WO2005121277A1

WO2005121277A1 - Method for treatment of a conglomerate and method and device for production of an additive for the same

Info

Publication number: WO2005121277A1
Application number: PCT/EP2005/006148
Authority: WO
Inventors: Christoph Muther
Original assignee: Christoph Muther
Priority date: 2004-06-08
Filing date: 2005-06-08
Publication date: 2005-12-22

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for the treatment of a conglomerate made from particles, in particular, a foundation, whereby, through addition of at least one surface-active, hydrophobic additive in liquid form and with the application of hydraulic binding substances to the conglomerate, the inherent binding forces therein are activated. Furthermore, a contact film of water, surrounding the particle, is broken and a pressure of, preferably, > 1 N/mm2 applied to the conglomerate under water in the saturated state. Strongly surface-active substances which stabilise the conglomerate with addition of water as medium, are added and mixed in. A device, for the production and application of an additive, is provided with a container with stirrer (24), a line (26) for water (A) and a line (26e) for liquid substances (B). A vessel (38) for a dispersion with additive (D) is arranged after the container (22). A series of preferred applications is disclosed.

Description

DESCRIPTION

Process for treating a batch and process and device for producing an additive therefor

The invention relates to a method for treating a mixture, in particular a soil, and a method and a device for producing an additive therefor. The invention also relates to a number of uses of the method and the device.

The consolidation or stabilization of mixtures such as soils, dusts, ashes, sludges or the like. represent a problem. The conventional products for consolidation often consist of hydraulically acting binders based on cement or lime as well as other reactive substances or chemicals. In most cases, these hardeners or stabilizers are only of limited effectiveness due to their poor resistance. These products are unable to sustainably stabilize or solidify a mixture - for example a grown soil, which can be very heterogeneous in its structure.

Soils change in their chemical and physical structure, so that the conventional stabilizers and stabilizers - especially under the influence of external factors - cannot produce the desired results.

Static and dynamic effects - for example, when driving through a stabilizing surface by vehicles - pose a particular challenge. With regard to such stresses, the conventional methods often fail after a short time. In many cases there is insufficient load-bearing capacity - caused by the entry non-soil materials that are placed in layers after being excavated - the critical element.

However, the main disadvantage of conventional substances for stabilization is that they have little resistance to water attack and are therefore highly exposed to erosion.

Water that just penetrates into the stabilized layers destroys the structure and is mainly the cause, among other things. of road damage. The penetrating water leads to subsidence in and below the stabilized layer, which leads to cracking and breakouts.

In view of these circumstances, the inventor has set itself the goal of treating the batch, e.g. of a soil to counteract this erosion and to increase stability on the one hand and water resistance on the other. The particles present in the soil or in the batch are not replaced by non-soil material, as is the case with conventional stabilization.

The teaching of the independent claim leads to the solution of this task; the subclaims indicate favorable further training. In addition, all combinations of at least two of the features disclosed in the description, the drawing and / or the claims fall within the scope of the invention. For the specified design ranges, values within the stated limits should also be disclosed as limit values and can be used as desired.

According to the invention, the binding forces present in the batch or soil are activated by adding at least one surface-active, hydrophobic additive. This binding of the individual substrate particles to one another is brought about by breaking open a film of adhesive water surrounding the particles; each of the particles or particles is surrounded by a water film acting as a separating liquid give, which subsequently does not allow cohesion of the individual particles, so that the particles are unable to build adhesion bridges. If this adhesive water film is now torn off by the docking of the hydrophobic additive on the particles, the particle surfaces become active in binding and thus experience an affinity in the mutual ^' binding ^' . If the mixture is subjected to pressure under water in a saturated state - i.e. in the so-called proctor optimum - an irreversible agglomeration occurs. The soil's binding forces on the reactive surfaces begin to work and the particles interlock. According to the invention, the reagents necessary for the preparation of the additive are preferably a mixture of highly surface-active substances, such as alkyl-substituted amines with alkyl residues of chain length from 016 to 018, which is matched and optimized to the batch to be treated - for example soils and quaternary

• Ren ammonium salts. The active, strongly polar alkyl group "docked" on the surface of typical mineral Par tikels of the soil, and the hydrophobic chains in the positive influence ^', the critical interaction between water and the mineral particles, which leads to an irreversible agglomeration. The pressure to be applied during the application for stabilization should never fall below 1 N / mm ² , since otherwise agglomeration cannot be guaranteed. In addition to the most homogeneous possible mixture of the batch, the applied pressure is crucial in the optimum of the proctor.

In order to activate these soil or substrate-specific binding forces, an additive is used according to the invention which is fed in liquid form to the substrate or batch to be bound - for example a soil. The active ingredients are supplied to the soil in the finest disperse form by spraying water as the carrier medium. This is preferably done with a sprayer, which may be built on a truck.

Within the scope of the invention, the docking of the active, strongly polar amine group also lies on the mineral particle surfaces; the amine group creates a strong adhesive effect on the particle surface. The hydrophobic chains of the additive advantageously influence the interactions between water and the mineral particles in the desired manner.

According to further features of the invention, the mixture is subjected to an intensive mixing process, and the additive-containing mixture is agglomerated largely irreversibly under vibration and / or compression.

