WO2006015996A1 - Modelo animal de enfermedades neurodegenerativas, procedimiento de obtención y aplicaciones - Google Patents
Modelo animal de enfermedades neurodegenerativas, procedimiento de obtención y aplicaciones Download PDFInfo
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- C12N2810/6072—Vectors comprising as targeting moiety peptide derived from defined protein from viruses negative strand RNA viruses
- C12N2810/6081—Vectors comprising as targeting moiety peptide derived from defined protein from viruses negative strand RNA viruses rhabdoviridae, e.g. VSV
Definitions
- the invention relates, in general, to the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases; and, in particular, with the development of nonhuman animals useful as models of human neurodegenerative diseases.
- Alzheimer's disease a typical case of neurodegenerative disease with dementia, is the fourth leading cause of death in industrialized countries, with around 13 million affected individuals, a number that could be greater as there are approximately 25% of cases that They are not diagnosed.
- the prognosis for the coming years is a dizzying growth in the number of affected people that could exceed 40 million in industrialized countries where there is an aging population (Dekosky et al. (2001) Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease, Clinical Cornestone 3 (4): 15-26).
- There are currently few effective medications for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and the cost of treating this disease per patient is currently quite expensive, estimated at around US $ 225,000, according to data from the American Alzheimer's Association.
- the existence of this serious health problem with a very limited number of useful medicines has driven the development of research aimed at knowing the etiopathogenic mechanism of said neurodegenerative disease with the objective of identifying and evaluating potentially therapeutic compounds against said disease.
- Alzheimer's disease In the case of Alzheimer's disease, one of the main advances has been precisely to identify the proteins involved in familial Alzheimer's disease, which is not associated with aging such as sporadic Alzheimer's disease, which is by far the most frequent form of the disease (Mayeux R (2003)
- mice that express large amounts of one of the mutated forms of the human ⁇ -amyloid precursor protein (APP-Swe695) with mice expressing mutated forms of presenilins generate hybrids that have amyloid plaques along with neurofibrillar clews and Cognitive deficits (Duff K, Eckman C, Zehr C, Yu X, Prada CM, Perez-tur J, Hutton M, Buee L, Harigaya Y, Yager D, Morgan D, Gordon MN, Holcomb L, Refolo L, Zenk B, Hardy J, Younkin S (1996) Increased amyloid-beta42 (43) in brains of mice expressing mutant presenilin 1.
- Duff K Eckman C, Zehr C, Yu X, Prada CM, Perez-tur J, Hutton M, Buee L, Harigaya Y, Yager D, Morgan D, Gordon MN, Holcomb L, Refolo L, Zenk B, Hardy J, Younkin S
- these transgenic animal models are the only ones accepted for the study of pathogenic mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease and for the pharmaceutical screening of new drugs. Given the disparity of models that have been generated in order to recreate and analyze each of the possible causes of the disease, their availability in many cases is restricted by issues of property rights and above all, by the lack of material resources needed to generate complex hybrids (Oddo S, Caccamo A, Shepherd JD, Murphy MP, Golde TE, Kayed R, Metherate R, Mattson MP, Akbari Y, LaFerla FM (2003) Triple-transgenic model of Alzheimer's disease with plaques and tangles: intracellular A ⁇ and synaptic dysfunction. Neuron 39: 409-421). This means severe limitations on the widespread use of these models.
- IGF-I insulin growth factor-I
- IL-12-I insulin receptor
- the invention faces the problem of providing new animal models of human neurodegenerative diseases, such as human neurodegenerative diseases that occur with dementia, among which is Alzheimer's disease.
- the solution provided by this invention is based on the fact that the inventors have observed that the cancellation of the functional activity of the IGF-I receptor in the epithelial cells of the choroid plexus of the ventricles of an animal's brain allows the development of a model animal of neurodegenerative diseases, in general, and, in In particular, an animal model of human neurodegenerative diseases that occur with dementia, such as Alzheimer's disease, which has the main characteristics of this human disease, which is easy to obtain and can be used in laboratory animals with any genetic background.
- a vector containing a mutated form of the IGF-I receptor was injected by stereotactic surgery into the lateral ventricles of the brain that eliminates the functional activity of this trophic factor at the choroid plexus level by acting as negative dominant (Example 1).
- Alzheimer's pathology appears 3 to 6 months after the injection of the vector depending on the genetic background of the host animal, so that animals with genetic modifications that can potentially modulate the onset of Alzheimer's disease type neuropathology of this disease appears earlier (Examples 2 and 3).
- the invention relates to a non-human animal useful as an experimental model characterized in that it presents an alteration of the biological activity of the IGF-I receptor located in the cells of the epithelium of the choroid plexus of the cerebral ventricles.
- Said non-human animal is useful as an experimental model of neurodegenerative diseases, in particular, human neurodegenerative diseases that occur with dementia, such as Alzheimer's disease.
- the invention relates to a method for obtaining said non-human animal useful as an experimental model comprising the cancellation of the functional activity of the IGF-I receptor in the epithelial cells of the choroid plexus of said non-human animal by A process of transgenesis.
- the invention relates to the use of said non-human animal as an experimental model for the study of the etiopathogenic mechanism of a neurodegenerative disease or for the identification and evaluation of therapeutic compounds against said disease.
- said disease Neurodegenerative is a human neurodegenerative disease that develops with dementia, such as Alzheimer's disease.
