbent materials include various types of natural or synthetic clays , either treated or untreated, Fuller' s Earth, attapulgite , silica gel and adsorbent catalysts .
- j et fuels are treated by filtration through attapulgite clay .
- US-A-4225319 in order to suppress carburettor deposit formation, adsorbent-treated cat cracked gasoline is blended into a fuel composition for use in an internal combustion engine .
- adsorbents which are useful "for treating the cat cracked gasoline include many of the well known adsorbents such as silica, alumina, silica-alumina, charcoal , carbon black, magnesium silicate, aluminium silicate, zeolites , clay, fuller' s earth, magnesia, and the like" .
- the adsorbent used is silica-gel .
- US-A-5951851 relates to a process for removing elemental sulphur from fluids , particularly fuels such as gasoline , j et fuel, diesel , kerosene and fuel additives such as ethers .
- the process involves contacting the sulphur contaminated fluid with layered double hydroxide (or hydrotalcite ) Mg 2 AlNO 3 ,-mH 2 0 or Mg 3 AlNO 3 ZmH 2 O, where m is the number of waters of hydration .
- Example 1 it is shown that Attapulgus clay, molecular sieve 5 A, silica gel , alumina, bayerite , tetraphenylphosphonium- montmorillonite, Kao-EG .9.4 A, Kao-tetraethylene glycol , Al 13 pillared montmorillonite, tetramethylammonium- montmorillonite, palygorskite-PFl-s , Kaolinite KGa-I , Kao-cellosolve and Iron ( III ) montmorillonite are ineffective in removing elemental sulphur, whilst the hydrotalcites Al 2 LiCl , Mg 2 AlNO 3 , Mg 2 FeNO 3 , Mg 3 FeNO 3 and Mg 3 AlNO 3 are particularly effective in removing elemental sulphur .
- Group ( 8 ) sepiolite, attapulgite and palygorskite, are described as fibrous clay minerals , and these have, as an important structural element, the amphibole double silica chain which is orientated parallel to the c axis .
- diesel fuels can contain a number of trace metals .
- the content of such metals depends on a number of factors , including the source ( s ) of crude oil from which the fuel is derived, the types of refinery processes employed, and the handling, storage and distribution history of the fuel .
- hydrocarbon component ( s ) which material may for example be in liquid form which is immiscible (including having minimal or low solubility) with the hydrocarbon component, or a solid, preferably a solid, to reduce the levels of trace metal contaminants , more preferably the levels of heavier metals , most preferably the level of zinc, in said component ( s )
- the fuel composition exhibits reduced levels of emissions , particularly of NOx, and optionally particulates , when used in a compression-ignition engine to power such an engine .
- Said treatment includes physical separation of the hydrocarbon component from the metal adsorbing or absorbing phase, for example by one or more of decanting of immiscible liquid, filtration, vortexing, centrifuging and gravity separation .
- a fuel composition comprising a maj or amount of a fuel suitable for use in a compression-ignition engine, which fuel comprises one or more hydrocarbon components boiling within the diesel boiling range, at least one of which hydrocarbon components has been treated with a metal adsorbing or absorbing material in a different physical phase from the hydrocarbon component ( s) , preferably to reduce the level of at least one metal , more preferably the level of at least one heavier metal , most preferably the level of zinc, in said at least one hydrocarbon component, for the purpose of reducing the emission of NOx, and optionally particulates, from a compression-ignition engine into the combustion chambers of which said fuel composition is introduced, said treatment including physical separation of the hydrocarbon component from the metal adsorbing or absorbing phase .
- the metal adsorbing or absorbing material is selected from fibrous clay minerals , diatomaceous earths , graphite, charcoal , polymeric adsorbents or absorbents , ion-exchange resins , and complexing or chelating agents , which materials may be in liquid form which is immiscible (including having minimal or low solubility) with the hydrocarbon component , or solids , more preferably solids .
- Said complexing or chelating agents preferably comprise molecules having one or more functional groups acting as a ligand or forming a complex or being otherwise metal-attracting .
- the fibrous clay mineral of the sepiolite, attapulgite and palygorskite group must at least contain at least one mineral of the sepiolite, attapulgite and palygorskite groups .
- the term "Fuller' s Earth” is used in published literature on clays in a number of different ways , but in the context of the present invention
- “Fuller' s Earth” comprises at least one fibrous clay mineral of the sepiolite, attapulgite and palygorskite groups .
