WO2006007831A1

WO2006007831A1 - High-performance single-stroke and two-stroke spark-ignited diesel and hybrid engine system

Info

Publication number: WO2006007831A1
Application number: PCT/DE2005/001272
Authority: WO
Inventors: Günter PÖSCHEL
Original assignee: Poeschel Guenter
Priority date: 2004-07-17
Filing date: 2005-07-18
Publication date: 2006-01-26
Also published as: DE102004034719B4; DE102004034719A1

Abstract

The invention relates to a novel high-performance single-stroke or two-stroke axial reciprocating engine system in which a cam plate sits on an output shaft along with two rotary disk valves. Double-head pistons whose oscillating working strokes in the cylinders cause the output shaft to rotate are desmodromically connected to the cam plate. The inventive engine can be qualified as a high-performance engine because, among other things, the rotary disk valves are embodied such that injection into the cylinders can be performed dynamically while loss-free, cold uniflow scavenging occurs in an axially and radially rotating manner, with a non-symmetric control diagram, through slits in the rotary disk valves, which are as large as the pistons, 'dynamically' meaning that an injection process can be performed during the continuous rotary movement of the output shaft, as opposed to classic single-stroke reciprocating engines in which injection takes place at a specific operating point. In other words, dynamic injection and ignition in the inventive high-performance engine occur on a path extending vertically across the cylinders from one side to the other, thus creating the constructional requirement in the reciprocating engine for incorporating the fourth dimension, the combination of the third dimension of the Euclidean combustion chamber with the newly created dwell time.

Description

High performance single- and two-stroke petrol-diesel and hybrid engine system

The present invention relates to a high performance one-and two-stroke petrol or diesel engine or hybrid engine system. For all these types of motors, the invention is applicable.

Since all basic inventions should have already been made in the penultimate century, advise u. a. Patent Attorneys of the invention of a new internal combustion engine, although it has been criticized constructively for years in the independent literature that the motors are not fail-safe, not economical, not environmentally friendly, too complicated, too big, too heavy and too expensive.

It is known what kind of damage the millions of four-stroke and two-stroke engines will cause worldwide and what new or replacement requirements will still be required. Therefore, it is urgent to invent new internal combustion engines that are more optimal in all directions than the engines on the market, which correspond in their features to the state of the art of decades ago.

The invention also takes up general knowledge from the beginnings of engine and mechanical engineering, listed in corresponding technical literature: The single-step process is the oldest and can be the simplest and safest process with the highest efficiency. Negative examples are the classic one-stroke engines, the steam engines and Lenoir's gas engines with double-acting pistons, whose piston rods protrude from the work spaces. This also includes the masses of the complex four-stroke and two-stroke engines with their absolutely necessary gearbox effort in order to achieve high torques from the high rotational speeds.

Four-stroke and two-stroke axial piston engines with double-headed pistons, cam and cam disks, as an alternative to the crankshaft and valve train whose sine lines mimic the crankshaft drive, are known from the following US patents:

US 1 796 453 US 2 237 621

US 2 237 989 US 2 243 817 US 2 243 818 US 2 243 819 US 2 243 820 US 2 567 576 US 2 983 264 US 3 016 110. Furthermore, axial piston motors with swash plates and central flat rotary valves are known, for example from H. Hütten, Engines, Motorbuchverlag, ISBN 3-87943-327-7, in particular the Pages 423 to 426.

Felix Wankel created the basic knowledge about dynamic cycle sealing rings, as for example read on pages 1, 2, 3 and 19, 20, 21 in W.-D. Bensinger, rotary piston internal combustion engines, Springer-Verlag, ISBN 3 -540-05886-9.

In aircraft engines, these seals were ready for operation with flat rotary valves, as for example read on pages 193-197 of the book by Ludwig Apfelbeck, ways to high performance four-stroke engine, Motorbuch Verlag, ISBN 3-87943-578-2, as well as on pages 139, 140 , 141 of the book by Cyril von Gersdorff - Kurt Grasmann, aircraft engines and jet engines, Bernard & Graefe Verlag, ISBN 3-7637- 5283-8.

Slit-controlled DC flushes, asymmetric control diagrams with pre-charge, recharge, combustion surfaces of the smallest surface and static multiple injections can pages 88-94 of the book by Cyril von Gersdorff - Kurt Grasmann, aircraft engines and jet engines, Bernard & Graefe Verlag, ISBN 3-7637- 5283-8 , are taken. Static multiple ignitions are known from probably the most aircraft engines.