- One of the advantages of the experimental model developed by this invention is that it perfectly reflects the pathology of Alzheimer's disease, so that this model represents a qualitative leap in the study of the etiopathogenic mechanism of said neurodegenerative disease as well as in the development of tools effective for the identification and evaluation of therapeutic compounds against said disease.
- Figure 1 is a photo showing that the HIV / GFP lentiviral vector allows the expression of the transgene in the choroid plexus cells, the expression of green GFP autofluorescent protein (green) being observed in choroid plexus cells (arrows) of adult rat after intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of the HIV / GFP vector.
- the photo shows choroid plexus cells of an animal that received, 3 months before being sacrificed, a single icv injection of the HIV / GFP lentiviral vector.
- Figure 2 shows that administration of the HIV / IGF-IR.KR (HIV / KR) vector to cultured epithelial cells obtained from the choroid plexus of postnatal rats results in a loss of response to IGF-I. Only in cells infected with KR (HIV + KR + A ⁇ and HIV + KR + IGF + A ⁇ ), but not in those transfected with an empty HIV vector (HIV), IGF-I does not promote A ⁇ 1-40 peptide transcytosis. * P ⁇ 0.05 vs all other groups.
- Figure 3 shows that learning (A) and spatial memorization (B) are diminished in HIV / IGF-IR.KR rats since the latter learn more slowly and worse than control rats (HIV) in the Morris test , consisting of memorizing the position of a platform covered by water in a pool where the animal swims without being able to rest more than on the platform.
- Figure 4 shows the levels of A ⁇ in cerebral cortex (A) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (B) of rats injected with the HIV / IGF-IR.KR vector (HIV / KR). While there is an increase in brain levels of A ⁇ there is a decrease in parallel in the CSF, indicative of a decrease in A ⁇ clearance.
- the levels were determined by immunoblots densitometry using anti-A ⁇ antibodies. Representative immunoblots are shown.
- Calbindin levels, a neuronal protein are also assessed to show that the differences are not due to the amount of total protein in each experimental group. * P ⁇ 0.05 vs control (rats injected with empty HIV).
- Figure 5 shows the levels of hyperphosphorylated tau (HPF-tau) in the cerebral cortex of rats injected with the HIV / IGF-IR.KR vector (HIV / KR).
- Figure 5A shows the levels of HPF-tau in the cerebral cortex of rats injected with the HIV / IGF-IR.KR vector (HIV / KR) and with the control vector (HlV-control). The levels were determined by immunoblots densitometry with anti-HPF-tau antibodies. * P ⁇ 0.05 vs control.
- Figure 5B shows the results of a confocal microscopy analysis of the tissue location of HPF-tau deposits.
- Figure 6 shows an Alzheimer's neuropathology in mice with modified genetic background.
- Figure 6A shows that old LID mice (more than 15 months) treated with the HIV / IGF-IR.KR vector (HIV / KR) [LID-HIV / IGF-IR.KR] practically did not learn in the Morris test . While old control mice or LIDs that receive only the viral vector control [LID-HIV] learn and retain similarly learned, LID-HIV / IGF-IR.KR mice, where IGF-I receptor signaling in The choroid plexus has been canceled, they learn significantly worse (* P ⁇ 0.001 vs controls).
- Figure 6B shows that LID-HIV / IGF-IR.KR animals have accumulations of A ⁇ (immunopositive for A ⁇ , marked with asterisks in the panel at higher magnification) in telencephalic areas that are barely observed in LID-HIV control mice ( bottom panel).
- One aspect of the present invention relates to a non-human animal useful as an experimental model, hereinafter animal model of the invention, characterized in that it exhibits an alteration of the biological activity of the insulin-like growth factor receptor type I (IGF -I) located in the epithelial cells of the choroid plexus of the cerebral ventricles.
- IGF -I insulin-like growth factor receptor type I
- non-human animal refers to a non-human mammalian animal of any genetic background, preferably laboratory animals such as rodents, more preferably rats and mice, or non-human primates.
- any genetic background refers to both a normal non-human animal and a transgenic non-human animal.
- abnormal applied to animals, as used in the present invention, refers to animals that lack transgenes that could be involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, for example, human neurodegenerative diseases that occur with dementia, such like Alzheimer's disease.
- transgenic refers to animals that contain a transgene that could be implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, for example, human neurodegenerative diseases that occur with dementia, such as Alzheimer's disease, and includes, by way of illustration and without limiting the scope of the present invention, transgenic animals of the following group: LID mice (Yakar S, Liu JL, Stannard B, Butler A, Accili D, Sauer B , LeRoith D (1999) Normal growth and development in the absence of hepatic insulin-like growth factor I.
- LID mice Yakar S, Liu JL, Stannard B, Butler A, Accili D, Sauer B , LeRoith D (1999) Normal growth and development in the absence of hepatic insulin-like growth factor I.
- the alteration of the biological activity of the function of the IGF-I receptor in the epithelial cells of the choroid plexus of the cerebral ventricles of the model animal of the invention will, in general, consist in the functional cancellation of its biological activity (biological cancellation).
- Said alteration of the biological activity of the function of the IGF-I receptor in the epithelial cells of the choroid plexus of the cerebral ventricles may be due to the cancellation of the functional activity of the IGF-I receptor due to the expression of a polynucleotide whose Nucleotide sequence encodes a dominant non-functional mutated form of the IGF-I receptor.
- said polynucleotide encodes a dominant non-functional mutated form of the human IGF-I receptor.
