WO2005107011A1 - Uwbループアンテナ - Google Patents
Uwbループアンテナ Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2005107011A1 WO2005107011A1 PCT/JP2004/019594 JP2004019594W WO2005107011A1 WO 2005107011 A1 WO2005107011 A1 WO 2005107011A1 JP 2004019594 W JP2004019594 W JP 2004019594W WO 2005107011 A1 WO2005107011 A1 WO 2005107011A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- antenna
- uwb
- loop antenna
- arm
- tapered transmission
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q7/00—Loop antennas with a substantially uniform current distribution around the loop and having a directional radiation pattern in a plane perpendicular to the plane of the loop
- H01Q7/005—Loop antennas with a substantially uniform current distribution around the loop and having a directional radiation pattern in a plane perpendicular to the plane of the loop with variable reactance for tuning the antenna
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
- H01Q1/36—Structural form of radiating elements, e.g. cone, spiral, umbrella; Particular materials used therewith
- H01Q1/38—Structural form of radiating elements, e.g. cone, spiral, umbrella; Particular materials used therewith formed by a conductive layer on an insulating support
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a print loop antenna having an L-shaped arm for emitting UWB signals.
- Printed monopole and dipole antennas are widely used in various wireless applications because of their many advantages, such as small size, light weight, easy manufacturing, and low cost. Some of them are described in Non-Patent Documents 1 and 2.
- a loop antenna can also be used for wireless communication (see Non-Patent Documents 3-5).
- FIG. 11 shows a conventional loop antenna.
- a loop antenna element is formed on a substrate 1 made of an insulating material by printing a metal such as copper.
- conventional wire loop antennas have less than 10% bandwidth for 2: 1 VSWR. Therefore, conventional loop antennas have been modified to increase bandwidth.
- This small gap increased the impedance bandwidth by more than 24%.
- the L-shaped antenna itself is a kind of a broadband planar antenna that widens the impedance bandwidth and reduces cross-polarized radiation (see Non-Patent Documents 6 and 7).
- Non-Patent Document 1 KL Wong, GY Lee, ⁇ . W. shiou, A low-profile planar monopole antenna for multiband operation of mobile handsets, "IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 51, pp. 121-125, January 2003.
- Non-Patent Document 2 J. Perruisseau-Carrier, T.W.Hee, P.S.Hall, 'Dual-polarized broadband dipole, "IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters., Vol. 2, pp. 310-312, 2003.
- Non-Patent Document 3 RL Li, EM Tentzeris, J. Laskar, VF Fusco, and R. Cahill, "Broadband Loop Antenna for DCS-1800 / IMT-2000 Mobile Phone Handsets," IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, vol. 12 , pp. 305-307, August 2002.
- Non-Patent Document 4 KD Katsibas, CA Balanis, PA Tirkas, and CR Birtcher, "Folded Loop Antenna for Mobile Hand-Held Units, IEEE Transaction on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 46, pp. 260-266, February 1998.
- Patent Literature 5 R.L.Li, V.F.Fusco, "Lrcularly Polarized Twisted Loop Antenna, IEEE Transaction on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 50, pp. 1377—1381, October 2002.
- Non-Patent Document 6 Z.N.Chen and M.Y.W.Chia, "Broadband planar inverted-L antennas, Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation, IEE Proceedings, vol. 148, pp.339-342, October 2001.
- Non-Patent Document 7 Z.N.Chen, M.Y.W.Chia, "Suspended plate antenna with a pair of L-shaped strips," IEEE APS Symposium, vol. 3, pp. 64-67, June 2002.
- Non-Patent Document 8 S. Yamamoto, T. Azakami, and K. Itakura, Coupled nonuniform transmission line and its applications, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 15, pp. 220-231, April 1967.
- Non-Patent Document 9 0. P. Rustogi, "Linearly Tapered Transmission Line and Its
- Non-Patent Document 10 N.M.Martin and D.W.unffin, "A tapered transmission line model for the feed-probe of a microstrip patch antenna," IEEE APS Symposium, vol. 21, pp. 154-157, May 1983.
- Patent Document 11 1.Smith, "Principles of the design of lossless tapered transmission line transformers, 7th Pulsed Power Conference, pp. 103-107, June 1989.
- Non-Patent Document 12 Y. Wang, “New method for tapered transmission line design,” Electronics Letters, vol. 27, pp. 2396-2398, December 1991.
- Non-Patent Document 13 K. Murakami and J. Ishn, '1 lme- domain analysis for reflection characteristics of tapered and stepped nonuniform transmission lines, "Proceedings of IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, vol. 3, pp. 518-521 , June 1998.