It has been ignored for many years that the law of crankshaft propulsion does not harmonize with the different combustion processes of a wide variety of fuels, from vegetable oils to hydrogen. The crankshaft drive hinders their homogeneous combustion. In the case of crankshaft drive, an efficiency and torque-improving effect on the combustion is possible only via a flexible connecting rod (see, for example, EP patent EP 0292 603 B1).

If experts leave the field of engine construction, it can be seen that modified straight-line sine lines are common in general mechanical engineering, for example in KEM Fachzeitschrift für Konstrukteure, Konradin Verlagsgruppe, Dipl.-Kfm. Walter Mature, The Programmed Cylinder, January 1993, pages 66 and 67. From the piston or cylinder overrun spark plugs and injectors are known from Sklenar and Wankel engines and inlet with outlet ports of two-stroke. For the Bristol bus engines it can be assumed that the opposite case could be the case here. US 5 103 778 describes a four-stroke double-piston engine whose pistons are distributed around a shaft. Rotary bearing cylinder heads have round openings (port 14,16), through which the mixture can flow in and out. By means of an ignition system, the mixture is ignited after closing the combustion chamber. The piston stroke is carried out via a sinusoidal cam. From German Utility Model DE 91 03 243 a completely different engine concept is removable. Contrary to the principle of US Pat. No. 5,103,778, in which combustion chambers spaced apart from piston and cam plate are placed in the outer regions of the engine underneath the cylinder heads, DE 91 03 243 shows a combustion chamber region which is located on the inside, inlet and outlet openings in a centrally located rotary valve body supply the combustion chambers. From the document, the proposal can be removed for a four-stroke process to arrange the combustion significantly introducing components in the central rotary valve.

The objects and objectives of the present invention are: To use the advantages of existing engines to bypass their disadvantages, reliable and economical to obtain high performance with optimal, homogeneous burns without pollutants, so that downstream equipment such as transmission or downstream equipment for exhaust gas purification in whole or in part omitted, provided that the fuels themselves are free of pollutants.

The invention is exemplified in a twelve-cylinder diesel aircraft engine.

One task was to select a suitable concept among the many known engine concepts, which could be further developed, with as few individual parts as possible, and in total to have a very low weight. Here also the task was considered, not as with classical vehicle drives by means of variable gas exchange valve controls to reduce the exhaust gases, but to give the engine itself the best possible combustion, so that the lowest possible exhaust gases. These individual aspects combined lead to a correspondingly high efficiency. The object of the invention is at least partially achieved by an engine according to claim 1. Advantageous embodiments are to be seen in the dependent claims. In the high-performance engines according to the invention, the basic knowledge presented above is combined with one another, as it has hardly been combined until now, and furthermore, this combination is optimized by methods which were hardly used in such a context. In summary, it can be said: - It depends on the right composition. -

One aspect of the high performance engine of the present invention may be represented by a number of features, wherein the reciprocating engine, such as gasoline, diesel and hybrid engines, is a single- or two-stroke axial stroke engine having a work shaft centrally supported on undivided journal bearings. On the working shaft sits a cam together with two flat rotary valves. With the cam double-headed pistons are connected accordingly, whose working strokes in the cylinders rotates the working shaft. The flat rotary valves are designed so that they can be dynamically injected into the cylinders. Dynamic is to be understood that an injection process can be carried out during the continuous rotational movement of the working shaft. In comparison, classical single-stroke piston engines are injected at a specific operating point. In other words, in the high-performance engine according to the invention, the dynamic injection and ignition on the way across the cylinders is performed from the one side to the opposite side. Furthermore, gaskets as a continuation of the cylinder walls to the flat rotary valves are reliable sealing. The resulting combustion chambers are disc burners with the lowest possible surface area. The engine has a dry sump.

Furthermore, it is noteworthy that a dynamic high-pressure supercharging takes place via inlet slots of the rotating flat rotary valve in the cylinder displacements. The cam has a modified sinusoidal line in the sense of the fuel to be burned. It is advantageous if the engine is partly in the oil bath of the dry sump. Other aspects of the invention may best be described in conjunction with FIGS. 1-3, although in this context alternative embodiments are also occasionally addressed, which are only partially illustrated in detail in graphical form.

For further understanding, reference is made to Figures 1 to 3, wherein

FIG. 1 shows a sectional drawing of embodiments according to the invention of a foreign and self-igniting double piston engine,

Figure 2 shows the engine both as a gasoline engine (left half) and as a diesel or hybrid engine (right half) in unwound form, and Figure 3 is a section along the line AA in Figure 1 by a flat rotary valve of a diesel engine according to the invention.

