WO2005103711A2 - Agents diagnostiques et therapeutiques pour des maladies associees au recepteur 1 des chimiokines cxc (cxcr1) - Google Patents

Agents diagnostiques et therapeutiques pour des maladies associees au recepteur 1 des chimiokines cxc (cxcr1) Download PDF

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WO2005103711A2
WO2005103711A2 PCT/EP2005/004017 EP2005004017W WO2005103711A2 WO 2005103711 A2 WO2005103711 A2 WO 2005103711A2 EP 2005004017 W EP2005004017 W EP 2005004017W WO 2005103711 A2 WO2005103711 A2 WO 2005103711A2
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disorders
cxcrl
diseases
polypeptide
cancer
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PCT/EP2005/004017
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WO2005103711A3 (fr
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Stefan Golz
Ulf Brüggemeier
Andreas Geerts
Holger Summer
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Bayer Healthcare Ag
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/68—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving proteins, peptides or amino acids
    • G01N33/6863—Cytokines, i.e. immune system proteins modifying a biological response such as cell growth proliferation or differentiation, e.g. TNF, CNF, GM-CSF, lymphotoxin, MIF or their receptors
    • G01N33/6869—Interleukin

Definitions

  • CXC Chemokine Receptor 1 CXCRl
  • the present invention is m the field of molecular biology, more particularly, the present invention relates to nucleic acid sequences and amino acid sequences of a human CXCRl and its regulation for the treatment of cardiovascular disorders, gastrointestinal and liver diseases, metabolic diseases, inflammatory diseases, hematological disorders, respiratory diseases, neurological disorders, urological Disorders, cancer disorders and reproduction disorders in mammals.
  • CXCRl is a seven transmembrane G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) [[Holmes et al. (1991)], [MoIIereau et al. (1993)], [Morris et al. (1992)], [Palter et al. (2001)], WO02068579, WO02061087]. Many medically significant biological processes are mediated by signal transduction pathways that involve G-proteins [Lefkowitz, (1991)].
  • the family of G-protein coupled re- ceptors (GPCRs) includes receptors for hormones, neurotransmitters, growth factors, and viruses.
  • GPCRs include receptors for such diverse agents as dopamine, calcitonine, adrenergic hormones, endotheline, cAMP, adenosine, acetylcholine, serotonine, histamine, throm- bin, kinine, follicle stimulating hormone, opsins, endothelial differentiation gene-1, rhodopsins, odorants, cytomegalovirus, G-proteins themselves, effector proteins such as phospholipase C, ade- nyl cyclase, and phosphodiesterase, and actuator proteins such as protein kinase A and protein kinase C.
  • effector proteins such as phospholipase C, ade- nyl cyclase, and phosphodiesterase
  • actuator proteins such as protein kinase A and protein kinase C.
  • GPCRs possess seven conserved membrane-spanning domains connecting at least eight divergent hydrophilic loops. GPCRs, also known as seven transmembrane, 7TM, receptors, have been characterized as including these seven conserved hydrophobic stretches of about 20 to 30 amino acids, connecting at least eight divergent hydrophilic loops. Most GPCRs have single conserved cysteine residues in each of the first two extracellular loops, which form disulfide bonds that are believed to stabilize functional protein structure. The seven transmembrane regions are designated as TM1, TM2, TM3, TM4, TM5, TM6, and TM7. TM3 is being implicated with signal transduction.
  • Phosphorylation and lipidation (palmitylation or farnesylation) of cysteine residues can influence signal transduction of some GPCRs.
  • Most GPCRs contain potential phosphorylation sites within the third cytoplasmic loop and/or the carboxy terminus.
  • GPCRs such as the beta- adrenergic receptor, phosphorylation by protein kinase A and/or specific receptor kinases mediates receptor desensitization.
  • the ligand binding sites of GPCRs are believed to comprise hydrophilic sockets formed by several GPCR transmembrane domains.
  • the hydrophilic sockets are surrounded by hydrophobic residues of the GPCRs.
  • the hydrophilic side of each GPCR transmembrane helix is postulated to face inward and form a polar ligand binding site.
  • TM3 is being implicated with several GPCRs as having a ligand binding site, such as the TM3 aspartate residue.
  • TM5 serines, a TM6 asparagine, and TM6 or TM7 phenylalanines or tyrosines also are implicated in ligand binding.
  • GPCRs are coupled inside the cell by heterotrimeric G-proteins to various intracellular enzymes, ion channels, and transporters. Different G-protein alpha-subunits preferentially stimulate particular effectors to modulate various biological functions in a cell. Phosphorylation of cytoplasmic residues of GPCRs is an important mechanism for the regulation of some GPCRs.
  • the effect of hormone binding is the activation of the enzyme, adenylate cyclase, inside the cell. Enzyme activation by hormones is dependent on the presence of the nucleotide GTP. GTP also influences hormone binding.
  • a G-protein connects the hormone receptor to adenylate cyclase.
  • G-protein exchanges GTP for bound GDP when activated by a hormone receptor.
  • the GTP-carrying form then binds to activated adenylate cyclase.
  • Hydrolysis of GTP to GDP, catalyzed by the G-protein itself, returns the G-protein to its basal, inactive form.
  • the G-protein serves a dual role, as an intermediate that relays the signal from receptor to effector, and as a clock that controls the duration of the signal.
  • TaqMan is a recently developed technique, in which the release of a fluorescent reporter dye from a hybridisation probe in real-time during a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is proportional to the accumulation of the PCR product. Quantification is based on the early, linear part of the reaction, and by determining the threshold cycle (CT), at which fluorescence above background is first detected.
  • CT threshold cycle
  • Gene expression technologies may be useful in several areas of drug discovery and development, such as target identification, lead optimization, and identification of mechanisms of action.
  • the TaqMan technology can be used to compare differences between expression profiles of normal tissue and diseased tissue.
  • Expression profiling has been used in identifying genes, which are up- or downregulated in a variety of diseases.
  • An interesting application of expression profiling is temporal monitoring of changes in gene expression during disease progression and drug treatment or in patients versus healthy individuals.
  • the premise in this approach is that changes in pattern of gene expression in response to physiological or environmental stimuli (e.g., drugs) may serve as indirect clues about disease-causing genes or drug targets.
  • physiological or environmental stimuli e.g., drugs
  • the effects of drugs with established efficacy on global gene expression patterns may provide a guidepost, or a genetic signature, against which a new drug candidate can be compared.
  • the nucleotide sequence of CXCRl is accessible in public databases by the accession number NM_000634 and is given in SEQ ID NO:l.
  • the amino acid sequence of CXCRl is depicted in SEQ ID NO:2.
  • G protein-coupled receptors are integral membrane proteins containing 7 putative transmembrane domains (TMs). These proteins mediate signals to the interior of the cell via activation of heterotrimeric G proteins that in turn activate various effector proteins, ultimately resulting in a physiologic response.
  • Interleukin-8 is a member of a family of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
  • the best-characterized activities of IL8 include the chemoattraction and activation of neutrophils.
  • Holmes et al. [Holmes et al. (1991)] isolated a cDNA encoding an IL8 receptor from human neutrophils. The deduced amino acid sequence showed that the receptor is a member of the superfamily of receptors that couple to guanine nucleotide binding proteins (G proteins). The sequence is 29% identical to that of receptors for the other neutrophil chemoattractants, fMet-Leu-Phe and C5a.
  • Morris et al. [Morris et al.
  • IL8 Palter et al. [Palter et al. (2001)] characterized the IL8 system, which includes IL8, its receptors IL8RA and IL8RB, and its degradative enzyme aminopeptidase N, in the human fallopian tube by immunohistochemistry.
  • IL8 was found in the human fallopian tube predominantly in the epithelial cells and was present in greater amounts in the distal compared with the proximal tube.
  • IL8RA and IL8RB localized in the tube in similar patterns.
  • Aminopeptidase N was found in tubal stromal tissue at the epithelial-stromal border and perivascularly. The authors concluded that the IL8 system may be an active component of tubal physiology and that aminopeptidase N may limit the systemic effects of epithelial IL8.
  • the CXCRl receptor shows the highest homology (78 %) to the human interleukin-8 receptor B protein as shown in example 1.
  • the invention relates to novel disease associations of CXCRl polypeptides and polynucleotides.
  • the invention also relates to novel methods of screening for therapeutic agents for the treatment of cardiovascular disorders, gastrointestinal and liver diseases, metabolic diseases, inflammatory diseases, hematological disorders, respiratory diseases, neurological disorders, urological Disorders, cancer disorders and reproduction disorders in a mammal.
  • the invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions for the treatment of cardiovascular disorders, gastrointestinal and liver diseases, metabolic diseases, inflammatory diseases, hematological disorders, respiratory diseases, neurological disorders, urological Disorders, cancer disorders and reproduction disorders in a mammal comprising a CXCRl polypeptide, a CXCRl polynucleotide, or regulators of CXCRl or modulators of CXCRl activity.
  • the invention further comprises methods of diagnosing cardiovascular disorders, gastrointestinal and liver diseases, metabolic diseases, inflammatory diseases, hematological disorders, respiratory diseases, neurological disorders, urological Disorders, cancer disorders and reproduction disorders in a mammal.
  • Fig. 1 shows the nucleotide sequence of a CXCRl receptor polynucleotide (SEQ ID NO:l).
  • Fig. 2 shows the amino acid sequence of a CXCRl receptor polypeptide (SEQ ID NO:2).
  • Fig. 3 shows the nucleotide sequence of a primer useful for the invention (SEQ ID NO:3).
  • Fig. 4 shows the nucleotide sequence of a primer useful for the invention (SEQ ID NO:4).
  • Fig. 5 shows a nucleotide sequence useful as a probe to detect proteins of the invention (SEQ ID NO:5).
  • oligonucleotide is a stretch of nucleotide residues which has a sufficient number of bases to be used as an oligomer, amplimer or probe in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Oligonucleo- tides are prepared from genomic or cDNA sequence and are used to amplify, reveal, or confirm the presence of a similar DNA or RNA in a particular cell or tissue. Oligonucleotides or oligomers comprise portions of a DNA sequence having at least about 10 nucleotides and as many as about 35 nucleotides, preferably about 25 nucleotides.
  • Probes may be derived from naturally occurring or recombinant single- or double-stranded nucleic acids or may be chemically synthesized. They are useful in detecting the presence of identical or similar sequences. Such probes may be labeled with reporter molecules using nick translation, Klenow fill-in reaction, PCR or other methods well known in the art. Nucleic acid probes may be used in southern, northern or in situ hybridizations to determine whether DNA or RNA encoding a certain protein is present in a cell type, tissue, or organ.
  • a "fragment of a polynucleotide” is a nucleic acid that comprises all or any part of a given nucleotide molecule, the fragment having fewer nucleotides than about 6 kb, preferably fewer than about l kb.
  • Reporter molecules are radionuclides, enzymes, fluorescent, chemiluminescent, or chromogenic agents which associate with a particular nucleotide or amino acid sequence, thereby establishing the presence of a certain sequence, or allowing for the quantification of a certain sequence.
  • Chimeric molecules may be constructed by introducing all or part of the nucleotide sequence of this invention into a vector containing additional nucleic acid sequence which might be expected to change any one or several of the following CXCRl characteristics: cellular location, distribution, ligand-binding affinities, interchain affinities, degradation/turnover rate, signaling, etc.
  • CXCRl polypeptide refers to those forms, fragments, or domains of a CXCRl polypeptide which retain the biological and/or antigenic activity of a CXCRl polypeptide.
  • Naturally occurring CXCRl polypeptide refers to a polypeptide produced by cells which have not been genetically engineered and specifically contemplates various polypeptides arising from post-translational modifications of the polypeptide including but not limited to acerylation, car- boxylation, glycosylation, phosphorylation, lipidation and acylation.
  • Derivative refers to polypeptides which have been chemically modified by techniques such as ubiquitination, labeling (see above), pegylation (derivatization with polyethylene glycol), and chemical insertion or substitution of amino acids such as ornithine which do not normally occur in human proteins.
  • Constant amino acid substitutions result from replacing one amino acid with another having similar structural and/or chemical properties, such as the replacement of a leucine with an isoleu- cine or valine, an aspartate with a glutamate, or a threonine with a serine.
  • “Insertions” or “deletions” are typically in the range of about 1 to 5 amino acids. The variation allowed may be experimentally determined by producing the peptide synthetically while systematically making insertions, deletions, or substitutions of nucleotides in the sequence using recombinant DNA techniques.
  • a “signal sequence” or “leader sequence” can be used, when desired, to direct the polypeptide through a membrane of a cell.
  • Such a sequence may be naturally present on the polypeptides of the present invention or provided from heterologous sources by recombinant DNA techniques.
  • Oligopeptide is a short stretch of amino acid residues and may be expressed from an oligonucleotide. Oligopeptides comprise a stretch of amino acid residues of at least 3, 5, 10 amino acids and at most 10, 15, 25 amino acids, typically of at least 9 to 13 amino acids, and of sufficient length to display biological and/or antigenic activity.
  • inhibitor is any substance which retards or prevents a chemical or physiological reaction or response. Common inhibitors include but are not limited to antisense molecules, antibodies, and antagonists. "Standard expression” is a quantitative or qualitative measurement for comparison. It is based on a statistically appropriate number of normal samples and is created to use as a basis of comparison when performing diagnostic assays, running clinical trials, or following patient treatment profiles.
  • Animal as used herein may be defined to include human, domestic (e.g., cats, dogs, etc.), agri- cultural (e.g., cows, horses, sheep, etc.) or test species (e.g., mouse, rat, rabbit, etc.).
  • domestic e.g., cats, dogs, etc.
  • agri- cultural e.g., cows, horses, sheep, etc.
  • test species e.g., mouse, rat, rabbit, etc.
  • CXCRl polynucleotide within the meaning of the invention, shall be understood as being a nucleic acid molecule selected from a group consisting of
  • nucleic acid molecules encoding a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2,
  • nucleic acid molecules comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1,
  • nucleic acid molecules the complementary strand of which hybridizes under stringent conditions to a nucleic acid molecule of (i), (ii), or (iii);
  • nucleic acid molecules the sequence of which differs from the sequence of a nucleic acid molecule of (iii) due to the degeneracy of the genetic code;
  • polypeptide encoded by said nucleic acid molecule has CXCRl activity.
  • CXCRl polypeptide within the meaning of the invention, shall be understood as being a polypeptide selected from a group consisting of
  • polypeptides which show at least 99%, 98%, 95%, 90%, or 80% homology with a polypeptide of (i), (ii), or (iii);
  • polypeptide has CXCRl activity.
  • nucleotide sequences encoding a CXCRl have numerous applications in techniques known to those skilled in the art of molecular biology. These techniques include use as hybridization probes, use in the construction of oligomers for PCR, use for chromosome and gene mapping, use in the recombinant production of CXCRl, and use in generation of antisense DNA or RNA, their chemical analogs and the like. Uses of nucleotides encoding a CXCRl disclosed herein are exemplary of known techniques and are not intended to limit their use in any technique known to a person of ordinary skill in the art.
  • nucleotide sequences disclosed herein may be used in molecular biology techniques that have not yet been developed, provided the new techniques rely on properties of nucleotide sequences that are currently known, e.g., the triplet genetic code, specific base pair interactions, etc.
  • nucleotide sequences which encode a CXCRl, its derivatives or its variants are preferably capable of hybridizing to the nucleotide sequence of the naturally occurring CXCRl polynucleotide under stringent conditions, it may be advantageous to produce nucleotide sequences encoding CXCRl polypeptides or its derivatives possessing a substantially different codon usage. Codons can be selected to increase the rate at which expression of the peptide occurs in a particular prokaryotic or eukaryotic expression host in accordance with the frequency with which particular codons are utilized by the host.
  • RNA transcripts having more desirable prop- erties such as a greater half-life, than transcripts produced from the naturally occurring sequence.
  • Nucleotide sequences encoding a CXCRl polypeptide may be joined to a variety of other nucleotide sequences by means of well established recombinant DNA techniques.
  • Useful nucleotide sequences for joining to CXCRl polynucleotides include an assortment of cloning vectors such as plasmids, cosmids, lambda phage derivatives, phagemids, and the like.
