WO2006024207A1 - Systeme et procede de combustion a injection directe pour moteurs diesel avec pre-melange chaud reglable a auto-adaptation - Google Patents

Systeme et procede de combustion a injection directe pour moteurs diesel avec pre-melange chaud reglable a auto-adaptation Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2006024207A1
WO2006024207A1 PCT/CN2005/000225 CN2005000225W WO2006024207A1 WO 2006024207 A1 WO2006024207 A1 WO 2006024207A1 CN 2005000225 W CN2005000225 W CN 2005000225W WO 2006024207 A1 WO2006024207 A1 WO 2006024207A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
combustion chamber
combustion
fuel
center line
diesel engine
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/CN2005/000225
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English (en)
Chinese (zh)
Inventor
Deyang Hou
Original Assignee
Deyang Hou
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Deyang Hou filed Critical Deyang Hou
Publication of WO2006024207A1 publication Critical patent/WO2006024207A1/fr

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B23/00—Other engines characterised by special shape or construction of combustion chambers to improve operation
    • F02B23/02—Other engines characterised by special shape or construction of combustion chambers to improve operation with compression ignition
    • F02B23/06—Other engines characterised by special shape or construction of combustion chambers to improve operation with compression ignition the combustion space being arranged in working piston
    • F02B23/0675—Other engines characterised by special shape or construction of combustion chambers to improve operation with compression ignition the combustion space being arranged in working piston the combustion space being substantially spherical, hemispherical, ellipsoid or parabolic
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B23/00—Other engines characterised by special shape or construction of combustion chambers to improve operation
    • F02B23/02—Other engines characterised by special shape or construction of combustion chambers to improve operation with compression ignition
    • F02B23/06—Other engines characterised by special shape or construction of combustion chambers to improve operation with compression ignition the combustion space being arranged in working piston
    • F02B23/0672—Omega-piston bowl, i.e. the combustion space having a central projection pointing towards the cylinder head and the surrounding wall being inclined towards the cylinder center axis
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B23/00—Other engines characterised by special shape or construction of combustion chambers to improve operation
    • F02B23/02—Other engines characterised by special shape or construction of combustion chambers to improve operation with compression ignition
    • F02B23/06—Other engines characterised by special shape or construction of combustion chambers to improve operation with compression ignition the combustion space being arranged in working piston
    • F02B23/0678—Unconventional, complex or non-rotationally symmetrical shapes of the combustion space, e.g. flower like, having special shapes related to the orientation of the fuel spray jets
    • F02B23/0687—Multiple bowls in the piston, e.g. one bowl per fuel spray jet
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B23/00—Other engines characterised by special shape or construction of combustion chambers to improve operation
    • F02B23/02—Other engines characterised by special shape or construction of combustion chambers to improve operation with compression ignition
    • F02B23/06—Other engines characterised by special shape or construction of combustion chambers to improve operation with compression ignition the combustion space being arranged in working piston
    • F02B23/0696—W-piston bowl, i.e. the combustion space having a central projection pointing towards the cylinder head and the surrounding wall being inclined towards the cylinder wall
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M61/00—Fuel-injectors not provided for in groups F02M39/00 - F02M57/00 or F02M67/00
    • F02M61/16—Details not provided for in, or of interest apart from, the apparatus of groups F02M61/02 - F02M61/14
    • F02M61/18—Injection nozzles, e.g. having valve seats; Details of valve member seated ends, not otherwise provided for
    • F02M61/1806—Injection nozzles, e.g. having valve seats; Details of valve member seated ends, not otherwise provided for characterised by the arrangement of discharge orifices, e.g. orientation or size
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
    • Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies

Definitions

  • the present invention is in the field of internal combustion engines, and more particularly, the present invention relates to a direct injection diesel combustion system and a combustion method.
  • the adaptive controllable hot premixed direct injection diesel engine combustion method and combustion system of the invention are mainly diesel engines, but are not limited to the conventional diesel engine, and are also suitable for direct injection compression ignition internal combustion engines or direct injection type using other alternative fuels. Ignit the internal combustion engine.
  • the diesel engine herein refers to a compression ignition type internal combustion engine using diesel or alternative fuel. Background technique
  • the traditional direct injection diesel combustion process includes both premixed combustion and diffusion combustion, and is mainly based on diffusion combustion.
  • people have successfully developed different diesel combustion systems.
  • most systems are diffusion combustion. Since the formation of the diffusion combustion mixture is extremely uneven, there is an insurmountable contradiction between exhaust and NOX.
  • technologies such as electronic control and high-pressure injection, the combustion and emissions of diesel engines have been greatly improved, but the essential problem of diffusion combustion remains to be solved.
  • diesel combustion and emissions face greater challenges.
  • HCCI homogeneous compression ignition
  • the formed mixture may be combustible at the same time, and it is difficult to control the burning rate; if the fuel is injected too late, it is difficult to completely form the premixed gas before the fire, and the diffusion combustion is difficult to avoid. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a new type of adaptive controllable thermal premixed direct injection compression ignition internal combustion engine combustion system and method to overcome existing problems.
  • An object of the present invention is to provide an adaptive controllable thermal premixed direct injection diesel engine combustion method and combustion system, which is an adaptive approximate homogeneous compression ignition (Quasi-HCCI) combustion method and
  • the combustion system solves the main problems of the current premixed direct injection diesel engine that are difficult to control the ignition start point and combustion rate, while reducing the emission of soot, N0X and HC products.
  • the adaptive controllable hot premixed direct injection diesel engine combustion method and combustion system of the invention are mainly diesel engines, but are not limited to the conventional diesel engine, and are also suitable for direct injection compression ignition internal combustion engines or direct injection type using other alternative fuels. Ignit the internal combustion engine.
  • the diesel engine herein refers to a compression ignition type internal combustion engine using diesel or alternative fuel.
  • the adaptive controllable heat premixed direct injection diesel engine combustion system of the present invention the structure is that the combustion system comprises a porous oil nozzle or an umbrella spray-porous composite oil nozzle, a multi-connected space combustion chamber, a piston, a cylinder, a cylinder Cover, intake port;
  • the entire combustion chamber space consists of a multi-communication space combustion chamber at the top of the piston, a piston top surface, a cylinder head, and a cylinder.
  • the multi-communication space combustion chamber at the top of the piston in the combustion system of the adaptive controllable hot premixed direct injection diesel engine according to the present invention is composed of two or more connected combustion spaces, and the inner bottom of the combustion chamber section is approximated Sinusoidal or cosine curve, the peripheral part is composed of a semicircular arc and a straight line segment and a rounded corner.
  • the combustion chamber space is composed of a rotating body formed by the entire bottom and the peripheral curve around the center line of the combustion chamber, and the combustion chamber space at the top of the piston can also be centered.
  • the ⁇ -type combustion chamber and the peripheral ring-shaped combustion chamber are formed, and the central combustion chamber can be divided into two types: a central boss. 5 ⁇ D0/D ⁇ 0.
  • the adaptive controllable hot premixed direct injection diesel engine combustion system of the present invention is divided into two types: a partial combustion type and an ignition type.
  • the entire fuel for the compression ignition type internal combustion engine is diesel, or a part of the fuel is diesel, and a part of the fuel is diesel.
  • the alternative fuels, or all of them are alternative fuels for diesel fuel.
  • the entire fuel may be gasoline, or a part of it is gasoline, and some of them are alternative fuels that can be mixed with gasoline or all of them are gasoline.
  • the fuel injector of the adaptive controllable hot premixed direct injection diesel engine combustion system of the present invention has 6 to 20 oil holes having a diameter of 50 to 180 Mm; the injector nozzle center line coincides with the combustion chamber center line. The angle between the center line of the fuel injection hole and the center line of the injector is 65 to 75 degrees.
  • the umbrella spray-porous composite grease nipple in the adaptive controllable hot premixed direct injection diesel engine combustion system of the present invention has a needle lift of 50 to 200, and the exit shaft
  • the diameter of the needle is 1. 0 ⁇ 3. 0 mm
  • the center line of the injector coincides with the center line of the combustion chamber
  • the angle between the center line of the fuel injection beam and the center line of the injector is 65 to 75 degrees.
  • the fuel injector of the adaptive controllable hot premixed direct injection diesel engine combustion system of the present invention has 8 to 20 oil holes with a diameter of 50 to 180 Mm, and the center line of the injector coincides with the center line of the combustion chamber.