- said dominant non-functional mutated form of the human IGF-I receptor is selected from the non-functional mutated form of the IGF-I receptor called IGF-IR.KR which has the K1003R mutation, in which the Usina residue of position 1003 of the amino acid sequence of the human IGF-I receptor has been replaced by an arginine residue and the non-functional mutated form of the IGF-I receptor called IGF-IR.KA which presents the Kl 003 A mutation, in which the Usina residue at position 1003 of the amino acid sequence of the human IGF-I receptor has been replaced by an alanine residue (Kato H, Faria TN, Stannard B, Roberts CT, Jr., LeRoith D ( 1993) Role of tyrosine kinase activity in signal transduction by the insulin-like growth factor-I (I
- the numbering system used to number the amino acid residues of the human IGF-I receptor is the one followed by UUrich et al. (Ullrich A. et al. (1985) Human insulin receptor and its relationship to the tyrosine kinase family of oncogenes. Nature 313: 756-761; Ullrich A. et al. (1986) Insulin-like growth factor I receptor primary structure: comparison with insulin receptor suggests structural determinants that define functional specificity EMBO J. 1986 Oct; 5 (10): 2503-2512).
- said alteration of the biological activity of the function of the IGF-I receptor in the epithelial cells of the choroid plexus of the cerebral ventricles may be due to the cancellation of the functional activity of the IGF-I receptor due to the expression of a polynucleotide whose nucleotide sequence encodes an element that inhibits the expression of the IGF-I receptor gene capable of canceling its functional activity.
- the term "IGF-I receptor gene expression inhibitor element capable of nullifying its functional activity” refers to a protein, enzymatic activity or nucleotide sequence, RNA or DNA, chain single or double, which inhibits the translation to mRNA protein of the IGF-I receptor.
- said polynucleotide can be a polynucleotide that encodes a specific antisense nucleotide sequence of the gene or mRNA sequence of the IGF-I receptor, or a polynucleotide encoding a specific ribozyme of the IGF-I receptor mRNA either a polynucleotide encoding a specific aptamer of the IGF-I receptor mRNA, or a polynucleotide encoding a small interference RNA (siRNA) specific for the IGF-I receptor mRNA.
- siRNA small interference RNA
- the model animal of the invention can have any genetic background; however, in a particular embodiment said model animal of the invention comes from a normal animal, advantageously, from a healthy normal animal, that is, lacking a diagnosed pathology, such as a healthy rat (Example 2), while in Another particular embodiment said model animal of the invention comes from a transgenic animal, such as from a LID transgenic mouse (Example 3).
- the animal model of the invention is an animal useful as an experimental model of neurodegenerative diseases, for example, neurodegenerative diseases that occur with dementia.
- said neurodegenerative diseases are human neurodegenerative diseases, more preferably, human neurodegenerative diseases that occur with dementia.
- said human neurodegenerative disease that is dementia is Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's disease accounts for 60% of cases of dementia while microvascular or multi-infarct disease accounts for 20% of them. Other minor causes of dementia are chronic alcohol and drug abuse and very low incidence neurological diseases such as Pick and Creutzfeldt-Jacob diseases.
- the invention relates to the use of the animal model of the invention as an experimental model of neurodegenerative diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases that occur with dementia; preferably, said neurodegenerative diseases are human neurodegenerative diseases, such as human neurodegenerative diseases that occur with dementia, for example, Alzheimer's disease.
- model animal of the invention for the study of the etiopathogenic mechanisms of neurodegenerative diseases, in particular, human neurodegenerative diseases and, more particularly, diseases Human neurodegeneratives with dementia, such as Alzheimer's disease, as well as the use of the model animal of the invention for the identification and evaluation of potentially therapeutic compounds against such diseases constitute additional aspects of the present invention.
- the model animal of the invention can be obtained by a transgenesis process that allows the functional cancellation of the IGF-I receptor in the choroidal plexus epithelial cells of said model animal of the invention.
- the invention relates to a method for obtaining the model animal of the invention, hereinafter procedure of the invention, which comprises the cancellation of the functional activity of the IGF-I receptor in the epithelial cells of the Choroid plexus of said model animal of the invention by a process of transgenesis.
- transgenesis process refers to any technique or procedure that allows the integration into a series of cells of a living organism of an exogenous gene, or "transgene”, without affecting all of the cells of said organism, and which confers said cells and the organism that carries them a new biological property.
- Said transgene or exogenous gene refers to a DNA that is not normally resident, nor present in the cell to be transformed.
- the process of transgenesis to obtain the model animal of the invention can be applied to both fully developed animals and to embryos thereof provided that it allows the cancellation of the functional activity of the IGF-I receptor in the epithelial cells of the plexus. choroid of said fully developed model animal.
- said transgenesis process leading to the cancellation of the functional activity of the IGF-I receptor comprises the transformation of epithelial cells of the choroid plexus of a fully developed non-human animal, so as to express a non-functional mutated form IGF-I receptor dominant.
- This objective can be achieved by the administration to epithelial cells of the choroid plexus of said non-human animal of a gene construct comprising a polynucleotide whose nucleotide sequence encodes a dominant non-functional mutated form of the IGF-I receptor in order to transform said cells epithelials of the choroid plexus so that they express said mutated form not dominant functional of the IGF-I receptor.
- said gene construct is included within a vector, such as, for example, an expression vector or a transfer vector.
- vector refers to systems used in the process of transferring an exogenous gene or an exogenous gene construct into a cell, thereby allowing the stable vehicle transport of genes and constructs.