Advantageously, a water-repellent or watertight additive-containing mixture is produced during processing; the additive protects the batch against washing out and toxic ingredients are immobilized.

According to the invention, the additive is produced in a preferably heatable mixer with the addition of a medium, in particular water.

In the device according to the invention for producing a stabilizer or the like. Additive is assigned to a reactor with an agitator both a line for water and a line for liquid substances; there is also a feed line for solids from a silo. A vessel for a dispersion with additive is advantageously arranged downstream of the reactor.

The invention also distinguishes itself in an inventive manner from measures such as those described in the AGK "Applied Geology Karlsruhe" series by VL Giurgea in the • Article "Hydrogeological and geotechnical requirements for the installation of sites for the storage of radioactive residues taking into account the CONSOLID system ", published by: Prof. Dr. Dr. Kurt Czurda and Prof. Dr. Heinz Hötzl. Under the trade name" OONSOLID "the basic mode of operation of the CONSOLID system is attributed to the knowledge, that the CONSOLID has a surface-active effect in the pore and micro-pore area of the soils, dissolves the adhesive water film, which primarily leads to irreversible agglomeration of the fine and very fine particles of the treated soil and by activating the soil's own binding forces (increasing the cohesion and the internal friction angle) ) A high level of compactibility of the soil is achieved.It can also be seen from the article mentioned that the CONSOLID is primarily used in the following areas: road construction, railway construction, sealing, dam and dyke construction, landfill construction and special areas.

However, the CONSOLID system developed for the storage of radioactive residues has significant disadvantages, particularly in the latter areas of application, due to its composition and its technical application. On the one hand, the system absolutely contains binders, especially hydraulic binders in the form of setting substances such as hydraulic lime or cement. On the other hand, the CONSOLID system consists of two separate active ingredient components, which are separately introduced into the soil in a complex preparation and application process in two steps.

The first active ingredient of the CONSOLID system must be brought into solution with a mixture of isopropyl alcohol and subsequently this first component is introduced into the soil as a solution separately from the second active ingredient of the CONSOLID system. The second active ingredient of the CONSOLID system is mixed in a complex mixing and milling process in a ball mill with a hydraulic binder, especially with cement, to form a dry powder, which is then mixed into the Process of the first component with the resulting mixture is introduced by a second separate mixing process. A total of four mixing processes must therefore be carried out - namely one for the first active ingredient component or the second active ingredient component and then one for the separate admixture of the first and second active ingredient components into a soil mixture. The type of preparation and application for the CONSOLID system is therefore extremely complex and practically impossible for applications in broad areas. In addition, the transport medium for the first active ingredient component - namely isopropyl alcohol - proves to be dangerous and volatile in the context of this application, possibly even highly explosive. The fact that the CONSOLID system requires the first active ingredient component to be dissolved with the isopropyl alcohol implies that this not only involves complex security measures, but also that the volatile transport medium also proves to be extremely unreliable. Depending on the ambient conditions, a solution of the first active ingredient component in the transport medium is subject to great variability due to the volatility. The dry powder containing the second active ingredient requires fine dust transport media such as cements, which are subject to drift and have proven to be strongly alkaline. In the application, the drifting of the fine dust can lead to considerable lung strain on the processing personnel and the alkaline effect, when the dry powder is introduced into the soil, ^■ pollutes the soil water in an environmentally unacceptable manner. As a result, the transport media used for the active substances in the CONSOLID system are unacceptably environmentally incompatible and, moreover, the use of binders for the second active substance component, as explained above, has proven to be fundamentally disadvantageous.

In contrast to this, the invention provides in a very particularly preferred development that the mixture contains at least one surface-active, hydrophobic additive is added in water-dispersed form, whereby the binding forces present in the mixture are activated. In contrast to the CONSOLID system, it has proven to be particularly advantageous to provide the additive in one component, ie according to a further development, exactly one surface-active, hydrophobic additive in water-dispersed form is added to the mixture, whereby existing binding forces in the batch are already activated by the one-component additive. For this purpose, the additive is advantageously provided in a so-called master batch as a dispersion in water. This has the advantage that an elaborate solution process which is dependent on the environmental conditions, as in the CONSOLID system for the additive according to the invention, is dispensed with and, moreover, the application of a one-component additive is considerably simplified compared to multi-step mixing processes for multi-component additives to be introduced separately , In contrast to the CONSOLID system, there is therefore water dispersion and not a solution to the additive, which has advantages in manufacture and use and in particular avoids the above-mentioned disadvantages of the transport media of the CONSOLID system. In particular, the addition of binding substances, in particular hydraulically binding substances, such as hydraulic lime or cement, is prevented. In particular, it can be provided that only the at least one surface-active hydrophobic additive is added to the batch in aqueous-liquid form. The development of the process relating to the preferably one-component composition of the additive and its use relating to the introduction into the soil mixture by means of water has further significant advantages.