  • the center extension line and the center line of the injector are 50 ⁇ 65 degrees, matching the space of the central combustion chamber, and the other oil holes are centered and sprayed.
  • the center line of the nozzle is 65 to 75 degrees, matching the space of the peripheral combustion chamber.
  • the compression ignition combustion method of the adaptive controllable hot premixed direct injection diesel engine combustion system of the invention adopts a multi-connected space combustion chamber, and adopts a high pressure injection larger than SOObar and 6 ⁇ 20 apertures of 50 ⁇ : L80Mm
  • the porous nozzle forms a fine spray that forms a uniform mixture of gases in the hot state of the cylinder, thereby eliminating or reducing the excessive fuel zone in the combustion chamber.
  • the compression ignition combustion method of the adaptive controllable hot premixed direct injection diesel engine combustion system of the invention adopts a multi-connected space combustion chamber, and adopts a high pressure injection larger than SOObar and an umbrella with a needle lift of 50 to 200 Pm
  • the spray-porous composite nozzle forms a fine spray that forms a uniform mixed gas in the hot state of the cylinder, thereby eliminating or reducing the excessive fuel zone in the combustion chamber.
  • the combustion method of the adaptive controllable heat premixed direct injection diesel engine combustion system of the invention adopts a multi-connected space combustion chamber, and uses a single injection to control the timing of oil supply and the law of oil supply, thereby controlling fuel and
  • the air is distributed in the space and space of a plurality of combustion chamber spaces, thereby controlling the ignition starting point of each combustion chamber space after the top dead center and its combustion law to achieve controlled heat premixed combustion.
  • the combustion method of the adaptive controllable heat premixing direct injection diesel engine combustion system of the invention using a multi-connected space combustion chamber, and using multiple injections to control the timing of oil supply and the law of oil supply, thereby controlling fuel
  • the combustion system includes a porous grease nipple or an umbrella spray-porous composite grease nipple, a multi-connected space combustion chamber, and an intake passage.
  • the multi-connected space combustion chamber is composed of two or more connected spaces, can control the propagation path of the premixed combustion, and cooperates with the fuel injection and oil supply timing, can effectively control the spatiotemporal distribution of the mixed gas and different work.
  • the starting point of ignition and the burning rate make the system adaptive and controllable.
  • the combustion chamber can form a plurality of circulations to promote the formation of a homogeneous mixture.
  • the combustion system has an intake vortex ratio of 0 to 2, a nozzle aperture of 80 to 180 ⁇ m, and an injection pressure of more than 800 bar.
  • the 'adaptiveness' described in this paper means that the diesel engine still has good combustion characteristics at variable load and variable speed.
  • the design principle of the multi-connected space combustion chamber of the present invention is as follows.
  • the open-injection diesel engine open combustion chamber space is mostly in the 'single connected domain'.
  • 'single connected domain is the point at which the surface of the region can be reduced to a point but not outside the space.
  • 'Multi-connected domain' refers to the point at which the surface of a region must pass outside the space if it is reduced to a point. As shown in Figure 5 and Figure 6 Show.
  • the characteristics of the 'multiple connected domains' are important in chemical reactions. If there is a reactive particle at A, in the 'single connected domain', the reactive particle can directly affect B, but in the region of Fig. 5 and Fig. 6, the medium at A can have no direct influence on B.
  • the media response in the 'multi-connected domain' is more controllable than in the 'single connected domain', ie, the response is not propagated throughout the 'multiple connected domain' due to a random phenomenon (such as a fire).
  • the present invention discloses a 'multi-connected space' combustor design as shown in FIG. 2, characterized in that the multi-communication space combustion chamber at the top of the piston is composed of two or Two or more connected combustion spaces are formed.
  • the inner bottom of the combustion chamber section is approximated by a sine or cosine curve, and the outer part is composed of a semicircular arc and a straight line segment and a rounded corner.
  • the combustion chamber space surrounds the combustion chamber from the entire bottom and the peripheral curve.
  • the rotating body formed by the center line is formed.
  • the reaction propagation of the mixture in the different combustion chamber troughs is limited by the peak of the combustion chamber, and the ignition start point and combustion rate of the premixed gas are controlled, and different combustion chamber peaks are controlled.
  • a plurality of swirls can be formed which promote uniform mixing.
  • the resulting swirl changes with engine speed, making the formation of the mixture adaptive.
  • the circulation formed vertically in the central region of the combustion chamber also helps to reduce the concentration of oil and gas near the nozzle.
  • the combustion chamber space at the top of the piston can also be composed of a central "type combustion chamber and a peripheral annular combustion chamber.
  • the central combustion chamber can be divided into two types: a central boss.
  • ultra-fine spray (SMD ⁇ 10) is often limited by traditional open-type combustion chambers in practical applications, that is, ultra-fine spray may produce excessive burning rate and coarse combustion.
