WO2006028152A1 - 遺伝子コピーの解析方法及び装置 - Google Patents
遺伝子コピーの解析方法及び装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2006028152A1 WO2006028152A1 PCT/JP2005/016451 JP2005016451W WO2006028152A1 WO 2006028152 A1 WO2006028152 A1 WO 2006028152A1 JP 2005016451 W JP2005016451 W JP 2005016451W WO 2006028152 A1 WO2006028152 A1 WO 2006028152A1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G16—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATION FIELDS
- G16B—BIOINFORMATICS, i.e. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR GENETIC OR PROTEIN-RELATED DATA PROCESSING IN COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
- G16B20/00—ICT specially adapted for functional genomics or proteomics, e.g. genotype-phenotype associations
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- G—PHYSICS
- G16—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATION FIELDS
- G16B—BIOINFORMATICS, i.e. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR GENETIC OR PROTEIN-RELATED DATA PROCESSING IN COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
- G16B20/00—ICT specially adapted for functional genomics or proteomics, e.g. genotype-phenotype associations
- G16B20/10—Ploidy or copy number detection
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- G—PHYSICS
- G16—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATION FIELDS
- G16B—BIOINFORMATICS, i.e. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR GENETIC OR PROTEIN-RELATED DATA PROCESSING IN COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
- G16B20/00—ICT specially adapted for functional genomics or proteomics, e.g. genotype-phenotype associations
- G16B20/20—Allele or variant detection, e.g. single nucleotide polymorphism [SNP] detection
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method and apparatus for analyzing gene copies, and in particular, correction of measured values of genomic DNA amount and genomic DNA amount ratio of chromosomes of cells, identification of gene copy number of chromosomes, and haplotypes by the correction and detection methods.
- This technology is related to the identification and identification of chromosomal gene defects and abnormal amplification results that are easy to understand visually. Background art
- Non-Patent Document 1 Non-Patent Document 2
- Non-Patent Document 3 Non-Patent Document 4
- the amount of genomic DNA on a chromosome refers to the amount of genomic DNA at a specific site in the chromosomal gene and depends on the number of gene copies. In normal cells, genomic DNA usually has two copies of alleles derived from the parent, and there are 2 copies in total. In diseases such as cancer, the number of gene copies is increased or decreased in the genome.
- Non-Patent Document 5 Non-Patent Document 6
- Non-patent Document 7 a method using a genome typing microarray using oligonucleotide has been reported.
- Non-Patent Document 1 Ishkanian, A.S. et al Nat Genet, 36, 299-303 (2004)
- Non-Patent Document 2 Pinkel, D. et al. Nature Genetic 20, 207-211 (1998)
- Non-Patent Document 3 Pollack, J.R. et al Nature Genetic 23, 41-46 (1999)
- Non-Patent Document 4 Lucito, R. et al. Genome Research 13, 2291-2305 (2003)
- Non-Patent Document 5 Robinson, W.P. Bioessays. 22, 452-9 (2000)
- Non-Patent Document 6 Murthy, S.K.Mod Pathol. 15, 1241-50 (2002)
- Non-Patent Document 7 Bignell, G.R. et al. Genome Resesrch 14, 287-295 (2004)
- Non-Patent Document 8 Kennedy, G.C.Nature Biotechnology 21, 1233-7 (2003)
- the present invention was created in view of the above background art, and it is intended to correct the measurement values related to the genomic DNA amount of a chromosome and the genomic DNA amount ratio by a suitable method, thereby improving the accuracy thereof.
- the objective is to provide technologies that contribute to the analysis of gene copy number, such as identification of genomic DNA amount and gene copy number for each allele, and identification of haplotypes.
- the present inventor As a result of diligent research to solve the above-mentioned problems, the present inventor, as a factor that makes the measurement result unstable due to the method of measuring the genomic DNA amount of a chromosome using a microarray or the like, We found specific experimental conditions such as DNA extraction conditions, chromosomal gene amplification, hybridization of amplified PCR products to probes on the array, and fluorescence signal scanning. . By correcting for these experimental conditions, we completed a correction method for measuring the amount of genomic DNA on a chromosome. We also found that the measurement results can be converted into chromosome gene copy number by correcting the genomic DNA content of the chromosome. The present invention has been completed based on this knowledge. That is, the present invention is as follows.
- the invention according to claim 1 is characterized in that, in the gene copy analysis method, the genomic DNA amount of chromosome (hereinafter referred to as genomic DNA amount), or the genomic DNA amount of chromosomes of two different or identical cells.
- genomic DNA amount ratio A method for correcting any one of the ratios (hereinafter referred to as the genomic DNA amount ratio) (hereinafter referred to as the measured value) is provided.
