WO2006026970A1 - Procede et systeme de determination de l'authenticite des caracteristiques individuelles typiques d'objets de test - Google Patents

Procede et systeme de determination de l'authenticite des caracteristiques individuelles typiques d'objets de test Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2006026970A1
WO2006026970A1 PCT/DE2005/001563 DE2005001563W WO2006026970A1 WO 2006026970 A1 WO2006026970 A1 WO 2006026970A1 DE 2005001563 W DE2005001563 W DE 2005001563W WO 2006026970 A1 WO2006026970 A1 WO 2006026970A1
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Prior art keywords
parameters
test object
skin
evaluation
evaluated
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PCT/DE2005/001563
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German (de)
English (en)
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Frank Bechtold
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Frank Bechtold
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Priority to DE112005002199T priority Critical patent/DE112005002199A5/de
Publication of WO2006026970A1 publication Critical patent/WO2006026970A1/fr

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06V—IMAGE OR VIDEO RECOGNITION OR UNDERSTANDING
    • G06V40/00—Recognition of biometric, human-related or animal-related patterns in image or video data
    • G06V40/10—Human or animal bodies, e.g. vehicle occupants or pedestrians; Body parts, e.g. hands
    • G06V40/12—Fingerprints or palmprints
    • G06V40/13—Sensors therefor

Definitions

  • the invention relates to methods and a system for determining the authenticity of the individual-typical features of test objects, in particular in the identification of persons based on individual-typical features of the fingertips
  • a serious disadvantage of the current fingerprint recognition systems is that they can not distinguish between a "true" finger or a manipulated replica, since in most cases only the relief of the skin band structure is measured and evaluated.
  • a live recognition is performed to prevent manipulation or misuse Liver detection is usually based on the evaluation or existence of physiological parameters (non-specific biomet ⁇ c parameters) of the test person Physiological parameters such as oxygen content, pulse rate of the blood or skin temperature are often used Parameters
  • physiological parameters are measured by potential Attackers can be unnoticed at a distance and / or estimated Physiological parameters such as oxygen content, pulse rate of the blood or skin temperature are easily estimable and therefore m
  • EP 0 752 143 B1 discloses a method which is intended to identify persons on the basis of individual characteristics and physiological parameters, on the one hand a conventional identification system for identifying the fingerprint and, on the other hand, an additional sensor for measuring physiological parameters, e.g. Pulse rate or oxygen saturation of the blood, is used.
  • a person should be considered identified or authenticated if an individual-typical trait and physiological parameters, taken individually, apply.
  • the disadvantage of this method is that the two comparison procedures run without feedback and independently, and thus both procedures can be simulatively bypassed by simulations if appropriate manipulations are used for both procedures.
  • physiological parameters are widely affected by physical or mental factors, e.g. physical stress or excitement, can fluctuate.
  • the separate measurement and evaluation of physiological parameters can therefore improve the identification procedure with regard to the reliability of detection only to a small extent since they have too great a variance.
  • the mentioned measurement of an ECG is also not user-friendly, since an ECG must be applied with specialist knowledge and also does not correspond to the currently required fully automatic identification or authentication.
  • Another disadvantage of the pulse or ECG measurement results from the long cycle time of about 1000 ms from one pulse maximum to the next pulse maximum. If a safe detection of this parameter requires about three cycles, the result is an excessively long measuring time of about three seconds. Counterfeits are thus not excluded in this proposed recognition system and, moreover, has the disadvantage of the additional expenditure or costs for the comparison circuits and the most expensive biometric sensors.
  • a method in which the integrity of a body part is measured to produce imitations of a biometric feature, e.g. of the fingerprint, by preventing surgical intervention.
  • physiological parameters of a body part e.g. Skin resistance or conductivity or skin moisture are measured.
  • the papillary structure of the fingertips can, as stated, be manipulated by means of prepared gloves, plastics or rubber and used simulatively, whereby, of course, the conductivity or temperature of the skin can also be reproduced.
  • the sensor system in terms of the evaluation, must be set with large tolerance ranges in order to prevent authorized persons from being rejected. However, this reduces the security against counterfeiting to an unsatisfactory value.
  • DE 199 01 881 A1 discloses a method which is intended to increase the forgery-proofing of personal recognition systems by causing a controllable movement of the test person, the movement being recorded and evaluated.
  • a disadvantage of this method is that an additional display device and an additional non-microintegratable sensor system is required, which is associated with the appropriate size of the detection system and costs. In practice, this method is not applicable for mobile applications such as smart cards due to the lack of integration into small sizes.
  • the invention has for its object to provide a method and a system of the type mentioned above, which does not have the otherwise existing disadvantages, in terms of authenticity, recognition security, forgery protection or living recognition, and in particular in practical use under everyday conditions, the identification of objects or persons cheap and safe possible on the basis of individual-typical features.
  • the solution of the problem is that interdependent - mutually dependent, and scalar - not dependent on each other - physical and / or physiological parameters of a test object and / or its support surface are detected that at least one interrelation of the interdependent parameters and / or the attributes , in particular to be generated and dependent attributes, summarized interdependent and scalar parameters is determined, and that at least one interdependent parameter and / or at least one correlation of the interdependent parameters and / or at least one specific attribute of the test object is evaluated, the information obtained in particular for authenticity determination , Increase the recognition security or security against counterfeiting as well as for the detection of lifestyles.
  • the genuineness determination of individual-typical features relates, without limitation to the general public, in particular all methods which deal with the recording and / or evaluation of individual-typical features of the skin on the fingertips.
  • the authenticity determination can be provided, for example, in the case of optical, for example, active or passive infrared methods, capacitive, acousto-optical or acoustic, eg ultrasound-based, fingerprint recognition methods.
  • optical for example, active or passive infrared methods, capacitive, acousto-optical or acoustic, eg ultrasound-based, fingerprint recognition methods.
  • Examples of the individual characteristics of the skin of the fingertips or fingertips are the minutiae of the papillary lines, inherent structures of the skin or skin textures.
  • the application of the method also in data carriers, such as smart cards, - A - possible, since manufacturing processes also individual-typical characteristics arise.
  • the invention makes it possible to evaluate feature-bearing biological matrices, for example skin layers (epidermis) or skin boundary layers (epidermis / dermis), with respect to interdependent, mutually dependent, and scalar-related or non-dependent physical and / or physiological parameters.
  • feature-bearing biological matrices for example skin layers (epidermis) or skin boundary layers (epidermis / dermis)
  • test objects e.g. the skin of the fingertip
  • a parametrisierbaren in particular clearly limited, layered structure with resulting from the biological growth process or industrial manufacturing process structures, textures, impurities or the like. It has been shown that interdependent and scalar parameters can be determined from this.
  • the respectively deeper layer is the generating layer of the overlying dependent layer and thus a high correlation or interrelation of the parameters of the generating layers, for example stratum papillae - inner papillary structure, to the parameters of the dependent layers
  • a high correlation or interrelation of the parameters of the generating layers for example stratum papillae - inner papillary structure
  • epithelial structure - external papillary structure exists.
  • the respective interdependent parameters can be determined and evaluated with regard to the authenticity determination of the test object.
  • Scalar parameters - such as global thickness, density, extensibility, flexibility or the like of the skin - that are scalar-dependent or not very dependent on the invention, for example, are influenced by the moisture content, fat content or applied creams. Property changes occur especially when applying substances such as water. After only a short period of exposure, a significant increase in the thickness of the skin layers can be observed. However, the interdependent parameters of the layers or their interrelations are not changed or change analogously.
  • latent structures that serve to interlock the epidermis and dermis, such as stratum papillaries, while inherently presenting the fingerprint.