Figure 1 is to be understood as a schematic representation, on the left side of the externally ignited execution (gasoline engine) is shown and on whose lying to the central working shaft right side a self-igniting embodiment (diesel or hybrid engine) is shown. The central working shaft (1) is in undivided plain bearings.

The high-performance single-ended motors have any, but even number of cylinders (7) arranged in a circle around the working shafts (1). The rigid and distortion-free slide (4) offset on the working shafts (1) sitting opposite, with their smooth, polished undersides (11), with at least two inlet slots (5), two high-performance injection systems (12) and Otto and hybrid engines with two high-performance ignition systems (13) rotate as cylinder heads over the cylinders (7) and come into action simultaneously and dynamically from cylinder pair to cylinder pair. In addition to these systems are depending on the needs of the engine and other systems (18, 22, 23, 25) for optimizing the mixture formation and the combustion processes, eg. As well as cylinder shutdown and oil pumps. To improve emissions, internal cooling or performance enhancement, gaseous or liquid medium, accompanying the fuel (24), may be mixed, jacketed, or separately injected from extra holes or slots such as channels (15), simultaneously, in advance, or delayed, or injected , At idle - or run under light load - only certain cylinders (7) receive fuel (24). The others blow off the charge air. If the engines brake, will not be blown off. Space for all systems (18, 22, 23, 25) is available on the slides (4). The slides (4) are oil cooled by the hollow working shafts (1) via radial channels (15). So that the slides (4) and their systems can work uniformly and are loaded axially uniformly, two cylinders (7) face each other. The masses of the slides (4) and their systems are balanced. Due to the system, four-cylinder engines with two double-headed pistons (3) are the smallest engines. Motors with rotary valve controls are particularly speed-friendly and responsive. High-performance single-cycle engines are characterized by the fact that in a one-stroke each piston movement, regardless of which direction, is an independent working cycle. Every working stroke is on the another side of the double-headed piston (3) a compressor stroke. The double-headed pistons (3) fly back and forth between burning, expanding gas cushions in a one-stroke process. Once a piston goes up and down, the working shaft (1) makes half a turn, ie one revolution by only 180 °. The high liter performance of the fuel (24) come primarily from the enforced air and fuel quantities due to the many working cycles per unit time as a one-stroke. In the example giving 12-cylinder aircraft engine gem. of Figures 1 to 3 run at a revolution of the working shaft (1) 24 power strokes. Together with the integrated cam gears, these high-performance engines achieve unusually high torques even for one-stroke engines. They are therefore ideally suited for direct drives such as aircraft propellers and ship propellers without gears. The bigger the engines and the slower the engine speeds, the better.

In high power single-ended engines, the motors are controlled by the sliders (4) via their inlet slots (5), for example, high pressure, DC purge, single ended control, pre-discharge via exhaust ports (16) in the cylinders (7), with or without recharge (17). Due to the system, the high-performance engines have one or more superchargers, preferably exhaust gas chargers (17). The air from the chargers (17) and intercoolers (22) is equally divided and rotationally injected into the manifolds (14), increasing boost pressure against the direction of rotation of the vanes (4) provided with aerodynamic impeller vanes (18). Foreign objects are transported by the centrifugal force outwards into separators. During the working stroke, the pistons open the outlet slots (16) for pre-discharge before UT (bottom dead center). After the expansion of the working gases to below the boost pressure, open the inlet slots (5) simultaneously and evenly over two cylinders (7) the maximum possible cross sections unhindered over the entire cylinder diameter for the disciplined rotating high pressure charges, as in a turbomachine of cylinder (7 ) to cylinder (7) across, aerodynamically clean, supported by the centrifugal force, both radially and axially rotating flow. The remaining gases are completely flushed out of the cold, rotating direct currents in the shortest paths with excess air. In this case, the sealing rings (9), cylinder walls (19), piston bottoms (20) and outlet slots (16) are cooled. The large inlet slots (5) have a special shape adapted to the cylinders (7). The exhaust gas flows are kept at a temperature level with the fresh air inlets that it is for superchargers (17) of gasoline engines advantage. The pistons (3) close down the outlet slots (16). Thereafter close up the slide (4) the reload and the cylinder (7) soft, quiet, scissor-like, without blows.

The delivery levels λ _\ are over 1 without much effort.