- One type of Fuller' s Earth may comprise a mixture of montmorillonite and palygorskite .
- the fibrous clay mineral is sepiolite, attapulgite, or Fuller' s Earth .
- said polymeric material is selected from polyolefins such as polyacrylate or polystyrene , polyester, polyether, polyamide, polyamine and polysulphone materials , for example AMBERLITE XAD-4 ,
- AMBERLITE XAD-7 and AMBERLITE XAD-16 non-ionic polymeric adsorbents and polyethylene imine on silica gel available ex . Aldrich
- said polymeric materials being in solid form, or bound to a solid, or in liquid or suspension or dissolved form which is immiscible
- examples of said diatomaceous earths are DAMOLIN MOLER (available ex . Damolin) and HYFLO SUPER CEL (available ex . Aldrich) .
- said complexing or chelating agents are selected from nitrogen materials such as amines , amides , polyamines , cyclic polyamines including but not limited to porphyrins , derivatives of N, N' -disalicylidene- propanediamine , sulphur materials such as sulphides , sulphones , sulphoxides , sulphonates , thiols , anionic materials such as carboxylates , oxygen species such as alcohols , ketones , phenols and ethers , including polyethers and cyclic polyethers (crown ethers ) , and species containing both nitrogen and oxygen such as cryptands and oxazoles and derivatives thereof, said complexing or chelating agents being in solid form, or bound to a solid, or in liquid or suspension or dissolved form which is immiscible (including having minimal or low miscibility) with the hydrocarbon component .
- nitrogen materials such as amines
- said ion-exchange resins are selected from mineral species , such as silica gels , and polymers with functional groups such as sulphonate and carboxylate such as some of the products available from Aldrich under the trade names AMBERLITE, AMBERLYST, DOWEX and SEPHADEX .
- a blend of at least two of said hydrocarbon components has been treated with the metal adsorbing or absorbing material .
- a process for the preparation of a fuel composition according to the present invention which comprises treating with a metal adsorbing or absorbing material at least one hydrocarbon component boiling within the diesel boiling range, preferably to reduce the level of at least one metal, more preferably the level of at least one heavier metal , most preferably the level of zinc, in said at least one hydrocarbon component , and optionally blending said at least one hydrocarbon component , before or after said treatment , with at least one other hydrocarbon component boiling within the diesel boiling range, to form a fuel suitable for use in a compression-ignition engine .
- said process comprises blending at least two hydrocarbon components boiling within the diesel boiling range and treating the resulting mixture with said metal adsorbing or absorbing material, to form a fuel suitable for use in a compression-ignition engine .
- a method of operating a compression-ignition engine which comprises bringing into the combustion chambers of such engine a fuel composition according to the present invention .
- a method of reducing the emission of NOx, and optionally particulates , from a compression- ignition engine which comprises bringing into the combustion chambers of such engine a fuel composition according to the present invention .
- a method of reducing the emission of NOx, and optionally particulates , from a compression- ignition engine which comprises replacing a fuel composition therein by a fuel composition according to the present invention .
- the terms “reduce” , “reducing” and “reduction” mean as compared to prior to the treatment with the metal adsorbing or absorbing material or as compared to when using a diesel fuel composition components of which have not been subj ected to said treatment , as appropriate .
- the processes of adsorption or absorption of trace elements on to clay are not completely understood .
- One possibility is that the metals bond to the surface in the same way that they bond to ligands .
- Ligands are molecules or ions that function as electron donors and attract metal atoms or ions .
- the fuel compositions to which the present invention relates include diesel fuel compositions for use in automotive compression ignition engines , as well as in other types of engine such as for example marine, railroad and stationary engines , and industrial gas oils for use in heating applications (e . g . boilers ) , provided that these non-automotive fuels do not contain residual (non-distilled) components .
- the base fuel may itself comprise a mixture of two or more different diesel fuel components , and/or be additivated as described below .
- Such diesel fuel compositions will contain one or more base fuels which may typically comprise liquid hydrocarbon middle distillate gas oil ( s ) , for instance petroleum derived gas oils .
- Such fuel compositions will typically have boiling points within the usual diesel range of 150 to 400 0 C, depending on grade and use . They will typically have a density from 750 to 1000 kg/m 3 , preferably for automotive uses from 780 to 860 kg/m 3 , at 15 °C (e . g . ASTM D4502 or IP 365 ) and a cetane number (ASTM D613 ) of from 35 to 120 , more preferably from 40 to 85.