- the correction tendency value calculating means performs a measurement value of the genome amount or the genome amount ratio for each correction parameter value, or A correction tendency value calculation step of calculating a correction tendency value related to a predetermined parameter relating to the measurement value by plotting a value obtained by performing predetermined arithmetic processing on the measurement value in the coordinate system and smoothing the plotted value. And a correction factor calculation step of calculating a correction factor from the correction tendency value by the correction factor calculation means, and a measurement value correction calculation step of correcting the measurement value by the correction factor by the measurement value correction calculation means.
- the value obtained by subjecting the measured value to a predetermined calculation process is a factor other than a factor that makes the measurement result unstable, for example, a difference in the measured value due to a difference in the measured value force gene copy number. It means the value obtained by removing the element.
- the treatment includes, for example, calculating a regional signal ratio or copy number estimate in the chromosome and thus dividing the signal ratio in the individual probes.
- the measurement value is a genomic DNA amount or a genomic DNA amount ratio measured using a probe complementary to genomic DNA (hereinafter referred to as a probe)
- a correction factor for each correction reference value is calculated.
- the correction reference value refers to each correction parameter value corresponding to an arbitrary probe among the correction parameter values, and the correction tendency value force at the correction reference value can also calculate a correction factor.
- the correction factor is a value for correcting the data of the measured genomic DNA amount.
- the invention according to claim 3 is a measurement value for the length of each gene fragment obtained by cleaving a chromosomal gene with a specific restriction enzyme in the correction tendency value calculating step in the gene copy analysis method, or A value obtained by performing a predetermined calculation process on the measured value is plotted against each correction parameter value in the coordinate system, and the correction tendency value related to the length of the gene fragment is calculated by smoothing the plotted value. It is characterized by
- the invention according to claim 4 is characterized in that, in the correction tendency value calculating step in the gene copy analysis method, the G and C bases contained in each gene fragment obtained by cleaving a chromosomal gene with a specific restriction enzyme. By plotting the measured value for the ratio or the value obtained by performing a predetermined calculation process on the measured value against each correction parameter value in the coordinate system and smoothing the plot value, the GC base content can be obtained. The correction tendency value is calculated.
- each genetic fragment obtained by cleaving a chromosomal gene with a specific restriction enzyme is consecutive 20 Ratio of G and C bases contained in the gene fragment corresponding to the fixed frame obtained by moving a fixed frame having a specific length selected from the range of base to 220 bases from the end of the gene for each base.
- the fixed frame It is characterized by calculating a correction tendency value related to the content of GC bases.
- the ratio of G and C bases in the probe base sequence or the hybridization 'free energy' By plotting the measured value or a value obtained by performing predetermined arithmetic processing on the measured value with respect to each correction parameter value in the coordinate system, and smoothing the plotted value, it is related to the hybridization.
- the correction tendency value is calculated.
- an area having a wide position on the genome of the probe preferably a peripheral region 2000 is preferable. Plot the measured value against the ratio of G and C bases in the base sequence in the region of 1000000 bases from the base, or the value obtained by performing a predetermined calculation process on the measured value in the coordinate system, and smooth the plotted value
- the correction tendency value related to the GC base content in the genome sequence around the probe is calculated.
- the invention according to claim 8 is the gene copy analysis method, wherein in the correction tendency value calculating step, a probe set complementary to a completely complementary genomic DNA for detecting a specific site of each chromosome. By plotting the measured value for the intermediate value of the signal intensity or the value obtained by performing a predetermined calculation process on the measured value for each correction parameter value in the coordinate system, and smoothing the plotted value, A correction tendency value related to the signal intensity of the control sample is calculated.
- the invention according to claim 9 is characterized in that, in the gene copy analysis method, the correction tendency value calculating step obtains an average curve of each plot using a least mean square method, and a polynomial is obtained for the average curve. It includes the step of calculating each correction tendency value by approximating with
- the invention according to claim 10 is characterized in that the correction factor calculation step in the gene copy analysis method calculates the correction factor in each probe corresponding to each correction tendency value based on the following equation:
- the method includes a step to be calculated.
- the above polynomial is an arbitrary number of terms greater than or equal to the force first order term (B X) described up to the third order term
- Non-Patent Document 9 Schwarz, G. The Annals of Statistics 6, 461-464 (1993)
- the invention according to claim 11 is the gene copy analysis method, wherein the gene of the chromosome
- the copy number identification method uses the correction calculation result values of the measurement values according to claims 1 to 10, and plots the correction calculation result values for the chromosome positions arranged in physical order in the coordinate system by the plotting means.
- the present invention provides a method for analyzing gene copies characterized by identifying copy numbers.
- the method for displaying the result of identifying the gene copy number of a chromosome in the gene copy analysis method is that the image processing means uses the first chromosome to the 22nd chromosome, the X chromosome.
- the region where the number of chromosome gene copies is increased or decreased is associated with the reproduced image. And visually displaying that the gene copy number increases and decreases in the region.
- the invention according to claim 13 is a method for identifying a haplotype in the method for analyzing a gene copy.