  • Vectors of interest include expression vectors, replication vectors, probe generation vectors, sequencing vectors, etc. In general, vectors of interest may contain an origin of replication functional in at least one organism, convenient restriction endonuclease sensitive sites, and selectable markers for one or more host cell systems.
  • Another aspect of the subject invention is to provide for CXCRl -specific hybridization probes capable of hybridizing with naturally occurring nucleotide sequences encoding CXCRl. Such probes may also be used for the detection of similar GPCR encoding sequences and should preferably show at least 40% nucleotide identity to CXCRl polynucleotides.
  • the hybridization probes of the subject invention may be derived from the nucleotide sequence presented as SEQ ID NO: 1 or from genomic sequences including promoter, enhancers or introns of the native gene. Hybridization probes may be labelled by a variety of reporter molecules using techniques well known in the art.
  • the invention relates to nucleic acid sequences that hybridize with such CXCRl encoding nucleic acid sequences under stringent conditions.
  • Stringent conditions refers to conditions that allow for the hybridization of substantially related nucleic acid sequences. For instance, such conditions will generally allow hybridization of se- quence with at least about 85% sequence identity, preferably with at least about 90% sequence identity, more preferably with at least about 95% sequence identity. Hybridization conditions and probes can be adjusted in well-characterized ways to achieve selective hybridization of human- derived probes. Stringent conditions, within the meaning of the invention are 65°C in a buffer containing 1 mM EDTA, 0.5 M NaHPO 4 (pH 7.2), 7 % (w/v) SDS.
  • Nucleic acid molecules that will hybridize to CXCRl polynucleotides under stringent conditions can be identified functionally.
  • examples of the uses for hybridization probes include: histochemical uses such as identifying tissues that express CXCRl; measuring mRNA levels, for instance to identify a sample's tissue type or to identify cells that express abnormal levels of CXCRl; and detecting polymorphisms of CXCRl.
  • PCR provides additional uses for oligonucleotides based upon the nucleotide sequence which encodes CXCRl.
  • probes used in PCR may be of recombinant origin, chemically synthesized, or a mixture of both.
  • Oligomers may comprise discrete nucleotide sequences employed under optimized conditions for identification of CXCRl in specific tissues or diagnostic use. The same two oligomers, a nested set of oligomers, or even a degenerate pool of oligomers may be employed under less stringent conditions for identification of closely related DNAs or RNAs.
  • PCR primers i.e., preparations of primers that are heterogeneous at given sequence locations, can be designed to amplify nucleic acid sequences that are highly homologous to, but not identical with CXCRl.
  • Strategies are now available that allow for only one of the primers to be required to specifically hybridize with a known sequence.
  • appropriate nucleic acid primers can be ligated to the nucleic acid sought to be amplified to provide the hybridization partner for one of the primers. In this way, only one of the primers need be based on the sequence of the nucleic acid sought to be amplified.
  • PCR methods for amplifying nucleic acid will utilize at least two primers.
  • One of these primers will be capable of hybridizing to a first strand of the nucleic acid to be amplified and of priming enzyme-driven nucleic acid synthesis in a first direction.
  • the other will be capable of hybridizing the reciprocal sequence of the first strand (if the sequence to be amplified is single stranded, this sequence will initially be hypothetical, but will be synthesized in the first amplification cycle) and of priming nucleic acid synthesis from that strand in the direction opposite the first direction and towards the site of hybridization for the first primer.
  • Conditions for conducting such amplifications particularly under preferred stringent hybridization conditions, are well known.
  • RNA polymerase as T7 or SP6 RNA polymerase and the appropriate reporter molecules.
  • nucleic acid sequence can be inserted into any of the many available DNA vectors and their respective host cells using techniques which are well known in the art.
  • synthetic chemistry may be used to introduce mutations into the nucleotide sequence. Alternately, a portion of sequence in which a mutation is desired can be synthesized and recombined with longer portion of an existing genomic or recombinant sequence.
  • CXCRl polynucleotides may be used to produce a purified oligo-or polypeptide using well known methods of recombinant DNA technology.
  • the oligopeptide may be expressed in a variety of host cells, either prokaryotic or eukaryotic. Host cells may be from the same species from which the nucleotide sequence was derived or from a different species. Advantages of producing an oligonucleotide by recombinant DNA technology include obtaining adequate amounts of the protein for purification and the availability of simplified purification procedures. Quantitative determinations of nucleic acids
  • Chromosome-based techniques such as comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) facilitate efforts to cytogenetically localize genomic regions that are altered in tumor cells. Regions of genomic alteration can be narrowed further using loss of heterozygosity analysis (LOH), in which disease DNA is analyzed and compared with normal DNA for the loss of a heterozygous polymorphic marker.
  • LHO loss of heterozygosity analysis
  • the first experiments used restric- tion fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) [Johnson, (1989)], or hypervariable minisatellite DNA [Barnes, 2000].
  • a gene sequence contained in all samples at relatively constant quantity is typically utilized for sample amplification efficiency normalization.
  • This approach suffers from several drawbacks.
  • the method requires that each sample has equal input amounts of the nucleic acid and that the amplification efficiency between samples is identical until the time of analysis.
  • Fluorogenic nuclease assays are a real time quantitation method that uses a probe to monitor formation of amplification product.
  • the basis for this method of monitoring the formation of amplification product is to measure continuously PCR product accumulation using a dual-labelled fluorogenic oligonucleotide probe, an approach frequently referred to in the literature simply as the "TaqMan method” [Piatak,(1993), Science; Heid, (1996); Gibson, (1996); Holland. (1991)].
  • the probe used in such assays is typically a short (about 20-25 bases) oligonucleotide that is labeled with two different fluorescent dyes.
  • the 5' terminus of the probe is attached to a reporter dye and the 3' terminus is attached to a quenching dye, although the dyes could be attached at other locations on the probe as well.
  • the probe is designed to have at least substantial sequence complementarity with the probe binding site. Upstream and downstream PCR primers which bind to flanking regions of the locus are added to the reaction mixture. When the probe is intact, energy transfer between the two fluorophors occurs and the quencher quenches emission from the reporter.
  • the probe is cleaved by the 5' nuclease activity of a nucleic acid polymerase such as Taq polymerase, thereby releasing the reporter from the oligonu- cleotide-quencher and resulting in an increase of reporter emission intensity which can be measured by an appropriate detector.
  • a nucleic acid polymerase such as Taq polymerase
  • One detector which is specifically adapted for measuring fluorescence emissions such as those created during a fluorogenic assay is the ABI 7700 or 4700 HT manufactured by Applied Biosys- tems, Inc. in Foster City, Calif.
  • the ABI 7700 uses fiber optics connected with each well in a 96- or 384 well PCR tube arrangement.
  • the instrument includes a laser for exciting the labels and is capable of measuring the fluorescence spectra intensity from each tube with continuous monitoring during PCR amplification. Each tube is re-examined every 8.5 seconds.
  • Computer software provided with the instrument is capable of recording the fluorescence intensity of reporter and quencher over the course of the amplification. The recorded values will then be used to calculate the increase in normalized reporter emission intensity on a continuous basis. The increase in emission intensity is plotted versus time, i.e., the number of amplification cycles, to produce a continuous measure of amplification.
  • the amplification plot is examined at a point during the log phase of product accumulation. This is accomplished by assigning a fluorescence threshold intensity above background and determining the point at which each amplification plot crosses the threshold (defined as the threshold cycle number or Ct). Differences in threshold cycle number are used to quantify the relative amount of PCR target contained within each tube. Assuming that each reaction functions at 100% PCR efficiency, a difference of one Ct represents a two-fold difference in the amount of starting template.
  • the fluorescence value can be used in conjunction with a standard curve to determine the amount of amplification product present.
  • a variety of options are available for measuring the amplification products as they are formed.
  • One method utilizes labels, such as dyes, which only bind to double stranded DNA.
  • amplification product which is double stranded
  • dyes it is possible to distinguish between dye molecules free in solution and dye molecules bound to amplification product.
  • certain dyes fluo- resce only when bound to amplification product. Examples of dyes which can be used in methods of this general type include, but are not limited to, Syber Green.TM. and Pico Green from Molecular Probes, Inc.
  • These detection methods involve some alteration to the structure or conformation of a probe hybridized to the locus between the amplification primer pair.
  • the alteration is caused by the template-dependent extension catalyzed by a nucleic acid polymerase during the amplification process.
  • the alteration generates a detectable signal which is an indirect measure of the amount of amplification product formed.
  • some methods involve the degradation or digestion of the probe during the extension reaction. These methods are a consequence of the 5 '-3' nuclease activity associated with some nucleic acid polymerases. Polymerases having this activity cleave mononucleotides or small oli- gonucleotides from an oligonucleotide probe annealed to its complementary sequence located within the locus.
  • the 3' end of the upstream primer provides the initial binding site for the nucleic acid polymerase.
  • the nucleic acid polymerase displaces a portion of the 5' end of the probe and through its nuclease activity cleaves mononucleotides or oligonucleotides from the probe.
  • the upstream primer and the probe can be designed such that they anneal to the complementary strand in close proximity to one another. In fact, the 3' end of the upstream primer and the 5' end of the probe may abut one another. In this situation, extension of the upstream primer is not necessary in order for the nucleic acid polymerase to begin cleaving the probe. In the case in which intervening nucleotides separate the upstream primer and the probe, extension of the primer is necessary before the nucleic acid polymerase encounters the 5' end of the probe.
  • the 5'-3' exonuclease activity of the nucleic acid polymerase begins cleaving mononucleotides or oligonucleotides from the 5' end of the probe. Digestion of the probe continues until the remaining portion of the probe dissociates from the complementary strand.
  • the two end sections can hybridize with each other to form a hairpin loop.
  • the reporter and quencher dye are in sufficiently close proximity that fluorescence from the reporter dye is effectively quenched by the quencher dye.
  • Hybridized probe in contrast, results in a linearized conformation in which the extent of quenching is decreased.
  • the labeled probe is selected so that its sequence is substantially complementary to a segment of the test locus or ,a reference locus. As indicated above, the nucleic acid site to which the probe binds should be located between the primer binding sites for the upstream and downstream amplification primers.
  • the primers used in the amplification are selected so as to be capable of hybridizing to sequences at flanking regions of the locus being amplified.
  • the primers are chosen to have at least substantial complementarity with the different strands of the nucleic acid being amplified.
  • the primers are selected in such that they flank the probe, i.e. are located upstream and downstream of the probe.
  • the primer must have sufficient length so that it is capable of priming the synthesis of extension products in the presence of an agent for polymerization.
  • the length and composition of the primer depends on many parameters, including, for example, the temperature at which the annealing reaction is conducted, proximity of the probe binding site to that of the primer, relative concentrations of the primer and probe and the particular nucleic acid composition of the probe.
  • the primer typically includes 15-30 nucleotides.
  • the length of the primer may be more or less depending on the complexity of the primer binding site and the factors listed above.
  • labels used for labeling the probes or primers of the current invention and which can provide the signal corresponding to the quantity of amplification product can take a variety of forms.
  • a fluorescent signal is one sig- nal which can be measured.
  • measurements may also be made, for example, by monitoring radioactivity, colorimetry, absorption, magnetic parameters, or enzymatic activity.
  • labels which can be employed include, but are not limited to, fluorophors, chromophores, radioactive isotopes, electron dense reagents, enzymes, and ligands having specific binding partners (e.g., bio- tin-avidin).
  • a number of labels useful for attachment to probes or primers are commercially available including fluorescein and various fluorescein derivatives such as FAM, HEX, TET and JOE (all which are available from Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.); lucifer yellow, and coumarin derivatives.
  • Labels may be attached to the probe or primer using a variety of techniques and can be attached at the 5' end, and/or the 3' end and/or at an internal nucleotide.
  • the label can also be attached to spacer arms of various sizes which are attached to the probe or primer. These spacer arms are useful for obtaining a desired distance between multiple labels attached to the probe or primer.
  • a single label may be utilized; whereas, in other instances, such as with the 5' fluorogenic nuclease assays for example, two or more labels are attached to the probe.
  • the probe includes multiple labels, it is generally advisable to maintain spacing between the labels which is sufficient to permit separation of the labels during digestion of the probe through the 5-3' nuclease activity of the nucleic acid polymerase.
  • a number of diseases are associated with changes in the copy number of a certain gene.
  • the real-time PCR method can be used to determine if the patient has copy number alterations which are known to be linked with diseases that are associated with the symptoms the patient has.
  • Fusion proteins are useful for generating antibodies against CXCRl polypeptides and for use in various assay systems. For example, fusion proteins can be used to identify proteins which inter- act with portions of CXCRl polypeptides. Protein affinity chromatography or library-based assays for protein-protein interactions, such as the yeast two-hybrid or phage display systems, can be used for this purpose. Such methods are well known in the art and also can be used as drug screens.
  • a CXCRl fusion protein comprises two polypeptide segments fused together by means of a peptide bond.
  • the first polypeptide segment can comprise at least 54, 75, 100, 125, 139, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, or 275 contiguous amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 2 or of a biologically active variant, such as those described above.
  • the first polypeptide segment also can comprise full-length CXCRl.
  • the second polypeptide segment can be a full-length protein or a protein fragment.
  • Proteins commonly used in fusion protein construction include, but are not limited to ⁇ galactosidase, ⁇ - glucuronidase, green fluorescent protein (GFP), autofluorescent proteins, including blue fluorescent protein (BFP), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), luciferase, horseradish peroxidase (HRP), and chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT).
  • epitope tags are used in fusion protein constructions, including histidine (His) tags, FLAG tags, influenza hemaggmtinin (HA) tags, Myc tags, NSN-G tags, and thioredoxin (Trx) tags.
  • Other fusion constructions can include maltose binding protein (MBP), S-tag, Lex a D ⁇ A binding domain (DBD) fusions, GAL4 D ⁇ A binding domain fusions, herpes simplex virus (HSN) BP16 protein fusions and G-protein fusions (for example G(alpha)16, Gs, Gi).
  • a fusion protein also can be engineered to contain a cleavage site located adjacent to the CXCRl.
  • a naturally occurring CXCRl polynucleotide can be isolated free of other cellular components such as membrane components, proteins, and lipids.
  • Polynucleotides can be made by a cell and isolated using standard nucleic acid purification techniques, or synthesized using an amplification technique, such as the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), or by using an automatic synthesizer. Methods for isolating polynucleotides are routine and are known in the art. Any such technique for obtaining a polynucleotide can be used to obtain isolated CXCRl polynucleotides. For example, restriction enzymes and probes can be used to isolate polynucleotide fragments which com- prise CXCRl nucleotide sequences. Isolated polynucleotides are in preparations which are free or at least 70, 80, or 90% free of other molecules,
  • CXCRl cDNA molecules can be made with standard molecular biology techniques, using CXCRl mRNA as a template. CXCRl cDNA molecules can thereafter be replicated using molecular biol- ogy techniques known in the art. An amplification technique, such as PCR, can be used to obtain additional copies of polynucleotides of the invention, using either human genomic DNA or cDNA as a template.
  • PCR-based methods can be used to extend nucleic acid sequences encoding human CXCRl, for example to detect upstream sequences of CXCRl gene such as promoters and regula- tory elements.
  • restriction-site PCR uses universal primers to retrieve unknown sequence adjacent to a known locus. Genomic DNA is first amplified in the presence of a primer to a linker sequence and a primer specific to the known region. The amplified sequences are then subjected to a second round of PCR with the same linker primer and another specific primer internal to the first one. Products of each round of PCR are transcribed with an appropriate RNA po- lymerase and sequenced using reverse transcriptase.
  • Inverse PCR also can be used to amplify or extend sequences using divergent primers based on a known region.
  • Primers can be designed using commercially available software, such as OLIGO 4.06 Primer Analysis software (National Biosciences Inc., Madison, Minn.), to be 22-30 nucleotides in length, to have a GC content of 50% or more, and to anneal to the target sequence at tem- peratures about 68-72°C.
  • the method uses several restriction enzymes to generate a suitable fragment in the known region of a gene. The fragment is then circularized by intramolecular ligation and used as a PCR template.