On the one hand, the additive can be made available particularly easily and without great effort in the form of a dispersion liquid with water as the transport medium, for example in that the proportions of the dispersion liquid as described above are in the form of highly surface-active and hydrophobic substances are combined and mixed with the addition of water. Providing liquid with water as the transport medium has the advantage that, in contrast to the powdery applications customary in the prior art for CONSOLID systems, no environmental problems, eg. B. regarding the above-mentioned blowing of powdery parts or volatility and dangerousness of isopropyl alcohol. Furthermore, the acidic effect of isopropyl alcohol and the. alkaline effect of hydraulic binders avoided by using water as a transport medium. Above all, however, if the additive is provided in liquid form in the form of a water dispersion, it is ensured that the additive can be mixed well into the batch without ambient conditions having a lasting influence on the mixability. Averting the previous assumption that a liquid administration of the additive based on water would be disadvantageous in order to achieve a hydrophobic effect, the inventor has recognized that not only the hydrophobic effect of the additive is retained when it is made available in the form of an aqueous liquid ,, but in addition to the powdery ^' or water-free administration according to the state of the art with an aqueous-liquid administration it is guaranteed that the additive has a particularly high

Efficiency reaches the particle surface of the particles in the batch. The aqueous-liquid presentation of the surface-active and hydrophobic additive only ensures that an adhesive water film of the particles can be broken up. This is ensured due to the good contact effect of the liquid additive with water to the particles as a result of the easily mixable liquid administration.

By adding the additive as a dispersion, the amount of water required to produce an optimal water content (optimum proctor) is also introduced into the bottom of the hydraulic mixture. This is related in detail explained on the drawing. As a result, a step necessary for water regulation as in the prior art can be avoided. In contrast to this, in the case of previous procedures with powdery administration, a complex mixing process is necessary, which is also not very successful with regard to the accessibility of the particles by the powder. In summary, contrary to the opinion that an aqueous-liquid administration of the additive is disadvantageous due to the invention, it has been shown that the aqueous-liquid administration is provided with significant advantages.

In addition, the additive in the present invention is usually to be used in proportionally small amounts, so that good miscibility is also an essential prerequisite for the positive effect for this reason - which is achieved according to the present invention with the aqueous liquid administration. As explained above, namely the breaking up of the adhesive water film on a particle is achieved by the mere presence of the additive in small amounts. In addition, this also has the advantage that the additive only has to be made available in small quantities, and thus a transport effort is also comparatively low. In addition, application as a single additive is particularly advantageous. All of this leads to much lower costs than in conventional applications according to the prior art.

In order to be able to determine the soil conditions and, in particular, existing grain size distributions even before the additive is used, a preferred development of the method provides for the following steps: Analysis of the. Batch, in particular the grain size distribution of the batch, preferably by sampling; - Providing additional material, in particular in the form of clay, sand and / or gravel material, depending on the original grain size distribution determined in the batch, in order to achieve an advantageous grain size distribution;

Add the additional material to the batch.

In this way it is achieved that the batch to be treated has particularly advantageous requirements not only with regard to the addition of the additive, but also with regard to the agglomeration effect. This is explained in detail with reference to the drawing. To achieve an advantageous grain size distribution, additional material is advantageously used

Batch added.

To achieve the above-mentioned optimum of the proctor, it can advantageously be provided to drive out or add water. Alternatively or additionally, further dry soil substance, e.g. Sand can be added to compensate for too high a water content.

Further process steps are advantageously compacting the batch and / or drying the batch.

The invention also leads to a number of uses of the method and the device described above, which can be found in the claims for use and are described in detail by way of example with reference to the drawing. Further advantages, features and details of the invention result from the following description of preferred exemplary embodiments and from the drawing, which shows in:

1 to 3: different assignments of substrate particles to one another; Fig. 4: a process family tree for activation with the addition of additives;

5: a plant for the production of additives;

6 shows a schematic overview in the form of a tree diagram with various preferred uses of a method or a device for the fixation and / or stabilization of batches with the addition of a stabilizing additive in the form of a surface-active hydrophobic additive to the batch;

Fig. 7 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a road made using the stabilizing additive; Fig. 8: a flow chart for the use of a stabilizing additive for building a road;

FIG. 9: an exemplary embodiment of the use described in FIG. 8;

10: a particularly preferred possibility for mixing a stabilizing additive set to a floor when building a road, such as in Fig. 9;

Fig. 11: Compatibility curves of different soils as a function of water content;

12 shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a railway line produced using the stabilizing additive;

13: a schematic flow diagram for the use of a stabilizing additive for consolidating and / or stabilizing a soil in railway road construction;

14: a comparison of resilience capacities according to a CBR2 value for an untreated floor and a floor treated with the stabilizing additive, the floors likewise being stored in water for four days and the strength values being determined in the case of one according to FIG. 7 to 10 produced road or a railway line produced according to FIGS. 12 and 13;

15: a schematic view of a channel section, the bottom material of which is solidified and / or stabilized at the bottom of the channel and on the sides and tapering surfaces of the channel using the stabilizing additive, and an analogous example for a dam; 16 shows a schematic view of a landfill section, the floor material for floor walls and covering of the landfill has been solidified and / or stabilized using the stabilizing additive;

17: a flowchart for the use of a stabilizing additive for solidifying and / or stabilizing a mixture for immobilizing pollutants.

For binding individual substrate particles or particles 10 outlined in FIGS. 1 to 3, the binding forces present in the soil are activated with the addition of surface-active additives. For this purpose, an adhesive water film 12 surrounding those mineral particles 10 is broken up; each of the particles 10 is surrounded by such a water film 12, which acts as a separating liquid and which does not permit cohesion of the individual particles according to FIG. 1.