- exogenous gene Said vectors can be non-viral vectors or viral vectors, preferably viral vectors since transgenesis with viral vectors has the advantage of being able to direct the expression of a foreign gene in adult tissues with relative precision and is one of the reasons why raises its general use for gene therapy (Pfeifer A, Verma IM (2001) Gene therapy: promises and problems. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2: 177-211).
- the invention has been exemplified by the use of lentiviral vectors. These vectors are easy to use and their main advantages include their effective transduction, their genomic integration and their persistent or prolonged expression.
- Other appropriate viral vectors include retroviral, adenoviral or adeno-associated vectors (Consiglio A, Quattrini A, Martino S, Bensadoun JC, Dolcetta D, Trojani A, Benaglia G, Marchesini S, Cestari V, Oliver A, Bordignon C, Naldini L (2001)
- lentiviral vectors correction of neuropathology and protection against learning impairments in affected mice.
- lentiviral vectors include human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-I), from which numerous appropriate vectors have been developed.
- lentiviruses suitable for use as vectors include the group of primate lentiviruses including human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2), human immunodeficiency virus type 3 (HIV-3), the virus Apes immunodeficiency (SIV), Apes AIDS retrovirus (SRV-I), type 4 human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTL V4), as well as groups of bovine lentiviruses, equine lentiviruses, feline lentiviruses, lentiviruses sheep / goats and murine lentiviruses.
- the invention provides a vector, such as a viral vector, specifically, a lentiviral vector, useful for obtaining an animal model of the invention, which is useful as an experimental model of neurodegenerative diseases, namely, as a model of human neurodegenerative diseases in progress. with dementia, such as Alzheimer's disease. Said vector as well as its obtaining will be described in detail later.
- the administration of said gene construct comprising a polynucleotide whose nucleotide sequence encodes a dominant non-functional mutated form of the IGF-I receptor, or of said vector comprising said gene construct, to the epithelial cells of the choroid plexus of the non-human animal a transform can be carried out by any conventional method; however, in a particular embodiment, the administration of said vector to said choroidal plexus epithelial cells is carried out by intracerebroventricular injection (icv).
- icv intracerebroventricular injection
- a dominant non-functional mutated form of the IGF-I receptor includes any mutated form of the IGF-I receptor that acts as a negative dominant by recombination with the endogenous normal IGF-I receptor. , canceling its biological function, in the course of the procedure developed by the present invention.
- Said dominant non-functional mutated form of the IGF-I receptor is expressed by epithelial cells of the choroid plexus of the model animal of the invention as a consequence of its transformation with a gene construct comprising a polynucleotide whose nucleotide sequence encodes said dominant non-functional mutated form. of the IGF-I receptor.
- said polynucleotide encodes a dominant non-functional mutated form of the human IGF-I receptor.
- said polynucleotide encodes a dominant non-functional mutated form of the IGF-I receptor of a non-human animal species, such as a mammal, for example, a rodent or a non-human primate.
- the dominant IGF-I receptor is selected from the non-functional mutated forms of the human IGF-I receptor called IGF-IR.KR and IGF-IR.KA in this description, previously defined.
- the non-human animal whose epithelial cells of the choroid plexus of the cerebral ventricles are going to be transformed by transgene administration can have any genetic background.
- the process of the invention is embodied, in a specific embodiment, in a process for obtaining a model animal of the invention in which the vector used is the HIV-I derived lentiviral vector called HIV / IGF-IR.KR ( HIV / KR) in this description, the dominant non-functional mutated form of the IGF-I receptor is the non-functional mutated form of the human IGF-I receptor called IGF-IR.KR and the non-human animal whose choroidal plexus epithelial cells have been transformed is a normal healthy adult rat (Example 2).
- the process of the invention is embodied, in another specific embodiment, in a process for obtaining a model animal of the invention in which the vector used is the lentiviral vector called HIV / IGF-IR.KR (HIV / KR ), the dominant non-functional mutated form of the IGF-I receptor is the non-functional mutated form of the human IGF-I receptor called IGF-IR.KR and the non-human animal whose choroidal plexus epithelial cells have been transformed is a transgenic mouse LID (Example 3).
- the alteration of the biological activity of the IGF-I receptor function in the epithelial cells of the choroid plexus of the cerebral ventricles may be due to the cancellation of the functional activity of the IGF-I receptor.
- said transgenesis process of canceling the functional activity of the IGF-I receptor comprises the transformation of epithelial cells of the choroid plexus of a non-human animal by the introduction of a gene construct comprising a polynucleotide whose nucleotide sequence encodes an inhibitor element of the expression of the IGF-I receptor gene capable of canceling its biological activity, said inhibitor element being selected from: a) an antisense nucleotide sequence specific to the gene sequence or the mRNA of the receptor of IGF-I, b) a ribozyme specific to the IGF-I receptor mRNA, c) an IGF-I receptor mRNA specific aptamer, and d) an interference RNA (iRNA) specific to the IGF-I receptor mRNA.
- said gene construct is included within a vector, such as, for example, an expression vector or a transfer vector. The characteristics of said vector have been previously defined.
- nucleotide sequences a) -d) mentioned above prevent the expression of the gene in mRNA or mRNA in the IGF-I receptor protein, and, therefore, nullify its biological function, and can be developed by an expert in the genetic engineering sector based on existing knowledge in the state of the art on transgenesis and cancellation of gene expression (Clarke, AR (2002) transgenesis Techniques Principles and Protocols, 2nd Ed Humana Press, Cambridge University;.. Patent US20020128220 Gleave. , Martin. TRPM-2 antisense therapy; Puerta-Ferández E et al. (2003) Ribozymes: recent advances in the development of RNA tools.