  • capture PCR which involves PCR amplification of DNA fragments adjacent to a known sequence in human and yeast artificial chromosome DNA.
  • multiple restriction enzyme digestions and ligations also can be used to place an engineered double-stranded sequence into an unknown fragment of the DNA molecule before performing PCR.
  • libraries that have been size-selected to include larger cDNAs. Randomly-primed libraries are preferable, in that they will contain more sequences which contain the 5' regions of genes. Use of a randomly primed library may be especially preferable for situations in which an oligo d(T) library does not yield a full-length cDNA.
  • Genomic libraries can be useful for extension of sequence into 5' non-transcribed regulatory regions.
  • capillary electrophoresis systems can be used to analyze the size or confirm the nucleotide sequence of PCR or sequencing products.
  • capillary sequencing can employ flowable polymers for electrophoretic separation, four different fluorescent dyes (one for each nucleotide) which are laser activated, and detection of the emitted wavelengths by a charge coupled device camera.
  • Output/light intensity can be converted to electrical signal using appropriate equipment and software (e.g., GENOTYPER and Sequence NAVIGATOR, Perkin Elmer), and the entire process from loading of samples to computer analysis and electronic data display can be computer controlled.
  • Capillary electrophoresis is especially preferable for the se- quencing of small pieces of DNA which might be present in limited amounts in a particular sample.
  • CXCRl can be obtained, for example, by purification from human cells, by expression of CXCRl polynucleotides, or by direct chemical synthesis.
  • CXCRl can be purified from any human cell which expresses the receptor, including those which have been transfected with expression constructs which express CXCRl.
  • a purified CXCRl is separated from other compounds which normally associate with CXCRl in the cell, such as certain proteins, carbohydrates, or lipids, using methods well-known in the art. Such methods include, but are not limited to, size exclusion chromatography, ammonium sulfate fractionation, ion exchange chromatography, affinity chromatography, and preparative gel electrophoresis.
  • CXCRl polynucleotides can be inserted into an expression vector which contains the necessary elements for the transcription and translation of the inserted coding sequence.
  • Methods which are well known to those skilled in the art can be used to construct expression vectors containing sequences encoding CXCRl and appropriate transcriptional and translational con- trol elements. These methods include in vitro recombinant DNA techniques, synthetic techniques, and in vivo genetic recombination.
  • a variety of expression vector host systems can be utilized to contain and express sequences encoding CXCRl. These include, but are not limited to, microorganisms, such as bacteria trans- formed with recombinant bacteriophage, plasmid, or cosmid DNA expression vectors; yeast transformed with yeast expression vectors, insect cell systems infected with virus expression vectors (e.g., baculovirus), plant cell systems transformed with virus expression vectors (e.g., cauliflower mosaic virus, CaMV; tobacco mosaic virus, TMV) or with bacterial expression vectors (e.g., Ti or pBR322 plasmids), or animal cell systems.
  • microorganisms such as bacteria trans- formed with recombinant bacteriophage, plasmid, or cosmid DNA expression vectors
  • yeast transformed with yeast expression vectors insect cell systems infected with virus expression vectors (e.g., baculovirus), plant cell systems transformed with virus expression vectors (e.g., cauliflower mosaic virus, CaMV;
  • control elements or regulatory sequences are those non-translated regions of the vector - enhancers, promoters, 5' and 3' untranslated regions — which interact with host cellular proteins to carry out transcription and translation. Such elements can vary in their strength and specificity. Depending on the vector system and host utilized, any number of suitable transcription and translation elements, including constitutive and inducible promoters, can be used. For example, when cloning in bacterial systems, inducible promoters such as the hybrid lacZ promoter of the BLUESCRIPT phagemid (Stratagene, LaJolla, Calif.) or pSPORTl plasmid (Life Technologies) and the like can be used. The baculovirus polyhedrin promoter can be used in insect cells.
  • Promoters or enhancers derived from the genomes of plant cells e.g., heat shock, RUBISCO, and storage protein genes
  • plant viruses e.g., viral promoters or leader sequences
  • promoters from mammalian genes or from mammalian viruses are preferable. If it is necessary to generate a cell line that contains multiple copies of a nucleotide sequence encoding CXCRl, vectors based on SV40 or EBV can be used with an appropriate selectable marker.
  • a number of expression vectors can be selected.
  • vectors which direct high level expression of fusion proteins that are readily purified can be used.
  • Such vectors include, but are not limited to, multifunctional E. coli cloning and expression vectors such as BLUESCRIPT (Stratagene).
  • BLUESCRIPT a sequence encoding CXCRl can be ligated into the vec- tor in frame with sequences for the amino-terminal Met and the subsequent 7 residues of ⁇ - galactosidase so that a hybrid protein is produced.
  • pIN vectors or pGEX vectors also can be used to express foreign polypeptides as fusion proteins with glutathione S- transferase (GST).
  • GST glutathione S- transferase
  • fusion proteins are soluble and can easily be purified from lysed cells by adsorption to glutathione-agarose beads followed by elution in the presence of free glutathione.
  • Proteins made in such systems can be designed to include heparin, thrombin, or factor Xa protease cleavage sites so that the cloned polypeptide of interest can be released from the GST moiety at will.
  • sequences encoding CXCRl can be driven by any of a number of promoters.
  • viral promoters such as the 35S and 19S promoters of CaMV can be used alone or in combination with the omega leader sequence from TMV.
  • plant promoters such as the small subunit of RUBISCO or heat shock promoters can be used. These constructs can be introduced into plant cells by direct DNA transformation or by pathogen-mediated transfection.
  • An insect system also can be used to express CXCRl.
  • Auto- grapha californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcNPV) is used as a vector to express foreign genes in Spodoptera frugiperda cells or in Trichoplusia larvae.
  • Sequences encoding CXCRl can be cloned into a non-essential region of the virus, such as the polyhedrin gene, and placed under control of the polyhedrin promoter.
  • Successful insertion of CXCRl will render the polyhedrin gene inactive and produce recombinant virus lacking coat protein.
  • the recombinant viruses can then be used to infect S. frugiperda cells or Trichoplusia larvae in which CXCRl can be expressed.
  • a number of viral-based expression systems can be used to express CXCRl in mammalian host cells.
  • sequences encoding CXCRl can be ligated into an adenovirus transcription/translation complex comprising the late promoter and tripartite leader sequence. Insertion in a non-essential El or E3 region of the viral genome can be used to obtain a viable virus which is capable of expressing CXCRl in infected host cells [Eng- elhard, 1994)].
  • transcription enhancers such as the Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) enhancer, can be used to increase expression in mammalian host cells.
  • RSV Rous sarcoma virus
  • HACs Human artificial chromosomes
  • HACs also can be used to deliver larger fragments of DNA than can be contained and expressed in a plasmid.
  • HACs of 6M to 10M are constructed and delivered to cells via conventional delivery methods (e.g., liposomes, polycationic amino polymers, or vesi- cles).
  • Specific initiation signals also can be used to achieve more efficient translation of sequences encoding CXCRl. Such signals include the ATG initiation codon and adjacent sequences. In cases where sequences encoding CXCRl, its initiation codon, and upstream sequences are inserted into the appropriate expression vector, no additional transcriptional or translational control signals may be needed.
  • exogenous translational control signals including the ATG initiation codon
  • the initiation codon should be in the correct reading frame to ensure translation of the entire in- sert.
  • Exogenous translational elements and initiation codons can be of various origins, both natural and synthetic.
  • a host cell strain can be chosen for its ability to modulate the expression of the inserted sequences or to process the expressed CXCRl in the desired fashion.
  • modifications of the polypeptide include, but are not limited to, acetylation, carboxylation, glycosylation, phosphorylation, lipida- tion, and acylation.
  • Post-translational processing which cleaves a "prepro" form of the polypeptide also can be used to facilitate correct insertion, folding and/or function.
  • Different host cells which have specific cellular machinery and characteristic mechanisms for post-translational activities (e.g., CHO, HeLa, MDCK, HEK293, and WD8), are available from the American Type Cul- ture Collection (ATCC; 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, VA 20110-2209) and can be chosen to ensure the correct modification and processing of the foreign protein.
  • ATCC American Type Cul- ture Collection
  • Stable expression is preferred for long-term, high-yield production of recombinant proteins.
  • cell lines which stably express CXCRl can be transformed using expression vectors which can contain viral origins of replication and/or endogenous expression elements and a select- able marker gene on the same or on a separate vector. Following the introduction of the vector, cells can be allowed to grow for 1-2 days in an enriched medium before they are switched to a selective medium.
  • the purpose of the selectable marker is to confer resistance to selection, and its presence allows growth and recovery of cells which successfully express the introduced CXCRl sequences.
  • Resistant clones of stably transformed cells can be proliferated using tissue culture techniques appropriate to the cell type. Any number of selection systems can be used to recover transformed cell lines.
  • herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase [Logan, (1984)] and adenine phosphoribosyltransferase [Wigler, (1977)] genes which can be employed in tk " or aprf cells, respectively.
  • antimetabolite, antibiotic, or herbicide resistance can be used as the basis for selection.
  • dhfr confers resistance to methotrexate [Lowy, (1980)]
  • npt confers resistance to the aminoglycosides, neomycin and G-418 [Wigler, (1980)]
  • als wApat confer resistance to chlorsulfuron and phosphinotricin acetyltransferase, respectively [Colbere-Garapin, 1981] Additional selectable genes have been described.
  • trpB allows cells to utilize indole in place of tryptophan, or hisD, which allows cells to utilize histinol in place of histidine.
  • Visible markers such as anthocyanins, ⁇ -glucuronidase and its substrate GUS, and luciferase and its substrate luciferin, can be used to identify transformants and to quantify the amount of transient or stable protein expression attributable to a specific vector system
  • marker gene expression suggests that a CXCRl polynucleotide is also present, its presence and expression may need to be confirmed. For example, if a sequence encoding CXCRl is inserted within a marker gene sequence, transformed cells containing sequences which encode CXCRl can be identified by the absence of marker gene function. Alternatively, a marker gene can be placed in tandem with a sequence encoding CXCRl under the control of a single promoter. Expression of the marker gene in response to induction or selection usually indicates expression of CXCRl polynucleotide.
  • host cells which contain a CXCRl polynucleotide and which express CXCRl can be identified by a variety of procedures known to those of skill in the art. These procedures include, but are not limited to, DNA-DNA or DNA-RNA hybridizations and protein bioassay or immunoas- say techniques which include membrane, solution, or chip-based technologies for the detection and/or quantification of nucleic acid or protein.
  • these procedures include, but are not limited to, DNA-DNA or DNA-RNA hybridizations and protein bioassay or immunoas- say techniques which include membrane, solution, or chip-based technologies for the detection and/or quantification of nucleic acid or protein.
  • the presence of a polynucleotide sequence encoding CXCRl can be detected by DNA-DNA or DNA-RNA hybridization or amplification using probes or fragments or fragments of polynucleotides encoding CXCRl.
  • Nucleic acid amplification-based assays involve the use of oligonucleotides
  • a variety of protocols for detecting and measuring the expression of CXCRl, using either polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies specific for the polypeptide, are known in the art. Examples include enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), radioimmunoassay (RLA), and fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS).
  • ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
  • RLA radioimmunoassay
  • FACS fluorescence activated cell sorting
  • a two-site, monoclonal-based iminunoassay using monoclonal an- tibodies reactive to two non-interfering epitopes on CXCRl can be used, or a competitive binding assay can be employed.
  • Means for producing labeled hybridization or PCR probes for detecting sequences related to polynucleotides encoding CXCRl include oligo- labeling, nick translation, end-labeling, or PCR amplification using a labeled nucleotide.
  • sequences encoding CXCRl can be cloned into a vector for the production of an mRNA probe.
  • RNA probes are known in the art, are commercially available, and can be used to synthesize RNA probes in vitro by addition of labeled nucleotides and an appropriate RNA polymerase such as T7, T3, or SP6. These procedures can be conducted using a variety of commercially available kits (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Promega, and US Biochemical). Suitable reporter molecules or labels which can be used for ease of detection include radionuclides, enzymes, and fluorescent, chemiluminescent, or chromogenic agents, as well as substrates, cofactors, inhibitors, magnetic particles, and the like.
  • Host cells transformed with CXCRl polynucleotides can be cultured under conditions suitable for the expression and recovery of the protein from cell culture.
  • the polypeptide produced by a transformed cell can be secreted or contained intracellularly depending on the sequence and/or the vec- tor used.
  • expression vectors containing CXCRl polynucleotides can be designed to contain signal sequences which direct secretion of soluble CXCRl through a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell membrane or which direct the membrane insertion of membrane-bound CXCRl.
  • purification facilitating domains include, but are not limited to, metal chelating peptides such as histidine-tryptophan modules that allow purification on immobilized metals, protein A domains that allow purification on immobilized immunoglobulin, and the domain utilized in the FLAGS extension/affinity purification system (Immunex Corp., Seattle, Wash.).
  • cleavable linker sequences such as those specific for Factor XA or enterokinase (Invitrogen, San Diego, CA) between the purification domain and CXCRl also can be used to facilitate purification.
  • One such expression vector provides for expression of a fusion protein containing CXCRl and 6 histidine residues preceding a thioredoxin or an enterokinase cleavage site. The histidine residues facilitate purification by IMAC (immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography) Maddox, (1983)], while the enterokinase cleavage site provides a means for purifying CXCRl from the fusion protein [Porath, (1992)].
  • Sequences encoding CXCRl can be synthesized, in whole or in part, using chemical methods well known in the art.
  • CXCRl itself can be produced using chemical methods to synthe- size its amino acid sequence, such as by direct peptide synthesis using solid-phase techniques.
  • Protein synthesis can either be performed using manual techniques or by automation. Automated synthesis can be achieved, for example, using Applied Biosystems 431 A Peptide Synthesizer (Perkin Elmer).
  • fragments of CXCRl can be separately synthesized and combined using chemical methods to produce a full-length molecule.
  • the newly synthesized peptide can be substantially purified by preparative high performance liquid chromatography.
  • the composition of a synthetic CXCRl can be confirmed by amino acid analysis or sequencing. Additionally, any portion of the amino acid sequence of CXCRl can be altered during direct synthesis and/or combined using chemical methods with sequences from other proteins to produce a variant polypeptide or a fusion protein.
  • codons preferred by a particular prokaryotic or eukaryotic host can be selected to increase the rate of protein expression or to produce an RNA transcript having desirable properties, such as a half-life which is longer than that of a transcript generated from the naturally occurring sequence.
  • nucleotide sequences referred to herein can be engineered using methods generally known in the art to alter CXCRl polynucleotides for a variety of reasons, including but not limited to, alterations which modify the cloning, processing, and or expression of the polypeptide or mRNA product.
  • DNA shuffling by random fragmentation and PCR reassembly of gene fragments and synthetic oligonucleotides can be used to engineer the nucleotide sequences.
  • site- directed mutagenesis can be used to insert new restriction sites, alter glycosylation patterns, change codon preference, produce splice variants, introduce mutations, and so forth.
  • Any type of antibody known in the art can be generated to bind specifically to an epitope of CXCRl.
  • Antibody as used herein includes intact immunoglobulin molecules, as well as fragments thereof, such as Fab, F(ab') 2 , and Fv, which are capable of binding an epitope of CXCRl.
  • Fab fragments thereof
  • F(ab') 2 fragments thereof
  • Fv fragments thereof
  • epitopes which involve non-contiguous amino acids may require more, e.g., at least 15, 25, or 50 amino acid.
  • An antibody which specifically binds to an epitope of CXCRl can be used therapeutically, as well as in immunochemical assays, such as Western blots, ELISAs, radioimmunoassays, immunohistochemical assays, immunoprecipitations, or other immunochemical assays known in the art.
  • immunochemical assays such as Western blots, ELISAs, radioimmunoassays, immunohistochemical assays, immunoprecipitations, or other immunochemical assays known in the art.
  • Various immunoassays can be used to identify antibodies having the desired specificity. Numerous protocols for competitive binding or immunoradiometric assays are well known in the art. Such immunoassays typically involve the measurement of complex formation between an immunogen and an antibody which specifically binds to the CXCRl immunogen.