  • the multi-connected space combustion chamber of the present invention can eliminate the weakness of the conventional open combustion chamber, can obviously limit the burning rate, and can be used (but not limited to) ultra-fine spray (SMD ⁇ 10 m) to reduce soot and control the explosion pressure. . Due to the 'multi-connected space, the combustion chamber design can control the spatiotemporal distribution and reaction rate of the mixture, which can solve the essential problem of premixed combustion reaction rate control.
  • the key to the present invention is to reduce the soot by using a fine spray (nozzle pore size of 50 ⁇ 180 ⁇ , or using a umbrella spray-porous composite nozzle to form a fine spray), while using a 'multi-connected space' combustor to control the combustion reaction rate. , while reducing N0X.
  • the invention Compared with the prior art solution, the invention has the following advantages: 1) using a high-pressure spray and a fine oil hole (injection pressure greater than 800 bar, nozzle diameter 50 ⁇ 180 ⁇ ⁇ ) or umbrella spray-porous composite nozzle to form a fine spray, At the same time, the penetration distance and atomization fineness can be ensured, and the generation of soot can be significantly reduced. 2)
  • the multi-communication space combustion chamber can effectively control the reaction particle propagation path of the hot premixed combustion, and the combustion chamber can be combined with the fuel bill.
  • the combination of multiple or multiple injections and oil timing can effectively control the time and spatial distribution characteristics of fuel and air in different combustion spaces, thereby controlling the pre-mixing combustion ignition start point and combustion rate under different working conditions, with controllability 3)
  • the combustion chamber can form a plurality of annular airflows which are favorable for the formation and combustion of the mixed gas, and the compression swirling motion intensity changes with the engine speed, so as to be adaptive to different working conditions.
  • the present invention has nine drawings, among which:
  • FIG. 1 is a general schematic diagram of an adaptive controllable thermal premixing combustion system for a direct injection diesel engine
  • Fig. 1 Combustion chamber space I 2.
  • Combustion chamber space II piston 4, cylinder 5, cylinder head 6
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the "multi-connected space" combustion chamber scale mark of FIG. 1;
  • Figure 3 is a schematic view of the squeezing flow field of the "multi-connected space" of Figure 1;
  • Figure 4 is a schematic diagram of a 'single connected domain'
  • Figure 5 is a schematic diagram of the 'multi-connected domain', the intermediate region is not the region where A and B are located;
  • Figure 6 is a schematic diagram of the 'multi-connected domain', the region II is not the region where A and B are located;
  • Figure 7 is the oil bundle and combustion Room matching diagram in which all oil bundles have the same angle;
  • Figure 8 is a schematic diagram of the matching of the oil bundle and the combustion chamber, in which a small portion of the oil bundle has a small angle and the remaining oil bundle has a large angle.
  • Figure 9 is a schematic view showing the shape of the umbrella spray-porous composite injector spray of Figure 1;
  • the combustion chamber can be closed or unclosed.
  • the volume ratio of the central combustion chamber to the peripheral combustion chamber is usually 1/5 to 1/3.
  • the entire combustion system is shown in Figure 1:
  • the nozzle and oil bundle are designed as follows.
  • the first feature is characterized in that the injector has 6 to 20 oil holes with a diameter of 50 to: L80, the center line of the injector coincides with the center line of the combustion chamber, and the center line of all the injection holes and the center line of the injector are clamped. The angle is 65 to 75 degrees.
  • the second feature is characterized in that the fuel injection nozzle has 8 to 20 oil holes having a diameter of 50 to 180 Mm, and the center line of the fuel injector coincides with the center line of the combustion chamber, wherein there are 3 to 4 oil holes having a diameter of 50 to 140 m.
  • the center extension line and the nozzle center line angle are 50 ⁇ 65 degrees, matching with the center combustion chamber space, and the remaining oil holes have an angle between the center extension line and the nozzle center line of 65 ⁇ 75 degrees, and the periphery is burned. Room space matching.
  • the third scheme features an umbrella spray-porous composite nozzle with a needle lift of 50 to 200 Pm.
  • the center line of the injector coincides with the center line of the combustion chamber.
  • the angle between the center line of the fuel injection beam and the center line of the injector is 65 to 75 degrees.
  • the matching between the oil jet and the combustion chamber can be either Figure 7 (porous or umbrella spray-porous oil bundle) or Figure 8 (porous oil bundle).
  • the peak of the combustion chamber space should be lower than the center line of the oil beam, but higher than the boundary line of the oil bundle. Usually, the peak extends into the oil beam section 1/4 ⁇ 1/2, so that the fuel is in The distribution of the central combustion chamber and the peripheral combustion chamber is proportional to the amount of air therein and is matched by tests according to the specific diesel engine. In the matching of Fig. 8, the peak of the combustion chamber space should be made lower than the boundary line of the large-angle sleeve or slightly tangent.
  • the injection pressure is greater than 800 bar (usually between 800 and 2000 bar).
  • the single injection fuel supply advance angle is 10 ° CA before the top dead center (BTDC).
  • the advancement angle of the multiple pilot injections varies with the number of injections, but should be after BTDC 100° CA, and the main injection starting point is before the top dead center BTDC 5 ⁇ : 10° CA.
  • Both single injection and multiple injections control the ignition start point after the top dead center (TDC).
  • the combustion chamber space other parameters can be similar to the above small diesel engine ⁇