- the invention relates to a vector useful for the implementation of the method of obtaining the model animal of the invention.
- Said vector may be a non-viral vector or, advantageously, a viral vector, as previously mentioned, and comprises a polynucleotide whose nucleotide sequence encodes a dominant non-functional mutated form of the IGF-I receptor or a polynucleotide whose sequence nucleotide encodes an element that inhibits the expression of the IGF-I receptor gene capable of canceling its functional activity, together with, optionally, the elements necessary to allow its expression in cells of non-human animals.
- Such vectors may be in the form of artificial or chimeric viral particles.
- said vector is a lentiviral vector comprising a polynucleotide whose nucleotide sequence is selected from a nucleotide sequence encoding a dominant non-functional mutated form of the IGF-I receptor and a nucleotide sequence encoding an element.
- IGF-I receptor gene expression inhibitor capable of canceling its functional activity.
- the nucleotide sequence encoding a dominant non-functional mutated form of the IGF-I receptor is selected from non-functional mutated forms of the human IGF-I receptor designated IGF-IR.KR and IGF-IR.KA in this description, previously defined.
- the nucleotide sequence encoding an inhibitor of the expression of the IGF-I receptor gene capable of canceling its functional activity is selected from a sequence encoding: a) a sequence-specific antisense nucleotide sequence of the IGF-I receptor mRNA gene, b) a specific ribozyme of the IGF-I receptor mRNA, c) a specific IGF-I receptor mRNA aptamer, and d) a specific interference RNA (iRNA) of the IGF-I receptor mRNA.
- iRNA specific interference RNA
- the invention provides, in a specific embodiment, a lentiviral vector obtainable by transient transfection in packaging cells of: a plasmid (i) comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from: - a nucleotide sequence encoding a dominant non-functional mutated form of the receptor of IGF-I, and
- nucleotide sequence encoding an element that inhibits the expression of the IGF-I receptor gene capable of canceling its functional activity a plasmid (ii) comprising the nucleotide sequence encoding the Rev protein; a plasmid (iii) comprising the nucleotide sequence encoding the Rev response element (RRE); and a plasmid (iv) comprising the nucleotide sequence encoding the heterologous vector envelope.
- Plasmid (i) is a vector, such as a transfer or expression vector, that carries a gene construct comprising the transgene in question and a functional promoter in the packaging cells that allows the vector to be transcribed to be generated in a manner Efficient in packaging cells.
- said plasmid (i) comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding a dominant non-functional mutated form of the IGF-I receptor selected from the non-functional mutated forms of the human IGF-I receptor called IGF-IR.KR and IGF-IR.KA in this description, previously defined.
- said plasmid (i) comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding an element that inhibits the expression of the IGF-I receptor gene capable of canceling its selected functional activity from a sequence encoding: a) a nucleotide sequence specific antisense of the sequence of the gene or mRNA of the IGF-I receptor, b) a ribozyme specific of the mRNA of the IGF-I receptor, c) a specific aptamer of the mRNA of the IGF-I receptor, and d) an RNA of specific interference (iRNA) of the IGF-I receptor mRNA.
- a nucleotide sequence specific antisense of the sequence of the gene or mRNA of the IGF-I receptor b) a ribozyme specific of the mRNA of the IGF-I receptor, c) a specific aptamer of the mRNA of the IGF-I receptor, and d) an RNA of specific interference (iRNA) of the IGF-I
- Plasmid (ii) is a non-overlapping vector that can virtually contain the nucleotide sequence encoding any Rev protein, which promotes cytoplasmic accumulation of viral transcripts; however, in a particular embodiment, said plasmid (ii) is the plasmid identified as RSV-Rev, which comprises the nucleotide sequence encoding the Rev protein of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV).
- RSV-Rev Rous sarcoma virus
- Plasmid (iii) is a conditional packaging vector, and contains the nucleotide sequence encoding any appropriate Rev response element (RRE), to which it binds, so that the gene is expressed and new particles are produced. viral.
- RRE Rev response element
- Plasmid (iv) contains the nucleotide sequence that encodes the heterologous vector envelope, so it may contain the nucleotide sequence that encodes any envelope protein of an appropriate virus, with the proviso that said virus is not a lentivirus. ; however, in a particular embodiment, said plasmid is called p-VSV, which comprises the nucleotide sequence encoding the envelope of the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV).
- VSV vesicular stomatitis virus
- Said lentiviral vector can be obtained by conventional methods known to those skilled in the art.
- said lentiviral vector is called HTWIGF-
- IGF-IR.KR HAV / KR
- Example 1 that allows the expression of the non-functional mutated form of the IGF-I receptor called IGF-IR.KR that has the K1003R mutation in the amino acid sequence of the human IGF-I receptor , in animal cells not human, and the biological cancellation of the IGF-I receptor and the development of a non-human animal useful as an experimental model of human neurodegenerative diseases that occur with dementia, such as Alzheimer's disease.
- said transgenesis process leading to the cancellation of the functional activity of the IGF-I receptor in the choroidal plexus epithelial cells of the model animal of the invention comprises a conventional transgenesis process in the embryonic phase of said animal. such that the future choroid plexus cells of said animal are genetically transformed and lose the ability to respond to IGF-I.