- base fuels may typically comprise liquid hydrocarbon middle distillate gas oil ( s ) , for instance petroleum derived gas oils .
- Such fuel compositions will typically have boiling points within the usual diesel range of 150 to 400 0 C, depending on grade and use . They will typically have a density from 750 to 1000 kg/m 3 , preferably for automotive uses from 780 to 860 kg
- Such industrial gas oils will contain a base fuel which may comprise fuel fractions such as the kerosene or gas oil fractions obtained in traditional refinery processes , which upgrade crude petroleum feedstock to useful products .
- a base fuel which may comprise fuel fractions such as the kerosene or gas oil fractions obtained in traditional refinery processes , which upgrade crude petroleum feedstock to useful products .
- such fractions contain components having carbon numbers in the range 5 to 40 , more preferably 5 to 31 , yet more preferably 6 to 25 , most preferably 9 to 25 , and such fractions have a density at 15 °C of 650 to 1000 kg/m 3 , a kinematic viscosity at 20 0 C of 1 to 80 mm 2 /s , and a boiling range of 150 to 400 0 C .
- non-mineral oil based fuels such as Fischer-Tropsch derived fuels, biomass-derived materials , biofuel components such as fatty acid methyl esters , or shale oils
- Fischer-Tropsch fuels may for example be derived from natural gas , natural gas liquids , petroleum or shale oil , petroleum or shale oil processing residues , coal or biomass .
- the amount of Fischer-Tropsch derived fuel used in a diesel fuel composition may be from 0.5 to 100%v of the overall diesel fuel composition, preferably from 5 to 75%v . It may be desirable for the composition to contain 10%v or greater, more preferably 20%v or greater, still more preferably 30%v or greater, of the Fischer-Tropsch derived fuel . It is particularly preferred for the composition to contain 30 to 75%v, and particularly 30 or 70%v, of the Fischer-Tropsch derived fuel . The balance of the fuel composition is made up of one or more other fuels .
- An industrial gas oil composition will preferably comprise more than 50 wt% , more preferably more than 70 wt% , of a Fischer-Tropsch derived fuel component .
- Such a Fischer-Tropsch derived fuel component is any fraction of the middle distillate fuel range, which can be isolated from the (hydrocracked) Fischer-Tropsch synthesis product .
- Typical fractions will boil in the naphtha, kerosene or gas oil range .
- a Fischer-Tropsch product boiling in the kerosene or gas oil range is used because these products are easier to handle in for example domestic environments .
- Such products will suitably comprise a fraction larger than 90 wt% which boils between 160 and 400 0 C, preferably to about 370 0 C .
- Fischer-Tropsch derived kerosene and gas oils are described in EP-A-0583836, WO-A-97 /14768 , WO-A-97 /14769, WO-A-00/11116, WO-A-00/11117 , WO-A-01/83406, WO-A-01/83648 , WO-A-01/83647 , WO-A-01/83641 , WO-A-00/20535 , WO-A-00/20534 , EP-A-1101813 , US-A-5766274 , US-A-5378348 , US-A-5888376 and US-A-6204426.
- the Fischer-Tropsch product will suitably contain more than 80 wt% and more suitably more than 95 wt% iso and normal paraffins and less than 1 wt% aromatics , the balance being naphthenics compounds .
- the content of sulphur and nitrogen will be very low and normally below the detection limits for such compounds . For this reason the sulphur content of a fuel composition containing a Fischer-Tropsch product may be very low .
- the fuel composition preferably contains no more than 5000 ppmw sulphur, more preferably no more than 500 ppmw, or no more than 350 ppmw, or no more than 150 ppmw, or no more than 100 ppmw, or no more than
- the base fuel may itself be additivated (additive- containing) or unadditivated (additive-free) . If additivated, e . g . at the refinery, it will contain minor amounts of one or more additives selected for example from anti-static agents , pipeline drag reducers , flow improvers (e . g . ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymers or acrylate/maleic anhydride copolymers ) , lubricity additives , antioxidants and wax anti-settling agents .
- additives selected for example from anti-static agents , pipeline drag reducers , flow improvers (e . g . ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymers or acrylate/maleic anhydride copolymers ) , lubricity additives , antioxidants and wax anti-settling agents .