- Some antennas have improved impulsive operation at the expense of reduced matching and increased reflection.
- a large-sized parabolic antenna with good performance is a power that can be used for UWB systems. However, it is not suitable for most commercial-priced portable size applications.
- the problem to be solved is the antenna configuration for UWB signal emission, especially when low cost, small form factor, and radiation efficient configurations are needed for typical applications. It is.
- the present invention provides a novel printed loop antenna having an L-shaped arm.
- This antenna works well with the low bandwidth frequencies of 3.1 GHz-5.1 GHz UWB systems.
- This antenna has a return loss of less than -10 (dB) over its entire bandwidth.
- This antenna is formed on an FR4 substrate and is fed by a 50 ⁇ paired tapered transmission line.
- the low frequency depends on the L-shaped part of the loop antenna, but it has been found that the upper frequency limit is determined by the tapered transmission path.
- the antenna of the present invention is very easy to design and inexpensive.
- a wideband L loop antenna is provided. It has excellent performance in the low band of UWB, and has attractive features of small size, low cost, and easy design. It has been shown that VSWR 1.6 is achievable over the entire bandwidth of 3.1-5.1 (GHz). Return loss-10 dB is achieved over that frequency band. The gain is 1 dBi or more over the entire frequency band. Two analytical techniques, the moment method and the finite element method, have been applied to design this new antenna, and it can be concluded that the results from these are reliable. Good impedance matching was easily achieved.
- FIG. 1 shows a plan view and a sectional view of an L-loop antenna of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing an example of an L-loop antenna according to the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram showing an example of the shape of a tapered transmission line applied to the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing a frequency characteristic of VSWR of the L loop antenna of the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating frequency characteristics of return loss of the L loop antenna of the present invention.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram showing a frequency characteristic of a gain of the L loop antenna of the present invention.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram showing a current distribution of the L-loop antenna of the present invention.
- FIG. 8 is a diagram showing radiation characteristics at 3.1 GHz of the L loop antenna of the present invention.
- FIG. 9 is a diagram showing radiation characteristics at 4.1 GHz of the L-loop antenna of the present invention.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram showing radiation characteristics at 5.1 GHz of the L loop antenna of the present invention.
- FIG. 11 is a diagram showing a conventional loop antenna.
- FIGS. 1 and 2 show a novel small planar L-loop antenna.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram showing an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 1A is a plan view.
- Fig. 1 (b) is a cross-sectional view taken along line X-X '.
- FIG. 1C is a cross-sectional view taken along the line Y-Y '.
- FIG. 2 is an example of an L-loop antenna as shown in FIG.
- a substrate 1 is made of an insulating material such as FR-4, Teflon (registered trademark), or silicon. Or a metal material such as aluminum.
- FIG. 1 a novel printed loop antenna having an L-shaped arm is shown.
- This antenna is formed in a square or rectangular loop shape with four arms.
- the first arm is cut at the center, and both cut ends thereof are connected to tapered transmission lines 4 and 5 of a pair configuration, respectively.
- the second and third side arms are respectively connected to outer ends of the first arm.
- Each of the other ends of the second and third arms is connected to both ends of a fourth arm facing the first arm, thereby forming a square or rectangular loop.
- the L-shaped portion compares the width of one of the side arms and the fourth arm with the other side arm and the first arm connected to the tapered transmission paths 4 and 5 of the pair. It is formed by widening. It is not necessary to increase the width of one of the side arms and the fourth arm over the entire length of the fourth arm. This width may be partially increased in length of each of the one side arm and the fourth arm.
- the exemplary antenna is printed on the top surface of a substrate 1 made of a copper metal monolayer with a thickness h and having a thickness h ms and a relative permittivity ⁇ .
- the paired tapered transmission lines 4 and 5 are printed on the upper surface of the same substrate 1.
- Example antenna size Is 24 x 25 x 1 mm, which is perfectly suitable for wireless systems.
- the rectangular loop has a length of 98mm, which is quite close to one wavelength of the antenna design.
- the reference plane is the center of the antenna.
- the tapered transmission lines 4 and 5 are connected to an external circuit device (not shown).
- FIG. 1 shows a case where the outer sides of the tapered transmission paths 4 and 5 are linear.
- the tapered transmission line is formed on the substrate integrally with the antenna element in a shape that widens toward the side antenna element connected to the external circuit device.
- the tapered transmission line showed good impedance matching over a wide frequency range (see Non-Patent Documents 8-13).
- This antenna is fed from a 50 ⁇ coaxial cable through a paired tapered transmission line.
- the taper shape is selected to minimize reflections and optimize impedance matching and bandwidth.