  • an antibody which specifically binds to CXCRl provides a detection signal at least 5-, 10-, or 20-fold higher than a detection signal provided with other proteins when used in an immu- nochemical assay.
  • antibodies which specifically bind to CXCRl do not detect other proteins in immunochemical assays and can immunoprecipitate CXCRl from solution.
  • CXCRl can be used to immunize a mammal, such as a mouse, rat, rabbit, guinea pig, monkey, or human, to produce polyclonal antibodies. If desired, CXCRl can be conjugated to a carrier protein, such as bovine serum albumin, thyroglobulin, and keyhole limpet hemocyanin. Depending on the host species, various adjuvants can be used to increase the immunological response.
  • a carrier protein such as bovine serum albumin, thyroglobulin, and keyhole limpet hemocyanin.
  • various adjuvants can be used to increase the immunological response.
  • Such adjuvants include, but are not limited to, Freund's adjuvant, mineral gels (e.g., aluminum hydroxide), and surface active substances (e.g., lysolecithin, pluronic polyols, polyanions, peptides, oil emulsions, keyhole limpet hemocyanin, and dinitrophenol).
  • mineral gels e.g., aluminum hydroxide
  • surface active substances e.g., lysolecithin, pluronic polyols, polyanions, peptides, oil emulsions, keyhole limpet hemocyanin, and dinitrophenol.
  • BCG Bacilli Calmette-Gueri ⁇
  • Corynebacterium parvum are especially useful.
  • Monoclonal antibodies which specifically bind to CXCRl can be prepared using any technique which provides for the production of antibody molecules by continuous cell lines in culture. These techniques include, but are not limited to, the hybridoma technique, the human B-cell hybridoma technique, and the EBV-hybridoma technique [Roberge, (1995)].
  • chimeric antibodies the splicing of mouse antibody genes to human antibody genes to obtain a molecule with appropriate antigen specificity and biological activity
  • Monoclonal and other antibodies also can be "humanized” to prevent a patient from mounting an immune response against the antibody when it is used therapeutically.
  • Such antibodies may be sufficiently similar in sequence to human antibodies to be used directly in therapy or may require alteration of a few key residues. Sequence differ- ences between rodent antibodies and human sequences can be minimized by replacing residues which differ from those in the human sequences by site directed mutagenesis of individual residues or by grating of entire complementarity determining regions.
  • Antibodies which specifically bind to CXCRl can contain antigen binding sites which are either partially or fully humanized, as disclosed in U.S. 5,565,332.
  • single chain antibodies can be adapted using methods known in the art to produce single chain antibodies which specifically bind to CXCRl.
  • Antibodies with related specificity, but of distinct idiotypic composition can be generated by chain shuffling from random combinatorial immunoglobin libraries.
  • Single-chain antibod- ies also can be constructed using a DNA amplification method, such as PCR, using hybridoma cDNA as a template.
  • Single-chain antibodies can be mono- or bispecific, and can be bivalent or tetravalent. Construction of tetravalent, bispecific single-chain antibodies is taught.
  • a nucleotide sequence encoding a single-chain antibody can be constructed using manual or automated nucleo- tide synthesis, cloned into an expression construct using standard recombinant DNA methods, and introduced into a cell to express the coding sequence, as described below.
  • single- chain antibodies can be produced directly using, for example, filamentous phage technology.
  • Antibodies which specifically bind to CXCRl also can be produced by inducing in vivo production in the lymphocyte population or by screening immunoglobulin libraries or panels of highly specific binding reagents.
  • Other types of antibodies can be constructed and used therapeutically in methods of the invention.
  • chimeric antibodies can be constructed as disclosed in WO 93/03151.
  • Antibodies according to the invention can be purified by methods well known in the art. For ex- ample, antibodies can be affinity purified by passage over a column to which CXCRl is bound. The bound antibodies can then be eluted from the column using a buffer with a high salt concentration.
  • Antisense oligonucleotides are nucleotide sequences which are complementary to a specific DNA or RNA sequence. Once introduced into a cell, the complementary nucleotides combine with natural sequences produced by the cell to form complexes and block either transcription or translation. Preferably, an antisense oligonucleotide is at least 11 nucleotides in length, but can be at least 12, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50 or more nucleotides long. Longer sequences also can be used. Antisense oligonucleotide molecules can be provided in a DNA construct and introduced into a cell as described above to decrease the level of CXCRl gene products in the cell.
  • Antisense oligonucleotides can be deoxyribonucleotides, ribonucleotides, or a combination of both. Oligonucleotides can be synthesized manually or by an automated synthesizer, by covalently linking the 5' end of one nucleotide with the 3' end of another nucleotide with non-phosphodiester internucleotide linkages such alkylphosphonates, phosphorothioates, phosphorodithioates, alkyl- phosphonothioates, alkylphosphonates, phosphoramidates, phosphate esters, carbamates, acetami- date, carboxymethyl esters, carbonates, and phosphate triesters.
  • Modifications of CXCRl gene expression can be obtained by designing antisense oligonucleotides which will form duplexes to the control, 5', or regulatory regions of the CXCRl gene. Oligonucleotides derived from the transcription initiation site, e.g., between positions -10 and +10 from the start site, are preferred. Similarly, inhibition can be achieved using "triple helix" base-pairing methodology. Triple helix pairing is useful because it causes inhibition of the ability of the double helix to open sufficiently for the binding of polymerases, transcription factors, or chaperons. Therapeutic advances using triplex DNA have been described in the literature [Nicholls, (1993)]. An antisense oligonucleotide also can be designed to block translation of mRNA by preventing the transcript from binding to ribosomes.
  • Antisense oligonucleotides which comprise, for example, 2, 3, 4, or 5 or more stretches of contiguous nucleotides which are precisely complementary to a CXCRl polynucleotide, each separated by a stretch of contiguous nucleotides which are not complementary to adjacent CXCRl nucleotides, can provide sufficient targeting specificity for CXCRl mRNA.
  • each stretch of complementary contiguous nucleotides is at least 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 or more nucleotides in length.
  • Non-complementary intervening sequences are preferably 1, 2, 3, or 4 nucleotides in length.
  • One skilled in the art can easily use the calculated melting point of an antisense-sense pair to determine the degree of mismatching which will be tolerated between a particular antisense oligonucleotide and a particu- lar CXCRl polynucleotide sequence.
  • Antisense oligonucleotides can be modified without affecting their ability to hybridize to a CXCRl polynucleotide. These modifications can be internal or at one or both ends of the antisense molecule.
  • internucleoside phosphate linkages can be modified by adding cholesteryl or diamine moieties with varying numbers of carbon residues between the amino groups and terminal ribose.
  • Modified bases and/or sugars such as arabinose instead of ribose, or a 3', 5'-substituted oligonucleotide in which the 3' hydroxyl group or the 5' phosphate group are substituted, also can be employed in a modified antisense oligonucleotide.
  • These modified oligonucleotides can be prepared by methods well known in the art.
  • Ribozymes are RNA molecules with catalytic activity [Uhlmann, (1987)]. Ribozymes can be used to inhibit gene function by cleaving an RNA sequence, as is known in the art. The mechanism of ribozyme action involves sequence-specific hybridization of the ribozyme molecule to complementary target RNA, followed by endonucleolytic cleavage. Examples include engineered hammerhead motif ribozyme molecules that can specifically and efficiently catalyze endonucleolytic cleavage of specific nucleotide sequences.
  • the coding sequence of a CXCRl polynucleotide can be used to generate ribozymes which will specifically bind to mRNA transcribed from a CXCRl polynucleotide.
  • Methods of designing and constructing ribozymes which can cleave other RNA molecules in trans in a highly sequence specific manner have been developed and described in the art.
  • the cleavage activity of ribozymes can be targeted to specific RNAs by engineer- ing a discrete "hybridization" region into the ribozyme.
  • the hybridization region contains a sequence complementary to the target RNA and thus specifically hybridizes with the target RNA.
  • Specific ribozyme cleavage sites within a CXCRl RNA target can be identified by scanning the target molecule for ribozyme cleavage sites which include the following sequences: GUA, GUU, and GUC. Once identified, short RNA sequences of between 15 and 20 ribonucleotides corre- sponding to the region of the target RNA containing the cleavage site can be evaluated for secondary structural features which may render the target inoperable. Suitability of candidate CXCRl RNA targets also can be evaluated by testing accessibility to hybridization with complementary oligonucleotides using ribonuclease protection assays.
  • nucleotide sequences shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 and its complement provide sources of suitable hybridization region sequences. Longer complementary sequences can be used to increase the affinity of the hybridization sequence for the target.
  • the hybridizing and cleavage regions of the ribozyme can be integrally related such that upon hybridizing to the target RNA through the complementary regions, the catalytic region of the ribozyme can cleave the target.
  • Ribozymes can be introduced into cells as part of a DNA construct. Mechanical methods, such as microinjection, liposome-mediated transfection, electroporation, or calcium phosphate precipitation, can be used to introduce a ribozyme-containing DNA construct into cells in which it is desired to decrease CXCRl expression. Alternatively, if it is desired that the cells stably retain the DNA construct, the construct can be supplied on a plasmid and maintained as a separate element or integrated into the genome of the cells, as is known in the art.
  • a ribozyme-encoding DNA con- struct can include transcriptional regulatory elements, such as a promoter element, an enhancer or UAS element, and a transcriptional terminator signal, for controlling transcription of ribozymes in the cells (U.S. 5,641,673). Ribozymes also can be engineered to provide an additional level of regulation, so that destruction of mRNA occurs only when both a ribozyme and a target gene are induced in the cells.
  • Regulators as used herein refer to compounds that affect the activity of a CXCRl in vivo and/or in vivo. Regulators can be agonists and antagonists of a CXCRl polypeptide and can be compounds that exert their effect on the CXCRl activity via the expression, via post-translational modifications or by other means.
  • Agonists of CXCRl are molecules which, when bound to CXCRl, increase or prolong the activity of CXCRl.
  • Agonists of CXCRl include proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, small molecules, or any other molecule which activate CXCRl.
  • Antagonists of CXCRl are molecules which, when bound to CXCRl, decrease the amount or the duration of the activity of CXCRl. Antagonists include proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, antibodies, small molecules, or any other molecule which decrease the activity of CXCRl.
  • modulate refers to a change in the activity of CXCRl polypeptide. For example, modulation may cause an increase or a decrease in protein activity, binding characteristics, or any other biological, functional, or immunological properties of CXCRl .
  • the terms “specific binding” or “specifically binding” refer to that interaction between a protein or peptide and an agonist, an antibody, or an antagonist. The interaction is dependent upon the presence of a particular structure of the protein recognized by the binding molecule (i.e., the antigenic determinant or epitope). For example, if an antibody is specific for epitope "A" the presence of a polypeptide containing the epitope A, or the presence of free unlabeled A, in a reaction containing free labeled A and the antibody will reduce the amount of labeled A that binds to the antibody.
  • the invention provides methods (also referred to herein as “screening assays") for identifying compounds which can be used for the treatment of cardiovascular disorders, gastrointestinal and liver diseases, metabolic diseases, inflammatory diseases, hematological disorders, respiratory diseases, neurological disorders, urological Disorders, cancer disorders and reproduction disorders.
  • the methods entail the identification of candidate or test compounds or agents (e.g., peptides, pep- tidomimetics, small molecules or other molecules) which bind to CXCRl and/or have a stimulatory or inhibitory effect on the biological activity of CXCRl or its expression and then determin- ing which of these compounds have an effect on symptoms or diseases regarding the cardiovascular disorders, gastrointestinal and liver diseases, metabolic diseases, inflammatory diseases, hematological disorders, respiratory diseases, neurological disorders, urological Disorders, cancer disorders and reproduction disorders in an in vivo assay.
  • candidate or test compounds or agents e.g., peptides, pep- tidomimetics, small molecules or other molecules
  • Candidate or test compounds or agents which bind to CXCRl and or have a stimulatory or inhibi- tory effect on the activity or the expression of CXCRl are identified either in assays that employ cells which express CXCRl on the cell surface (cell-based assays) or in assays with isolated CXCRl (cell-free assays).
  • the various assays can employ a variety of variants of CXCRl (e.g., full-length CXCRl, a biologically active fragment of CXCRl, or a fusion protein which includes all or a portion of CXCRl).
  • CXCRl can be derived from any suitable mammalian spe- cies (e.g., human CXCRl, rat CXCRl or murine CXCRl).
  • the assay can be a binding assay entailing direct or indirect measurement of the binding of a test compound or a known CXCRl ligand to CXCRl.
  • the assay can also be an activity assay entailing direct or indirect measurement of the activity of CXCRl.
  • the assay can also be an expression assay entailing direct or indirect meas- urement of the expression of CXCRl mRNA or CXCRl protein.
  • the various screening assays are combined with an in vivo assay entailing measuring the effect of the test compound on the symptoms of cardiovascular disorders, gastrointestinal and liver diseases, metabolic diseases, inflammatory diseases, hematological disorders, respiratory diseases, neurological disorders, urological Disorders, cancer disorders and reproduction disorders.
  • the invention provides assays for screening candidate or test compounds which bind to or modulate the activity of a membrane-bound (cell surface expressed) form of CXCRl.
  • assays can employ full-length CXCRl, a biologically active fragment of CXCRl, or a fusion protein which includes all or a portion of CXCRl.
  • the test compound can be obtained by any suitable means, e.g., from conventional compound libraries.
  • Determining the ability of the test compound to bind to a membrane-bound form of CXCRl can be accomplished, for example, by coupling the test compound with a radioisotope or enzymatic label such that binding of the test compound to the CXCRl -expressing cell can be measured by detecting the labeled compound in a complex.
  • the test compound can be labelled with 125 1, 35 S, 14 C, or 3 H, either directly or indirectly, and the radioisotope detected by direct counting of radioemmission or by scintillation counting.
  • test compound can be enzymatically labelled with, for example, horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, or luciferase, and the enzymatic label detected by determination of conversion of an appropriate substrate to product.
  • the assay comprises contacting CXCRl expressing cell with a known compound which binds to CXCRl to form an assay mixture, contacting the assay mixture with a test compound, and determining the ability of the test compound to interact with the CXCRl expressing cell, wherein determining the ability of the test compound to interact with the CXCRl expressing cell comprises determining the ability of the test compound to preferentially bind the CXCRl expressing cell as compared to the known compound.
  • the assay is a cell-based assay comprising contacting a cell expressing a membrane-bound form of CXCRl (e.g., full-length CXCRl, a biologically active fragment of CXCRl, or a fusion protein which includes all or a portion of CXCRl) expressed on the cell surface with a test compound and determining the ability of the test compound to modulate (e.g., stimulate or inhibit) the activity of the membrane-bound form of CXCRl.
  • CXCRl e.g., full-length CXCRl, a biologically active fragment of CXCRl, or a fusion protein which includes all or a portion of CXCRl
  • Determining the ability of the test compound to modulate the activity of the membrane-bound form of CXCRl can be accomplished by any method suitable for measuring the activity of CXCRl, e.g., any method suitable for measuring the activity of a G-protein coupled receptor or other seven-transmembrane receptor (described in greater detail below).
  • the activity of a seven-transmembrane receptor can be meas- ured in a number of ways, not all of which are suitable for any given receptor.
  • Among the measures of activity are: alteration in intracellular Ca 2+ concentration, activation of phospholipase C, alteration in intracellular inositol triphosphate (IP 3 ) concentration, alteration in intracellular dia- cylglycerol (DAG) concentration, and alteration in intracellular adenosine cyclic 3', 5 -mono- phosphate (cAMP) concentration.
  • IP 3 inositol triphosphate
  • DAG dia- cylglycerol
  • cAMP adenosine cyclic 3', 5 -mono- phosphate
  • Determining the ability of the test compound to modulate the activity of CXCRl can be accomplished, for example, by determining the ability of CXCRl to bind to or interact with a target molecule.
  • the target molecule can be a molecule with which CXCRl binds or interacts with in nature, for example, a molecule on the surface of a cell which expresses CXCRl, a molecule on the surface of a second cell, a molecule in the extracellular milieu, a molecule associated with the internal surface of a cell membrane or a cytoplasmic molecule.