Abstract

Dans le domaine des moteurs thermiques, l'invention concerne un système et un procédé de combustion à injection directe pour moteurs diesel avec pré-mélange chaud réglable, à auto-adaptation. Le système comprend un injecteur ou un injecteur combiné à des orifices calibrés, une chambre de combustion avec espaces communiquants et passage d'admission. La chambre de combustion est constituée de deux espaces communiquants ou plus qui déterminent le trajet de propagation de la combustion du pré-mélange. Conjointement avec le calage de l'injection et le calage de l'alimentation en carburant, la chambre de combustion peut effectivement contrôler le distribution du mélange, le démarrage et la vitesse de combustion dans différentes conditions, ce qui rend le système de combustion réglable et auto-adaaptable. La chambre peut former des flux circulaires favorisant l'homogénéité du mélange. Le rapport de turbulence à l'admission Φ est de 0∩2, l'ouverture de l'injecteur comprise entre 50 et 180νm et la pression d'injection supérieure à 800 bar. L'invention permet de réduire sensiblement la température de la flamme, les émissions de HC et de NOx, notamment, ce qui améliore l'efficacité de la combustion.
PCT/CN2005/000225 2004-08-31 2005-02-25 Systeme et procede de combustion a injection directe pour moteurs diesel avec pre-melange chaud reglable a auto-adaptation WO2006024207A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CNB200410155266XA CN1332126C (zh) 2004-08-31 2004-08-31 自适应性可控热预混合直喷式柴油机燃烧系统与方法
CN200410155266.X 2004-08-31

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WO2006024207A1 true WO2006024207A1 (fr) 2006-03-09

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WO (1) WO2006024207A1 (fr)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN106644491A (zh) * 2017-02-22 2017-05-10 天津大学 一种模拟燃油喷雾湿壁的实验系统

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FI124187B (fi) * 2009-12-16 2014-04-30 Wärtsilä Finland Oy Mäntäpolttomoottorijärjestely
FR3020401B1 (fr) * 2014-04-24 2016-05-06 Ifp Energies Now Moteur a combustion interne a injection directe a double angle de nappe pour realiser un melange carbure dans une chambre de combustion a double zone de combustion et a faible taux de compression et procede pour utiliser un tel moteur.
US9709543B2 (en) * 2015-05-06 2017-07-18 GM Global Technology Operations LLC Method and apparatus for determining NOx content in an exhaust gas feedstream of an internal combustion engine
CN111894727A (zh) * 2020-06-29 2020-11-06 东风商用车有限公司 一种四气门直喷式柴油机燃烧室
CN113123892B (zh) * 2021-06-17 2021-08-20 潍柴动力股份有限公司 一种燃烧系统的控制方法、燃烧系统及发动机
CN114320641B (zh) * 2022-03-11 2022-06-21 潍柴动力股份有限公司 一种发动机燃烧系统、控制方法及发动机
CN114526151A (zh) * 2022-04-22 2022-05-24 潍柴动力股份有限公司 一种燃烧室与一种柴油发动机

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CN1040851A (zh) * 1988-08-31 1990-03-28 北京理工大学 双卷流燃烧系统
JPH0932559A (ja) * 1995-07-12 1997-02-04 Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd シリンダヘッド
WO2003064831A1 (fr) * 2002-02-01 2003-08-07 Scania Cv Ab (Publ) Moteur a combustion

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN106644491A (zh) * 2017-02-22 2017-05-10 天津大学 一种模拟燃油喷雾湿壁的实验系统

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CN1332126C (zh) 2007-08-15

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