- Detergent-containing diesel fuel additives are known and commercially available . Such additives may be added to diesel fuels at levels
- detergents suitable for use in fuel additives for the present purpose include polyolefin substituted succinimides or succinamides of polyamines , for instance polyisobutylene succinimides or polyisobutylene amine succinamides , aliphatic amines , Mannich bases or amines and polyolefin (e . g . polyisobutylene) maleic anhydrides .
- Succinimide dispersant additives are described for example in GB-A-960493 , EP-A-0147240 , EP-A-0482253 , EP-A-0613938 , EP-A-0557516 and WO-A-98 /42808.
- Particularly preferred are polyolefin substituted succinimides such as polyisobutylene succinimides .
- the additive may contain other components in addition to the detergent .
- lubricity enhancers e . g . those containing alkoxylated phenol formaldehyde polymers ; anti-foaming agents (e . g . polyether-modified polysiloxanes ) ; ignition improvers (cetane improvers ) (e . g . 2-ethylhexyl nitrate (EHN) , cyclohexyl nitrate, di-tert-butyl peroxide and those disclosed in US-A-4208190 at column 2 , line 27 to column 3 , line 21 ) ; anti-rust agents (e . g .
- a propane-1 , 2- diol semi-ester of tetrapropenyl succinic acid, or polyhydric alcohol esters of a succinic acid derivative the succinic acid derivative having on at least one of its alpha-carbon atoms an unsubstituted or substituted aliphatic hydrocarbon group containing from 20 to 500 carbon atoms , e . g . the pentaerythritol diester of polyisobutylene-substituted succinic acid) ; corrosion inhibitors ; reodorants ; anti-wear additives ; antioxidants (e . g . phenolics such as 2 , 6-di-tert-butylphenol , or phenylenediamines such as
- the additive include a lubricity enhancer, especially when the fuel composition has a low (e . g . 500 ppmw or less ) sulphur content .
- the lubricity enhancer is conveniently present at a concentration of less than 1000 ppmw, preferably between 5 and 1000 ppmw .
- Suitable commercially available lubricity enhancers include ester- and acid-based additives .
- Other lubricity enhancers are described in the patent literature, in particular in connection with their use in low sulphur content diesel fuels , for example in :
- - WO-A-95/33805 cold flow improvers to enhance lubricity of low sulphur fuels
- - WO-A-94 /17160 certain esters of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol wherein the acid has from 2 to 50 carbon atoms and the alcohol has 1 or more carbon atoms , particularly glycerol monooleate and di-isodecyl adipate, as fuel additives for wear reduction in a diesel engine inj ection system;
- the additive contain an anti-foaming agent , more preferably in combination with an anti-rust agent and/or a corrosion inhibitor and/or a lubricity additive .
- the (active matter) concentration of each such additional component in the additivated fuel composition is preferably up to
- the (active matter) concentration of any dehazer in the fuel composition will preferably be in the range from 0.1 to 20 ppmw, more preferably from 1 to 15 ppmw, still more preferably from 1 to 10 ppmw, advantageously from 1 to 5 ppmw .
- the (active matter) concentration of any ignition improver present will preferably be 2600 ppmw or less , more preferably 2000 ppmw or less , conveniently from 300 to 1500 ppmw .
- the additive components may be co-mixed, preferably together with suitable diluent ( s ) , in an additive concentrate, and the additive concentrate may be dispersed into the fuel, in suitable quantity to result in a composition of the present invention .
- the additive will typically contain a detergent , optionally together with other components as described above , and a diesel fuel-compatible diluent , which may be a carrier oil (e . g . a mineral oil ) , a polyether, which may be capped or uncapped, a non-polar solvent such as toluene, xylene, white spirits and those sold by Shell companies under the trade mark "SHELLSOL" .
- the total content of the additives may be suitably between 0 and 10000 ppmw and preferably below 5000 ppmw .
- amounts (concentrations , %v, ppmw, wt% ) of components are of active matter, i . e . exclusive of volatile solvents/diluent materials .
- the treatment according to the present invention may be applied before or after any additives are blended into the fuel composition, as appropriate .
- the present invention is particularly applicable where the fuel composition is used or intended to be used in a direct inj ection diesel engine, for example of the rotary pump, in-line pump, unit pump, electronic unit inj ector or common rail type, in an indirect inj ection diesel engine or in a homogeneous charge compression ignition engine .