  • the target molecule can be a component of a signal transduction pathway which facilitates transduction of an extracellular signal (e.g., a signal generated by binding of a CXCRl ligand, through the cell membrane and into the cell.
  • the target CXCRl molecule can be, for example, a second intracellular protein which has catalytic activity or a protein which facilitates the association of downstream signaling molecules with CXCRl.
  • Determining the ability of CXCRl to bind to or interact with a target molecule can be accomplished by one of the methods described above for determining direct binding. In one embodiment, determining the ability of a polypeptide of the invention to bind to or interact with a target molecule can be accomplished by determining the activity of the target molecule.
  • the activity of the target molecule can be determined by detecting induction of a cellular second messenger of the target (e.g., intracellular Ca 2+ , diacylglycerol, IP 3 , etc.), detecting catalytic/enzymatic activity of the target on an appropriate substrate, detecting the induction of a reporter gene (e.g., a regulatory element that is responsive to a polypeptide of the invention operably linked to a nucleic acid encoding a detectable marker, e.g., luciferase), or detecting a cellular response.
  • a reporter gene e.g., a regulatory element that is responsive to a polypeptide of the invention operably linked to a nucleic acid encoding a detectable marker, e.g., luciferase
  • the present invention also includes cell-free assays.
  • Such assays involve contacting a form of CXCRl (e.g., full-length CXCRl, a biologically active fragment of CXCRl, or a fusion protein comprising all or a portion of CXCRl) with a test compound and determining the ability of the test compound to bind to CXCRl. Binding of the test compound to CXCRl can be determined either directly or indirectly as described above.
  • CXCRl e.g., full-length CXCRl, a biologically active fragment of CXCRl, or a fusion protein comprising all or a portion of CXCRl
  • the assay includes contacting CXCR1 with a known compound which binds CXCRl to form an assay mixture, contacting the assay mixture with a test compound, and determining the ability of the test compound to interact with CXCRl, wherein determining the ability of the test compound to interact with CXCRl comprises determining the ability of the test compound to preferentially bind to CXCRl as compared to the known compound.
  • the cell-free assays of the present invention are amenable to use of either a membrane-bound form of CXCRl or a soluble fragment thereof.
  • a solubilizing agent such that the membrane-bound form of the polypeptide is maintained in solution.
  • non-ionic detergents such as n
  • CXCRl or a CXCRl target molecule
  • binding of a test compound to CXCRl, or interaction of CXCRl with a target molecule in the presence and absence of a candidate compound can be accomplished in any vessel suitable for containing the reactants. Examples of such vessels include microtitre plates, test tubes, and micro- centrifuge tubes.
  • a fusion protein can be provided which adds a domain that allows one or both of the proteins to be bound to a matrix.
  • glutathione-S-transferase (GST) fusion proteins or glutathione-S-transferase fusion proteins can be adsorbed onto glu- tathione sepharose beads (Sigma Chemical; St. Louis, Mo.) or glutathione derivatized microtitre plates, which are then combined with the test compound or the test compound and either the non- adsorbed target protein or CXCRl, and the mixture incubated under conditions conducive to complex formation (e.g., at physiological conditions for salt and pH). Following incubation, the beads or microtitre plate wells are washed to remove any unbound components and complex formation is measured either directly or indirectly, for example, as described above. Alternatively, the complexes can be dissociated from the matrix, and the level of binding or activity of CXCRl can be determined using standard techniques.
  • CXCRl or its target molecule can be immobilized utilizing conjugation of biotin and streptavidin.
  • Biotinylated polypeptide of the invention or target molecules can be prepared from biotin-NHS (N-hydroxy-succinimide) using techniques well known in the art (e.g., biotinylation kit, Pierce Chemicals; Rockford, III.), and immobilized in the wells of streptavidin-coated plates (Pierce Chemical).
  • antibodies reactive with CXCRl or target molecules but which do not interfere with binding of the polypeptide of the invention to its target molecule can be derivatized to the wells of the plate, and unbound target or polypeptide of the invention trapped in the wells by antibody conjugation.
  • Methods for detecting such complexes include immuno- detection of complexes using antibodies reactive with CXCRl or target molecule, as well as en- zyme-linked assays which rely on detecting an enzymatic activity associated with CXCRl or target molecule.
  • the screening assay can also involve monitoring the expression of CXCRl.
  • regulators of expression of CXCRl can be identified in a method in which a cell is contacted with a candidate compound and the expression of CXCRl protein or mRNA in the cell is determined. The level of expression of CXCRl protein or mRNA the presence of the candidate compound is compared to the level of expression of CXCRl protein or mRNA in the absence of the candidate compound. The candidate compound can then be identified as a regulator of expression of CXCRl based on this comparison.
  • the candidate compound when expression of CXCRl protein or mRNA protein is greater (statistically significantly greater) in the presence of the candidate compound than in its absence, the candidate compound is identified as a stimulator of CXCRl protein or mRNA expression.
  • the candidate compound when expression of CXCRl protein or mRNA is less (statistically significantly less) in the presence of the candidate compound than in its absence, the candidate compound is identified as an inhibitor of CXCRl protein or mRNA expression.
  • the level of CXCRl protein or mRNA expression in the cells can be determined by methods described below.
  • the test compound is preferably a small molecule which binds to and occupies the active site of CXCRl polypeptide, thereby making the ligand binding site inaccessible to substrate such that normal biological activity is prevented.
  • small molecules include, but are not limited to, small peptides or peptide-like molecules.
  • Potential ligands which bind to a polypeptide of the invention include, but are not limited to, the natural ligands of known CXCRl GPCRs and analogues or derivatives thereof.
  • either the test compound or the CXCRl polypeptide can comprise a detectable label, such as a fluorescent, radioisotopic, chemiluminescent, or enzymatic label, such as horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, or luciferase. Detection of a test compound which is bound to CXCRl polypeptide can then be accomplished, for example, by direct counting of radioemmission, by scintillation counting, or by determining conversion of an appropriate substrate to a detectable product. Alternatively, binding of a test compound to a CXCRl polypeptide can be determined without labeling either of the interactants.
  • a detectable label such as a fluorescent, radioisotopic, chemiluminescent, or enzymatic label, such as horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, or luciferase.
  • a microphysiometer can be used to detect binding of a test compound with a CXCRl polypeptide.
  • a microphysiometer e.g., Cyto- sensorTM
  • LAPS light-addressable potentiometric sensor
  • BIA Bimolecular Interaction Analysis
  • a CXCRl -like polypeptide can be used as a "bait protein" in a two-hybrid assay or three-hybrid assay [Szabo, (1995); U.S. 5,283,317), to identify other proteins which bind to or interact with CXCRl and modulate its activity.
  • the two-hybrid system is based on the modular nature of most transcription factors, which consist of separable DNA-binding and activation domains.
  • the assay utilizes two different DNA constructs.
  • polynucleotide encoding CXCRl can be fused to a polynucleotide encoding the DNA binding domain of a known transcription factor (e.g., GAL-4).
  • a DNA sequence that encodes an unidentified protein (“prey" or "sample” can be fused to a polynucleotide that codes for the activation domain of the known transcription factor.
  • the DNA-binding and activation domains of the transcription factor are brought into close proximity. This proximity allows transcription of a reporter gene (e.g., LacZ), which is operably linked to a transcriptional regulatory site responsive to the transcription factor. Expression of the reporter gene can be detected, and cell colonies containing the functional tran- scription factor can be isolated and used to obtain the DNA sequence encoding the protein which interacts with CXCRl.
  • a reporter gene e.g., LacZ
  • either the CXCRl (or polynucleotide) or the test compound can be bound to a solid support.
  • Suitable solid supports include, but are not limited to, glass or plastic slides, tissue culture plates, microtiter wells, tubes, silicon chips, or particles such as beads (including, but not limited to, latex, polystyrene, or glass beads).
  • Any method known in the art can be used to attach CXCRl -like polypeptide (or polynu- cleotide) or test compound to a solid support, including use of covalent and non-covalent linkages, passive absorption, or pairs of binding moieties attached respectively to the polypeptide (or polynucleotide) or test compound and the solid support.
  • Test compounds are preferably bound to the solid support in an array, so that the location of individual test compounds can be tracked. Binding of a test compound to CXCRl (or a polynucleotide encoding for CXCRl) can be accom- plished in any vessel suitable for containing the reactants. Examples of such vessels include microtiter plates, test tubes, and microcentrifuge tubes.
  • CXCRl is a fusion protein comprising a domain that allows binding of CXCRl to a solid support.
  • glutathione-S-transferase fusion proteins can be adsorbed onto glutathione sepharose beads (Sigma Chemical, St. Louis, Mo.) or glutathione derivatized microtiter plates, which are then combined with the test compound or the test compound and the non-adsorbed CXCRl; the mixture is then incubated under conditions conducive to complex formation (e.g., at physiological conditions for salt and pH). Following incubation, the beads or microtiter plate wells are washed to remove any unbound components. Binding of the interactants can be determined either directly or indirectly, as described above. Alternatively, the complexes can be dissociated from the solid support before binding is determined.
  • CXCRl or a polynucleotide encoding CXCRl
  • test compound can be immobilized utilizing conjugation of biotin and strepta- vidin.
  • Biotinylated CXCRl (or a polynucleotide encoding biotinylated CXCRl) or test com- pounds can be prepared from biotin-NHS (N-hydroxysuccinimide) using techniques well known in the art (e.g., biotinylation kit, Pierce Chemicals, Rockford, 111.) and immobilized in the wells of streptavidin-coated plates (Pierce Chemical).
  • antibodies which specifically bind to CXCRl, polynucleotide, or a test compound, but which do not interfere with a desired binding site, such as the active site of CXCRl can be derivatized to the wells of the plate. Unbound target or protein can be trapped in the wells by antibody conjugation.
  • Methods for detecting such complexes include immunodetection of complexes using antibodies which specifically bind to CXCRl polypeptide or test compound, enzyme-linked assays which rely on detecting an activity of CXCRl polypeptide, and SDS gel electrophoresis under non-reducing conditions. Screening for test compounds which bind to a CXCRl polypeptide or polynucleotide also can be carried out in an intact cell. Any cell which comprises a CXCRl polypeptide or polynucleotide can be used in a cell-based assay system.
  • a CXCRl polynucleotide can be naturally occurring in the cell or can be introduced using techniques such as those described above. Binding of the test compound to CXCRl or a polynucleotide encoding CXCRl is determined as described above.
  • Test compounds can be tested for the ability to increase or decrease CXCRl activity of a CXCRl polypeptide.
  • the CXCRl activity can be measured, for example, using methods described in the specific examples, below.
  • CXCRl activity can be measured after contacting either a purified CXCRl, a cell membrane preparation, or an intact cell with a test compound.
  • a test compound which decreases CXCRl activity by at least about 10, preferably about 50, more preferably about 75, 90, or 100% is identified as a potential agent for decreasing CXCRl activity.
  • a test compound which increases CXCRl activity by at least about 10, preferably about 50, more preferably about 75, 90, or 100% is identified as a potential agent for increasing CXCRl activity.
  • Such a screening procedure involves the use of melanophores which are transfected to express CXCRl.
  • Such a screening technique is described in PCT WO 92/01810 published Feb. 6, 1992.
  • an assay may be employed for screening for a compound which inhibits activation of the receptor polypeptide of the present invention by contacting the melanophore cells which encode the receptor with both the receptor ligand and a compound to be screened. Inhibi- tion of the signal generated by the ligand indicates that a compound is a potential antagonist for the receptor, i.e., inhibits activation of the receptor.
  • the screen may be employed for identifying a compound which activates the receptor by contacting such cells with compounds to be screened and determining whether each compound generates a signal, i.e., activates the receptor.
  • CXCRl for example, trans- fected CHO cells
  • a second messenger response e.g., signal transduction or pH changes
  • Another such screening technique involves introducing RNA encod- ing CXCRl into Xenopus oocytes to transiently express the receptor.
  • the receptor oocytes can then be contacted with the receptor ligand and a compound to be screened, followed by detection of inhibition or activation of a calcium signal in the case of screening for compounds which are thought to inhibit activation of the receptor.
  • Another screening technique involves expressing CXCRl in cells in which the receptor is linked to a phospholipase C or D. Such cells include endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, embryonic kidney cells, etc. The screening may be accomplished as described above by quantifying the degree of activation of the receptor from changes in the phospholipase activity.
  • test compounds which increase or decrease CXCRl gene expression are identified.
  • the term "correlates with expression of a polynucleotide” indicates that the detection of the presence of nucleic acids, the same or related to a nucleic acid sequence encoding CXCRl, by northern analysis or relatime PCR is indicative of the presence of nucleic acids encoding CXCRl in a sample, and thereby correlates with expression of the transcript from the polynucleotide encoding CXCRl.
  • microarray refers to an array of distinct polynucleotides or oligonucleotides arrayed on a substrate, such as paper, nylon or any other type of membrane, filter, chip, glass slide, or any other suitable solid support.
  • a CXCRl polynucleotide is contacted with a test compound, and the expression of an RNA or polypeptide product of CXCRl polynucleotide is determined.
  • the level of expression of appropriate mRNA or polypeptide in the presence of the test compound is compared to the level of expression of mRNA or polypeptide in the absence of the test compound.
  • the test compound can then be identified as a regulator of expression based on this comparison.
  • test compound when expression of mRNA or polypeptide is greater in the presence of the test compound than in its absence, the test compound is identified as a stimulator or enhancer of the mRNA or polypeptide expression.
  • test compound when expression of the mRNA or polypeptide is less in the presence of the test compound than in its absence, the test compound is identified as an inhibitor of the mRNA or polypeptide expression.
  • the level of CXCRl mRNA or polypeptide expression in the cells can be determined by methods well known in the art for detecting mRNA or polypeptide. Either qualitative or quantitative meth- ods can be used.
  • the presence of polypeptide products of CXCRl polynucleotide can be determined, for example, using a variety of techniques known in the art, including immunochemical methods such as radioimmunoassay, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry.
  • polypeptide synthesis can be determined in vivo, in a cell culture, or in an in vitro translation system by detecting incorporation of labelled amino acids into CXCRl.
  • Such screening can be carried out either in a cell-free assay system or in an intact cell.
  • Any cell which expresses CXCRl polynucleotide can be used in a cell-based assay system.
  • the CXCRl polynucleotide can be naturally occurring in the cell or can be introduced using techniques such as those described above. Either a primary culture or an established cell line can be used.
  • test compounds for use in the screening assays of the invention can be obtained from any suitable source, e.g., conventional compound libraries.
  • the test compounds can also be obtained using any of the numerous approaches in combinatorial library methods known in the art, includ- ing: biological libraries; spatially addressable parallel solid phase or solution phase libraries; synthetic library methods requiring deconvolution; the "one-bead one-compound” library method; and synthetic library methods using affinity chromatography selection.
  • the biological library approach is limited to peptide libraries, while the other four approaches are applicable to peptide, non-peptide oligomer or small molecule libraries of compounds [Lam, (1997)]. Examples of meth- ods for the synthesis of molecular libraries can be found in the art. Libraries of compounds may be presented in solution or on beads, bacteria, spores, plasmids or phage.
  • Computer modeling and searching technologies permit identification of compounds, or the improvement of already identified compounds, that can modulate CXCRl expression or activity. Having identified such a compound or composition, the active sites or regions are identified. Such active sites might typically be ligand binding sites, such as the interaction domain of the ligand with CXCRl.
  • the active site can be identified using methods known in the art including, for example, from the amino acid sequences of peptides, from the nucleotide sequences of nucleic acids, or from study of complexes of the relevant compound or composition with its natural ligand. In the latter case, chemical or X-ray crystallographic methods can be used to find the active site by finding where on the factor the complexed ligand is found.
  • the three dimensional geometric structure of the active site is determined. This can be done by known methods, including X-ray crystallography, which can determine a complete molecular structure. On the other hand, solid or liquid phase NMR can be used to determine certain in- tramolecular distances. Any other experimental method of structure determination can be used to obtain partial or complete geometric structures.
  • the geometric structures may be measured with a complexed ligand, natural or artificial, which may increase the accuracy of the active site structure determined.