- the plot means uses the correction calculation result value of the measured value according to claims 1 to 10, the plot means performs physical processing.
- the extraction means extracts the data shown in a staircase pattern, and the haptic type identification means determines that the correction calculation result values are It is characterized by identifying a haplotype including a step of identifying a position of two or more consecutive chromosomes belonging to the same rank as a nodule protype.
- the method for displaying the result of identifying the haplotype in the gene copy analysis method is that the first chromosome force chromosome 22, the X chromosome and the Y chromosome are all displayed by the image processing means.
- a reproduction image having a chromosome shape is displayed on the image display means, and the specific haplotype is visually displayed on the reproduction image by associating the region where the specific haplotype exists. It is characterized by displaying what exists.
- the invention according to claim 15 is a measurement value measurement method in the gene copy analysis method.
- the probe is a genome typing microarray that can discriminate SNPs, and is characterized by measuring the amount of genomic DNA of a chromosome for each chromosome allele.
- the invention according to claim 16 is the genomic DNA amount measured by amplifying the measured force gene in the gene copy analysis method, wherein a plurality of parameters are calculated in the correction factor calculation step. If there is a correction tendency value related to the above, the correction factor is calculated by adding them together.
- the present invention can also provide an apparatus for analyzing gene copies. That is, the invention according to claim 17 is an apparatus for analyzing gene copies, which is one of values of a genomic DNA amount of a chromosome or a ratio of genomic DNA amounts of chromosomes of two different or identical cells (hereinafter referred to as a value). (Hereinafter referred to as “measured value”), the input means for inputting the measurement result, and the measured value or a value obtained by subjecting the measured value to a predetermined calculation process are plotted in a coordinate system, and the plotted value is smoothed.
- a value a ratio of genomic DNA amounts of chromosomes of two different or identical cells
- a correction tendency value calculating means for calculating a correction tendency value related to a predetermined parameter, a correction factor calculation means for calculating a correction factor from the correction tendency value, and a measurement for correcting the measurement value with the correction factor.
- the measurement value is corrected by providing a value correction calculation means.
- a method for correcting a measurement result in a method for analyzing gene copies particularly a method for measuring the genomic DNA amount of a chromosome using a microarray or the like, and detecting the gene copy number of a chromosome from the measurement result after the correction process
- Methods and methods for displaying chromosomal gene deletions or abnormal amplifications in a visually comprehensible manner are provided.
- the correction method according to the present invention shows that the bias of the measurement result of the genomic DNA amount of the chromosome using a microarray or the like is remarkably reduced and the stability of the measurement result is increased.
- FIG. 1 A processing diagram of correction of measured values in a gene copy analysis method according to the present invention.
- (2) A configuration diagram of a gene copy analysis apparatus according to the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a graph showing the ratio of signal intensity to the length of gene fragment (down syndrome chromosomal genomic DNA amount / normal chromosomal genomic DNA amount).
- FIG. 4 is a graph showing the ratio of signal intensity to the length of a gene fragment (the amount of genomic DNA in the chromosome of the same H1437 cell).
- FIG. 5 is a graph showing the relationship between the GC content contained in a gene fragment and the signal intensity ratio (down syndrome chromosomal genomic DNA amount / normal chromosomal genomic DNA amount).
- FIG. 6 is a graph showing the relationship between the GC content contained in a gene fragment and the signal intensity ratio (the amount of genomic DNA in the same H1437 cell chromosome).
- FIG. 7 is a graph showing the ratio of signal intensity to the CG content in a specific region of a gene fragment (down syndrome chromosomal genomic DNA amount / normal chromosomal genomic DNA amount).
- FIG. 8 is a graph showing the signal intensity ratio (the amount of genomic DNA of the chromosome of the same H 1437 cell) relative to the CG content in a specific region of a gene fragment.
- FIG. 9 is a graph showing the ratio of signal intensity to the hybridization 'free energy (Kcal / mol) possessed by the probe gene sequence itself (chromosomal genomic DNA amount of Down syndrome / normal chromosomal genomic DNA amount). .
- FIG. 10 is a graph showing the signal intensity ratio (the amount of genomic DNA in the chromosome of the same H1437 cell) relative to the hybridization free energy (Kcal / mol) of the probe gene sequence itself.
- FIG. 11 is a graph showing the signal intensity ratio (the amount of chromosomal genomic DNA of hepatoma cells / the amount of chromosomal genomic DNA of normal peripheral blood cells) relative to the GC base content of the genomic region of 40000 bases around the probe.
- FIG. 12 Signal intensity ratio (log scaled) signal intensity ratio of the Prefect Match (PM) probe set signal intensity (log scaled) / down chromosome chromosome DNA amount / normal chromosome genomic DNA It is a graph which shows quantity.
- FIG. 14 is a graph obtained by processing the graph shown in FIG. 12 by the correction method of the present application.
- FIG. 15 is a graph showing the results of genomic DNA amount analysis and gene copy number analysis (Allelic dosage an analysis) according to chromosome alleles.