- the fuel composition may be suitable for use in heavy and/or light duty diesel engines .
- boilers include standard boilers , low temperature boilers and condensing boilers , and are typically used for heating water for commercial or domestic applications such as space heating and water heating .
- hydrocarbons can be supplemented by oxygenates such as esters known for use in diesel fuel .
- the treatment with the metal adsorbing or absorbing material is effected with the hydrocarbons in the liquid phase, very conveniently at ambient temperature .
- the treatment may very conveniently be effected at atmospheric pressure .
- a particular hydrocarbon refinery component or combination/components of a fuel composition is at least predominantly responsible for the presence of metals to be removed, that component or combination of components may be treated with the metal adsorbing or absorbing material before blending with at least the other hydrocarbon refinery component to form the fuel composition, the fully pre-blended fuel composition may also be treated .
- Example 1 The fuels referred to in Example 1 were as set out in Table 1 :
- Fuel A was a market fuel from Hungary that is compliant with EN590 and which was used without any further treatment .
- Fuel B was Fuel A which had been treated by being passed through a clay column as described below .
- the metal content of Fuel A was determined using the following technique, ICP-MS (Inductively Coupled
- Plasma-Mass Spectrometry Said technique involves spraying the fuel containing the metals into a spray chamber to form a fine spray .
- the larger droplets are removed and 1 to 2% of the sample solution enters into the inductively coupled plasma .
- the plasma is produced in a quartz torch, via the interaction of an intense magnetic field and flowing argon .
- the plasma discharge has a high temperature, approximately 10000 0 C .
- ICP-MS the plasma is used to generate positively charged ions . Once the ions are produced in the plasma, they are directed into the mass spectrometer via the interface region from where the positive ions are focused down a quadruple mass spectrometer .
- the results ( in ppbw) are set out in Table 2 below .
- Fuel A at ambient temperature ( 20°C) was then poured into the column, to a depth of 25 to 30 cm above the clay .
- Flow rate was adj usted to 1 litre/hour, and the column was regularly topped up with fuel .
- a total volume of 50 litres was passed through the column.
- the first litre of permeate was discarded, and subsequently 5 litre samples ( Fuel B) were collected.
- the 2nd, 4th, ⁇ th, 8th and final samples ( Fuel B) were tested for metal content .
- the average values ( in ppbw) were as set out in Table 2 below :
- the levels of metals could be further reduced by the optimisation of the operating conditions of the process , passing the fuel through a second bed of solid, or by other means .
- the clay which was employed was Attapulgite , mesh size 30-60 ( 0.500 to 0.250 mm) , ex . Wilfrid Smith Limited (manufactured by Millwhite) .
- Other suitable clays include Fuller' s Earth, e . g . mesh size 30-60 , ex . Aldrich, and Sepiolite, e . g . grade 30-60 , ex . Steetly Bentonite & Absorbents Ltd . Emissions behaviour
- Fuels A and B were tested in the above vehicles in the sequence set out in Table 4 :
- Each test comprised a standard ECE + EUDC cycle (ECE 1505M lls 221 ) in which total hydrocarbons , NOx, CO, CO 2 and particulates were measured using a 2 + 2 + 1 bagging strategy .
- testing was conducted from lacquer-lined fuel cans and non-metallic fuel lines to each vehicle' s fuel pump . Samples of fuels were retained at the end of each emissions test and submitted for elemental analysis . This confirmed that trace metal contamination had not occurred during the course of testing .
- Example 2 The fuels referred to in Example 2 were as set out in Table 12 :
- Fuel C was a 275ppmw sulphur diesel fuel .
- Fuels D, E, F, and G were Fuel C which had been treated by being passed through DAMOLIN MOLER (diatomaceous earth ex . Damolin) , AMBERLITE XAD-7 (polymeric adsorbent ex . Aldrich) , polyethylene imine on silica gel (ex . Aldrich) , and AMBERLYST 15 ( ion-exchange resin, ex . Aldrich) , respectively, as described below . It can be seen that the density of Fuels C to G was essentially unchanged by the treatment . Metals content and filtration
- the metals content of Fuel C was determined using the technique described in Example 1 with respect to Fuel A.
- the results ( in ppbw) are set out in Table 13 below .
- Fuel C was then treated at ambient temperature ( 20°C) with the metal adsorbing or absorbing materials DAMOLIN MOLER, AMBERLITE XAD-7 , polyethylene imine on silica gel , and AMBERLYST 15 , to produce Fuels D to G respectively, as described below .