  • the methods of computer based numerical modeling can be used to complete the structure or improve its accuracy.
  • Any recognized modeling method may be used, including parameterized models specific to particular bio- polymers such as proteins or nucleic acids, molecular dynamics models based on computing molecular motions, statistical mechanics models based on thermal ensembles, or combined models.
  • standard molecular force fields representing the forces between constituent atoms and groups, are necessary, and can be selected from force fields known in physical chemistry.
  • the incomplete or less accurate experimental structures can serve as constraints on the complete and more accurate structures computed by these modeling methods.
  • candidate modulating compounds can be identified by searching databases containing compounds along with information on their molecular structure. Such a search seeks compounds having structures that match the determined active site structure and that interact with the groups defining the active site. Such a search can be manual, but is preferably computer assisted. These compounds found from this search are potential CXCRl modulating compounds.
  • these methods can be used to identify improved modulating compounds from an already known modulating compound or ligand.
  • the composition of the known compound can be modified and the structural effects of modification can be determined using the experimental and computer modeling methods described above applied to the new composition.
  • the altered struc- ture is then compared to the active site structure of the compound to determine if an improved fit or interaction results. In this manner systematic variations in composition, such as by varying side groups, can be quickly evaluated to obtain modified modulating compounds or ligands of improved specificity or activity.
  • CNS disorders include disorders of the central nervous system as well as disorders of the peripheral nervous system.
  • CNS disorders include, but are not limited to brain injuries, cerebrovascular diseases and their consequences, Parkinson's disease, corticobasal degeneration, motor neuron disease, dementia, including ALS, multiple sclerosis, traumatic brain injury, stroke, post-stroke, post-traumatic brain injury, and small-vessel cerebrovascular disease.
  • Dementias such as Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies, frontotemporal dementia and Parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17, frontotemporal dementias, including Pick's disease, progressive nuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration, Huntington's disease, thalamic degeneration, Creutzfeld- Jakob dementia, HIV dementia, schizophrenia with dementia, and Korsakoff s psychosis, within the meaning of the definition are also considered to be CNS disorders.
  • cognitive-related disorders such as mild cognitive impairment, age-associated memory impairment, age-related cognitive decline, vascular cognitive impairment, attention deficit disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorders, and memory disturbances in children with learning disabilities are also considered to be CNS disorders.
  • Pain within the meaning of this definition, is also considered to be a CNS disorder. Pain can be associated with CNS disorders, such as multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury, sciatica, failed back surgery syndrome, traumatic brain injury, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, post-stroke, and vascular lesions in the brain and spinal cord (e.g., infarct, hemorrhage, vascular malformation).
  • CNS disorders such as multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury, sciatica, failed back surgery syndrome, traumatic brain injury, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, post-stroke, and vascular lesions in the brain and spinal cord (e.g., infarct, hemorrhage, vascular malformation).
  • Non-central neuropathic pain includes that associated with post mastectomy pain, phantom feeling, reflex sym- pathetic dystrophy (RSD), trigeminal neuralgiaradioculopathy, post-surgical pain, HV/AIDS related pain, cancer pain, metabolic neuropathies (e.g., diabetic neuropathy, vasculitic neuropathy secondary to connective tissue disease), paraneoplastic polyneuropathy associated, for example, with carcinoma of lung, or leukemia, or lymphoma, or carcinoma of prostate, colon or stomach, trigeminal neuralgia, cranial neuralgias, and post-herpetic neuralgia. Pain associated with periph- eral nerve damage, central pain (i.e.
  • Headache pain for example, migraine with aura, migraine without aura, and other migraine disorders
  • episodic and chronic tension-type headache tension-type like headache, cluster headache, and chronic paroxysmal hemicrania are also CNS disorders.
  • Visceral pain such as pancreatits, intestinal cystitis, dysmenorrhea, irritable Bowel syndrome, Crohn's disease, biliary colic, ureteral colic, myocardial infarction and pain syndromes of the. pelvic cavity, e.g., vulvodynia, orchialgia, urethral syndrome and protatodynia are also CNS disorders.
  • a disorder of the nervous system are acute pain, for example postoperative pain, and pain after trauma.
  • the human CXCRl is highly expressed in the following brain tissues: Alzheimer brain, cerebellum (left), Alzheimer brain frontal lobe, occipital lobe, postcentral gyms, cerebral meninges, dorsal root ganglia, neuroblastoma IMR32 cells, retina.
  • the expression in brain tissues and in particular the differential expression between diseased tissue Alzheimer brain and healthy tissue brain, between diseased tissue Alzheimer brain frontal lobe and healthy tissue frontal lobe demonstrates that the human CXCRl or mRNA can be utilized to diagnose nervous system diseases. Additionally the activity of the human CXCRl can be modulated to treat nervous system diseases. Cardiovascular Disorders
  • Heart failure is defined as a pathophysiological state in which an abnormality of cardiac function is responsible for the failure of the heart to pump blood at a rate commensurate with the requirement of the metabolizing tissue. It includes all forms of pumping failures such as high-output and low- output, acute and chronic, right-sided or left-sided, systolic or diastolic, independent of the underlying cause.
  • Myocardial infarction is generally caused by an abrupt decrease in coronary blood flow that follows a thrombotic occlusion of a coronary artery previously narrowed by arteriosclerosis.
  • MI prophylaxis primary and secondary prevention is included as well as the acute treatment of MI and the prevention of complications.
  • Ischemic diseases are conditions in which the coronary flow is restricted resulting in a perfiision which is inadequate to meet the myocardial requirement for oxygen.
  • This group of diseases includes stable angina, unstable angina and asymptomatic ischemia.
  • Arrhythmias include all forms of atrial and ventricular tachyarrhythmias, atrial tachycardia, atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation, atrio-ventricular reentrant tachycardia, preexitation syndrome, ventricular tachycardia, ventricular flutter, ventricular fibrillation, as well as bradycardic forms of arrhythmias.
  • Hypertensive vascular diseases include primary as well, as all kinds of secondary arterial hyperten- sion, renal, endocrine, neurogenic, others.
  • the genes may be used as drug targets for the treatment of hypertension as well as for the prevention of all complications arising from cardiovascular diseases.
  • Peripheral vascular diseases are defined as vascular diseases in which arterial and/or venous flow is reduced resulting in an imbalance between blood supply and tissue oxygen demand. It includes chronic peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD), acute arterial thrombosis and embolism, inflammatory vascular disorders, Raynaud's phenomenon and venous disorders.
  • PAOD peripheral arterial occlusive disease
  • acute arterial thrombosis and embolism inflammatory vascular disorders
  • Raynaud's phenomenon Raynaud's phenomenon
  • Atherosclerosis is a cardiovascular disease in which the vessel wall is remodeled, compromising the lumen of the vessel.
  • the atherosclerotic remodeling process involves accumulation of cells, both smooth muscle cells and monocyte/macrophage inflammatory cells, in the intima of the vessel wall. These cells take up lipid, likely from the circulation, to form a mature atherosclerotic lesion.
  • the formation of these lesions is a chronic process, occurring over decades of an adult human life, the majority of the morbidity associated with atherosclerosis occurs when a lesion ruptures, releasing thrombogenic debris that rapidly occludes the artery. When such an acute event occurs in the coronary artery, myocardial infarction can ensue, and in the worst case, can result in death.
  • the formation of the atherosclerotic lesion can be considered to occur in five overlapping stages such as migration, lipid accumulation, recruitment of inflammatory cells, proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells, and extracellular matrix deposition.
  • stages such as migration, lipid accumulation, recruitment of inflammatory cells, proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells, and extracellular matrix deposition.
  • Each of these processes can be shown to occur in man and in animal models of atherosclerosis, but the relative contribution of each to the pathology and clinical significance of the lesion is unclear.
  • Cardiovascular diseases include but are not limited to disorders of the heart and the vascular system like congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, ischemic diseases of the heart, all kinds of atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, hypertensive vascular diseases, peripheral vascular diseases, and atherosclerosis.
  • the risk to develop atherosclerosis and coronary artery or carotid artery disease (and thus the risk of having a heart attack or stroke) increases with the total cholesterol level increasing. Nevertheless, extremely low cholesterol levels may not be healthy.
  • hyperlipidemia abnormally high levels of fats (cholesterol, triglycerides, or both) in the blood, may be caused by family history of hyperlipidemia), obesity, a high-fat diet, lack of exercise, moderate to high alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, poorly controlled diabetes, and an underactive thyroid gland), hereditary hyperlipidemias (type I hyperlipoproteinemia (familial hyperchylomicronemia), type II hyperlipoproteinemia (familial hypercholesterolemia), type III hyperlipoproteinemia, type IV hyperlipoproteinemia, or type V hyperlipoproteinemia), hypolipo- proteinemia, lipidoses (caused by abnormalities in the enzymes that metabolize fats), Gaucher's disease, Niemann-Pick disease, Fabry's disease, Wolman's disease, cerebrotendinous xanthomato- sis, sitosterolemia, Refsum's disease, or Tay-Sachs disease.
  • hyperlipidemia abnormally high levels of fats (cholesterol, trig
  • Kidney disorders may lead to hypertension or hypotension. Examples for kidney problems possibly leading to hypertension are renal artery stenosis, pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis, kidney tu- mors, polycistic kidney disease, injury to the kidney, or radiation therapy affecting the kidney. Excessive urination may lead to hypotension.
  • the human CXCRl is highly expressed in the following cardiovascular related tissues: heart atrium (left), heart ventricle (left), aorta, artery, vein, liver liver cirrhosis, thrombocytes. Expression in the above mentioned tissues demonstrates that the human CXCRl or mRNA can be utilized to diagnose of cardiovascular diseases. Additionally the activity of the human CXCRl can be modulated to treat cardiovascular diseases.
  • Hematological disorders comprise diseases of the blood and all its constituents as well as diseases of organs and tissues involved in the generation or degradation of all the constituents of the blood. They include but are not limited to 1) Anemias, 2) Myeloproliferative Disorders, 3) Hemorrhagic Disorders, 4) Leukopenia, 5) Eosinophilic Disorders, 6) Leukemias, 7) Lymphomas, 8) Plasma Cell Dyscrasias, 9) Disorders of the Spleen in the course of hematological disorders. Disorders according to 1) include, but are not limited to anemias due to defective or deficient hem synthesis, deficient erythropoiesis.
  • Disorders according to 2) include, but are not limited to polycythemia vera, tumor-associated erythrocytosis, myelofibrosis, thrombocythemia.
  • Disorders according to 3) include, but are not limited to vasculitis, thrombocytopenia, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, hemolytic-uremic syndrome, hereditary and acquired disorders of platelet function, hereditary coagulation disorders.
  • Disorders according to 4) include, but are not limited to neutropenia, lymphocytopenia.
  • Disorders according to 5) include, but are not limited to hypereosinophilia, idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome.
  • Disorders according to 6) include, but are not limited to acute myeloic leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, chronic mye- locytic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, myelodysplastic syndrome.
  • Disorders according to 7) include, but are not limited to Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Burkitt's lym- phoma, mycosis fungoides cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.
  • Disorders according to 8) include, but are not limited to multiple myeloma, macroglobulinemia, heavy chain diseases.
  • the human CXCRl is highly expressed in the following tissues of the hematological system: leukocytes (peripheral blood), bone marrow, lymphnode, thrombocytes, spleen, spleen liver cirrhosis.
  • leukocytes peripheral blood
  • bone marrow lymphnode
  • thrombocytes thrombocytes
  • spleen spleen liver cirrhosis
  • the expression in the above mentioned tissues and in particular the differential expression between diseased tissue spleen liver cirrhosis and healthy tissue spleen demonstrates that the human CXCRl or mRNA can be utilized to diagnose of hematological diseases. Additionally the activity of the human CXCRlcan be modulated to treat hematological disorders. Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases
  • Gastrointestinal diseases comprise primary or secondary, acute or chronic diseases of the organs of the gastrointestinal tract which may be acquired or inherited, benign or malignant or metaplastic, and which may affect the organs of the gastrointestinal tract or the body as a whole. They comprise but are not limited to 1) disorders of the esophagus like achalasia, vigoruos achalasia, dysphagia, cricopharyngeal incoordination, pre-esophageal dysphagia, diffuse esophageal spasm, globus sensation, Barrett's metaplasia, gastroesophageal reflux, 2) disorders of the stomach and duodenum like functional dyspepsia, inflammation of the gastric mucosa, gastritis, stress gastritis, chronic erosive gastritis, atrophy of gastric glands, metaplasia of gastric tissues, gastric ulcers, duodenal ulcers, neoplasms of the stomach, 3) disorders of the pancreas like acute
  • Liver diseases comprise primary or secondary, acute or chronic diseases or injury of the liver which may be acquired or inherited, benign or malignant, and which may affect the liver or the body as a whole. They comprise but are not limited to disorders of the bilirubin metabolism, jaundice, syndroms of Gilbert's, Crigler-Najjar, Dubin-Johnson and Rotor; intrahepatic cholestasis, hepatomegaly, portal hypertension, ascites, Budd-Chiari syndrome, portal-systemic encephalopa- thy, fatty liver, steatosis, Reye's syndrome, liver diseases due to alcohol, alcoholic hepatitis or cirrhosis, fibrosis and cirrhosis, fibrosis and cirrhosis of the liver due to inborn errors of metabolism or exogenous substances, storage diseases, syndromes of Gaucher's, Zellweger's, Wilson's - disease, acute or chronic hepatitis, viral hepatitis and
  • the human CXCRl is highly expressed in the following tissues of the gastroenterological system: esophagus, ileum, rectum, liver liver cirrhosis.
  • the expression in the above mentioned tissues and in particular the differential expression between diseased tissue liver liver cirrhosis and healthy tissue liver demonstrates that the human CXCRl or mRNA can be utilized to diagnose of gastroenterological disorders. Additionally the activity of the human CXCRl can be modulated to treat gastroenterological disorders.
  • Cancer disorders within the scope of this definition comprise any disease of an organ or tissue in mammals characterized by poorly controlled or uncontrolled multiplication of normal or abnormal cells in that tissue and its effect on the body as a whole.
  • Cancer diseases within the scope of the definition comprise benign neoplasms, dysplasias, hyperplasias as well as neoplasms showing metastatic growth or any other transformations like e.g. leukoplakias which often precede a breakout of cancer.
  • Cells and tissues are cancerous when they grow more rapidly than normal cells, displacing or spreading into the surrounding healthy tissue or any other tissues of the body described as metastatic growth, assume abnormal shapes and sizes, show changes in their nucleocytoplas- matic ratio, nuclear polychromasia, and finally may cease.
  • Cancerous cells and tissues may affect the body as a whole when causing paraneoplastic syndromes or if cancer occurs within a vital organ or tissue, normal function will be impaired or halted, with possible fatal results.
  • the ultimate involvement of a vital organ by cancer, either primary or metastatic, may lead to the death of the mammal affected. Cancer tends to spread, and the extent of its spread is usually related to an individual's chances of surviving the disease.
  • Cancers are generally said to be in one of three stages of growth: early, or localized, when a tumor is still confined to the tissue of origin, or primary site; direct extension, where cancer cells from the tumour have invaded adjacent tissue or have spread only to regional lymph nodes; or metastasis, in which cancer cells have migrated to distant parts of the body from the primary site, via the blood or lymph systems, and have established secondary sites of infection.
  • Cancer is said to be malignant because of its tendency to cause death if not treated. Benign tumors usually do not cause death, although they may if they interfere with a normal body function by virtue of their location, size, or paraneoplastic side effects. Hence benign tumors fall under the definition of cancer within the scope of this definition as well.
  • cancer cells divide at a higher rate than do normal cells, but the distinction between the growth of cancerous and normal tissues is not so much the rapidity of cell division in the former as it is the partial or complete loss of growth restraint in cancer cells and their failure to differentiate into a useful, limited tissue of the type that characterizes the functional equilibrium of growth of normal tissue.
  • Cancer tissues may express certain molecular receptors and probably are influenced by the host's susceptibility and immunity and it is known that certain cancers of the breast and prostate, for example, are considered dependent on specific hormones for their existence.