By docking the aforementioned hydrophobic additive, this adhesive water film 12 is torn off in FIG. 2 and the particle surfaces become bond-active, which leads to an affinity and therefore to a mutual bond. If the mixture is subjected to a pressure under water in a saturated state - that is, in the so-called proctor optimum - an irreversible agglomeration indicated in FIG. 3 takes place. The soil's binding forces on the reactive surfaces begin to act and the particles 10 interlock. Otherwise, the pressure that must be applied for stabilization during the application should not fall below 1 N / mm ² , since otherwise agglomeration is not guaranteed.

In order to activate these soil or substrate-specific binding forces, the additive mentioned is used, which according to FIG. 4 is incorporated in liquid form into the substrate or mixture to be bound. The active ingredients are supplied to the soil in the finest dispersed form by spraying water as the carrier medium (stage 1 in FIG. 4).

In step 2, the floor is then subjected to an intensive mixing process. Asphalt milling machines, disc harrows or similar devices or machines that are used in conventional road construction or agriculture are suitable for this ¹ . It is of crucial importance that the additives are distributed as homogeneously as possible in order to ensure that as many soil particles 10 as possible are exposed to the substances supplied. This is known as "mixed in place".

The batch, which is now mixed with the additives, is compacted (step 4) or vibrated in step 3 after application and distribution - by means of a greder or paver - by means of a roller. Wheel and vibratory rollers as well as plate vibrators or rammers can be used for this.

Feeding according to number 1, mixing (number 2) and distribution (number 3) can also be carried out in one operation using suitable machines. The pressure or vibration applied largely determines the strength of the stabilized soil or mixture.

In another possibility shown on the right in FIG. 4 - "mixed in plant" - the mixture to be treated is added in a mixer or in a mixer while adding the additives similar device mixed (step 5). This mixture can then be subjected to a compacting process (step 6), for example in a press or in the case of vibro-compression. The spreading and subsequent compaction by means of a grading and a roller can also take place after the mixture has been mixed beforehand in the mixer.

The stabilized batch can be fully loaded to about half of the optimum in a relatively short time after drying. A setting time, such as with cement or lime, which usually requires several days to weeks to wait, is not necessary.

The system 20 required for producing the additive is shown in FIG. 5. It essentially consists of a - preferably heatable - reactor 22 with agitator 24, in which the substances are dispersed in water A flowing through a feed line 26. The best results with regard to dispersion are achieved at a process temperature of between 15 ° C and 45 ° C and a residence time of 4 to 18 minutes. The product can be run continuously as well as discontinuously - i.e. batch or batch.

The dosage of the liquid substances B is carried via a downstream in a line 26 _a built-in metering pump 28 from a barrel or a tank 30, the metering of the solids C over a silo 32, in a rotor 34 metering screw located 36 or by other feed species from the solid container.

After the preparation of the dispersion D containing the additive, the product is placed in vessels 38. The finished, ready-to-use product is then transported to its destination, where it can be processed under the conditions mentioned above. The substance which is processed in the reactor to form the additive consists essentially of alkyl-substituting amines with alkyl radicals as additive group B and quaternary ammonium salts as additive group C.

The typical compositions of the substances are listed in the table below, the water content not being taken into account, since this is primarily based on the optimum of the proctor. The contents therefore only represent the proportion of active ingredient which results from the sum of the two additive groups.

TABLE 1

The use of these additives is of course not limited to the classic applications mentioned above. This product can also be used to seal dams, canals and other water-bearing structures.

The additive can be applied as described above, but can also be introduced into the batch by injecting the batch containing additive with subsequent vibration or compression.

Another possible application is the addition of the additive in the manufacture of aerated concrete or precast concrete or reinforced concrete, which is also applied in formwork, which creates the presence of the additives in a water-tight structure. It has been shown that, in addition to the structural engineering applications in stabilization and consolidation listed above, contaminated batches can also be immobilized - such as dusts, soil, etc. contaminated by heavy metals. In this case, the additives seal the batch. The penetration of water into the treated batch, which can lead to washing out of the pollutants, is prevented.

Another application is the application in the field of refractory materials. In these, a filler such as firebrick structures is usually bound with hydraulic binders such as calcium aluminate, refractory cement, etc. - but also with organic binders. The matrix structure of this binder is susceptible to pressure and impact loads at high temperatures. The direct interlocking of the refractory materials, which is achieved by using the additives, can significantly reduce this weak point in refractory applications.

The fire resistance and strength no longer depend on the thermal resistance of the binder, but on the fire components, which generally have better resistance and strength.

The amounts of additives used for these different applications are listed below. TABLE 2

* Numbering of the steps in Tab. 1 The applications shown in Table 2 show the concentrations of the two additive groups from Table 1 necessary for the different applications. The necessary water content is not taken into account. The water content is based on the optimum of the proctor.

As shown in Fig. 6, the method described above for treating a mixture of particles, in particular a soil, with the addition of at least one stabilizing additive - additive or active ingredient - in the form of a surface-active, hydrophobic additive in water-dispersed form, i.e. in aqueous liquid form, to which the mixture can be used in various applications by activating the binding forces in the mixture. In this case, exactly one and expediently only the additive is added in aqueous-liquid form and in particular the addition of binding substances such as lime or cement is prevented.