These spool-controlled diesel or hybrid engines have no glow plugs and are preferably started by starter generators (21) via the compressors of the loader (17) with warm supercharger air. Under extreme cold conditions, the intercooler (22) is started with the inclusion of exhaust gas recirculation, assisted by decompressed cylinders (7). Support can find the starting operations with supercharger air, depending on the size of the engines, from compressed air reservoirs, with starter cartridges or z. B. in model engines by launching with foreign power. The supercharger air cools the tops of the valves (4) with their systems.

Special attention should be given to high-performance single-ended engines in that the injection (25) or injection systems are important because a system injects six times at twelve cylinders per revolution of the working shaft (1). That is why we speak of high-performance systems here. It is simultaneously injected from four (injection) systems (12) into four cylinders (7). In gasoline engines at the earliest injected into the displacements (6) when the piston (3) have closed the outlet slots (16). Optimal thermodynamic efficiencies are achieved utilizing all of the associated capabilities, preferably the number, locations, increments and dimensions of spray holes (26) or slots, injection start, number of injections, spray directions, spray pressures, spray rates, and spray ends. In all engines is injected so that no fuel (24) from the cylinder walls (19) through the piston rings of the piston or from the slider bottoms (11) through the sealing rings (9) must be stripped. The injection systems (12) and their control members (23) are oil cooled by the hollow working shafts (1) via radial channels (15), lubricated and supplied with fuel (24), preferably without fuel return, in a closed circuit within the injection systems (12). The paths of the fuel (24) from the injection pumps (25) to the

Spray holes (26) or slots are a few millimeters short. The systems on the sliders (4) can be driven by cam or ring gears (27), the oil, fuel or combustion pressure, taking into account and utilization of centrifugal force, or along the working shafts (1), also desmodromisch controlled, and with Power supplied and the motor parameters are reported back so.

The dynamic ignitions are made of several ignition channels (28) of the rotating slide (4) out, in the resulting from the DC purge homogeneous mixture. The burns run soft on all engines, diesel or petrol, so that the loads of the cam tracks (29) by the piston rollers (30) remain in the elastic region of the material pairing. The piston rollers (30) roll on the cam tracks (29) with the play-free precision of roller bearings.

The motors are exactly adapted to their tasks without compromise, in particular by the programmed sinusoidal lines (8) of the cams (2) along the ideal lines of the combustion processes of the respective fuels (24). This is the diameter, Zyliriderzahl (7), cylinder spacing, desired torques, speeds of the working shafts (1) with lifting cycles, holes, strokes, compaction, boost pressures and piston speeds. For each fuel (24) there is an optimal displacement ratio, bore to stroke with piston speed, compression and retention time in TDC (upper dead-punk fj range.) The residence time of the double-headed piston (3) in TDC (upper dead-point range) is just as long for each engine type gasoline engines accept low-octane distillate gasoline up to super gasoline with mine gases and similar gases In diesel engines, the residence time is twice as long, as with comparable gasoline engines The movements of the modified cams (2) have therefore The laws of motion of crankshaft drives have nothing in common.

In the high performance single-ended engines, it is important that the important sealing rings (9) seal the cylinders (7) to the gate valves (4) as reliably as closed globe valves, at all pressures, speeds and temperatures. The loading and gas pressures press the sealing rings (9) with the correct pressures on the slides (4). If required, ring springs (31) can easily press the sealing rings (9) when stationary. When starting the engines, the boost pressure comes safely under the sealing rings (9). Due to the different peripheral speeds on the slides (4) from the inside to the outside, the sealing rings (9) rotate and lapping. This is a vital process for the engines, which is anticipated during the test run at the factory.

These sealing rings (9) are the continuation of the cylinder walls (19) at their upper ends. At the same time they are dynamic, self-sealing cylinder head gaskets. They protrude in all operating conditions just as little on the cylinder blocks (32) that the slide (4) do not touch the cylinder blocks (32). Dropwise, oil from the inside into the gaps (33) to the

Sealing rings (9) out. Foreign objects in the gaps are transported by the rotating sealing rings (9) out into the sumps (34). The boost pressure in the gaps caused by the Inlet slots (5), prevents oil or debris from entering the cylinders (7) from the gaps. The sealing rings (9) dissipate their heat to the cooled slide (4) and the cylinder walls (19) and compensate for their wear and the small, temperature-induced change in length of the cylinder blocks (32) automatically. The high-performance single-stroke engines have a specific combustion chamber philosophy:

When the pistons are at TDC, the displacements (6), along with the smooth, cooled slide bottoms (11), the smooth, flat, cooled piston bottoms (20) and the cooled seal rings (9) as cylinder walls (FIG. 19), the geometrically, thermodynamically and combustion technically optimal disc combustion chambers (10) with the lowest possible, polished to a high gloss, surfaces, without obstacles or resistances that preclude the rapid crushing, distribution, evaporation and mixing of oxygen and fuel (24) and the subsequent could interfere with aerodynamic combustion processes.