  • cancer under the scope of the definition is not limited to simple benign neoplasia but comprises any other benign and malign neoplasia like 1) Carcinoma, 2) Sarcoma, 3) Carcinosarcoma, 4) Cancers of the blood-forming tissues, 5) tumors of nerve tissues including the brain, 6) cancer of skin cells.
  • Can- cer according to 1) occurs in epithelial tissues, which cover the outer body (the skin) and line mucous membranes and the inner cavitary structures of organs e.g. such as the breast, lung, the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, the endocrine glands, and the genitourinary system.
  • Ductal or glandular elements may persist in epithelial tumors, as in adenocarcinomas like e.g. thyroid adenocarcinoma, gastric adenocarcinoma, uterine adenocarcinoma.
  • Cancers of the pavement-cell epithe- lium of the skin and of certain mucous membranes, such as e.g. cancers of the tongue, lip, larynx, urinary bladder, uterine cervix, or penis, may be termed epidermoid or squamous-cell carcinomas of the respective tissues and are in the scope of the definition of cancer as well.
  • Cancer according to 2) develops in connective tissues, including fibrous tissues, adipose (fat) tissues, muscle, blood vessels, bone, and cartilage like e.g. osteogenic sarcoma; liposarcoma, fibrosarcoma, synovial sar- coma.
  • Cancer according to 3) is cancer that develops in both epithelial and connective tissue.
  • Cancer disease within the scope of this definition may be primary or secondary, whereby primary indicates that the cancer originated in the tissue where it is found rather than was established as a secondary site through metastasis from another lesion.
  • Cancers and tumor diseases within the scope of this definition may be benign or malign and may affect all anatomical structures of the body of a mammal.
  • cancers and tumor diseases of I) the bone marrow and bone marrow derived cells (leukemias), II) the endocrine and exocrine glands like e.g. thyroid, parathyroid, pituitary, adrenal glands, salivary glands, pancreas HI) the breast, like e.g.
  • malignant osteogenic sarcoma benign osteoma, cartilage tumors; like malignant chondrosarcoma or benign chondroma; bone marrow tumors like malignant myeloma or benign eosinophilic granuloma, as well as metastatic tumors from bone tissues at other locations of the body;
  • X) the mouth, throat, larynx, and the esophagus XI) the urinary bladder and the internal and external organs and structures of the urogenital system of male and female like ovaries, uterus, cervix of the uterus, testes, and prostate gland, XII) the prostate, XIU) the pancreas, like ductal carcinoma of the pancreas;
  • XIV) the lymphatic tissue like lymphomas and other tumors of lymphoid origin, XV) the skin, XVI) cancers and tumor diseases of all anatomical structures belonging to the respiration and respiratory systems including thoracal muscles
  • the human CXCRl is highly expressed in the following cancer tissues: lung tumor, ovary tumor.
  • the expression in the above mentioned tissues and in particular the differential expression between diseased tissue lung tumor and healthy tissue lung, between diseased tissue ovary tumor and healthy tissue demonstrates that the human CXCRl or mRNA can be utilized to diagnose of cancer. Additionally the activity of the human CXCRl can be modulated to treat cancer.
  • Inflammatory diseases comprise diseases triggered by cellular or non-cellular mediators of the immune system or tissues causing the inflammation of body tissues and subsequently producing an acute or chronic inflammatory condition.
  • hypersensitivity reactions of type I - IV, for example but not limited to hypersensitivity diseases of the lung including asthma, atopic diseases, allergic rhinitis or conjunctivitis, angioedema of the lids, hereditary angioedema, antireceptor hypersensitivity reactions and autoimmune diseases, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Goodpasture's syndrome, pemphigus, myasthenia gra- vis, Grave's and Raynaud's disease, type B insulin-resistant diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, Crohn's disease, scleroderma, mixed connective tissue disease, polymyositis, sarcoidosis, glomerulonephritis, acute or chronic host
  • the human CXCRl is highly expressed in the following tissues of the immune system and tissues responsive to components of the immune system as well as in the following tissues responsive to mediators of inflammation: liver liver cirrhosis, leukocytes (peripheral blood), bone marrow, spleen liver cirrhosis.
  • liver liver cirrhosis leukocytes (peripheral blood), bone marrow, spleen liver cirrhosis.
  • the expression in the above mentioned tissues and in particular the differential expression between diseased tissue liver liver cirrhosis and healthy tissue liver, between diseased tissue spleen liver cirrhosis and healthy tissue spleen demonstrates that the human CXCRl or mRNA can be utilized to diagnose of inflammatory diseases. Additionally the activity of the human CXCRl can be modulated to treat inflammatory diseases.
  • Asthma is thought to arise as a result of interactions between multiple genetic and environmental factors and is characterized by three major features: 1) intermittent and reversible airway obstruction caused by bronchoconstriction, increased mucus production, and thickening of the walls of the airways that leads to a narrowing of the airways, 2) airway hyperresponsiveness, and 3) airway inflammation.
  • Certain cells are critical to the inflammatory reaction of asthma and they include T cells and antigen presenting cells, B cells that produce IgE, and mast cells, basophils, eosinophils, and other cells that bind IgE. These effector cells accumulate at the site of allergic reaction in the airways and release toxic products that contribute to the acute pathology and eventually to tissue destruction related to the disorder.
  • Other resident cells such as smooth muscle cells, lung epithelial cells, mucus-producing cells, and nerve cells may also be abnormal in individuals with asthma and may contribute to its pathology. While the airway obstruction of asthma, presenting clinically as an intermittent wheeze and shortness of breath, is generally the most pressing symptom of the disease requiring immediate treatment, the inflammation and tissue destruction associated with the disease can lead to irreversible changes that eventually make asthma a chronic and disabling disorder requiring long-term management.
  • COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary (or airways) disease
  • COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary (or airways) disease
  • Emphysema is characterised by destruction of alveolar walls leading to abnormal enlargement of the air spaces of the lung.
  • Chronic bronchitis is defined clinically as the presence of chronic productive cough for three months in each of two successive years.
  • airflow obstruction is usually progressive and is only partially reversible. By far the most important risk factor for development of COPD is cigarette smoking, although the disease does also occur in non-smokers.
  • the human CXCRl is highly expressed in the following tissues of the respiratory system: leukocytes (peripheral blood), lung, lung tumor, trachea.
  • leukocytes peripheral blood
  • lung lung tumor
  • trachea trachea
  • Genitourinary disorders comprise benign and malign disorders of the organs constituting the genitourinary system of female and male, renal diseases like acute or chronic renal failure, immu- nologically mediated renal diseases like renal transplant rejection, lupus nephritis, immune complex renal diseases, glomerulopathies, nephritis, toxic nephropathy, obstructive uropathies like benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), neurogenic bladder syndrome, urinary incontinence like urge-, stress-, or overflow incontinence, pelvic pain, and erectile dysfunction.
  • renal diseases like acute or chronic renal failure
  • immu- nologically mediated renal diseases like renal transplant rejection, lupus nephritis, immune complex renal diseases, glomerulopathies, nephritis, toxic nephropathy, obstructive uropathies like benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
  • BPH benign prostatic hyperplasia
  • the human CXCRlis highly expressed in the following urological tissues: dorsal root ganglia, penis, corpus cavernosum.
  • the expression in the above mentioned tissues demonstrates that the human CXCRl or mRNA can be utilized to diagnose of urological disorders. Additionally the activity of the human CXCRl can be modulated to treat urological disorders.
  • disorders of the male reproductive system include but are not limited to balanoposthitis, balanitis xerotica obliterans, phimosis, paraphimosis, erythroplasia of Queyrat, skin cancer of the penis, Bowen's and Paget's diseases, syphilis, herpes simplex infections, genital warts, molluscum conta- giosum, priapism, peyronie's disease, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), prostate cancer, prostati- tis, testicular cancer, testicular torsion, inguinal hernia, epididymo-orchitis, mumps, hydroceles, spermatoceles, or varicoceles.
  • Impotence may results from vascular impairment, neurologic disorders, drugs, abnormalities of the penis, or psychologic problems.
  • disorders of the female reproductive include premature menopause, pelvic pain, vaginitis, vulvitis, vulvovaginitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, fibroids, menstrual disorders (premenstrual syndrome (PMS), dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, primary amenorrhea, secondary amenor- rhea, menorrhagia, hypomenorrhea, polymenorrhea, oligomenorrhea, metrorrhagia, menometror- rhagia, Postmenopausal bleeding), bleeding caused by a physical disorder, dysfunctional uterine bleeding, polycystic ovary syndrome (Stein-Leventhal syndrome), endometriosis, cancer of the uterus, cancer of the cervix, cancer of the ovaries, cancer of the vulva, cancer of the vagina, cancer of the fallopian tubes, or hydatidiform mole.
  • PMS menstrual syndrome
  • Infertility may be caused by problems with sperm, ovulation, the fallopian tubes, and the cervix as well as unidentified factors.
  • Complications of pregnancy include miscarriage and stillbirth, ectopic pregnancy, anemia, Rh incompatibility, problems with the placenta, excessive vomiting, preeclampsia, eclampsia, and skin rashes (e.g. herpes gestationis, urticaria of pregnancy) as well as preterm labor and premature rup- ture of the membranes.
  • Breast disorders may be noncancerous (benign) or cancerous (malignant). Examples of breast disorders are but are not limited to breast pain, cysts, fibrocystic breast disease, fibrous lumps, nipple discharge, breast infection, breast cancer (ductal carcinoma, lobular carcinoma, medullary carcinoma, tubular carcinoma, and inflammatory breast cancer), Paget's disease of the nipple or Cysto- sarcoma phyllodes.
  • the human CXCRl is highly expressed in the following tissues of the reproduction system: ovary tumor, breast. The expression in the above mentioned tissues demonstrates that the human CXCRl or mRNA can be utilized to diagnose of reproduction disorders. Additionally the activity of the human CXCRl can be modulated to treat reproduction disorders.
  • Metabolic diseases are defined as conditions which result from an abnormality in any of the chemical or biochemical transformations and their regulating systems essential to producing energy, to regenerating cellular constituents, to eliminating unneeded products arising from these processes, and to regulate and maintain homeostasis in a mammal regardless of whether acquired or the result of a genetic transformation.
  • a single defective transformation or disturbance of its regulation may produce consequences that are narrow, involving a single body function, or broad, affecting many organs, organ-systems or the body as a whole.
  • Metabolic diseases often are caused by single defects in particular biochemical pathways, defects that are due to the deficient activity of individual enzymes or molecular receptors leading to the regulation of such enzymes. Hence in a broader sense disturbances of the underlying genes, their products and their regulation lie well within the scope of this definition of a metabolic disease.
  • metabolic diseases may affect 1) biochemical processes and tissues ubiquitous all over the body, 2) the bone, 3) the nervous system, 4) the endocrine system, 5) the muscle including the heart, 6) the skin and nervous tissue, 7) the urogenital system, 8) the homeo- stasis of body systems like water and electrolytes.
  • metabolic diseases according to 1) comprise obesity, amyloidosis, disturbances of the amino acid metabolism like branched chain disease, hyperaminoacidemia, hyperaminoaciduria, disturbances of the metabolism of urea, hyperammonemia, mucopolysaccharidoses e.g.
  • Maroteaux-Lamy syndrom storage diseases like glycogen storage diseases and lipid storage diseases, glycogenosis diseases like Cori's disease, malabsorption diseases like intestinal carbohydrate malabsorption, oligosacchari- dase deficiency like maltase-, lactase-, sucrase-insufficiency, disorders of the metabolism of fructose, disorders of the metabolism of galactose, galactosaemia, disturbances of carbohydrate utilization like diabetes, hypoglycemia, disturbances of pyruvate metabolism, hypolipidemia, hypolipo- proteinemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperlipoproteinemia, carnitine or carnitine acyltransferase defi- ciency, disturbances of the porphyrin metabolism, porphyrias, disturbances of the purine metabolism, lysosomal diseases, metabolic diseases of nerves and nervous systems like gangliosidoses, sphingolipidoses, sulfatidoses, leu
  • metabolic diseases according to 2) comprise osteoporosis, osteomalacia like osteoporo- sis, osteopenia, osteogenesis imperfecta, osteopetrosis, osteonecrosis, Paget's disease of bone, hy- pophosphatemia.
  • metabolic diseases according to 3) comprise cerebellar dysfunction, disturbances of brain metabolism like dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's chorea, Parkinson's disease, Pick's disease, toxic encephalopathy, demyelinating neuropathies like inflammatory neuropathy, Guillain-Barre syndrome.
  • metabolic diseases comprise primary and secondary metabolic disorders associated with hormonal defects like any disorder stemming from either an hyperfunction or hypofunction of some hormone-secreting endocrine gland and any comhination thereof. They comprise Sipple's syndrome, pituitary gland dysfunction and its effects on other endocrine glands, such as the thyroid, adrenals, ovaries, and testes, acromegaly, hyper- and hypothyroidism, euthyroid goiter, euthyroid sick syndrome, thyroiditis, and thyroid cancer, over- or underproduction of the adrenal steroid hormones, adrenogenital syndrome, Cushing's syndrome, Addison's disease of the adrenal cortex, Addison's pernicious anemia, primary and secondary aldosteronism, diabetes insipidus, carcinoid syndrome, disturbances caused by the dysfunction of the parathyroid glands, pancreatic islet cell dysfunction, diabetes, disturbances of the endocrine system of the female like estrogen defic
  • metabolic diseases according to 5 comprise muscle weakness, myotonia, Duchenne's and other muscular dystrophies, dys- trophia myotonica of Steinert, mitochondrial myopathies like disturbances of the catabolic metabolism in the muscle, carbohydrate and lipid storage myopathies, glycogenoses, myoglobinuria, malignant hyperthermia, polymyalgia rheumatica, dermatomyositis, primary myocardial disease, car- diomyopathy.
  • metabolic diseases according to 6 comprise disorders of the ectoderm, neurofibromatosis, scleroderma and polyarteritis, Louis-Bar syndrome, von Hippel-Lindau disease, Sturge- Weber syndrome, tuberous sclerosis, amyloidosis, porphyria.
  • metabolic diseases according to 7 comprise sexual dysfunction of the male and female.
  • metabolic diseases according to 8) comprise confused states and seizures due to inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone from the pituitary gland, Liddle's syndrome, Bartter's syndrome, Fanconi's syndrome, renal electrolyte wasting, diabetes insipidus.
  • the human CXCRlis highly expressed in the following metabolic disease related tissues: liver liver cirrhosis, spleen liver cirrhosis.
  • liver liver cirrhosis spleen liver cirrhosis.
  • the expression in the above mentioned tissues and in particular the differential expression between diseased tissue liver liver cirrhosis and healthy tissue liver, between diseased tissue snleen liver cirrhosis and healthv tissue spleen demonstrates that the human CXCRl or mRNA can be utilized to diagnose of metabolic diseases. Additionally the activity of the human CXCRl can be modulated to treat metabolic diseases.
  • the present invention provides for both prophylactic and therapeutic methods for cardiovascular disorders, gastrointestinal and liver diseases, metabolic diseases, inflammatory diseases, hematological disorders, respiratory diseases, neurological disorders, urological Disorders, cancer disorders and reproduction disorders.
  • the regulatory method of the invention involves contacting a cell with an agent that modulates one or more of the activities of CXCRl .
  • An agent that modulates activity can be an agent as described herein, such as a nucleic acid or a protein, a naturally-occurring cognate ligand of the polypeptide, a peptide, a peptidomimetic, or any small molecule.
  • the agent stimulates one or more of the biological activities of CXCRl. Examples of such stimulatory agents include the active CXCRl and nucleic acid molecules encoding a portion of CXCRl.
  • the agent inhibits one or more of the biological activities of CXCRl. Examples of such inhibitory agents include antisense nucleic acid molecules and antibodies.
  • the present invention provides methods of treating an individual afflicted with a disease or disorder characterized by unwanted expression or activity of CXCRl or a protein in the CXCRl signaling pathway.
  • the method involves administering an agent like any agent identified or being identifiable by a screening assay as described herein, or combination of such agents that modulate say upregulate or downregulate the expression or activity of CXCRl or of any protein in the CXCRl signaling pathway.