- the antenna of the present invention also has a substrate 1 made of FR-4 and a copper plate attached to the substrate.
- the antenna pattern and the impedance matching portion that also provide the antenna element strength can be created by, for example, photoetching a copper plate.
- Photoresist is applied on a copper plate to form a photoresist film.
- the photoresist film is exposed using an exposure mask having a pattern of the antenna element and impedance matching ⁇ .
- the photoresist film is immersed in a solvent, and the unexposed portions are removed with the solvent.
- the exposed portion of the photoresist film is left on the copper plate.
- the whole is immersed in a copper etchant, and copper is etched using an etching mask made of photoresist as a mask. In this way, an L-loop antenna in which the tapered transmission lines 4 and 5 are integrated is created.
- FIG. 2 shows an example of the detailed size of the L loop antenna of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 shows an example of the shape of the tapered transmission line of the present invention.
- Figure 3 (a) shows a straight taper transmission line.
- FIG. 3B shows an example of a curved tapered transmission line.
- Fig. 3 (c) shows a step-type tapered transmission line.
- FIG. 4 to FIG. 10 show various characteristics of the antenna according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- the characteristics of an L-loop antenna with a linear tapered transmission line of the size shown in Figs. 2 and 3 (a) were obtained by simulation.
- the example antenna can operate in the 3.1-5.1 GHz frequency range. This ante O Describe the antenna design in detail and present the simulation results of this antenna. O Simulation results. Has been confirmed to be reliable.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing the frequency characteristics of the VSWR of the antenna. It has characteristics of VSWR 1.6 or less at a frequency of 3.1 GHz at a frequency of 5.1 GHz.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram showing the return loss of the antenna of the present invention.
- the return loss is less than 10 dB over the entire frequency range, clearly indicating that a wide operating bandwidth can be obtained.
- FIG. 6 shows the frequency characteristics of the gain of the antenna of the present invention. It has been shown that IdBi and above are achieved at all frequencies.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram showing a current distribution of the L loop antenna of the present invention. The brighter the current, the stronger the current.
- Figs. 8 to 10 show the radiation patterns at 3.1 GHz, 4.1 GHz, and 5.1 GHz.
- the X and y axes of the coordinate axis are set with the center of the antenna as the origin.
- the z-axis is set perpendicular to the antenna plane, passing through the origin.
- the radiation pattern is almost the same for all frequencies, which is very important for high data rate wireless systems.
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- Details Of Aerials (AREA)
- Burglar Alarm Systems (AREA)
- Radar Systems Or Details Thereof (AREA)
- Waveguide Aerials (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2006512723A JP4328900B2 (ja) | 2004-04-28 | 2004-12-28 | Uwbループアンテナ |
AT04807949T ATE460757T1 (de) | 2004-04-28 | 2004-12-28 | Ubb-schleifenantenne |
US11/568,338 US7804456B2 (en) | 2004-04-28 | 2004-12-28 | Ultra wideband loop antenna |
DE602004025986T DE602004025986D1 (de) | 2004-04-28 | 2004-12-28 | Ubb-schleifenantenne |
EP04807949A EP1753080B1 (en) | 2004-04-28 | 2004-12-28 | Uwb loop antenna |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2004-133759 | 2004-04-28 | ||
JP2004133759 | 2004-04-28 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2005107011A1 true WO2005107011A1 (ja) | 2005-11-10 |
Family
ID=35241967
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/JP2004/019594 WO2005107011A1 (ja) | 2004-04-28 | 2004-12-28 | Uwbループアンテナ |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US7804456B2 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP1753080B1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP4328900B2 (ja) |
AT (1) | ATE460757T1 (ja) |