  • the advantage is that when exposed to moisture, skin creams or the like, although the thickness, depth or lateral dimensions are changed, but the structure does not change in its entirety, with the detectable wave characteristic properties or parameters. This also explains that the fingerprint can not be destroyed by ordinary influences such as water, creams or less aggressive chemicals and thus these structures or layers can be used both as a reference structure for the measurement of the parameters and as a physiological parameter.
  • the measurement or evaluation of these structures as a reference structure or parameter is advantageous, since these structures or their parameters can not be recorded at a distance and can not be estimated.
  • the simulation of the parameters of the structures or layers causes too much effort for an attacker, which, in contrast to the other conventionally used fake parameters, eg Skin resistance or temperature, must be re-used with each Falsifikat.
  • the parameters of latent structures or layers applied by the genetic code are recorded and evaluated in order to determine the authenticity or increase the security against counterfeiting, because they can not be expected, estimated, forged, or unnoticed by potential attackers at a distance .
  • the parameters of the structures in the area of the stratum papillars and / or stratum reticulars are detected, wherein these structures applied by the genetic code can be used according to the invention even as parameters and / or reference structure for the evaluation.
  • the parameterization of latent structural properties or layer properties the fact that the latent structures in the area of the stratum papillae on the side facing the dermis are connected or adjacent to vessels, capillaries and nerves is advantageous.
  • Keratinization processes can be used to parameterize skin or skin layers.
  • the data acquisition can be done for example with ultrasound.
  • the ultrasound velocity is characterized by the concentration of solutions or by the tissue composition.
  • the ultrasound speed or impedance increases with increasing protein content (keratinization - sulfur-rich fiber proteins), but falls with increasing water or fat content. This is due to both the low compressibility of the proteins themselves and with increasing protein content to the increased breaking up of their ice-like structures with high compressibility in embedded liquid water.
  • a frequency of about 10 MHz results in a keratin-typical frequency dependence with the corresponding frequency-dependent scattering or backscatter coefficients.
  • An advantage of the invention is that an indirect measuring method is used, which in one measurement - detection step / evaluation step - can deliver in parallel a multiplicity of results over the most varied parameters.
  • An alternative sensor such as a humidity sensor, can only determine one parameter and, on its own, provides too little information about the nature of the test object. Consequently, uneconomically many individual sensor systems would have to be used for the various parameters.
  • the advantage of this alternative of the method according to the invention is, in particular, the low-cost possibility of simultaneously measuring a large number of parameters with a high degree of accuracy via an indirect measurement To detect evaluation accuracy.
  • the data is recorded by the detection of incident in the test object optical, acoustic, electromagnetic waves or fields and / or combinations thereof.
  • the respective absorbable effects are absorption behavior, reflection behavior, isotropic / anisotropic scattering behavior, dispersion behavior, spectral behavior and / or diffraction behavior, which can be measured individually and / or in total.
  • the measured values of the quantities thereby characterize the parameters of the test object, for example the biological matrix or the contact surface of the test object.
  • the interaction of radiation with wave character for example ultrasound radiation
  • wave character for example ultrasound radiation
  • the effects such as signal velocity in the medium, such as ultrasonic velocity, scattering properties and absorption in the tissue or biological Matrizen be characterized by parameters such as tissue composition, concentration of solutions of water, creams, various types of contamination or the like.
  • the invention consists of substeps, which can be subdivided into the following blocks or modules in one embodiment.
  • a first step the physical and / or physiological parameters of the test object are detected.
  • interdependent and scalar parameters are determined from the detected parameters and evaluated with regard to the correlation of the interdependent parameters and / or in conjunction with scalar parameters by means of the formation of attributes.
  • data are available for determining the authenticity of individual-typical features and / or living recognition, which are used in the acquisition and evaluation of the individual-typical features. By, for example, lacking authenticity features, the identification of an object is not continued with a positive result.
  • electromagnetic waves for example light waves in the infrared range
  • the backscattered, reflected, diffracted and / or interfering waves are detected and evaluated by means of detectors.
  • the detected waves are characteristically modulated or changed by the physical and / or physiological parameters of the test object.
  • the skin is a three-dimensional structure or matrix with a high number of optical scattering centers, so that light is usually scattered many times before it leaves the matrix again. Due to the multiple scattering, the light waves increasingly interact with the scattering matrix.
  • At least one transmitter and at least one receiver for electromagnetic radiation are installed at a distance from each other.
  • the distance is like that measure that too much primary light does not enter the detector, which would interfere with the measurement.
  • the gain of the received signal is expediently carried out by a frequency-selective amplifier, for example by a lock-in amplifier.
  • the primary light is suitably modulated. It is expedient if optically confocal arrangements are provided in order to enable punctual scanning of the surface and / or close below the surface of an object.
  • the spectral absorption and / or reflection of the waves is detected.
  • a spectrum of light waves is sent to the site to be tested and the backscattered waves detected.
  • Advantageous is the possibility of effecting stimulated emission of waves through the structure / matrix, for example fluorescence, luminescence or the like.
  • OCT optical coherence tomography
  • the basic principle is based on a low-coherence interferometric method, wherein the parameters to be evaluated are obtained from the available optical parameters.
  • electromagnetic waves from a low-coherence light source for example white light
  • a beam splitter into two optical arms, one beam being closed by the object to be examined and the other by a reference mirror. After reflection from a point within the object and the reference reflector, both light components are brought together again at the beam splitter and reach a detector.
  • An interference signal can only be measured if the path lengths of both optical arms are identical to approximately the coherence length of the light source.
  • the test object is subjected to static or dynamic electric fields and the change of the electrical field properties, such as field strength, field strength change, polarization, influence, depolarization of the layers and / or boundary layers is detected by a sensor and the desired parameters are evaluated therefrom.
  • the capacitive detection of parameters can be found in the already cited prior art and the relevant literature. It is advantageous to choose detection methods which are only slightly affected by electrically conductive liquids, e.g. Water, are disturbed on the adaptation surface of the test object or finger.
  • acoustic detection acoustic waves such as ultrasonic waves
  • the backscattered, reflected, diffracted and / or interfering waves carry the information of the physical and / or physiological parameters and are detected and evaluated by ultrasonic receivers.
  • At least one transmitter and at least one receiver for ultrasonic waves is provided.
  • the ultrasonic transmitters are used to generate a
  • Ultrasonic signal controlled by a transmitter control circuit As a result, sound waves with a discrete or a plurality of frequencies and amplitudes and phases, according to the measurement method, generated.
  • the transmitters are expediently connected to a pulse transmitter, which can interrupt the sound waves for selective detection in time.
  • the signals of the sound receiver are, preferably selectively amplified and evaluated in a processing circuit.
  • ultrasonic transducers for example piezoelectric ceramics, film-like PVDF transducers, piezoelectric semiconductors, preferably with high frequency resolution, can be used as vibrating bodies. Since the piezo effect works bidirectionally, the ultrasonic transducers can be used both for transmitting and for receiving.
  • the ultrasonic waves in the frequency or in the wavelength are adapted to the parameters to be evaluated or to the parameter-carrying structures or layers.
  • the parameters are typically detectable in a frequency range of 0.1-100 MHz.
  • the ultrasound beam is focused. This achieves a depth selection on the layers and / or structures to be measured.
  • the focusing can be achieved by acoustic lenses.
  • the focusing can be realized by a phase control of the waves, by the geometry of the transducer and / or by analysis in the time or frequency domain.
  • the depth selection can be set statically or dynamically or adaptively.
  • the penetration depth of the waves can be defined by the choice of the irradiating frequency, since the penetration depth is frequency-dependent.