The necessary conditions are created in these high-performance engines, the microcosm of mixture formation is taken into account, so that together with the dynamic high-pressure charges, high-performance injections, high-performance ignition and optimum residence time of the pistons in the TDC (top dead center), homogeneous burns with highest efficiencies run without pollutants. There should be no residue in the targeted perfect burns. Due to the system, residues or foreign bodies with the exhaust gases would be blown out through the outlet slots (16) so that they do no damage. High-performance single-stroke engines have another philosophy. To the combustion chamber philosophy belongs to these engines that with the fuel (24) the working air and nothing but this is to be heated up. Harmful heat does not exist. Heat loss via heat-conducting material, cooling fins and radiators is considered a system loss in these engines. They therefore have integrated, sump-independent dry sump lubrication and cooling systems whose housing shrouds (35) hold the motors like in a thermos container. The radiant heat of these compact engines catch the oil baths. The temperature distributions are uniform. The internal engine noise remains damped, the hot parts distortion-free. The frost-proof oil cooling systems replace water cooling. In gasoline engines, where the oil bath is not enough, the water bath offers. The one-stroke engines with their high work cycles receive the energy of their exhaust fumes through the loader or exhaust gas charger (17) back again. Each loader (17) has the task, the exhaust energy optimal use and provide sufficient air for the high-pressure charging and energy for the ancillaries. The powerful loaders (17) drive the starter generators (21), and vice versa. With the also electrically driven loaders (17), the revving engines from low torque and speed ranges can be quickly raised quickly, because the good concentricity of the motors allows for a very low idle. Due to the system, no free mass forces occur because the pistons move in opposite directions in synchronism.

The shape of the piston stems and the nature of the piston lubrication on the abutment (36) and inner (37) sides of the cylinders (7) prevent oil from passing through the outer outlet slots (16). The engines are characterized in that, alternatively to piston lubrication, the double-headed pistons (3) run dry, with or without piston rings, provided that

Double-headed piston (3) and cylinder walls (19) have a distortion-free material pairing without or of the lowest possible thermal expansion, with self-lubricating surfaces or of correspondingly low friction. The prerequisites for this are the exact clearance fits of the overlong double-headed piston guides and materials such as carbon, ceramic and others. High-performance single-stroke engines are also characterized by the fact that the aerodynamic, laminar air and gas flows have particularly low internal air resistance. This begins with smooth air inlets to air filters, loader (17), intercooler (22), distribution chambers (14), impeller blades (18), inlet slots (5), exhaust ports (16), exhaust ducts and all air or gas leading lines, possibly without sharp corners, edges and bumps. The same applies to the hydrodynamic flow conditions in the oil and fuel systems to reduce the internal friction and power requirements of oil and fuel pumps with dimensions, weights and costs.

Another special feature of the high-performance single-ended engines is that the driving force of these engines is steam. The basic design of the engine system with double-headed piston (3), slides (4), inlet (5) and outlet slots (16) is particularly suitable and obvious after modifications for the steam drive.

The engine according to the invention can also be used as a high-performance two-stroke engine. These have as a shorter-built two-stroke only a controlling slide (4) and systems, with one-sided double-headed piston (3) and are used, if not the high power of the one-stroke is needed. The other sides of the double-headed piston (3) can take over the function of a mechanical supercharger. As another example, an engine Pump combination listed on the other hand, the piston act as axial piston pumps to suck gaseous, liquid, paste-like, powder or granules and continue to pump. The diameter of the pump piston can be the same size as the engine piston, smaller, larger or different sizes. Each pump piston can be self-sufficient and pump its own medium. Not every pump piston has to work. He can idle keeping the good leadership properties of the double-headed piston (3). It is within the purview of the invention to use these high performance two-stroke engines for appropriate modifications for an infinite number of other purposes.

LIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS

1 working wave

2 cam

3 double-headed pistons

4 flat rotary valve or slide

5 inlet slot

6 cubic capacity

7 cylinders

8 sinus line

9 sealing ring

10 disc burning space

11 slide bottom

12 injection system

13 ignition system

14 distribution room

15 channel

16 outlet slot

17 exhaust gas charger

18 impeller blade

19 cylinder wall

20 piston bottom

21 starter generator

22 intercooler

23 control organs

24 fuel

25 injection pump

26 spray holes

27 cam rings

28 ignition channels curved paths

Kolb role

Ringfeder

cylinder block

column

swamp

housing jacket

investment side

inside

mounting flange

Claims

claims:

1. Reciprocating engine, such as gasoline, diesel and hybrid engines, which is a single or Zweitaktaxialhubkolbenmotor with a centrally mounted on undivided plain bearings working shaft (1) on which a cam (2) together with two flat rotary valves (4) sits, said connected to the cam (2) are double-headed pistons (3) desmodromically, whose axial strokes in the cylinders (7) rotate the working shaft (1), and the flat rotary valves (4) are designed to be dynamically injected into the cylinders (7) can, with the dynamic injection and ignition on the way across the cylinder (7) from one side to the opposite side, and seal seals (9) as a continuation of the cylinder walls (19) to the flat rotary valves (4) out reliable, wherein the resulting combustion chambers are disk combustion chambers (11) with the lowest possible surface area, and the engine has a dry sump (34), characterized in that a dynamic high D Jerk over inlet slots (5) of the rotating

Flat rotary valve (4) in the displacements (6) of the cylinder (7) takes place, and the cam (2) has a modified, in the sense of on to be burned

Fuel (24) has tuned, sinusoidal line (8), and the engine is partly in the oil bath of the dry sump (34).

2. Reciprocating engine according to claim 1, characterized in that the flat rotary valve (4), which are preferably rigid and distortion-free, offset from one another sitting on the working shaft (1), and having at least two inlet slots

(5) per flat rotary valve (4), and with at least two high-performance injection systems (12) per flat rotary valve (4), and in gasoline or hybrid engine with at least two high-performance ignition systems (13) per

Flat rotary valve (4) are provided as cylinder heads with their smooth, polished undersides (11) on the cylinder (7) rotate so that each forming a pair of cylinders occurs simultaneously and dynamically in action.

3. Reciprocating engine according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that each stroke, regardless of its direction, is considered a working stroke, wherein the piston opposite the working piston of the double-headed piston (3) operates as a compressor stroke, so that the double-headed piston (3) by the in the cylinders (7) opposite gas cushion, one of which expands burning, a soft reciprocation, as a soft

Combustion designated motion, experience, and the double-headed piston (3) with the cam (2) is connected so that a single up and down movement half a turn, ie 180 °, the working shaft (1) generated.

4. Reciprocating engine according to claim 3, characterized in that the movement of a double-headed piston (3) by the soft combustion via piston rollers (30) on the

Cam (2) is transmitted, wherein the piston rollers (30) on a curved path (29) of the cam disc (2) with backlash-free precision, which is offered for example by roller bearings, roll and piston rollers (30) and cam track (29) such Materialpaarungszahl have that the deformation remains in the elastic range.

5. Hubkolbenmotor according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the modified sine curve (8) of the cam (2) according to the ideal lines of the combustion processes of the respective fuels used (24) is designed so in the modified sine curve (8) aspects such Diameter of the cam (2), number of cylinders (7), distance between cylinders, torque to be expected by the reciprocating motor, speed of the working shaft (1) with its lifting cycles, number of holes, number of strokes,

Comprise compression ratios, boost pressures, piston speed and their respective ratios such as hole to hub or displacement ratio, so that a residence time in the OT (top dead center) area is made possible, the residence time is determined by the fuel to be combusted (24).

6. piston engine according to claim 5, characterized in that in the cylinders

(7) forming the displacement (6), when a piston (3) is in the OT (top dead center) area, to a disc combustion chamber (10), wherein the underside (11) of the flat rotary valve (4) smooth, polished and cooled is, the bottom of the piston (3) is smooth, flat and polished, and the seals are cooled sealing rings (9), and the polished surfaces are polished so that they offer no obstacles or resistances to disturb the aerodynamic combustion process.

7. A reciprocating engine according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the largest portion of the radiant heat, which is provided by the combustion process of the fuel (24) the engine is collected in an oil bath, which is located in a housing shell (35) which is designed like a thermos container.

8. A reciprocating engine according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a flat rotary valve (4) and systems (23) are provided, which make the cylinder (7) on only one side of the double-headed piston (3) to a combustion chamber (10), if a small power is taken off, the other side serving either as a mechanical charger (17) or as a pump for gaseous, liquid, paste, powder or granules.