- Fuel D was obtained when Fuel C was treated in a column approximately Im high with a diameter of about 7.5cm and a tap at the bottom. Approximately 25Og of dry solid was loaded into the column, on top of a layer of glass wool . The solid filled the column to approximately 20cm above the tap . The fuel was passed once through the column with the first ⁇ 100ml being discarded .
- Fuels E, F, and G were obtained when Fuel C was treated in columns about 50cm high with a diameter of 2cm and a tap at the bottom. In each case, approximately 4Og of solid was loaded into the column, on top of a layer of glass wool . The solid filled the column to approximately 30cm above the tap . The fuels were passed once through the columns , with the first ⁇ 100ml being discarded .
- the levels of metals in the fuel may be reduced further by optimisation of the conditions of the process , or by passing the fuel through a second process of contact with metal adsorbing or absorbing material , or by alternative means . Further reductions in metal level may be desirable to achieve the optimum reduction in the formation of NOx and particulates during engine operation .
- the present invention provides a means for improving, i . e . reducing, emissions from a compression-ignition engine which comprises pre-treating with a metal adsorbing or absorbing material at least one hydrocarbon component of a fuel to be used in such an engine .
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Abstract
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Priority Applications (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AU2005318109A AU2005318109A1 (en) | 2004-12-23 | 2005-12-23 | Fuel compositions |
CA002591802A CA2591802A1 (en) | 2004-12-23 | 2005-12-23 | Fuel compositions |
EP05850497A EP1833948A1 (en) | 2004-12-23 | 2005-12-23 | Fuel compositions |
BRPI0519222-6A BRPI0519222A2 (en) | 2004-12-23 | 2005-12-23 | fuel composition, process for preparing it, method of operating a compression-ignition engine, and optionally particulate nox emission reduction method, of a compression-ignition engine, and, use in an ignition engine by compressing a fuel composition |
JP2007547546A JP2008525555A (en) | 2004-12-23 | 2005-12-23 | Fuel composition |
NO20073822A NO20073822L (en) | 2004-12-23 | 2007-07-20 | fuel Blends |
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EP04258093.6 | 2004-12-23 | ||
EP04258093 | 2004-12-23 | ||
EP05252267 | 2005-04-12 | ||
EP05252267.9 | 2005-04-12 |
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WO2006067233A1 true WO2006067233A1 (en) | 2006-06-29 |
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PCT/EP2005/057156 WO2006067233A1 (en) | 2004-12-23 | 2005-12-23 | Fuel compositions |
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US (1) | US20060163113A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1833948A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2008525555A (en) |
AR (1) | AR053425A1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU2005318109A1 (en) |
BR (1) | BRPI0519222A2 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2591802A1 (en) |
NO (1) | NO20073822L (en) |
WO (1) | WO2006067233A1 (en) |
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WO2011093736A1 (en) * | 2010-01-29 | 2011-08-04 | EVOenergy, LLC | Plasma reactor for gas to liquid fuel conversion |
US9393543B2 (en) | 2012-03-09 | 2016-07-19 | EVOenergy, LLC | Plasma chemical device for conversion of hydrocarbon gases to liquid fuel |
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- 2005-12-22 AR ARP050105477A patent/AR053425A1/en unknown
- 2005-12-23 AU AU2005318109A patent/AU2005318109A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2005-12-23 BR BRPI0519222-6A patent/BRPI0519222A2/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2005-12-23 JP JP2007547546A patent/JP2008525555A/en active Pending
- 2005-12-23 EP EP05850497A patent/EP1833948A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2005-12-23 WO PCT/EP2005/057156 patent/WO2006067233A1/en active Application Filing
- 2005-12-23 CA CA002591802A patent/CA2591802A1/en not_active Abandoned
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2007
- 2007-07-20 NO NO20073822A patent/NO20073822L/en not_active Application Discontinuation
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
AR053425A1 (en) | 2007-05-09 |
NO20073822L (en) | 2007-07-20 |
BRPI0519222A2 (en) | 2009-01-06 |
US20060163113A1 (en) | 2006-07-27 |
CA2591802A1 (en) | 2006-06-29 |
JP2008525555A (en) | 2008-07-17 |
EP1833948A1 (en) | 2007-09-19 |
AU2005318109A1 (en) | 2006-06-29 |
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