  • the frequency for example greater than 75 MHz, is made adjustable and / or adjusted by a correspondingly modulated carrier frequency.
  • the parameters can be detected from the appropriate depth. It is expedient if the focusing on the desired structure is ensured or verified on the basis of the characteristic filter formed by the structures or layers. These filters show a typical frequency response, which can be evaluated by means of an FFT (Fast Fourier Transformation), for example as a quasiperiodic spectrum.
  • FFT Fast Fourier Transformation
  • the received waves are detected in a time window.
  • the duration of the waves corresponds to the depth. If several windows are used, an evaluation according to the selected depth is possible.
  • the high frequency components of the envelope of the received RF signal (RF) are filtered out and the filtered signal is differentiated. This can be done from the RF signal by rectification and low pass filtering the envelope will be generated. The differentiation can be done by a differentiator or approximately by a high pass.
  • a comparator with counter circuit is compared to certain signal voltage levels, for example near the maximum or zero crossing, compared and determined by stopping the counter, the signal propagation times between the individual maxima.
  • the delimitations of layers and / or structures can be detected or selected.
  • a simpler evaluation function for example for spectral transformations, is made possible.
  • the counter readings corresponding to the depth selection of the layers and / or boundary layers, are brought into correspondence with the memory areas of the recorded digitized RF signal for spectral transformation.
  • the transformation can thereby be carried out for a time signal with a selected depth or layer.
  • Another possibility for determining parameters is the spectral evaluation of the test object data.
  • the detected signals, the (re) scattering distribution of the radiated wave energy, the absorption spectrum and / or the frequency-dependent backscatter coefficient can be evaluated.
  • the sought-after physical or physiological parameters attenuate the ultrasound waves spectrally to different extents and thus the spectrum characterizes the parameters.
  • the absorption spectrum can be measured by impulse excitation or by a plurality of discrete frequencies.
  • the frequencies and / or the spectral composition of the irradiated waves are adapted to the parameters of interest.
  • the evaluation can be carried out by transforming the measured signals into the frequency domain, for example by means of an FFT or FHT (fast Hartley transformation), which has speed advantages due to its revaluation.
  • frequencies or frequency subranges can be assigned and quantified to the individual parameters or parameter groups. It has been found that typically a few points FFT, for example, 15-20 frequencies per parameter group, is provided.
  • the frequencies assigned to the parameters are determined and stored in a series of measurements in order to serve as a reference for further measurements.
  • a comparison fabric with known parameters for calibration may be used because measurements may be affected by the placement of the measurement system.
  • Tissue composition is determined by a histogram method, wherein the structure of the frequency response in classes of material constants Zi of the scattering bodies or impurities of the test layers is made. For example, about 10-30 classes are used.
  • the classification is divided into the parameters of interest and compared with references.
  • the transmitted frequency is changed by a time, for example, triangular ramp.
  • the received frequency according to the duration of the sound waves, is shifted to the transmitted frequency.
  • the intermediate frequency is approximately proportional to the differential
  • the intermediate frequency spectrum thereby characterizes the plurality of scattering, reflecting or parameter-carrying elements of the test object, for example a biological matrix.
  • the information from the resulting spectra show the same dependencies of the parameters at reduced frequency level.
  • the intermediate frequency spectrums can be detected and evaluated with lower sampling frequencies.
  • the formation of an intermediate frequency information about thicknesses or depths of structures or layers and / or focus areas, converted into frequencies and thereby the information is converted into a frequency evaluation.
  • the frequency difference between the local intensity maxima of spectra or intermediate frequency spectra can be evaluated to determine thicknesses or depths, since these characterize the thicknesses or depths of the individual layers.
  • phase relationships of the frequencies and / or signals can be characterized more accurately.
  • the backscattered, diffracted, reflected and / or interfering waves are superimposed in the data acquisition with further information, which results from the convolution of the signals with the system transfer function.
  • the convolution occurs during data acquisition by the electronic and physical components in the signal path, e.g. Transmitter-type ultrasonic transmitter, amplifier-amplified receiver, lead lines, matching layers or the like, and is commonly called a system transfer function.
  • Transmitter-type ultrasonic transmitter, amplifier-amplified receiver, lead lines, matching layers or the like is commonly called a system transfer function.
  • the received ultrasonic signal is unfolded. It is used that can be deployed from two signals a third.
  • ultrasonic signals are measured in a measurement series with an object that is approximately known in the parameter of interest.
  • a defined layer structure or an object with defined elastic, structural parameters can be used.
  • the recorded signal of the system is transformed into the frequency domain, for example by means of an FFT.
  • the result of the transformation is the desired system transfer function, whereby it is possible to define and store corresponding system transfer functions by means of several reference objects.
  • deconvolution is reduced to a division of two spectral signals. For this purpose, each frequency of the transform of a current measurement signal is divided by the corresponding frequency of the system transfer functions.
  • the unfolded signals are transformed back into a time signal by an inverse FFT.
  • the time signals are thereby freed from disturbing system dependencies.
  • the distances of the peak values of the unfolded and back-transformed time course of a measurement signal corresponding to the layer thickness can be evaluated. Since the layer thickness of skin correlates in particular with the moisture content.
  • the measurement may be by counter circuits which is started by the peak value n and stopped by the peak value n + 1, the counts corresponding to the thicknesses of the respective layer.
  • structures, layer thicknesses or boundaries can be determined by correlation with reference measurements of known objects.
  • the searched parameters can be determined by comparison with the respective correlation results.
  • the time signal for example, the unfolded time signal of the detected waves is divided into intervals and for these intervals, a transformation is made in the frequency domain.
  • the spectral data for each time domain is analyzed for spectral increase or decrease.
  • the slope of the spectrum is characterized in particular by the parameter-influenced regular / complex scattering of the irradiated waves. This derivative of the spectrum can be severely affected by noise and interference, which would damage the further evaluation.
  • a linear regression is formed from a set of spectral points. The determined slope factor of the regression function replaces the spectral descent or decrease.
  • the frequency signal can be filtered before the derivative.
  • the resulting derivation is due to the correspondence of the aforementioned time intervals to depth, as a function of depth.
  • the derivation and / or dispersion of derivation values is a measure of the physical and / or physiological parameters of the test object or tissue structure / matrix concerned. It is expedient if at least one discrimination function, for example according to the principle of regression or least-squares principle, is formed over the course of the derivation and / or dispersion of the derivation and thereby the different parameters are evaluated.
  • measurement series of tissue with known values can be used.
  • impedance measuring methods can alternatively be used, since the impedance of the skin depends directly on the moisture content or applied substances such as creams.
  • transmitter and receiver are arranged so that multiple scattering of the ultrasonic waves can be detected. This can be done by a multiple wavelengths distance from transmitter and receiver or by irradiation or reception at an angle to the vertical, for example 10 ° - 45 °. Further possibilities for parameter evaluation result from the principle of correlation spectroscopy or resonance spectroscopy.
  • Acousto-optic methods can be used as an alternative to detection.
  • the evaluation is analogous to the corresponding (partial) method and can preferably be used in acousto-optical feature sensors.
  • their evaluation follows.
  • Several alternatives for evaluating parameters can be used for this purpose.
  • the parameters are determined by comparison measurements with known objects and the results are stored in the form of a function, table, map or the like.
  • a comparison may be performed by correlation with reference information, such as reference measurements, reference functions, or reference tables.
  • mapping maps
  • measuring points and / or regressions of the measuring points and / or the respective transformers in the frequency domain for example the spectral slope and spectral amplitude, are entered into the map.