- FIG. 16 is a graph showing the results of analyzing the amount of genomic DNA and the number of gene copies for each allele in the entire genome.
- FIG. 17 is a diagram showing display of chromosomal gene deletion and abnormal amplification by the display method of the present invention.
- FIG. 18 is a graph showing the signal intensity ratio (chromosomal genomic DNA amount of the same H1437 cell) for each chromosome position before correction in the present application.
- FIG. 19 is a graph obtained by processing the graph shown in FIG. 17 by the correction method of the present application.
- FIG. 20 is a graph showing a comparison between the results of the correction method of the present invention and the results of a CGH array spotted with BAC.
- FIG. 21 is a graph showing a comparison of the results of the correction method of the present application and the results of the CGH array spotted with BAC for each chromosome position.
- FIG. 22 is a graph showing the signal intensity ratios of chromosome genes of cancer cells and normal cells on chromosomes 8 and 9p.
- FIG. 1 is a processing diagram of a method for correcting the ratio of the genomic DNA content of a chromosome or the genomic DNA content of chromosomes of two different or identical cells in the gene copy analysis method according to the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a block diagram of the gene copy analyzing apparatus (1) according to the present invention.
- This device (1) is a general-purpose personal computer It consists of a memory (3) that operates in conjunction with a central processing unit (CPU) (2), a hard disk (4), a display device (5) with a display screen, and so on.
- CPU central processing unit
- the amount of genomic DNA to be input to this device (1) is measured.
- the measurement of the amount of genomic DNA in a chromosome using a microarray will be explained.
- a chromosomal gene is extracted from an arbitrary cell or tissue.
- the chromosomal gene is extracted by treating the cell extract with a proteolytic enzyme to degrade intracellular proteins and chromosomal components, followed by phenol / chloroform treatment to separate the proteins. And taking out a part (part containing DNA) in the water layer.
- the extracted chromosomal gene is cleaved with an arbitrary restriction enzyme.
- the method of treating the restriction enzyme is not particularly limited, but here, the chromosomal gene was cleaved with the restriction enzyme Xbal.
- an adapter molecule is bound to each of the gene fragments (fragments) cleaved with the restriction enzyme Xbal.
- the adapter molecule is an oligonucleotide containing a restriction enzyme cleavage site and further having an arbitrary gene sequence. Ligation reaction of this adapter molecule and gene fragment is performed, and the adapter molecule is bound to the gene fragment.
- the gene is then amplified by PCR using specific primers corresponding to the adapter molecule.
- Gene fragments amplified by PCR reaction correspond to genes up to about 20% of total genomic DNA.
- the amount of gene fragment amplified by the PCR method varies depending on the number of gene copies of genomic DNA. If the number of gene copies of genomic DNA grown by PCR is large, the amount of gene fragments amplified accordingly increases.
- fluorescent labeling is performed on the gene fragment amplified by PCR.
- the fluorescent substance used for the fluorescent label is not particularly limited, and examples include labeling with a radioactive substance instead of the fluorescent label.
- Oligonucleotide microarrays are particularly limited in type I can't.
- an array capable of genome typing it is possible to detect chromosomal gene defects and abnormal amplification separately for each chromosome array.
- a specific allele is derived from a paternal or maternal
- By quantitatively measuring the signal intensity for each probe the amount of genomic DNA in the gene region corresponding to the specific probe can be detected.
- RT-PCR method and LAMP method can be used to amplify a specific gene and quantitatively measure the amount of this gene product to measure the amount of genomic DNA on the chromosome. In this case, the step of hybridization with the probe described below is not required.
- the measured value may be the amount of genomic DNA, or the ratio of genomic DNA amounts of two different or identical cell chromosomes (genomic DNA amount ratio)! /.
- the genomic DNA content ratio is also measured by the same method as above.
- the present invention can be similarly applied to the genomic DNA amount, which is described mainly with respect to the genomic DNA amount ratio.
- the present invention is a correction method for reducing the bias in the raw data (primary data) of the obtained measurement value by using a correction factor obtained by calculating the bias tendency generated in the measurement process for determining the amount of chromosomal genomic DNA.
- the correction method uses various measurement conditions or measurement results in the measurement step for determining the genomic DNA amount or genomic DNA amount ratio of a chromosome. Correction is performed with the data value for each probe for each chromosome position.
- the primary data consists of a component that truly reflects the amount of genomic DNA of the chromosome and a noise component that is affected by the measurement conditions such as the PCR process.
- This correction method is characterized by removing this noise component. To do.
- the removal of the noise component includes dividing the primary data by the “correction factor” calculated from the “correction reference value” and the “correction tendency value”, or subtracting the “noise component” from the primary data.
- correction factor and the noise component are “correction” related to the six correction parameters described below.
- the calculation may be performed using all or a part of the “reference value” and the “correction tendency value”.