- the development of this type of transgenic animal can be carried out by an expert in the genetic engineering sector based on the existing knowledge in the state of the art on transgenic animals (Bedell MA, Jenkins NA, Copeland NG. Mouse models of human disease Part I: techniques and resources for genetic analysis in mice Genes Dev. 1997 Jan 1; 11 (1): 1- 10. Bedell MA, Longsword DA, Jenkins NA, Copeland NG. Mouse models of human disease Part II: recent progress and future directions Genes Dev. 1997 Jan 1; 11 (1): 11-43).
- One possibility of the present invention is a conventional transgenesis method by which the expression of a transgene comprising a tissue specific promoter (such as the promoter of the transthyretin gene, Ttr 1 ) is directed (Schreiber, G. The evolution of transthyretin synthesis in the choroid plexus Clin. Chem. Lab Med. 40, 1200-1210 (2002)) and a polynucleotide whose nucleotide sequence encodes a dominant non-functional mutated form of the IGF-I receptor. In this way the dominant non-functional mutated form of the IGF-I receptor will only be expressed in the choroid plexus cells thus obtaining the model animal of the present invention.
- a tissue specific promoter such as the promoter of the transthyretin gene, Ttr 1
- said polynucleotide encodes a dominant non-functional mutated form of the human IGF-I receptor.
- said dominant non-functional mutated form of the human IGF-I receptor is selected from the non-functional mutated form of the IGF-I receptor called IGF-IR.KR which has the K1003R mutation, in which the Usina residue of position 1003 of the amino acid sequence of the human IGF-I receptor has been replaced by an arginine residue and the non-functional mutated form of the IGF-I receptor called IGF-IR.KA which presents the Kl 003 A mutation, wherein the Usina residue of position 1003 of the amino acid sequence of the receptor of Human IGF-I has been replaced by an alanine residue (Kato H, Faria TN, Stannard B, Roberts CT, Jr., LeRoith D (1993) Role of tyrosine kinase activity in signal transduction by the insulin-like growth factor-I (Kato H, Faria
- said alteration of the biological activity of the function of the IGF-I receptor in the epithelial cells of the choroid plexus of the cerebral ventricles of said transgenic animals can be obtained by canceling the functional activity of the IGF-I receptor due to the expression of a polynucleotide whose nucleotide sequence encodes an element that inhibits the expression of the IGF-I receptor gene capable of canceling its functional activity.
- a polynucleotide whose nucleotide sequence encodes an element that inhibits the expression of the IGF-I receptor gene capable of canceling its functional activity.
- the term "element that inhibits the expression of the IGF-1 receptor gene capable of canceling its functional activity” refers to a protein, enzymatic activity or nucleotide sequence.
- said polynucleotide can be a polynucleotide that encodes a specific antisense nucleotide sequence of the gene or mRNA sequence of the IGF-I receptor, or a polynucleotide encoding a specific ribozyme of the IGF-I receptor mRNA either a polynucleotide encoding a specific aptamer of the IGF-I receptor mRNA, or a polynucleotide encoding a small interference RNA (siRNA) specific for the IGF-I receptor mRNA.
- siRNA small interference RNA
- a model animal of the invention can be obtained by conventional transgenesis in which the cancellation of the functional activity of the IGF-I receptor can be regulated by different mechanisms which would allow a better control and use of the animal.
- a technique of regulated transgenesis may consist in the use of the "Cre / Lox” system by crossing animals with Lox-IGF-IR transgenic sequences ("knock in” systems) that replace the endogenous IGF-IR sequence.
- An exemplary embodiment of the present invention will consist of a Lox-IGF-IR mouse that intersects with a Tre-Cre mouse - where Tre is the promoter adjustable by the Tta protein (tetracycline- controlled transactivator protein); subsequently this hybrid is crossed with a Ttr-Tta mouse such that the resulting mouse: Lox-IGF-IR / Tre-Cre / Ttr-Tta will eliminate the IGF-IR function in response to tetracycline administration , a compound that eliminates the action of the Tta protein.
- the invention relates to the use of a vector of the invention in a method for obtaining a non-human animal useful as an experimental model, such as an experimental model of neurodegenerative diseases, in particular, human neurodegenerative diseases, especially as a disease model.
- a non-human animal useful as an experimental model
- an experimental model of neurodegenerative diseases in particular, human neurodegenerative diseases, especially as a disease model.
- Human neurodegeneratives with dementia such as Alzheimer's disease.
- EXAMPLE 1 Generation of a viral vector for sustained transgenic expression
- IGF-IR.KR mutated form of the IGF-I receptor
- That mutated form of the IGF-I receptor, IGF-IR.KR presents the K1003R mutation in which the Usina residue at position 1003 has been replaced by an arginine residue, and acts as a negative dominant by recombination with the receptor normal endogenous, canceling its function
- a lentiviral vector has been used that has prolonged expression characteristics (Consiglio A, Quattrini A, Martino S, Bensadoun JC, Dolcetta D, Trojani A, Benaglia G, Marchesini S, Cestari V, Oliver A, Bordignon C, Naldini L (2001 )
- HIV-I human immunodeficiency virus type 1
- VSV vesicular stomatitis virus
- RSV-Rev a non-overlapping vector, RSV-Rev, comprising the nucleotide sequence encoding the Roux sarcoma virus (RSV) Rev protein;
- p-RRE conditional packaging vector, comprising the nucleotide sequence encoding the Rev response element (RRE);
- a vector, p-VSV comprising the nucleotide sequence encoding the heterologous envelope of the vector, specifically, the envelope of the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV); Y
- a transfer vector which carries a gene construct for the transgene in question, in this case, the IGF-IR.KR, and the promoter of the phosphoglycerokinase, which allows the vector that is transcribed to be efficiently generated in the packaging cells (293T).