  • Frequencies of registered points can be grouped into regions. The parameters are determined by comparison with the regions of at least one reference map.
  • fuzzy logic for example fuzzy logic
  • neural networks for example self-organizing maps, or the like can be used for "comparing".
  • the principle of modal decoupling can be used to evaluate parameters, as a further system-theoretical approach.
  • Quality features are preferably formed by difference or error to stored curves or references.
  • At least one result of the quality determination is provided for optimizing further, for example repetitive, detection and / or evaluation steps. By multiple detection or evaluation, the parameters can be determined more accurately.
  • An alternative determination of quality is that the squared error function and / or deviations from references over a certain time, preferably the measuring time of the sensors, is integrated, wherein the quality optima coincides with the minimum of the squared or integrated error function.
  • the properties of the recognition system are set to variable and / or unknown test object parameters with the aid of a quality feature.
  • parameters can be evaluated by a large number of different test objects, for example persons and / or data carriers.
  • interdependent and scalar parameters are determined from the detected parameters and with respect to the correlation of the interdependent parameters and / or in an extended alternative in conjunction with scalar parameters evaluated the formation of attributes.
  • the evaluation of the correlation of interdependent parameters can be simplified by the use of the measurement signals reproducing the parameters and / or spectral signals of the test object.
  • the signals of the respective layer are directly processed without accurate determination of the parameters according to their size or the like.
  • the structural or layer parameters of the test object finger-bone detected and determined by comparing the individual layers against each other, whether the characteristic of the fingerberry layer structure is present, otherwise it can be assumed that a replica.
  • focus is made on the respective layer or structure by means of depth selection and the correlation of the parameters, for example the correlation of the structural parameters of the layers, is compared.
  • Another alternative is advantageous through the formation of attributes.
  • One or more parameters and / or the measurement signals of the test object and / or support surface reproducing the parameters, in particular those of the respective skin layers, are combined to form an attribute.
  • the best combination of parameters with respect to the test object can be used specifically. This is advantageous for different test objects that are used on the same recognition system, as e.g. at a bank machine with many users, or when persons and documents, such as e.g. Identity cards to be tested on a system.
  • the summary is analogous to the interdependent parameters for interdependent attribute combinations.
  • basic or generating attributes from the generating parameters of the test object for example wave-specific properties or parameters of the stratum papillaries, as well as dependent attributes from the dependent parameters of the test object, for example wave-specific properties or parameters of the papillary structure are determined.
  • interdependent and scalar, not or little dependent parameters of the test object are combined to form an attribute.
  • layer parameters and the parameter moisture content, impedance and / or contact pressure can be combined to form an attribute.
  • the interrelations can be evaluated more reliably and more easily with reference to a number of parameters, in particular interacting with one another, even under difficult data acquisition conditions, since it is at a change in the moisture content of the skin would also lead to a change in the layer parameters, for example the structure sizes.
  • the parameters combined into attributes are stored and thus available for further data acquisitions.
  • the parameter moisture content of skin can be used in each case with the layer or structure parameters thereby changed for current data recordings.
  • a lateral and / or axial grid is applied to the test object and the attributes for the respective elements of the grid are formed and the correlations are evaluated.
  • the particular morphological and / or biological attributes can be selected from the range of microscopic cells to macroscopic layers or boundary layers and / or structures of skin, for example their keratinization, lipidation, vitality and / or their spectral or wave characteristic properties.
  • the advantages of the evaluation methods are the evaluation of latent skin layers that can not be detected at a distance.
  • latent structures or layers of the skin represent biometric parameters which do not change significantly during the detection and can therefore be detected in a short measuring cycle.
  • these structures or layers are not subject to any great variations from standard data and are additionally dependent on the live system, for example capillaries, tissue composition of keratin-containing structures or cell growth.
  • Fingers are also advantageous in that, due to ischemia, the cells of the layers rapidly lose energy potential in the absence of active perfusion and thus show in a short time distinct deviations of the physiological parameters and their correlation with the tissue to be perfused.
  • stratum-papillae and stratum-reticular layers also has the advantage that with a ground fingerprint, these structures are very likely to remain intact, because an injury would trigger a pain reaction down to this structural depth.
  • the detection system in the negative case lock all transactions and / or trigger or record a silent alarm.
  • a silent alarm allows a central computer to lock the detection system to a variety of terminals simultaneously. This prevents tampering with other terminals, such as ATMs.
  • the sensors are used for parameters and features in a bifunctional manner.
  • physical / physiological parameters can be detected by the sensors for the individual characteristics or features via parameter sensors be measured.
  • some cells of the feature sensors are modified with regard to the parameter evaluation or parameter sensors with regard to the feature recording.
  • the advantage is given by the fact that the basic structure of the sensor surface of the feature sensor is retained with regard to the feature recognition. It is expedient if the parameter sensors detect features and are thereby preferably realized according to the same functional principle, for example acoustically or ultrasonically.
  • the invention offers, in particular by applying the same principle of operation of the sensors, a further advantage that, for example, only the parameter sensors or their evaluation circuits with improved properties, such as frequency range and / or sensitivity, equipped and switched for feature detection.
  • the feature sensors or parameter sensors differ only by the different measuring ranges, evaluation and signal processing or the like and can therefore be produced inexpensively using the same technology.
  • it is expedient if, in the detection step for parameters, some sensor cells provided for the parameter detection are decoupled from the feature evaluation circuits and connected to the evaluation units for parameters. When measuring features, the parameter sensors are switched on again and thereby fill in the gaps in the characteristic name.
  • the advantage here is that, depending on the number of parameter sensors, the feature recording by closing the gaps about the full resolution or accuracy maintains.
  • a further advantage results from the usually lower requirement profile of feature sensors, since they detect with reduced properties, for example lower frequency bandwidth and / or lower sensitivity, compared to the parameter sensors and thereby, in particular when produced in the same technology, be realized with higher packing density or resolution can.
  • the option that the detection of an individual-typical feature can be started automatically by the detection of test object typical or person-typical physiological parameters.
  • This automatic capturing in the adaptation of a finger is done, for example, if the authenticity of the individual-typical features is determined. It is expedient if the detection system and further user circuits are put into the operating mode with the detection of test object-typical parameters from a stand-by mode and / or the communication with other computers and / or encryption or decryption of data is initiated.
  • recognition system it is expedient if a part or the entire software and / or data of the recognition system is loaded into the recognition system only after successful transfer and activation by means of a suitable key.
  • the recognition system can not be operated or analyzed without the associated host, for example in the event of theft.
  • the method and the device can be used for various test objects.
  • the features of data carriers and / or electronic documents for example smart cards, driving licenses, identity cards or the like, are relevant for modern recognition systems.
  • Data carriers or documents have identifiable individual features, for example the paper structure or structure of a laminate, in a manner analogous to individual-typical biometric features. Accordingly, the invention can be used to determine the authenticity of data carriers, for example with regard to material properties of a smart card with integrated microchip, and thereby ensure their correct identification.
  • FIG. 1 shows an ultrasound image of the fingertip for clarification of the
  • Fig. 2 shows an ultrasound image of the fingertip after application of water
  • Fig. 3 is an optical image of the fingertip to illustrate the inventive principle
  • F Fiigg .. 4 4 is an optical image of the fingertip after application with water
  • Fig. 5 is a schematic block diagram of the inventive principle and a
  • Test objects F Fig. 7aa shows a schematic representation of an embodiment of the detection
  • Fig. 7b is a modification of Fig. 7a
  • FIG. 1 shows a cross-sectional representation of an ultrasound image of the fingertip for explaining or clarifying the parameter evaluation on the basis of the layer structure of the skin.