- “Correction tendency value” refers to a correction tendency value related to a predetermined parameter relating to a measurement value of genomic DNA, and coordinates a measurement value in each correction parameter or a value obtained by performing a predetermined calculation process on the measurement value. Plotting into the system, smoothing from the plot value to the average curve, and obtaining from the coefficient of the average curve. It is desirable to obtain the “correction tendency value” from multiple probes that can measure as many chromosomal sites as possible (see Figure 3).
- the "correction reference value” refers to each correction parameter value corresponding to an arbitrary probe among the correction parameter values, and the correction tendency value force at the correction reference value can also calculate a correction factor.
- the “correction factor” is a value for correcting the data of the measured genomic DNA amount, and is a value corresponding to each probe that can calculate one or more correction parameters.
- the correction tendency value is obtained by smoothing the first-order data into the same curve using a least square method or another known method for obtaining an averaged curve, and the curve is set to an arbitrary function (polynomial ( When smoothing to the averaging curve, it can be obtained by excluding the outliers of the primary data (particularly away from the averaging curve compared to other primary data). Oh ,.
- the "correction parameters" that cause the noise are the following six.
- the bias means that the measurement value becomes unstable by causing “variation” or “fluctuation” in the measurement value.
- the first parameter is the length of the gene fragment cut with the restriction enzyme.
- the length of the gene fragment cleaved at that time is first cleaved with the restriction enzyme Xbal after cell chromosomes are extracted and purified.
- Xbal was mentioned as a typical restriction enzyme, but the type of restriction enzyme such as Baml and Xhol is not limited. This parameter is expected to cause a bias in the process of amplifying the gene by PCR.
- FIG. 3 or FIG. 4 are graphs showing the ratio of the signal intensity to the length of the gene fragment.
- a gene fragment is a gene fragment obtained by cleaving a chromosomal gene with the restriction enzyme Xbal.
- the vertical axis in Fig. 3 shows the signal intensity ratio, which is the ratio of the gene amplification amount of the chromosome of Down syndrome with the gene amplification amount of the chromosome of healthy Z.
- the horizontal axis indicates the length of the gene fragment.
- Figure 4 uses the same H1437 cell line. The measured value compared the data which experimented the same cell separately.
- the signal intensity ratio is the amount of gene amplification of H1437 cells and the amount of gene amplification of ZH1437 cells.
- the horizontal axis shows the length of the gene fragment cut with the restriction enzyme, and the vertical axis shows the signal intensity ratio.
- Each plot value force in the coordinate system of Fig. 3 or Fig. 4 may be obtained by smoothing to an average curve and obtaining from the coefficient of the average curve related to the length of the gene fragment.
- the “correction reference value” here refers to the length of each gene fragment on the horizontal axis, and correction factor data relating to an arbitrary gene fragment can be derived from the correction reference value and the correction tendency value.
- the bias due to the length of the gene fragment may be a fixed bias value, a correction factor may be a fixed value, or the bias value may vary from experiment to experiment. The value may be determined by measurement.
- the bias is a force that is not completely dependent on the length of the gene fragment, but is also considered to include a bias due to other reasons.
- the second parameter is the ratio (%) of the GC base pair content contained in the gene fragment cleaved with the restriction enzyme.
- the number of bases of the gene fragment cleaved with the restriction enzyme referred to in the first parameter is divided by the number of GC base pair pairs contained in the gene fragment and multiplied by 100. Since the gene fragment is double-stranded, paying attention to either gene chain, the number of bases G (guanine) and base C (cytosine) may be calculated, or conversely, base A (adenine) And calculate the number of bases T (thymine) and subtract the number of bases of AC from the number of bases of the entire gene fragment.
- FIG. 5 is a graph showing the relationship between GC content and signal intensity ratio in gene fragments cleaved with the restriction enzyme Xbal.
- the signal intensity ratio is the amount of gene amplification of the chromosome of Down syndrome.
- FIG. 6 is a graph showing the genomic DNA content of the chromosome of the same H1437 cell. The measured value was obtained by comparing data obtained by experimenting the same cell separately. Signal strength The degree ratio is the amount of gene amplification of H1437 cells and the amount of gene amplification of ZH1437 cells.
- the horizontal axis shows part of the probe relative to the chromosome position, and the vertical axis shows the signal intensity ratio
- the plotting values in the coordinate systems of Figs. 5 and 6 may be smoothed into an averaging curve, and obtained from the coefficient of the averaging curve related to the GC content.
- the “correction reference value” here refers to the GC content of the gene fragment, and correction factor data with an arbitrary GC content can be derived from the correction reference value and the correction tendency value.
- the first and second parameters are expected to cause a bias in the process of amplifying genes by PCR.
- the bias based on the ratio of the GC base pair content contained in the gene fragment may have a fixed bias value, the correction factor may be a fixed value, and the bias value may vary from measurement to measurement. Alternatively, it may be determined by measuring the bias value. This is because the bias depends on the ratio of the GC base pair content, and it is considered that a bias due to other reasons is included.