- the first three vectors [1) -3)] are known (see references mentioned previously).
- the construction of this last vector was carried out by introducing a HincII-Xbal fragment of the IGF-I receptor cDNA encoding a mutated form of the IGF-I receptor, specifically the mutated form of the receptor called IGF-IR.KR containing the K1003R mutation in which the Usina residue from position 1003 has been replaced by an arginine residue (Kato H, Faria TN,
- the cDNA encoding the mutated form of the IGF-I receptor that has the K1003R mutation was introduced into HlV-lacZ, by exchanging the lacZ cassette for the cDNA encoding IGF-IR.KR according to the described methodology (Desmaris N, Bosch A, Salaun C, Petit C, Prevost MC, Tordo N, Perrin P, Schwartz O, by Rocquigny H, Heard JM (2001) Production and neurotropism of lentivirus vectors pseudotyped with lyssavirus envelope glycoproteins. Mol Ther 4: 149-156).
- the HlV-lacZ vector was cut with Smal / Xbal to remove the lacZ cDNA and ligated with the cDNA encoding IGF-IR.KR cut with HincII / Xbal. Restriction sites are homologous. In this way the transfer vector carrying the IGF-IR.KR transgene was obtained.
- the lentiviral vector designated HIV / IGF-IR.KR or HTWKR in this description, was obtained by transient transfection in 293T cells.
- Plasmids RSV-Rev, p-RRE, p-VSV and the transfer vector carrying the IGF-IR.KR transgene are episomal packed in said 293T cells (Desmaris N, Bosch A, Salaun C, Petit C, Prevost MC, Tordo N, Perrin P, Schwartz O, by Rocquigny H, Heard JM (2001) Production and neurotropism of lentivirus vectors pseudotyped with lyssavirus envelope glycoproteins. Mol Ther 4: 149-156).
- the 293T cell line (commercially available through the American Type Culture Collection) is a line of transformed human renal epithelial cells expressing the SV40 T antigen which It allows episomal replication of plasmids and promoter region. Previously, said cells were seeded, at a density of 1-5 x 10 6 in 10 cm diameter plates 24 hours before transfection in a DMEM medium with 10% fetal serum and penicillin (100 IU / ml).
- a total of 32.75 ⁇ g of plasmid DNA per plate was used in the transfection: 3 ⁇ g of the plasmid p-VSV, 3.75 ⁇ g of the plasmid RSV-Rev and 13 ⁇ g of both the plasmid p -RRE and the transfer plasmid that carries the IGF-IR.KR transgene.
- the precipitate was obtained by adding said plasmids to 250 ⁇ l of H 2 O and 250 ⁇ l of 0.5M CaCl 2 , mixing well and adding dropwise to 500 ⁇ l of saline buffer-2X HEPES (280 mM NaCl, 100 mM HEPES, Na 2 HPO 4 1.5 mM, pH 7.12).
- the precipitate was immediately added to each culture dish. 10 ml of medium was changed at 24 hours and finally collected after another 24 hours, being cleaned with low speed centrifugation and passed through cellulose acetate filters (0.22 ⁇ m). Finally, after a series of ultracentrifugations, the lentiviral particles or vectors, HIV / IGF-IR.KR (HIV / KR), were resuspended in saline phosphate buffer (PBS / BSA) for later use. Briefly, the culture medium of the plates was filtered first with the 293T cells through a 0.45 ⁇ m filter. That medium was centrifuged at 4 ° C for 1 hour and a half at 19,000 rpm.
- PBS / BSA saline phosphate buffer
- the precipitate was resuspended in 1% PBS / BSA, left 1 hour on ice and centrifuged again at 4 ° C for 1 hour and a half at 19,000 rpm. It was resuspended in 1% PBS / BSA, left another hour on ice and centrifuged at 4 ° C for 5 minutes at 14,000 rpm. The final supernatant was immediately frozen and stored at -8O 0 C. This same methodology was used to purify empty HIV particles and HIV / GFP particles.
- an HFV7GFP lentiviral vector containing the GFP coding gene as a transgene was constructed. Briefly, the cDNA of the GFP protein (Clontech) gene was subcloned into an HIV-I [(pHR'CMV) -PGK transfer vector in Desmaris N, Bosch A, Salaun C, Petit C, Prevost MC, Thrush N, Perrin P, Schwartz O, by Rocquigny H, Heard JM (2001) Production and neurotropism of lentivirus vectors pseudotyped with lyssavirus envelope glycoproteins. Mol Ther 4: 149-156], at the BamHI / Sall restriction sites, following the detailed description of Example 1, whereby the lentiviral vector called HIV / GFP was obtained.
- the animal was perfused transcardially with 4% paraformaldehyde.
- the brain was cut in vibratome in 50 ⁇ m sections, the sections were then mounted on gelatinized slides and the fluorescence of the GFP protein was observed directly under the fluorescence microscope (Leica).
- EXAMPLE 3 Transformation of cells of the epithelium of zeroidic plexus with the lentiviral vector HIV / IGF-IR.KR (HIV / KR)
- the epithelial cell monolayer was obtained by a protocol already described (Strazielle, N. & Ghersi-Egea, J.F. (1999) Demonstration of a coupled metabolism-efflux process at the choroid plexus as a mechanism of brain protection toward xenobiotics. J.