  • the upper boundary of the epidermis 1 is in correspondence with the relief of the fingerprint.
  • the upper horny layers of the stratum corneum 2 contain the keratinized squamous epithelium and the germinal layer of the epithelial structures.
  • the stratum corneum 2 is traversed in regular arrangements of spiral excretory ducts exocrine sweat glands, which each end in a centered in a survey and determine a part of the moisture content of the skin by exudation. The distances are about 800 ⁇ m to 950 microns.
  • the dermis 3 is the collagen-connective tissue dermis located below the epidermis 1 layer of the skin, divided into stratum reticulare u. Stratum papillary 4.
  • An arrow 6a shows the thickness of the stratum corneum 2 without the application of substances.
  • the thickness of the stratum corneum 2 on the individual fingers is different. In the measured subjects it is greatest at 182 ⁇ 49 ⁇ m on the right index finger and lowest at 145 ⁇ 27 ⁇ m in the left ring finger. There are large interindividual differences in thickness between individuals, as evidenced by the high standard deviations. It follows that the different fingers of a person and especially the fingers of different people with different settings of the sensor system must be measured.
  • the area of the stratum papillars 4 shows itself as a strong reflection and diffusion band between epidermis 1 and dermis 3 and is therefore particularly suitable for the detection or evaluation of parameters.
  • Fig. 2 as shown in Figure 1, the skin layers of the epidermis 1 and dermis 3 are shown, wherein the skin was exposed to a moisture-cream application.
  • a significantly widened thickness 6b of the stratum corneum 2 can be seen in comparison to the thickness 6a (FIG. 1).
  • the reflection and scattering in the area of the stratum papillars 4 also change according to the application. Whereby the application of the acoustic impedance of the skin layers adapts to the impedance of water.
  • FIG. 3 shows a stylized optical image acquisition by means of OCT (Optical Coherence Tomography), with a section of the epidermis 1 and dermis 3, to illustrate the alternative detection of parameters on an optical basis.
  • OCT Optical Coherence Tomography
  • the stratum corneum 2 is shown with arrows for the thickness 8a - 8c at different positions.
  • the spiral-shaped ducts 7 of the sweat glands are schematically visible here.
  • the optical refractive index 5 is shown as an example in the skin structure, wherein the refractive index profile in the stratum corneum 2 and in the region of the stratum germinative 9 can be approximated in sections with a straight line for evaluation.
  • the refractive index changes with the parameters of the structure or layers.
  • Fig. 4 shows the same recording region as Fig. 3 after a water application.
  • the thickness 8d-8f of the stratum corneum 2 has increased due to the swelling of the skin, with the illustrated arrow lengths corresponding to those without application.
  • the change can be seen in each case at the distance to the underlying layer of the stratum germinative 9.
  • the course of the Refractive index 5 has also changed significantly due to the changed scattering behavior or reflection behavior.
  • Fig. 5 describes the principle of the invention and an embodiment in a schematic block diagram. Overall, the functions of a conventional feature recognition system 10 are extended by the authenticity determination or living recognition 180 according to the invention.
  • the feature recognition system 10 comprises a feature sensor system 11 which detects individual characteristics of a person, for example the minutiae of the fingerprint, and evaluation functions 139 which evaluate the features for identification of the test object.
  • the feature sensor system 11 can be embodied for example as an acoustic sensor, capacitive CMOS sensor or as an optical sensor.
  • the sensor data recorded represent features or characteristic raw data of a person.
  • the sensor data are preprocessed by a processing algorithm, for example edge extraction, contrast enhancement, noise filtering, artifact filtering.
  • a preprocessed image of the fingerprint is created. From this image or data, a feature list is created by a feature extractor (encoder).
  • this feature list generally represents the description of a person on the feature level.
  • the data of the feature extractor can be stored in a feature memory 140, this feature memory 140 containing a set of feature lists of at least one person is.
  • a comparison unit matcher
  • the data of a current feature list is usually compared with one or more feature lists in the feature memory 140.
  • the comparison unit evaluates the data according to a scheme and provides further features or applications not shown, for example functions for triggering a transaction, a corresponding identification result 19 of the feature evaluation.
  • the interface can be executed analog or preferably digital.
  • the parameter sensor system 21 detects permanently, timed and / or triggered by a
  • the evaluation system 22 evaluates the acquired data and determines therefrom the parameters of the test object and / or bearing surface.
  • the evaluation of the sensor data takes place, for example, by an alternative of the detection or evaluation method according to the invention. Furthermore, the methods of non-destructive material testing, in particular by means of ultrasound, can be used.
  • the data and / or results of the evaluation system 22 may be stored in the physical / physiological parameter or parameter change memory 143. Wherein the results or intermediate results are written analog or preferably digitally via an interface in the memory 143.
  • parameter memory 143 total values, ranges of values, calibration data, assignments (mapping), physiological / physical parameters and / or reference information of the parameter evaluation of the method can be stored.
  • the evaluation for determining the authenticity of individual-typical features, for increasing the security against counterfeiting and / or for the detection of life is subdivided into interconnected alternative methods that can be used individually or in combination.
  • the combination of the methods results for example from the required accuracy or evaluation time of the application.
  • the first and fundamental alternative is the evaluation of the interrelation of interdependent parameters and / or the measurement signals of the test object reproducing the parameters, for example the individual skin layers of a fingertip.
  • the basic or generating parameters 181 are first determined from the parameters already determined in step 22. These are available as interim results 182 for further evaluation.
  • the dependent parameters 183 are determined and are present as an intermediate result 184.
  • the determination of the generating, dependent or interdependent parameters is done by means of comparisons and / or correlations with references, test object models, e.g. Skin models, or the like, which are preferably permanently stored in the reference memory 186.
  • the evaluation methods according to the invention in particular according to FIGS. 7a, 7b, 8 or 9, can be used correspondingly.
  • the determined interdependent parameters 182, 184 are evaluated in the evaluation 185 with respect to their correlation by means of a correlation or directly by means of comparisons.
  • the result of this evaluation 187 can already serve as a statement about the authenticity of the individual-typical features.
  • the evaluation of the correlations may alternatively be in a loop of the method steps 181-185 and 21-22, respectively. It is possible for layered test objects that initially not evaluate all interrelationships. If an evaluation reveals that a result is not sufficiently meaningful, further iterations of the steps can be performed until the desired result is achieved or a predetermined computing time expires.
  • the result 187 can be considered positive if a certain number of correlations are reproduced predominantly and / or to a selectable percentage.
  • the individual characteristics of the test object can be recorded or identified.
  • the evaluation 139 and / or the feature holder 11 receives, for example, a start signal. In the case of missing and / or insufficient interactions, this is prevented.
  • a particular alternative to the above evaluation method 185 is, if the structure parameters of the test object finger-furrow are detected and it is determined by comparing the individual layers against each other whether the layer structure characteristic of the finger-berry is present, otherwise a replica can be assumed. For this purpose, focusing on the respective layer or structure by means of a depth selection and the correlation of the parameters is compared or the correlation of the structural parameters of the layers is determined.
  • characteristic attributes are determined from the determined interdependent parameters 182, 184 and additionally from non-interdependent or scalar parameters of the parameter evaluation 22.
  • the evaluation of the attributes takes place with regard to their correlation by means of correlation or by direct comparison.
  • the result of this evaluation 189 can serve as a statement about the authenticity of the individual-typical features. In principle, if the dependent attribute reproduces the generating attribute predominantly and / or to a selectable percentage of a "real" test object.
  • a lateral and / or axial grid can be applied to the test object and the attributes for the respective elements of the grid can be determined and evaluated, resulting in the number of selectable test sites.