- Non-Patent Document 10 http://genome.ucsc.edu/
- the third parameter is the ratio (%) of GC base pair content in a specific region.
- the specific region refers to a continuous region of 100 bp (base pair) having the highest GC base pair content ratio among gene fragments cleaved with a restriction enzyme.
- the ratio of GC base pair content in a specific region (%) means that the lOObp fixed frame is shifted by one base from the end of the same gene fragment with respect to the gene of any restriction enzyme fragment, and is included in that Calculate the GC base pair content (%) in the specific region with the highest GC base pair content.
- the calculation method is obtained by the method described in the second parameter.
- the specific region may be the number of bases in the range of 20 bp to 220 bp, not necessarily limited to 100 bp. This factor is expected to create a bias in the process of amplifying genes by PCR. (Figs. 7 and 8).
- FIG. 7 is a graph showing the signal intensity ratio with respect to the CG content in a specific region of a gene fragment.
- the vertical axis shows the signal intensity ratio, which is the amount of gene amplification of the chromosome of Down syndrome.
- the horizontal axis shows the maximum GC content in lOObp in a specific region as a percentage for the same fragment. Random data can be seen in the region where the GC content is higher than the region indicated by the arrow. Such a region showing the random signal intensity ratio may be excluded in the process of data acquisition.
- FIG. 8 was obtained by comparing data obtained by separately experimenting with the same cells (H1437 cells).
- the vertical axis indicates the signal intensity ratio as in FIG. 7, and is the gene amplification amount of H1437 cells and the gene amplification amount of ZH1437 cells.
- the horizontal axis shows the GC content in a specific area as a percentage, as in Fig. 7.
- Each plot value force in the coordinate system of Fig. 7 or 8 can be smoothed to obtain an average curve coefficient related to the GC content in a specific region.
- the “correction reference value” here refers to the GC content in a specific region, and correction factor data at an arbitrary GC content can be derived from the correction reference value and the correction tendency value.
- the noise based on the ratio of GC base pair content contained in a specific region may be a fixed bias value, a correction factor may be a fixed value, or the bias value may vary from experiment to experiment.
- the bias value may be measured and determined. Here, it is considered that the bias does not depend on the ratio of the GC base pair content, but includes a slight reason for other reasons.
- the portion (6) with a high GC base-to-content ratio (6) may be excluded because the measured value is also far away from the approximate curve force ( Figure 7).
- the fourth parameter is the hybridization 'free energy (Kcal / mol) of the probe base sequence itself.
- the method for calculating the hybridization “free energy” is not particularly limited, but is calculated using OligoScreen TM here. Alternatively, the hybridization “free energy” may be calculated using a calculation method using the GC base content as an index. Hybridization 'free energy is expected to create a bias in the process of hybridization and washing of genes complementary to the probe. [0057] Fig. 9 and Fig. 10 are given as examples showing this.
- FIG. 9 is a graph showing the signal intensity ratio relative to the hybridization 'free energy (Kcal / mol) of the probe gene sequence itself. Signal intensity ratio is the amount of gene amplification of chromosomes of Down syndrome.
- the horizontal axis represents the hybridization 'free energy (Kcal / mol) of the probe gene sequence itself, and the vertical axis represents the signal intensity ratio.
- FIG. 10 was obtained by comparing data obtained by separately experimenting with the same cell (H1437 cell).
- the vertical axis represents the signal intensity ratio, and is the amount of gene amplification of H1437 cells.
- the horizontal axis represents the hybridization free energy (Kcal / mol) of the probe gene sequence itself.
- correction reference value refers to each hybridization 'free energy value, and correction factor data at an arbitrary hybridization' free energy value is calculated from the correction reference value and the correction tendency value. Can be derived.
- the fifth parameter is the ratio of G and C bases in the base sequence of the broad region of the probe genome, preferably in the region of the surrounding 2000 bases to 1000000 bases. Since the gene fragment is double-stranded, you can calculate the number of base G (guanine) and base C (cytosine) by paying attention to either gene chain! From the calculation of the number of (adenine) and base T (thymine), the number of bases of AC may be subtracted from the number of bases of the entire gene fragment.
- FIG. 11 shows an example showing this.
- FIG. 11 is a graph showing the relationship between the ratio of G and C bases in the base sequence of the 40000 base region around the probe and the signal intensity ratio.
- the signal intensity ratio is the gene amplification amount of chromosomes of normal peripheral blood cells.
- the horizontal axis shows the GC base content of the genomic region of 40000 bases around the probe, and the vertical axis shows the signal intensity ratio.
- Each plot value in the coordinate system of FIG. 11 is smoothed to an average curve, and obtained from the coefficient of the average curve related to the GC base content of the genomic region of 40000 bases around the probe.