Preferred embodiments of such a use 40 are described below in particular. This includes, in particular, uses 50 in the field of construction technology. These are described on the basis of road construction with reference to FIGS. 7 to 10 and 14. Likewise, uses based on the railway line construction are described with reference to FIGS. 12, 13 and 14. Using hydraulic engineering, such as the construction of dikes, pools, reservoirs or the like. , this will be described with reference to FIG. 15. Further particularly preferred embodiments relate to waste management, as is described with reference to the landfill construction for waste or other waste with reference to FIG. 16. A particularly preferred embodiment relating to metal production and smelting 70 and the immobilization of dangerous substances 60 are described with reference to FIG. 17. In addition, the method described above can also be used in the field of building construction, for example by producing building structures in the form of or pressed bodies, such as bricks or stones, can be used.

FIG. 7 shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a road 41 which has been produced using the above-described stabilizing additive in the form of at least one surface-active, hydrophobic additive by adding it in water-dispersed form to the mixture of the soil, so that it is in the mixture of the soil existing binding forces are activated. In this case ^b the use of hydraulically binding substances is avoided, and the additive is provided as a single component masterbatch "in-place mixed" available.

The road 41 is formed on a usually suitable substrate 43 essentially in two layers, namely with a stabilized substrate layer 45 and a stabilized cover layer 47 attached thereon. The stabilized base layer has a thickness of 0.4 m and the stabilized top layer has a thickness of 0.15 m. In contrast to the previously usual procedure for road construction, in the particularly preferred embodiment shown in FIG. 7, no excavation has to be carried out and the amount of additional material is reduced considerably, since the locally present soil is solidified and stabilized with the stabilizing additive and forms the road in this form. In contrast to conventional road construction, there is no need to store material and overburden. In addition, as stated above, in contrast to conventional concrete or asphalt pavements, the road construction shown here is extremely resistant to cracking, cavitation and capillary action due to water penetration due to the hydrophobic effect of the additive. In addition, the work involved in producing and maintaining the road shown in FIG. 7 is, of course, many times lower than in conventional road construction. As will be explained with reference to FIG. 14, the load capacity is 7 by a factor of 3 to 5 higher than in the case that an untreated floor material would be used. 8 schematically shows the basic sequence of road construction using the stabilizing additive. In a first step 49, a soil mixture to be stabilized, for example in one

Laboratory, examined for its basic suitability for the construction of a road. It has been shown that there should be a certain balanced grain size distribution of the soil material in order to achieve a particularly good stabilization and consolidation effect. In particular, there should be a sufficient amount of fine clay or mineral-like materials. In addition, there should also be a sufficient amount of gravel and sand to provide sufficient resilience.

In the event that a soil should not be within this - quite extensive - balanced composition, it is possible to add a corresponding amount of clay or gravel or sand in a second mixing step 51 together with the stabilizing additive. Mix the mixture and water into the soil mixture. The stabilizing additive is made available as a one-component additive in a masterbatch, which avoids a variety of problems associated with multi-component systems. In a third step 53, the water content of the

Mixture to achieve the proctor optimum described above and in relation to FIG. 11 can be optimized by adding or removing water or adding dry soil material. According to the preferred embodiment, a step 53 is basically superfluous, since the water content can already be optimized in the form of a dispersion of the hydrophobic additive in water. This is done simply by varying the Amount of water in the dispersion. Nevertheless, a step 53 can prove to be useful in individual cases - but this is without great effort, since water is used anyway as a transport medium for the additive. In a fourth step 55, the base of the underground base 45 shown in FIG. 7 is compressed and / or compacted. In a further fifth step 57, the second, third and fourth steps (reference numerals 51, 53, 55 7 the road surface 47 shown in FIG. 7 is produced (reference number 57).

As a result, in a final treatment to be varied depending on the environment, the stabilized road 41 shown in FIG. 7 (reference number 59) is obtained in the sixth step.

The method explained above is shown in more detail in FIG. 9. First, in a first step, the soil condition of the road area 61 is examined using geological surveys 63 and taking soil samples 65. As a result, it is recorded whether there is a balanced grain size distribution in the soil mixture or whether additional portions of clay, gravel or sand should be added. In this case, the road area 61 could be defined and any additional material that might be required could be applied to corresponding points 67 and then, as represented by reference numeral 69, evenly distributed.

In a further step 71, the soil-stabilizing aqueous-liquid additive "mixed-in-place" can be kept in a tanker truck, for example, as a one-component masterbatch and then fed to a tiller in a form dispersed in water (reference numeral 73). 10, as explained in more detail in FIG. 10, is particularly suitable for picking up soil material and for this via suitable feeders 75 depending on the desired working depth (FIG. 10, left) _P age or right side) of the ground mixture 77 the stabilizing additive in an aqueous liquid form, ie in dispersed form in water to mix. Depending on requirements, additional water components can be added to the soil mixture to achieve the optimum of the proctor, or the water content can be reduced if necessary by drying the soil or by adding dry soil material. If the water content is too high, instead of drying, a dry soil material such as e.g. B. sand can be added to the batch, the resulting batch then having a lower water content. It is generally the best possible water content in a variable range around the proctor optimum, the water content not necessarily corresponding to the water-saturated state. Examples of different compactibilities of different soils with different water contents can be seen in FIG. 11. The curve (a) corresponds to a gravel-sand mixture, the curve (b) to a well-grained sand, the curve (c) to a uniform sand bottom, the curve (e) to a heavy clay. The proctor optimum is arranged at the extreme point of the curves. An acceptable range is, for example, a water content of +/- 5% around the optimum of the proctor.