  • the aggregation of parameters into basic or generating attributes from the result 182 and further scalar parameters, as well as the combination of parameters to dependent attributes from the result 184, can take place with the aid of references or tables of preferred parameters, in particular of the test object. These may be stored in the reference memory 186.
  • an evaluation option is described by way of example.
  • different influencing parameters for example the contact pressure, moisture content and the layer parameters of the skin, and their correlations can be taken into account, ignoring and / or eliminating unnecessary parameters, for example the temperature of the test object.
  • the layer parameters and moisture content as well as the contact pressure are combined to form an attribute which simplifies the following data acquisition with respect to the references and the authenticity determination can be ensured even under difficult data acquisition conditions with respect to a current evaluation.
  • the respective intermediate results 187, 189 can be evaluated individually or in combination by means of the weighting 190 to form an overall result of the authenticity determination 191. There is the possibility of a 1 out of 2 evaluation or a 2 out of 2 evaluation. Alternatively, a special weighting is possible, wherein the respective results 187 and 189 can be weighted differently from each other. If an application-specific selectable threshold or percentage is reached, the authenticity determination of the individual-typical features can be concluded with a positive result.
  • the evaluation 185 determines the correlation of the structure or layer parameters and the attribute evaluation 188 the same parameter structure or layer parameters and other variables influenced, in particular moisture, contact pressure, scattering of the skin or support surface, as a parameter underlying the attribution.
  • the results 187 and 189 must be approximately identical.Thus, the variable parameters with respect to the contact surface of the test object can be appropriately taken into account and used to determine the authenticity, and the influence of the support of the test object on the support surface is evaluated for safety compensated.
  • the feature holder 11 or the feature evaluation 139 can be started. This can be done manually or automatically (autocapturing). In the negative case, we prevent the characteristic recording and the identification of the test object is not possible, with the test object is considered rejected. Additionally, the detection system 10 may disable all transactions and / or trigger a silent alarm. A silent alarm allows a central computer to lock the detection system to a variety of terminals simultaneously. This prevents tampering with other terminals, such as ATMs. 6 shows, in a schematic flowchart representation, an authenticity determination of the individual-typical features of test objects and / or living recognition of test persons by means of the evaluation of attributes formed from interdependent parameters and / or the measurement signals of the test object reproducing these parameters.
  • the deeper layer of the skin is the generating layer of the overlying layer and thus a high correlation of the parameters of the generating layers, for example the stratum papillae - inner papillary structure, to the parameters of the dependent layers, for example the Epithelial structure - external papillary structure, exists.
  • the parameters of the generating layers for example the stratum papillae - inner papillary structure
  • the dependent layers for example the Epithelial structure - external papillary structure
  • detection step 171 determines the physical and / or physiological parameters and / or Parmeter changes, such as structural and / or layer parameters, the test object and / or the support surface detected.
  • the interdependent parameters are determined by the evaluation step 172, for example by comparison with references.
  • a grid for example a three-dimensional electronic grid, can be placed in the test region of the test object. Each raster element or raster volume thereby the associated parameters are classified.
  • a lateral raster can be applied to the surface of the test object, wherein the axial rastering takes place in the depth of the test object by means of a depth selection or focusing in the measurement region, for example on the structures, scattering centers and / or layers in the layer structure of the skin.
  • the grid is placed in the layer structure and resolved by depth selection in depth.
  • the rasterization can be implied, in particular at depth, by the sampling of the detected signals and / or by the application of a spectral transformation.
  • the lateral grid can be predetermined, for example, by the arrangement of the parameter sensors. In this case, the implicit rasterization of the sampling or the spectral transformation of the signals and the arrangement of the parameter sensors is used.
  • the attribute selection step 173 determines basic or generating attributes of the test object and / or the support surface. By determining attributes from the test object parameters, the interdependent parameters are described classifiable or comparable.
  • parameters into attributes different influencing parameters, for example the moisture content and the layer parameters of the skin, and their interactions can be evaluated more simply and reliably, whereby parameters that are not needed, for example the temperature of the test object, can be ignored and / or eliminated.
  • the advantage is that, for example, the layer parameters and moisture content as well as the contact pressure are combined to form an attribute which respectively simplifies the following data acquisition and the correlation even under difficult conditions Data acquisition conditions can be safely evaluated.
  • the best combination of parameters with respect to the test object can be used specifically.
  • the aggregation of parameters to attributes can be selected overall from the range of microscopic cells to macroscopic layers and / or boundary layers and / or structures of skin, for example their keratinization, lipidation, vitality and / or their spectral or wave characteristic properties or behavior become.
  • attributes from morphology, biology, physiology and / or physics, such as structure, scattering centers, wave-typical spectral behavior are formed and used in particular mixed, since due to the interdependent layer structure of the skin often evaluable interrelations exist.
  • dependent attributes are determined from the parameters and / or the measurement signals of the test object and / or the bearing surface reproducing the parameters.
  • Attributes can be suitably selected according to the task of identification or verification, the requirement for accuracy or the available evaluation time.
  • generating attributes can be formed from the parameters of the structure of the stratum papillars and / or the parameter of the distribution of the scattering centers between epidermis and dermis, and the respectively dependent attributes from the parameters of the structure of the epithelial layers and the distribution of the scattering centers of these layers.
  • the respective attributes from the parameter wave characteristic of a generating skin layer, skin boundary layer and / or skin structure such as the inner papillary structure - stratum papillae, a dependent skin layer, skin boundary layer and / or skin structure, such as the outer papillary structure - skin strips, and the Moisture content and / or impedance or impedance characteristic are formed.
  • the wave characteristic parameter can be used as an attribute since this is formed by the sum of the measurement signals supplied by the structures, in particular scattering centers, and cell groups.
  • the correlation can be formed by comparison, for example with stored references, correlation algorithms, for example autocorrelation function, regression, histogram evaluation, fuzzy comparison, for example by means of fuzzy logic, neural networks and / or the principle of least quadrature.
  • correlation algorithms for example autocorrelation function, regression, histogram evaluation, fuzzy comparison, for example by means of fuzzy logic, neural networks and / or the principle of least quadrature.
  • decision step 176 if the dependent attribute reflects the generating attribute at the number of selectable checks predominantly and / or to a selectable percentage, then branching to 177 is made, assuming a "real" test object In the case of missing and / or insufficient correlations, a branch is made to 178.
  • the test object can be excluded from the detection or identification of the individual-typical characteristics, whereby a "false" test object, in particular a replica or Residue on the support surface is assumed.
  • the detection system can lock all transactions and / or trigger or record a silent alarm.
  • a central computer can lock the detection system at a plurality of terminals simultaneously. This prevents tampering with other terminals, such as ATMs.
  • the number of evaluated attributes of the interdependent parameters determines, in particular, the reliability of the authenticity determination, living recognition or the counterfeit security of the
  • Available parameter sensors a predetermined evaluation time and / or be determined based on the grid formed.
  • decision step 176 in addition, the irregularity and / or discontinuity in the correlation caused by the spiral channels of the sweat gland exits of the skin may be evaluated. These must be present with a "real" finger.
  • FIG. 7a describes a schematic representation of an embodiment of the detection and evaluation of the physical and / or physiological parameters of the test object 100, in particular a fingertip, and / or the support surface 102.
  • at least one radiation source 92a for example an ultrasound source
  • waves 107 are inserted into the Test region of the test object 100 sent.
  • the transmitted waves are for this purpose equipped with defined wave properties, for example amplitude, polarization, frequency, phase angle and the like, by the transmission signal generator 101, wherein the parameters can optionally be detected by pulse signals and / or single or multiple discrete frequencies.