DE (1) | DE602004025986D1 (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2005107011A1 (ja) |
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JP2013501456A (ja) * | 2009-08-05 | 2013-01-10 | インテル・コーポレーション | アンテナ構造、薄型表示装置、無線通信デバイス、及び方法 |
JP2013520104A (ja) * | 2010-02-11 | 2013-05-30 | ドックオン エージー | 複合ループアンテナ |
CN103503235A (zh) * | 2011-01-18 | 2014-01-08 | 多康公司 | 圆极化复合环形天线 |
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USD867347S1 (en) | 2008-02-29 | 2019-11-19 | Antennas Direct, Inc. | Antenna |
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US8368607B2 (en) | 2007-12-05 | 2013-02-05 | Antennas Direct, Inc. | Antenna assemblies with antenna elements and reflectors |
USD809490S1 (en) | 2008-02-29 | 2018-02-06 | Antennas Direct, Inc. | Antenna |
USD881172S1 (en) | 1975-11-03 | 2020-04-14 | Antennas Direct, Inc. | Antenna and base stand |
US20140292597A1 (en) | 2007-12-05 | 2014-10-02 | Antennas Direct, Inc. | Antenna assemblies with tapered loop antenna elements |
US7609222B2 (en) * | 2007-12-05 | 2009-10-27 | Antennas Direct, Inc. | Antenna assemblies with antenna elements and reflectors |
USD666178S1 (en) | 2008-02-29 | 2012-08-28 | Antennas Direct, Inc. | Antenna |
US11929562B2 (en) | 2007-12-05 | 2024-03-12 | Antennas Direct, Inc. | Antenna assemblies with tapered loop antenna elements |
US7990335B2 (en) | 2007-12-05 | 2011-08-02 | Antennas Direct, Inc. | Antenna assemblies with antenna elements and reflectors |
USD920962S1 (en) | 2008-02-29 | 2021-06-01 | Antennas Direct, Inc. | Base stand for antenna |
USD883265S1 (en) | 2008-02-29 | 2020-05-05 | Antennas Direct, Inc. | Antenna |
USD883264S1 (en) | 2008-02-29 | 2020-05-05 | Antennas Direct, Inc. | Antenna |
USD804459S1 (en) | 2008-02-29 | 2017-12-05 | Antennas Direct, Inc. | Antennas |
USD815073S1 (en) | 2008-02-29 | 2018-04-10 | Antennas Direct, Inc. | Antenna |
US8462061B2 (en) | 2008-03-26 | 2013-06-11 | Dockon Ag | Printed compound loop antenna |
US8164528B2 (en) | 2008-03-26 | 2012-04-24 | Dockon Ag | Self-contained counterpoise compound loop antenna |
GB0805393D0 (en) | 2008-03-26 | 2008-04-30 | Dockon Ltd | Improvements in and relating to antennas |
US9297770B2 (en) * | 2011-07-29 | 2016-03-29 | General Electric Company | Systems and methods for non-destructively measuring calorie contents of food items |
US8654021B2 (en) | 2011-09-02 | 2014-02-18 | Dockon Ag | Single-sided multi-band antenna |
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US9799956B2 (en) | 2013-12-11 | 2017-10-24 | Dockon Ag | Three-dimensional compound loop antenna |
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US9496614B2 (en) | 2014-04-15 | 2016-11-15 | Dockon Ag | Antenna system using capacitively coupled compound loop antennas with antenna isolation provision |
US10270170B2 (en) | 2014-04-15 | 2019-04-23 | QuantalRF AG | Compound loop antenna system with isolation frequency agility |
US9761935B2 (en) | 2015-09-02 | 2017-09-12 | Antennas Direct, Inc. | HDTV antenna assemblies |
US10128575B2 (en) | 2015-09-02 | 2018-11-13 | Antennas Direct, Inc. | HDTV antenna assemblies |
TWI623149B (zh) * | 2016-11-10 | 2018-05-01 | 和碩聯合科技股份有限公司 | 穿戴式電子裝置及其天線系統 |
KR20200144846A (ko) | 2019-06-19 | 2020-12-30 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 외부 장치의 위치 정보를 결정하기 위한 전자 장치 및 그의 동작 방법 |
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US4298878A (en) | 1979-03-28 | 1981-11-03 | Thomson-Csf | Radiating source formed by a dipole excited by a waveguide and an electronically scanning antenna comprising such sources |
US6259416B1 (en) | 1997-04-09 | 2001-07-10 | Superpass Company Inc. | Wideband slot-loop antennas for wireless communication systems |
JP2004048233A (ja) | 2002-07-10 | 2004-02-12 | Sanyo Electric Co Ltd | アンテナ装置およびアンテナ素子の形成方法 |
JP2004112044A (ja) | 2002-09-13 | 2004-04-08 | Furukawa Electric Co Ltd:The | ループアンテナ |
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US3761933A (en) * | 1972-09-21 | 1973-09-25 | Rca Corp | Loop antenna with distributed impedance near the terminating gap |
US4940992A (en) * | 1988-04-11 | 1990-07-10 | Nguyen Tuan K | Balanced low profile hybrid antenna |
SG76615A1 (en) * | 1999-04-16 | 2000-11-21 | Univ Singapore | An rf transponder |
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2004