9, the floor can be compacted in a further step 79, for example by a vibrating roller, and then leveled in step 81. In further compaction steps 83, 85, the soil can be compacted again as required, for example by means of a suitable roller, and then leveled and passivated again, for example using a normal roller without vibration. Other compressors such as wheel, vibro and sheep's foot rollers or plate vibrators or trench rammers can also be used for this purpose. The pressure thus applied, preferably above 1 N / mm ² , leads to permanent agglomeration or cohesion of the soil particles, which, as described above, is caused by a permanent hooking of the particles after breaking the adhesive water film is achieved by the additive. As a result, the surface of the particles is at least partially accessible to other particles for interlocking. A comparatively water-resistant press mixture is then created under pressure, which also has hydrophobic properties. Subsequently, as explained with reference to FIG. 8 (reference symbol 57), the surface of the stabilized substrate formed in this way can be sealed by the cover layer. The result is a road construction explained in FIG. 7 with stabilized underground base 45 and the top layer 47.

Without explaining this in detail, in addition to the described “mixed-in-place” procedure, a “mixed-in-plant” procedure could also be used. a suitable heatable reactor or container can be selected.

In a suitable modification of the in relation to that in Fig. 9 and

According to the procedure described in FIG. 10, a railway route shown in FIG. 12 can also be produced, the same advantages as explained in connection with road construction having an effect. The railway line 87 shown in FIG. 12 has a stabilized underground base 89 which is ^■ similar to the underground base 45 shown in FIG. 7 for a road. Above this is the ballast layer 91, which is usual for railroad tracks, and which supports the running surface formed by rails 93 and sleepers 95 for one train. The advantages associated with such a railway line can be similar to. in road construction, summarize. With regard to the manufacture, there is a particularly simple and fast road or railroad path construction, a considerably reduced amount of material to be replaced and, moreover, there are no special requirements for special machines. Regarding the durability of the road or the railway line, a superior longevity is not shown lastly due to the fact that water penetration into cavities or capillaries or the like is reduced. In this way, there is practically no longer any susceptibility to frost on a road or a railway line, at least considerably reduced. In the end, these advantages lead to significantly reduced costs both in train path construction and in the care and maintenance of the train path. A basic procedure for the construction of the route is given in FIG. 13, which is similar to the procedure shown in FIG. 8, for which reason the same reference numerals as in FIG. 8 are used.

Instead of applying a cover layer in railway line construction, in a fifth step 58 there is the application of a ballast layer 91 and the application of the sleepers 95 and the rails 93. des- ober-f-1-ächenak-tϊven, - hydrophobic additive as an aqueous dispersion the stabilized and solidified railway line 87, as shown in Fig. 12.

In Fig. 14, the load capacity of different soils in the area of road and railroad construction is shown in a comparison with two examples. For comparison, an untreated floor 97 is compared to a floor 99 that has been treated with the stabilizing additive. Both soils were subjected to an indentation test in a standard procedure and assessed according to the usual California Bearing Rate (CBR), in which case the assessment was made only after both soils were stored in water for four days - this assessment is referred to as CBR2. 14 clearly shows that not only the absolute load capacity of a floor treated with the stabilizing additive is above a load capacity by a factor of three to five of an untreated floor, but also shows that the resilience capacity is considerably improved even under the influence of a strongly aqueous environment, ie in the present case with four days of water storage (CBR2). It has also been shown that the load capacity increases with increasing pressure load on a road 41 or a railway line 87 shown in FIG. 12.

15, the section of a channel 105 is shown as an example in view A. Appropriately adapted using the procedure described above, a stabilized and solidified soil pan 109 can be formed on a suitable substrate 107 using the surface-active hydrophobic additive, which, with the addition of the additive, is dispersed in water to form the soil mixture and subsequent compacting or consolidation of the required for the tub 109 floor mix. The trough 109 is able to seal the channel more reliably than the previous designs, even under the load of the channel water 111.

A corresponding construction for a dam section 113 is shown in view B of FIG. The actual dam 115 is secured in its area bordering the water by a boundary layer 117 stabilized with the surface-active and hydrophobic additive and a rock layer 119 against the water 121. On its side facing away from the water 121, the dam 115 is additionally secured against slipping away by a further stabilized bottom layer 123. The boundary layer 117 facing the water is part of a stabilized floor pan 125 formed in the vicinity of the bank. The stabilized layers 117, 123, 125 can be realized on practically any surface 127. As already explained above, the batch intended for stabilization can also be easily viewed for the purpose of optimization. lent its grain by adding clay, sand or gravel.

16 shows a section of a waste disposal site 129 which is formed on a base material 131 suitable for such purposes. To accommodate waste material, a floor pan 133 is formed on the base 131 and covered by a cover and sealing layer 135. The floor pan 131 and the top and sealing layer 135 are likewise formed in the form of a stabilized floor layer using the stabilizing additive (additive) described above, the stabilizing additive being added to the floor batch in the form of a surface-active hydrophobic additive in water-dispersed form becomes. Depending on requirements, one of the methods explained in more detail above can be used for this. View A shows a detail of floor pan 137. It can be seen from this that a thickness of the stabilized layer 131 in the region of 60 cm is usually sufficient to form a floor pan. Above that, one or more layers 139 are preferably formed by immobilized waste material. Depending on the type of waste, these can be enclosed by one or more sealing layers 141.