- the “correction reference value” here is the GC content of the genomic region of 40000 bases around the probe !, 1 /, and the GC of the genomic region of 40000 bases around any probe from this correction reference value and correction tendency value. Correction factor data with base content can be derived.
- the fifth parameter is expected to in part cause a bias in the gene DNA extraction process and also to cause a copy number bias in the same cell due to the difference in the rate of DNA replication in a wide gene region.
- the bias due to the GC base content ratio of the 40000 base genomic region around the probe may be a fixed bias value, and the correction factor may be a fixed value. As it fluctuates, it may be determined by measuring a bias value individually. This bias depends on the ratio of the GC base content of the 40,000 base genomic region surrounding the probe, and it is considered that the noise for slightly other reasons is included.
- Non-Patent Document 11 Woodfine K. et al Cell Cycle 4, 172-6 (2005)
- the sixth parameter is an intermediate value (log scaled) of the signal intensity of the probe set of Prefect Match (PM).
- PM Prefect Match
- FIG. FIG. 12 is a graph showing the signal intensity with respect to the intermediate value of the signal intensity of the probe set which is Prefect Match (PM).
- the intermediate value is an intermediate value of signal intensities of a plurality of probes that detect a specific chromosomal site (specific SNP site).
- the vertical axis represents the signal intensity ratio, and is the amount of gene amplification of the chromosome of Down syndrome.
- the horizontal axis represents the intermediate value of the signal intensity of the probe set that is Prefect Match (PM).
- the primary data of a certain probe can be corrected using the correction factor of the probe, whereby the primary data can be corrected.
- this correction factor there are a method of dividing the primary data by the correction factor and a method of subtracting the primary data by the correction factor as described below.
- Multiple measurement steps refer to all or part of the six correction parameters described above.
- a polynomial of a cubic function and five of the above six correction factors, excluding the GC base content of the genomic region of 40000 bases around the probe in the above fifth parameter, are used as a total.
- the correction factors expected bias values for the five correction requirements ⁇ Expected data
- the polynomial may be obtained by a function of another order such as a linear function.
- Equation 1 the correction values 1 to 5 take the following values.
- B, C, and D indicate the coefficients of the cubic function, and A indicates the intercept of the function.
- XI is the length (bp) of the gene fragment cleaved with Xbal
- X2 is the ratio of GC base pair content (%) in the gene fragment cleaved with the above restriction enzyme, where high GC content The area showing the quantity may be smoothed into a curve, excluding the data.
- X3 is the ratio (%) of GC base pair content in a specific region
- X4 is the hybridization 'free energy (Kcal / mol) of the probe gene sequence itself.
- X5 is the intermediate value (log scaled) of the signal intensity of the Prefect Match (PM) probe set. This means the signal intensity of the control sample, and is the intermediate value of the signal intensity of multiple probes that detect specific chromosomal sites (specific SNP sites). This intermediate value may be determined after eliminating the highest and lowest values.
- PM Prefect Match
- XI, X2, X3, and X4 are forces that take fixed values.
- X5, A, B, C, and D are values that vary from measurement to measurement. It is desirable to calculate each measurement individually. However, values other than X5 may be fixed for each probe.
- FIGS. 13 and 14 show the measurement values and the correction results according to the present invention.
- FIG. 13 is a graph showing the ratio of the signal intensity before correction of the present application with respect to the chromosome of a healthy person having the Dunn syndrome chromosome.
- the signal intensity ratio is the gene amplification amount of the chromosome of Down syndrome.
- An array of probe sets capable of 10K mapping was used in the order of each physical gene position centered on chromosome 21.
- the vertical axis shows the signal intensity ratio before correction, and the horizontal axis shows the physical gene position around chromosome 21! /.
- FIG. 14 is a graph obtained by processing the graph shown in FIG. 13 by the correction method of the present application. This correction process has shown that signal intensity ratio data variability and fluctuations are significantly reduced, and that the signal intensity ratio is clearly increased in chromosome 21 of Down syndrome patients. (Area indicated by an arrow).
- the signal intensity ratio is the amount of gene amplification of chromosomes of Down syndrome.
- the vertical axis shows the signal intensity ratio, and the horizontal axis shows the physical gene position around chromosome 21.
- a method for obtaining an absolute value of the number of gene copies of a chromosome by adding a specific step to the correction method of the present invention is provided.
- the intensity ratio of genomic DNA amount is corrected by the correction method of the present invention, the bias of the measurement value is reduced, and the measurement value is clearly stepped. It is shown.
- the average value of the minimum signal intensity ratios is set to “0” among the stepwise continuous measurement values, it can be converted into the absolute value of the signal intensity ratio and the gene copy number in each chromosomal region.
- FIG. 15 is a graph showing the results of analysis of genomic DNA amount and gene copy number analysis by allele (Allelic dosage analysis). The figure shows the amount of gene amplification of chromosomes of cancer patients for each probe. By defining the minimum signal intensity ratio for V or any of the alleles as “0” for the number of gene copies per cell, the absolute number of gene copies in each chromosomal region can be calculated.