  • the reflected, interfering and / or diffracted waves scattered by the object 100 and / or bearing surface 102 are recorded by at least one detector 92b and amplified, filtered and / or quantified by means of at least one signal preprocessing circuit 103.
  • Sensors 92a, 92b which are designed both for transmitting and for receiving (transducers), can be operated alternately or simultaneously in the respective mode.
  • the switching of the respective signals is realized via a signal multiplexer 104.
  • the preprocessed signals are processed and evaluated in at least one evaluation unit 105. For this purpose, possibly existing signal components of the transmitted signals are filtered out.
  • the parameters of the test object 100 and / or bearing surface 102 can be determined, for example, by comparison with reference data of the parameters sought.
  • the controller 106 is provided for the distribution and control of the signals and data. Through the interface 110, the evaluated data can be transported to other circuit parts of the recognition system.
  • Shafts 107 is focused by a depth selection 108 on a low-lying and uniquely measurable layer / structure of the skin, such as stratum reticular and / or stratum papillae, approximately.
  • this layer / structure forms the lower end as a reference structure. From the intervening layers, including the support surface 102, the parameters of interest are evaluated. It is exploited that the top
  • Skin layers have a strong reflection band and therefore delineate in the evaluation of the underlying tissues.
  • the depth selection 108 can be transmitter side, by a wave control method, For example, by phase control of the wavefronts, and / or detector side, by analysis in the time or frequency domain performed.
  • the phase angles of the transmitted waves are adjusted by means of the transmission signal generator 101.
  • the received signal is sampled in time masked by means of the signal preprocessing circuit 5 103 and / or spectrally selected by the evaluation unit 105.
  • the penetration depth can be defined by the choice of the irradiating frequency, since the penetration depth is frequency-dependent.
  • the frequency for example, greater than 75 MHz, adjustable and / or adjusted by a correspondingly modulated carrier frequency.
  • focusing by lenses and / or 0 can be predetermined by the geometry of the transducer.
  • the waves 107 are adapted to the parameters or structure to be measured and optionally adjusted during the measurement.
  • the radiation source 92a and / or transmission signal generator 101 is designed to be modifiable in the corresponding parameters, for example frequency, amplitude, phase and / or lobe control.
  • the evaluation of parameters, for example a fingertip can be simplified by applying a skin model 109.
  • the parameters of the skin and its parameters are stored on a support surface 102 as a reference model, whereby in particular the dependence of the parameters on the contact pressure of the finger is taken into account.
  • the preprocessed signals of the test object for example in the form 0 of pulse sequences or frequency sequences of the respective detectors 92b, fitted and assigned to the predetermined model parameters, such as structure or slice parameters.
  • the reference model can be determined by comparison objects with known behavior, a calibration by calculated scattering behavior and / or by the spectral behavior of tissue, for example according to FIG. 8 or FIG. 9.
  • Fig. 7b shows a modification of Fig. 7a, which may preferably be applied to micro-integrated parameter sensors 92c or to micro-integrated detection systems. Due to the integration possibility, for example in CMOS technology or mixed-mode circuits, an integrated signal processing circuit 111 is assigned to each parameter sensor 92c instead of the signal multiplexer 104, wherein the parameter sensors 92c 0 are designed, for example, according to the transducer principle. In this case, the signal processing circuits 111 comprise the transmitter generator on the transmitter side and the signal amplifier and signal filter on the detector side.
  • a generator When wave excitation with discrete frequencies, a generator according to the principle of digital synthesis (DDS) and an associated frequency-selective and / or phase-selective amplifier, such as a lock-in amplifier, used and summarized in a block 5.
  • the detector signal can be rectified and low-pass filtered, whereby the resulting envelope is evaluated.
  • FIG. 8 shows a spectral course of skin layers or tissue recorded by means of ultrasound for the evaluation and / or modeling of physical and / or physiological parameters.
  • the frequency domain 115 is plotted on the horizontal axis and the normalized amplitude 116 is plotted on the vertical axis.
  • the spectral amplitude 117 is shown in a range of 0-15MHz on which the measurement is based.
  • spectral amplitude is usually uses the power spectrum, with complex spectra, for example, with real and / or imaginary part, can be applied accordingly.
  • the recorded measurement data are combined with a
  • Window function such as Hamming window
  • FFT Fast Fourier transform
  • the calibration data can be developed from a series of measurements or theoretical calculations. In order to reduce the noise during the calibration and / or evaluation and / or to increase the accuracy, it may be necessary to provide the deployment of the system transfer function.
  • Lines 118a-118f describe the approximation, for example by linear regression, of the spectral amplitude 117 in the respective frequency range.
  • the frequency band of the straight lines 118a-118e is approximately 1 MHz and from the straight line 118f approximately 5 MHz.
  • the spectral amplitude turns out to be specifically linear in sections, so a few points regression or FFT can be chosen.
  • the division of the bands of the frequency-dependent regression is due to the error of the section-wise approximation of the respective frequency band, the required accuracy of the parameter evaluation, the frequency response of the system and / or the frequency resolution of the parameter sensors.
  • the regressions can be carried out over the entire frequency range with equidistant and / or variable classification, in each case for example 5-50 frequencies being used. Due to the variable classification, evaluations can be carried out faster.
  • the information of the regression lines 118a-118f in particular the spectral amplitude or spectral slope, can be evaluated by entry in a map and / or table and comparison with reference maps.
  • the spectral amplitude 117 may alternatively be compared to reference spectra for parmetering.
  • the correlation coefficient of the regression lines 118a-118f is a measure of the resulting amplitude uncertainty and indicates with which error the respective regession was performed.
  • the amplitude uncertainty is caused by noise, temperature-dependent non-linearity and by strong amplitude deviations of the measurements.
  • the calculation can be refined with the aid of new data and / or the measurement can be repeated.
  • any curve regression such as quadratic or cubic regression, and / or the least squares principle may be used.
  • the amplitude uncertainty and / or the ripple or the error of the spectral amplitude 117 can be further reduced.
  • the parameters of the test object or The contact surface is determined analogously to the linear regession from the parameters of the curve application used in each case.
  • FIG. 9 shows a schematic representation of the spectral amplitude and spectral slope in the form of a map for parameter evaluation.
  • the map display captures further 5 test object parameters, for example tissue parameters, which can be used to determine the authenticity of individual-typical features, live recognition and / or skin modeling.
  • the spectral slope 120 is plotted on the horizontal axis and the normalized spectral amplitude 121 on the vertical axis, with multi-dimensional representations, for example, ordered according to frequencies, frequency ranges and / or 10 amplitude ranges, can also be applied.
  • spectral amplitudes and gradients are entered into the map representation and associated regions or regions 122 - 127 are formed, corresponding to the parameters to be searched for or evaluated.
  • the amplitudes and slopes for obtaining references can be determined, for example, by theoretical analysis, calculations and / or measurement series with known objects of different parameter composition or parameter values. The number of regions depends on the parameters to be evaluated.
  • the map shows an example of the subdivision into the regions: sensor / support surface 122,
  • the mixed regions 127a - 127d are areas of particular relevance, since the
  • the spectral slope and the spectral amplitude and / or the normalized spectral amplitude are entered into the map and compared with the reference areas, thereby quantifying the parameters.
  • the amplitude uncertainty of the spectral data and / or normalization can be compensated during the quantification, the tolerance or tolerance band being determined, for example, by the average amplitude uncertainty and / or the accuracy of the quantification.
  • the result can be ignored in the further calculations or the data acquisition can be repeated with new system tuning. If the data in the region of the sensor 122 can be assumed to be insufficient coupling of the test object to the adaptation surface. The user can be given a corresponding signaling or the data recording can be repeated with a new setting.