View B shows an additional detail 143 of the top and sealing layer. Similar to the floor area, the cover and sealing layer is initially formed by one or more layers of immobilized waste material 139, which is additionally delimited by a special sealing layer.

To form the cover and sealing layer, as can be seen from view B, a 40 cm thick stabilized layer 145 and a substantially smaller second stabilized layer 147, in which a drainage 149 is laid, are usually sufficient. The top and sealing layer 135 of Landfill 129 has a humus layer 151 on its surface that can be planted with greenery.

Among other things, the immobilizing effect of the stabilizing additive in the form of the surface-active, hydrophobic additive has also been proven for the uses of the surface-active hydrophobic additive in water-dispersed form in road construction, railway construction, hydraulic engineering or landfill construction. It has been shown that especially in dusts, ashes, slurries or the like, in particular in mixtures containing mineral materials or metal dusts, dangerous or toxic substances present by adding the surface-active hydrophobic additive to that of dusts, ashes, slurries or .dgl. immobilized formed mixture of the material. For this purpose, the dust, ash or sludge material contaminated with dangerous or toxic substances is treated in a manner similar to that explained with reference to FIGS. 8 and 13, which is why the same reference numerals as in FIG

8 and 13 have been used. The immobilized material provided with reference number 153 can be left in place as required or, as indicated in step 155, can be brought into a landfill in a suitable form, for example into a landfill 129 shown in FIG. 16 can advantageously be used in the context of the immobilization layer provided with reference number 139. Another possibility, as shown in step 157, is to use the immobilized material 153 as building material, for example in road construction (FIG. 7), railway line construction (FIG. 12) or hydraulic engineering (FIG. 15).

The Immobilisierungsfähigkeit of manufactured in this way, ^'provided material can be seen from the following table.

In order to realize the measured values, different samples of waste material as well as of contaminated soils were treated in the manner described in FIG. 17 and subjected to eluate tests as defined, for example, in DIN 38484. The samples were rinsed with distilled water for 24 hours and the eluate was analyzed for its chemical composition. In particular, the proportions of heavy metals in the sample were analyzed in comparison to the eluate. With reference to the numbers listed in the table, it can be seen that all concentrations are far below the drinking water limits, as apply, for example, in Germany.

A further advantageous use of the method can also be specified with reference to FIG. 17 in relation to mixtures containing metal. This can affect batches in which metals are only to be immobilized as impurities, for example as described above. Depending on the value of the metal - Pb will have to be assessed differently than e.g. B. Sn - can with higher metal contents in the batch, for. B. more than 10%, reuse is also sought.

A particularly advantageous embodiment has been the use of the method explained above in the context of the treatment of mixtures containing metal dust such as soils, dusts, ashes, slurries or the like. proved. This affects a wide variety of metal dusts, but it can also affect others concern inorganic and organic substances. Thus, the measures mentioned are particularly advantageous for residues of aluminum extraction referred to as red mud. Metal dusts containing copper or lead in mixtures are also particularly known, the metals generally being present as oxide or other mineral compounds, for example also as Si compounds or C compounds and as inorganic or organic compounds such as hydrocarbons. As with the method explained with reference to FIG. 17, mixtures containing such metal dusts can be compacted using the method explained above by adding the surface-active hydrophobic additive in water-dispersed form to the mixture containing metal or metal compounds and thereby immobilizing it. Subsequent processing of the compacted metal-containing mixture into briquettes or other shaped articles which are suitable for removal can thus be accomplished at the site of the overburden. In this way, the shaped bodies could be fed directly to the metal recovery and could make a valuable contribution in the context of a metal melt or smelting 159. So ^'would not only be an efficient exploitation of raw materials guarantees but it would be performed mainly huge amounts of existing tailings gradually eliminate and good use.

In summary, in a method for treating a mixture of particles - in particular a soil - the addition of at least one surface-active, hydrophobic additive in water-dispersed form - and avoiding hydraulically binding substances - activates the binding forces present in the mixture , In addition, an adhesive water film surrounding the particle is broken up and the mixture is exposed to a pressure under water in a state close to the optimum of the proctor - preferably> 1 N / mm ² . There are strongly surface-active substances that are used as water stabilize the batch, combine and mix in a masterbatch. In a device for producing and using a one-component additive provided for this purpose, both a line (26) for water (A) and a line (26 _a ) for liquid substances (B) are assigned to a container with an agitator (24). A container (38) for a dispersion with additive (D) is also arranged downstream of the container (22). A number of preferred uses are indicated.

Claims

1. A method for treating a mixture of particles, in particular a soil, characterized in that the binding forces present in it are activated by adding at least one surface-active, hydrophobic additive to the mixture, and stabilize the mixture using water.

2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that an adhesive water film surrounding the particle is broken up.

3. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that the mixture is exposed to water under pressure in a saturated state.

4. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized by a pressure of.> 1 N / mm.

5. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that strongly surface-active substances which stabilize the mixture using water as a medium are combined and mixed.

6. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized by activating the batch or soil inherent binding forces through the use of the additive.

7. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized by additives from alkyl-substituted amines.

8. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized by additives from quaternary ammonium salts.

9. The method according to claim 7 and 8, characterized in that the alkyl-substituting amines are mixed with the quaternary ammonium salts with the addition of a liquid medium.

10. The method according to claim 7 or 9, characterized by an additive of alkyl-substituting amines with alkyl radicals of chain length from C12 to C20 and quaternary ammonium salts.

11. The method according to claim 9, characterized in that the liquid medium is water.

12. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 11, characterized by the docking of the active, strongly polar amine group on the mineral particle surfaces, the alkyl group producing a hydrophobic effect.

13. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 12, characterized in that the hydrophobic chains of the additive have a positive influence on the interactions between water and the mineral particles.

14. A ^process' according to any one of claims 1 to 13, characterized in that the additive Proktoroptimum is added to the mixture.

15. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 14, characterized in that the mixture is subjected to an intensive mixing process.

16. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 15, characterized in that the additive-containing mixture is agglomerated largely irreversibly under vibration and / or compression.

17. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 16, characterized by a water-repellent or waterproof additive-containing mixture after processing.

18. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 17, characterized in that the mixture is protected against washing out by the additive and immobilized toxic substances.

19. A method for producing an additive according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the additive is produced in a mixer with the addition of a medium.

20. The method according to claim 19, characterized in that the mixer is heated.

21. The method according to claim 20, characterized in that the medium is water.

22. Device for producing and using an additive, in particular for carrying out the method according to one of claims 1 to 21, characterized in that a reactor with an agitator (24) has both a line (26) for water (A) and a line ( 26 _a ) for liquid substances (B).

23. The device according to claim 22, characterized by a feed line (34) for solids (C) from a silo (32).

24. The device according to claim 22 or 23, characterized in that the reactor (22) is followed by a vessel (38) for a dispersion with additive (D).

25. Use of the method according to one of the method claims, for consolidating and / or stabilizing a soil in road construction, in particular for a road substructure and / or an upper base and top layer.

26. Use of the device according to one of claims 22 to 24, for consolidating and / or stabilizing a soil in road construction.

27. Use according to claim 25 or 26, in which the addition of the at least one surface-active, hydrophobic additive to the mixture takes place in a tiller.

28. Use of the method according to one of the method claims, for consolidating and / or stabilizing a soil in railway line construction, in particular for a stabilized substructure.

29. Use of the device according to one of claims 22 to 24, for consolidating and / or stabilizing a soil in railway line construction, in particular for a stabilized substructure.

30. Use according to claim 28 or 29, characterized in that the addition of the at least one surface-active hydrophobic additive to the mixture takes place in a rotary tiller.

31. Use of the method according to one of the method claims, for the consolidation and / or stabilization of a soil in hydraulic engineering, in particular in sewer construction or dam construction.

32. Use of the device according to one of claims 22 to 24, for the consolidation and / or stabilization of a soil in hydraulic engineering, in particular for sewer construction or dam construction.

33. Use according to claim 31 or 32, characterized in that the addition of at least one surface-active, hydrophobic additive to the mixture takes place in a rotary tiller.

34. Use of the method according to one of the process claims, for solidifying and / or stabilizing a mixture, in particular of dusts, ashes, sludges or the like, in particular of organic or inorganic material, preferably of mineral material or metal dusts, for immobilizing valuable or pollutants.

35. Use of the device according to one of claims 22 to 24, for solidifying and / or stabilizing a mixture, in particular of dust, ash, sludge or the like., In particular of mineral material or metal dust, for immobilizing valuable or pollutants.

36. Use according to claim 34 or 35, in which the immobilized mixture is disposed of as waste material.

37. Use according to claim 34 or 35, in which the immobilized mixture is reused as filler material.

38. Use according to claim 34 or 35, in which an immobilized metal-containing mixture is used again in the metal production. - 3 b -

39. Use according to claim 38, characterized by sludges containing one or more metals, in particular aluminum, copper, lead or iron, in particular a red sludge.

40. Method according to one of the preceding method claims, comprising the step: adding at least one surface-active, hydrophobic additive in water-dispersed form to the batch, the binding forces present in the batch being activated.

41. Process according to one of the preceding process claims, comprising the step: adding exactly one surface-active, hydrophobic additive in water-dispersed form to the mixture, the binding forces present in the mixture being activated.

42. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, comprising the step of: preventing the addition of binding substances, in particular hydraulically binding substances.

43. The method according to claim 41, characterized in that only the at least one surface-active hydrophobic additive is added to the mixture in a form dispersed in water.

44. Method according to one of the preceding method claims, further comprising the steps: analysis of the batch, in particular the grain size distribution of the batch, preferably by taking a sample, making available additional material, in particular in the form of clay, sand and / or gravel material depending on the Batch fixed provided original grain size distribution to achieve an advantageous grain size distribution; Add the additional material to the batch.

45. Method according to one of the preceding method claims, comprising the step: expulsion or addition of water to the mixture in orientation at the optimum of the proctor.

46. Method according to one of the preceding method claims, comprising the step: compacting the batch.

47. The method as claimed in one of the preceding method claims, comprising the step: drying the batch.