- the vertical axis (left side) represents the signal intensity ratio
- the vertical axis (right side) represents the absolute value of the gene copy number per cell defined in the present invention. Alleles with high gene copy numbers are indicated by bold lines (7), and alleles with low gene copy numbers are indicated by thin lines (8).
- FIG. 16 is a graph showing the results of analyzing the amount of genomic DNA for each allele in the entire genome under the same conditions as in FIG. This graph shows the signal intensity ratio for each allele. By defining the minimum signal intensity ratio in any allele as “0” for the number of gene copies per cell, the absolute number of gene copies in each chromosomal region can be calculated.
- the vertical axis (left side) represents the signal intensity ratio, and the vertical axis (right side) represents the absolute value of the gene copy number per cell defined in the present invention.
- the horizontal axis shows the physical gene position of the whole genome in order. Alleles with high gene copy numbers are indicated by bold lines (7), and alleles with low gene copy numbers are indicated by thin lines (8). The LOH on the X chromosome is clearly shown in one allele (arrow).
- Sarako can also be used in a method for detecting a haplotype of a chromosome.
- the haplotype is the ability of chromosomal genes to be inherited in an appropriate block unit when inherited from a parent.
- This haplotype generally contains multiple SNPs.
- the haplotype of the chromosome can be detected by using a microarray as a genome typing microarray that enables measurement for each allele. This is because in the microarray, probes having one SNP are usually arranged on the array and have the smallest haplotype components. In addition, highly reliable detection can be performed by processing the measured values using the correction method of the present invention.
- the continuous region (9) in which the two alleles differ in the signal intensity ratio shown in FIG. 15 is predicted to indicate the haplotype of the gene.
- the horizontal axis shows the physical gene position of the chromosomal gene.
- the vertical axis represents the signal intensity ratio.
- the number of chromosome gene copies for each chromosome position can be determined.
- the display method is as follows.
- the vertical axis represents the genomic DNA amount (signal intensity ratio) or the gene copy number
- the horizontal axis represents the probe corresponding to the chromosome position (Locus). Is generally expressed in the physical order of chromosomes.
- the long chromosome shown in Figure 17 represents chromosome 4, and the short chromosome represents chromosome 18.
- haplotypes on chromosomes can also be detected by the present invention.
- This haplotype display can also be shown by a graph of gene copy number, but the chromosome 1 also has a chromosome 1 force depending on the shape of the chromosome, such as its length.
- a method of displaying all or a part of the information on a screen, etc., associating the regions for each haplotype of the chromosome and coloring them differently for each region, so as to convey it to a third party as spatial information. can be mentioned.
- chromosome 21 which is a gene responsible for Down syndrome. It is known that chromosome 21 of Down syndrome patients has an increased number of genetic copies compared to that of healthy individuals!
- FIG. 13 shows the ratio of the signal intensity for each probe in the Down syndrome patient divided by the signal intensity in the healthy person obtained by calculating the signal intensity for each probe on the array using the method described above for the genomes of healthy individuals and Down syndrome patients. Is calculated.
- the force representing the signal intensity ratio that depends on the number of gene copies of the chromosome for each specific part of the chromosome has a lot of signal noise, so the signal intensity ratio does not necessarily correspond to the number of gene copies of the chromosome. It depends on the data.
- Figures 18 and 19 show that the median value and its SD value are 1.00 ⁇ 0.08 and 1.00 ⁇ 0.06, respectively, and that the signal intensity remains unchanged and only the variation in the data is reduced.
- Experimental example 3 is detection of gene copy number in cancer cells. That is, the correction method of the present invention was applied to obtain the genomic DNA amount and gene copy number of cancer cells. Using the H1395 lung cancer cell line and chromosomes obtained from normal cells, the cells were measured for the amount of genomic DNA of all chromosomal genes.
- FIG. 22 shows the signal intensity ratio of the chromosomal genes of cancer cells and normal cells on chromosomes 8 and 9p.
- the signal intensity ratio is the gene amplification amount of chromosomes of cancer patients. In other words, it represents the ratio of the amount of genomic DNA.
- the left arrow 8q24 indicates the site where amplification of the c-myc oncogene is observed, and the right arrow indicates the unknown genomic growth region.
- the scale on the right side of the vertical axis shows the result of calculating the gene copy number. (See Figure 16)
- the gene is defective or abnormally amplified in a specific chromosomal region.
- the number of gene copies present can be indicated.
- it can be applied to a method for diagnosing cancer and other genetic diseases, and a disease-related gene can be identified by specifying the gene copy number of a diseased cell.
- determining the genomic DNA amount of a chromosome for each allele it is possible to identify the abnormal force of the gene copy number of the chromosome, the force originating from either the paternal or the maternal ( Figures 15, 16, and 22).
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