  • Map display preferably electronically screened, in tabular form, e.g. stored in a database and the corresponding parameters by means of the assignment parameter - region or
  • the 40 area of a region can be quantified.
  • the parameters are read out by the associated index, for example by the spectral slope or amplitude of the data.
  • the information of the map may be determined by a correlation algorithm, Centroid methods, fuzzy logic, self-organizing or other neural networks are evaluated or quantified.
  • the evaluation can be simplified, wherein the range of the sensor 122, for example, the spectral amplitude of one and the spectral slope zero, normalized.
  • FIG. 10 shows, in a schematic block diagram, an embodiment of a recognition system extended by determining the authenticity of the individual-typical features for identifying a test object, in particular for identifying the individual-typical features of a human finger.
  • the realization of the recognition system can be done by discrete structure, modular design or by microintegration, for example in card form, and be supplemented by optional components.
  • the sensory part of the recognition system consists of the sensor array 130, which is arranged, for example, like a matrix, with the feature sensors 91 and parameter sensors 92.
  • the dimension of the support surface 102 is designed so that at least one test object 100, for example a fingertip, can be detected approximately over the whole area.
  • the feature sensors 91 are driven by generators 131 for transmitting waves or static / dynamic fields in at least one measurement cycle.
  • the parameter sensors 92 are driven by generators 132 for transmitting waves or static / dynamic fields.
  • the block amplifier, data multiplexer, quantification 133 the measurement data are amplified, quantified or digitized and fed to the processing algorithms.
  • the parameter sensors 92 may be utilized for feature detection, thereby closing the resulting gaps in the array of feature sensors 91.
  • the switch 134 is provided.
  • the parameter sensors 92 with extended properties, e.g. Frequency range or bandwidth, resolution and / or sensitivity equipped.
  • the feature sensors are executed without this extension and can be manufactured using inexpensive methods or with a high packing density.
  • the sensor controller 135 controls the sequence of the data acquisition of the sensor array 130 with the integrated feature sensors 91 and parameter sensors 92, and the associated
  • the data and system controller 136 controls the data acquisition of the recognition system.
  • the interface 137 allows transactions to other units of a system, such as a terminal.
  • the interface can be implemented, for example, as a USB, parallel port, RS-232, LAN, WAN, modem, video, blue-tooth or the like.
  • the feature sensors 91, parameter sensors 92 and / or the evaluation circuits not required can be switched off (stand-by).
  • energy can be saved.
  • the Parameter sensors and / or the feature sensors and their evaluation circuits for a short time turned on.
  • the parameter evaluation and authenticity determination can be started.
  • the feature recognition circuits 139 and memories identify the inspection objects.
  • signal processors such as DSP - Digital
  • CCD Charge Coupled Device
  • the system configuration according to the invention allows the software to be replaced by conventional ones
  • Minuzienerkennungalgorithmen or the like are applied.
  • the identification can be carried out by a central computer, to the captured data of the test object by means of the
  • the features of at least one object and / or the sensors are stored in the feature memory 140, for example permanently.
  • the sensor array 130 is compatible with the system tolerances, e.g. Manufacturing tolerances, to understand itself as a feature carrier and can therefore be considered as an identifiable object.
  • the feature memory 140 may alternatively be implemented as a mobile memory module, for example a smart card, wherein the data can be exchanged via the interface 137.
  • the circuits and memories of the feature recognition 139 and / or the feature memories 140 may be paged out in a separate part of another system.
  • the access, for example to the sensor data, takes place in this case with the aid of the interface 137.
  • Test object and / or the bearing surface determined.
  • a skin model (108) may be provided.
  • a depth selection (108) can be realized by the evaluation unit 141, sensor control 135, generators 131 and quantification 133.
  • the parameter memory 143 values, value ranges, calibration data, assignments (mapping), physiological / physical parameters and / or reference information of the parameter evaluation are stored.
  • a corresponding interface for example interface 137, is provided.
  • the parameter memory 143 represents an extension of the memory for physiological / physical parameters (23).
  • the modification 144 sets the static and / or dynamic parameters of the feature sensors, such as frequency, phase angle, amplitude, delay time or the like, according to the measurement method or sensor principle.
  • data can be encrypted Data streams, the data transmission to other applications, processes, procedures, algorithms and / or circuits secured and / or session keys are generated. This can prevent attackers from analyzing the data and methods of the detection system.
  • the information of the data acquisition for example the parameter measurement, can be used in analog and / or digital form as input values.
  • the authenticity determination or living recognition or the test object 100 is provided. As a result, it can be determined whether a finger imitation rests on the support surface or residues on the support surface are present and these are excluded from further detection procedures, whereby the individual-typical features of the test object are protected against counterfeiting.
  • the optional tolerance tolerance adaptation 147 adapts the approval tolerance of the feature recognition by means of at least one quality feature to the quality of the data acquisition of the parameter sensors 92 and / or feature sensors 91 variably. Thus, according to the quality of the data acquisition, an optimal recognition reliability is achieved.
  • the self-test or self-diagnosis 148 checks the system components for operability and, in particular after switching on the operating voltage, at regular intervals and / or after changing an operating mode, for example, from stand-by in recording mode performed. As a result, the function of the recognition system can be secured and / or incorrect measurements as a consequence of a defect can be prevented.
  • the parameter sensors 92 and the feature sensors 91 can be checked, for example, by measuring the frequency response and / or the spectral behavior, with defective sensors, for example, as a result of breakage of the support surface, can be detected by the characteristic changed frequency response. A possible fault diagnosis can be communicated to the user and / or a central computer and / or the system can be blocked.
  • the surface of the parameter sensors 92, feature sensors 91 and / or the bearing surface of the test object 102 can be formed scratch-resistant or break-resistant. Scratch-resistant and / or fracture-resistant layers can be applied, for example, by the methods of nanotechnology.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé et un système de détermination de l'authenticité des caractéristiques individuelles typiques d'objets de test, en particulier dans le cas de l'identification de personnes sur la base de caractéristiques individuelles typiques du bout des doigts. Dans le cas de l'identification de personnes, une reproduction des caractéristiques individuelles typiques, telle que par exemple une empreinte digitale en silicone, peut être authentifiée ou validée lors de l'évaluation de caractéristique, de telle manière qu'on obtient une identification positive erronée de la reproduction et que le système de sécurité peut être employé à des fins abusives. Pour résoudre ce problème, des paramètres physiques et/ou physiologiques, interdépendants et scalaires indépendants de l'objet de test (100) et/ou de la surface support (102) sont détectés, au moins une corrélation des paramètres interdépendants et/ou des paramètres interdépendants et scalaires, regroupés sous forme d'attributs est déterminée, et au moins une corrélation de ces paramètres interdépendants et/ou d'un attribut défini est évaluée, les informations déterminées étant notamment employées pour l'authentification, l'augmentation de la sécurité d'identification ou de falsification et pour l'identification de l'état vivant.
PCT/DE2005/001563 2004-09-10 2005-09-07 Procede et systeme de determination de l'authenticite des caracteristiques individuelles typiques d'objets de test WO2006026970A1 (fr)

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DE102014215307B4 (de) 2014-08-04 2023-01-05 Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. Kommanditgesellschaft Messgerät und Messverfahren zur Vermessung insbesondere von FMCW-Signalen
DE102022134363A1 (de) 2022-12-21 2024-06-27 Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Körperschaft des öffentlichen Rechts Messvorrichtung für die detektion von biologischen und/oder physikalischen parametern mit hilfe eines applikators

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