- 2004-12-28 DE DE602004025986T patent/DE602004025986D1/de active Active
- 2004-12-28 WO PCT/JP2004/019594 patent/WO2005107011A1/ja active Application Filing
- 2004-12-28 JP JP2006512723A patent/JP4328900B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2004-12-28 AT AT04807949T patent/ATE460757T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2004-12-28 US US11/568,338 patent/US7804456B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2004-12-28 EP EP04807949A patent/EP1753080B1/en not_active Not-in-force
Patent Citations (4)
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US4298878A (en) | 1979-03-28 | 1981-11-03 | Thomson-Csf | Radiating source formed by a dipole excited by a waveguide and an electronically scanning antenna comprising such sources |
US6259416B1 (en) | 1997-04-09 | 2001-07-10 | Superpass Company Inc. | Wideband slot-loop antennas for wireless communication systems |
JP2004048233A (ja) | 2002-07-10 | 2004-02-12 | Sanyo Electric Co Ltd | アンテナ装置およびアンテナ素子の形成方法 |
JP2004112044A (ja) | 2002-09-13 | 2004-04-08 | Furukawa Electric Co Ltd:The | ループアンテナ |
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Title |
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I. SMITH: "Principles of the design of lossless tapered transmission line transformers", 7TH PULSED POWER CONFERENCE, June 1989 (1989-06-01), pages 103 - 107, XP010334232 |
J. PERRUISSEAU-CARRIER; T. W. HEE; P. S. HALL: "Dual-polarized broadband dipole", IEEE ANTENNAS AND WIRELESS PROPAGATION LETTERS., vol. 2, 2003, pages 310 - 312, XP011428009, DOI: doi:10.1109/LAWP.2004.824165 |
K. D. KATSIBAS ET AL.: "Folded Loop Antenna for Mobile Hand-Held Units", IEEE TRANSACTION ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, vol. 46, February 1998 (1998-02-01), pages 260 - 266, XP000733857, DOI: doi:10.1109/8.660971 |
K. L. WONG; G. Y. LEE; T. W. CHIOU: "A low-profile planar monopole antenna for multiband operation of mobile handsets", IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, vol. 51, January 2003 (2003-01-01), pages 121 - 125, XP001144334, DOI: doi:10.1109/TAP.2003.809044 |
N. M. MARTIN; D. W. GRIFFIN: "A tapered transmission line model for the feed-probe of a microstrip patch antenna", IEEE APS SYMPOSIUM, vol. 21, May 1983 (1983-05-01), pages 154 - 157 |
O. P. RUSTOGI: "Linearly Tapered Transmission Line and Its Application in Microwaves", IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, vol. 17, March 1969 (1969-03-01), pages 166 - 168 |
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R. L..LI ET AL.: "Broadband Loop Antenna for DCS-1800/IMT-2000 Mobile Phone Handsets", IEEE MICROWAVE AND WIRELESS COMPONENTS LETTERS, vol. 12, August 2002 (2002-08-01), pages 305 - 707, XP011066888 |
S. YAMAMOTO; T. AZAKAMI; K. ITAKURA: "Coupled nonuniform transmission line and its applications", IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, vol. 15, April 1967 (1967-04-01), pages 220 - 231, XP011385148, DOI: doi:10.1109/TMTT.1967.1126432 |
Z. N. CHEN; M. Y. W. CHIA: "Broadband planar inverted-L antennas", MICROWAVES, ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, IEE PROCEEDINGS, vol. 148, October 2001 (2001-10-01), pages 339 - 342, XP006017458, DOI: doi:10.1049/ip-map:20010729 |
Z. N. CHEN; M. Y. W. CHIA: "Suspended plate antenna with a pair of L-shaped strips", IEEE APS SYMPOSIUM, vol. 3, June 2002 (2002-06-01), pages 64 - 67, XP010593083 |
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2013501456A (ja) * | 2009-08-05 | 2013-01-10 | インテル・コーポレーション | アンテナ構造、薄型表示装置、無線通信デバイス、及び方法 |
JP2013520104A (ja) * | 2010-02-11 | 2013-05-30 | ドックオン エージー | 複合ループアンテナ |
CN105789902A (zh) * | 2010-02-11 | 2016-07-20 | 多康股份公司 | 复合环形天线 |
CN105789902B (zh) * | 2010-02-11 | 2021-05-07 | 多康股份公司 | 复合环形天线 |
CN103503235A (zh) * | 2011-01-18 | 2014-01-08 | 多康公司 | 圆极化复合环形天线 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US7804456B2 (en) | 2010-09-28 |
JPWO2005107011A1 (ja) | 2008-03-21 |
EP1753080B1 (en) | 2010-03-10 |
US20080297424A1 (en) | 2008-12-04 |
DE602004025986D1 (de) | 2010-04-22 |
EP1753080A4 (en) | 2008-03-05 |
JP4328900B2 (ja) | 2009-09-09 |
ATE460757T1 (de) | 2010-03-15 |
EP1753080A1 (en) | 2007-02-14 |
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