- Rats between 5 and 7 days were sacrificed and the choroid plexuses of the lateral and fourth ventricles were quickly removed by placing in DMEM culture medium on ice. Thereafter, enzymatic digestion was carried out with 1 mg / ml pronase (Sigma) and 12.5 ⁇ g / ml DNase I (Boehringer Mannheim), with simultaneous mechanical dispersion for 15 minutes.
- the medium was changed to fresh DMEM containing the virus (at least 50 ⁇ g / ml, diluted between 10 "2 and 10 " 3 ) and 8 ⁇ g / ml of polybrene (Sigma).
- This infectious medium was replaced at 24 hours, the cells were maintained for another day and, finally, after aspirating the medium, the cells were lysed and processed.
- HIV / IGF-IR.KR HIV / KR
- IGF-I trophic factor
- Transcytosis was quantified by determining the amount of A ⁇ l-40 that passes from the upper chamber of the culture to the lower one, for which it has to pass through a monolayer of epithelial cells (Carro E, Trejo JL, Gomez-Isla T, LeRoith D, Torres -German I (2002) Serum insulin- like growth factor I regulates brain amyloid-beta levéis. Nat Med 8: 1390-1397).
- EXAMPLE 4 Development of Alzhcimcr type neuropathology in healthy adult rats Healthy adult rats of the Wistar strain were infected with the HIV / IGF-IR.KR vector
- HIV / KR HIV / KR
- 6 ⁇ l of the HIV / IGF-IR.KR vector was injected by stereotactic surgery with Hamilton syringe, under anesthesia with tribromoethanol, into male rats 5-6 months of age in each lateral ventricle (stereotactic coordinates: 1 mm posterior to bregma, 1.2 mm lateral and 4 mm deep), at 1 ⁇ l per minute.
- Control animals received, under the same conditions, equal amount of empty HIV viral vector (HIV).
- Neurosci Biobehav Rev 26: 753-759 which is one of the characteristic deficits of Alzheimer's disease.
- a ⁇ and CSF cerebrospinal fluid
- HIV / IGF-IR.KR HIV / IGF-IR.KR
- animals injected with the extended expression lentiviral vector HIV / IGF-IR.KR presented neuropathological characteristics associated with Alzheimer's disease: high brain levels of amyloid, presence of intracellular and extracellular aggregates of hyperphosphorylated tau and ubiquitin and cognitive deficits.
- Another example of the invention consisted in generating pathological Alzheimer-type changes in mice of transgenic origin.
- the mice chosen are, in addition, old, to better mimic the normal conditions where Alzheimer's disease develops in humans.
- HIV / IGF-IR.KR (HIV / KR) vector was injected into LID transgenic mice of more than 15 months and with manipulated genotype.
- the transgenic mice used in this example are deficient in serum IGF-I because the liver gene of IGF-I has been canceled by the Cre / Lox system (LID mice) (Yakar S, Liu JL, Stannard B, Butler A, Accili D , Sauer B, LeRoith D (1999) Normal growth and development in the absence of hepatic insulin-like growth factor I.
- LID mice already have, per se, some of the characteristics of Alzheimer's disease since the IGF-I deficit generates amyloidosis and gliosis (Carro E, Trejo JL, Gomez-Isla T, LeRoith D, Torres-Alemán I ( 2002) Serum insulin-like growth factor I regulates brain amyloid-beta levéis. Nat Med 8: 1390-1397). Furthermore, being old, they present cognitive deficits and amyloidosis (Bronson RT, Lipman RD, Harrison DE (1993) Age-related gliosis in the white matter of mice.
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CA002576018A CA2576018A1 (en) | 2004-08-04 | 2005-07-21 | Animal model of neurodegenerative diseases, method of obtaining same and uses thereof |
JP2007524357A JP2008508872A (ja) | 2004-08-04 | 2005-07-21 | 神経変性疾患動物モデル、該モデルの作成方法、およびその適用 |
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WO2010146059A2 (en) | 2009-06-16 | 2010-12-23 | F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ag | Biomarkers for igf-1r inhibitor therapy |
RU2498415C1 (ru) * | 2012-07-24 | 2013-11-10 | Государственное бюджетное учреждение "Уфимский научно-исследовательский институт глазных болезней Академии наук Республики Башкортостан" | Способ моделирования диабетического макулярного отека |
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CHODOBSKI A ET AL: "Choroid plexus: target for polypeptides and site of their synthesis.", MICROSCOPY RESEARCH AND TECHNIQUE., vol. 52, no. 1, January 2001 (2001-01-01), pages 65 - 82, XP008113952 * |
KALEBIC ET AL: "Expression of a kinase-deficient IGF-I-R suppresses tumorigenicity of rhabdomyosarcoma cells constitutively expressing a wild type IGF-I-R.", INT J CANCER., vol. 76, 1998, pages 223 - 227, XP008113951 * |
KATO H ET AL: "Role of tyrosine kinase activity in signal transduction by the insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) receptor. Characterization of kinase-deficient IGF-I receptors and the action of an IGF-I-mimetic antibody (alpha IR-3).", THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY., vol. 268, no. 4, February 1993 (1993-02-01), pages 2655 - 2661, XP008114108 * |
SCHREIBER ET AL: "The evolution of transthyretyn synthesis in the chrodoid plexus.", CLIN CHEM LAB MED., vol. 40, no. 12, 2002, pages 1200 - 1210, XP008114032 * |
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