  • the method involves administering a regulator of CXCRl as therapy to compensate for reduced or undesirably low expression or activity of CXCRl or a protein in the CXCRl signal- ing pathway.
  • Stimulation of activity or expression of CXCRl is desirable in situations in which activity or expression is abnormally low and in which increased activity is likely to have a beneficial effect. Conversely, inhibition of activity or expression of CXCRl is desirable in situations in which activity or expression of CXCRl is abnormally high and in which decreasing its activity is likely to have a beneficial effect.
  • This invention further pertains to novel agents identified by the above-described screening assays and uses thereof for treatments as described herein.
  • compositions suitable for administration can be incorporated into pharmaceutical compositions suitable for administration.
  • Such compositions typically comprise the nucleic acid molecule, protein, or antibody and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is intended to include any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, and the like, compatible with pharmaceutical administration.
  • the use of such media and agents for pharmaceutically active substances is well known in the art. Except insofar as any conventional media or agent is incompatible with the active compound, use thereof in the compositions is contemplated. Supplementary active compounds can also be incorporated into the compositions.
  • the invention includes pharmaceutical compositions comprising a regulator of CXCRl expression or activity (and/or a regulator of the activity or expression of a protein in the CXCRl signaling pathway) as well as methods for preparing such compositions by combining one or more such regulators and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Also within the invention are pharmaceutical compositions comprising a regulator identified using the screening assays of the invention packaged with instructions for use. For regulators that are antagonists of CXCRl activity or which reduce CXCRl expression, the instructions would specify use of the pharmaceutical composition for treatment of cardiovascular disorders, gastrointestinal and liver diseases, metabolic diseases, inflammatory diseases, hematological disorders, respiratory diseases, neurological disorders, urological Disorders, cancer disorders and reproduction disorders.
  • the instructions would specify use of the phar- maceutical composition for treatment of cardiovascular disorders, gastrointestinal and liver diseases, metabolic diseases, inflammatory diseases, hematological disorders, respiratory diseases, neurological disorders, urological Disorders, cancer disorders and reproduction disorders.
  • An antagonist of CXCRl may be produced using methods which are generally known in the art.
  • purified CXCRl may be used to produce antibodies or to screen libraries of pharmaceu- tical agents to identify those which specifically bind CXCRl.
  • Antibodies to CXCRl may also be generated using methods that are well known in the art.
  • Such antibodies may include, but are not limited to, polyclonal, monoclonal, chimeric, single chain antibodies, Fab fragments, and fragments produced by a Fab expression library. Neutralizing antibodies like those which inhibit dimer formation are especially preferred for therapeutic use.
  • the polynucleotides encoding CXCRl, or any fragment or complement thereof may be used for therapeutic purposes.
  • the complement of the polynucleotide encoding CXCRl may be used in situations in which it would be desirable to block the transcription of the mRNA.
  • cells may be transformed with sequences comple- mentary to polynucleotides encoding CXCRl.
  • complementary molecules or fragments may be used to modulate CXCRl activity, or to achieve regulation of gene function.
  • sense or antisense oligonucleotides or larger fragments can be designed from various locations along the coding or control regions of sequences encoding CXCRl.
  • Expression vectors derived from retroviruses, adenoviruses, or herpes or vaccinia viruses, or from various bacterial plasmids may be used for delivery of nucleotide sequences to the targeted organ, tissue, or cell population. Methods which are well known to those skilled in the art can be used to construct vectors which will express nucleic acid sequence complementary to the polynucleotides of the gene encoding CXCRl. These techniques are described, for example, in [Scott and Smith (1990) Science 249:386-390].
  • any of the therapeutic methods described above may be applied to any subject in need of such therapy, including, for example, mammals such as dogs, cats, cows, horses, rabbits, monkeys, and most preferably, humans.
  • An additional embodiment of the invention relates to the administration of a pharmaceutical com- position containing CXCRl in conjunction with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, for any of the therapeutic effects discussed above.
  • Such pharmaceutical compositions may consist of CXCRl, antibodies to CXCRl, and mimetics, agonists, antagonists, or inhibitors of CXCRl.
  • the compositions may be administered alone or in combination with at least one other agent, such as a stabilizing compound, which may be administered in any sterile, biocompatible pharmaceutical carrier including, but not limited to, saline, buffered saline, dextrose, and water.
  • the compositions may be administered to a patient alone, or in combination with other agents, drugs or hormones.
  • a pharmaceutical composition of the invention is formulated to be compatible with its intended route of administration.
  • routes of administration include parenteral, e.g., intravenous, intradermal, subcutaneous, oral (e.g., inhalation), transdermal (topical), transmucosal, and rectal administration.
  • Solutions or suspensions used for parenteral, intradermal, or subcutaneous application can include the following components: a sterile diluent such as water for injection, saline solution, fixed oils, polyethylene glycols, glycerine, propylene glycol or other synthetic solvents; antibacterial agents such as benzyl alcohol or methyl parabens; antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfite; chelating agents such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; buffers such as ace- tates, citrates or phosphates and agents for the adjustment of tonicity such as sodium chloride or dextrose. pH can be adjusted with acids or bases, such as hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide.
  • the parenteral preparation can be enclosed in ampoules, disposable syringes or multiple dose vials made of glass or plastic.
  • compositions suitable for injectable use include sterile aqueous solutions (where water soluble) or dispersions and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersions.
  • suitable carriers include physiological saline, bacteriostatic water, Cremophor EMTM (BASF, Parsippany, N.J.) or phosphate buffered saline (PBS).
  • the composition must be sterile and should be fluid to the extent that easy syringability exists. It must be stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage and must be preserved against the contaminating action of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi.
  • the carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, a pharmaceutically acceptable polyol like glycerol, propylene glycol, liquid polyetheylene glycol, and suitable mixtures thereof.
  • the proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersion and by the use of surfactants.
  • Prevention of the action of microorganisms can be achieved by various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, ascorbic acid, thimerosal, and the like.
  • isotonic agents for example, sugars, polyalcohols such as mannitol, sorbitol, sodium chloride in the composition.
  • Prolonged absorption of the injectable compositions can be brought about by including in the composition an agent which delays absorption, for example, aluminum monostearate and gelatin.
  • Sterile injectable solutions can be prepared by incorporating the active compound (e.g., a polypeptide or antibody) in the required amount in an appropriate solvent with one or a combination of ingredients enumerated above, as required, followed by filtered sterilization.
  • dispersions are prepared by incorporating the active compound into a sterile vehicle which contains a basic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from those enumerated above.
  • the preferred methods of preparation are vacuum drying and freeze-drying which yields a powder of the active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from a previously sterile-filtered solution thereof.
  • Oral compositions generally include an inert diluent or an edible carrier. They can be enclosed in gelatin capsules or compressed into tablets. For the purpose of oral therapeutic administration, the active compound can be incorporated with excipients and used in the form of tablets, troches, or capsules. Oral compositions can also be prepared using a fluid carrier for use as a mouthwash, wherein the compound in the fluid carrier is applied orally and swished and expectorated or swal- lowed. Pharmaceutically compatible binding agents, and or adjuvant materials can be included as part of the composition.
  • the tablets, pills, capsules, troches and the like can contain any of the following ingredients, or compounds of a similar nature: a binder such as microcrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth or gelatin; an excipient such as starch or lactose, a disintegrating agent such as alginic acid, Primogel, or corn starch; a lubricant such as magnesium stearate or sterotes; a glidant such as colloidal silicon dioxide; a sweetening agent such as sucrose or saccharin; or a flavoring agent such as peppermint, methyl salicylate, or orange flavoring.
  • a binder such as microcrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth or gelatin
  • an excipient such as starch or lactose, a disintegrating agent such as alginic acid, Primogel, or corn starch
  • a lubricant such as magnesium stearate or sterotes
  • a glidant such as colloidal silicon dioxide
  • the compounds are delivered in the form of an aerosol spray from a pressurized container or dispenser which contains a suitable propellant, e.g., a gas such as carbon dioxide, or a nebulizer.
  • a suitable propellant e.g., a gas such as carbon dioxide, or a nebulizer.
  • Systemic administration can also be by transmucosal or transdermal means.
  • penetrants appropriate to the barrier to be permeated are used in the formulation.
  • penetrants are generally known in the art, and include, for example, for transmucosal administration, detergents, bile salts, and fusidic acid derivatives.
  • Transmucosal admini- stration can be accomplished through the use of nasal sprays or suppositories.
  • the active compounds are formulated into ointments, salves, gels, or creams as generally known in the art.
  • the compounds can also be prepared in the form of suppositories (e.g., with conventional suppository bases such as cocoa butter and other glycerides) or retention enemas for rectal delivery.
  • suppositories e.g., with conventional suppository bases such as cocoa butter and other glycerides
  • retention enemas for rectal delivery.
  • the active compounds are prepared with carriers that will protect the compound against rapid elimination from the body, such as a controlled release formulation, including implants and microencapsulated delivery systems.
  • a controlled release formulation including implants and microencapsulated delivery systems.
  • Biodegradable, biocompatible polymers can be used, such as ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides, polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters, and polylactic acid. Methods for preparation of such formulations will be apparent to those skilled in the art.
  • the materials can also be obtained commercially from Alza Corporation and Nova Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
  • Liposomal suspensions (including liposomes targeted to infected cells with monoclonal antibodies to viral antigens) can also be used as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. These can be prepared according to methods known to those skilled in the art, for example, as described in U.S. 4,522,811.
  • Dosage unit form refers to physically discrete units suited as unitary dosages for the subject to be treated; each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active compound calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect in association with the required pharmaceutical carrier.
  • the specification for the dosage unit forms of the invention are dictated by and directly dependent on the unique characteristics of the active compound and the particular therapeutic effect to be achieved, and the limitations inherent in the art of compounding such an active compound for the treatment of individuals.
  • compositions can be included in a container, pack, or dispenser together with instructions for administration.
  • instructions for administration will specify use of the composition for cardiovascular disorders, gastrointestinal and liver diseases, metabolic diseases, inflammatory diseases, hematological disorders, respiratory diseases, neurological disorders, urological Disorders, cancer disorders and reproduction disorders.
  • compositions which include an agonist of CXCRl activity, a compound which increases expression of CXCRl, or a compound which increases expression or activity of a protein in the CXCRl signaling pathway or any combination thereof
  • the instructions for administration will specify use of the composition for cardiovascular disorders, gastrointestinal and liver diseases, metabolic diseases, inflammatory diseases, hematological disorders, respiratory diseases, neurological disorders, urological Disorders, cancer disorders and reproduction disorders.
  • antibodies which specifically bind CXCRl may be used for the diagnosis of disorders characterized by the expression of CXCRl, or in assays to monitor patients being treated with CXCRl or agonists, antagonists, and inhibitors of CXCRl.
  • Antibodies useful for diagnostic purposes may be prepared in the same manner as those described above for therapeutics. Diagnostic assays for CXCRl include methods which utilize the antibody and a label to de- tect CXCRl in human body fluids or in extracts of cells or tissues.
  • the antibodies may be used with or without modification, and may be labeled by covalent or non-covalent joining with a reporter molecule.
  • a wide variety of reporter molecules, several of which are described above, are known in the art and may be used.
  • CXCRl A variety of protocols for measuring CXCRl, including ELISAs, RIAs, and FACS, are known in the art and provide a basis for diagnosing altered or abnormal levels of CXCRl expression.
  • Normal or standard values for CXCRl expression are established by combining body fluids or cell extracts taken from normal mammalian subjects, preferably human, with antibody to CXCRl under conditions suitable for complex formation The amount of standard complex formation may be quantified by various methods, preferably by photometric means. Quantities of CXCRl expressed in subject samples from biopsied tissues are compared with the standard values. Deviation between standard and subject values establishes the parameters for diagnosing disease.
  • the polynucleotides encoding CXCRl may be used for diagnostic purposes.
  • the polynucleotides which may be used include oligonucleotide sequences, complementary RNA and DNA molecules, and PNAs.
  • the polynucleotides may be used to detect and quantitate gene expression in biopsied tissues in which expression of CXCRl may be correlated with disease.
  • the diagnostic assay may be used to distinguish between absence, presence, and excess expression of CXCRl, and to monitor regulation of CXCRl levels during therapeutic intervention.
  • Polynucleotide sequences encoding CXCRl may be used for the diagnosis of cardiovascular disorders, gastrointestinal and liver diseases, metabolic diseases, inflammatory diseases, hematological disorders, respiratory diseases, neurological disorders, urological Disorders, cancer disorders and reproduction disorders associated with expression of CXCRl.
  • the polynucleotide sequences encoding CXCRl may be used in Southern, Northern, or dot-blot analysis, or other membrane-based technologies; in PCR technologies; in dipstick, pin, and ELISA assays; and in microarrays utilizing fluids or tissues from patient biopsies to detect altered CXCRl expression. Such qualitative or quantitative methods are well known in the art.
  • the nucleotide sequences encoding CXCRl may be useful in assays that detect the presence of associated disorders, particularly those mentioned above.
  • the nucleotide sequences encoding CXCRl may be labelled by standard methods and added to a fluid or tissue sample from a patient under conditions suitable for the formation of hybridization complexes. After a suitable incubation period, the sample is washed and the signal is quantitated and compared with a standard value.
  • nucleotide sequences have hybridized with nucleo- tide sequences in the sample, and the presence of altered levels of nucleotide sequences encoding CXCRl in the sample indicates the presence of the associated disorder.
  • assays may also be used to evaluate the efficacy of a particular therapeutic treatment regimen in animal studies, in clinical trials, or in monitoring the treatment of an individual patient.
  • a normal or standard profile for expression is established. This may be accomplished by combining body fluids or cell extracts taken from normal subjects, either animal or human, with a sequence, or a fragment thereof, encoding CXCRl, under conditions suit- able for hybridization or amplification. Standard hybridization may be quantified by comparing the values obtained from normal subjects with values from an experiment in which a known amount of a substantially purified polynucleotide is used. Standard values obtained from normal samples may be compared with values obtained from samples from patients who are symptomatic for a disorder. Deviation from standard values is used to establish the presence of a disorder.
  • Another technique for drug screening provides for high throughput screening of compounds having suitable binding affinity to the protein of interest as described in published PCT application WO84/03564.
  • a solid substrate such as plastic pins or some other surface.
  • the test com- pounds are reacted with CXCRl, or fragments thereof, and washed. Bound CXCRl is then detected by methods well known in the art.
  • Purified CXCRl can also be coated directly onto plates for use in the aforementioned drug screening techniques.
  • non-neutralizing antibodies can be used to capture the peptide and immobilize it on a solid support.
  • G-protein coupled receptors are ubiquitous in the mammalian host and are responsible for many biological functions, including many pathologies. Accordingly, it is desirable to find compounds and drugs which stimulate a G-protein coupled receptor on the one hand and which can inhibit the function of a G-protein coupled receptor on the other hand.
  • compounds which activate the G-protein coupled receptor may be employed for therapeutic purposes, such as the treatment of asthma, Parkinson's disease, acute heart failure, urinary retention, and osteoporosis.
  • compounds which activate the receptors of the present invention are useful in treating various cardiovascular ailments such as caused by the lack of pulmonary blood flow or hypertension.
  • these compounds may also be used in treating various physiological disorders relating to abnormal control of fluid and electrolyte homeostasis and in diseases associated with abnormal angiotensin-induced aldosterone secretion.
  • compounds which inhibit activation of the G-protein coupled receptor may be em- ployed for a variety of therapeutic purposes, for example, for the treatment of hypotension and/or hypertension, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, ulcers, asthma, allergies, benign prostatic hypertrophy, and psychotic and neurological disorders including schizophrenia, manic excitement, depression, delirium, dementia or severe mental retardation, dyskinesias, such as Huntington's disease or Tourett's syndrome, among others.
  • Compounds which inhibit G-protein coupled receptors have also been useful in reversing endogenous anorexia and in the control of bulimia.
  • a therapeutically effective dose refers to that amount of active ingredient which increases or decreases CXCRl activity relative to CXCRl activity which occurs in the absence of the therapeutically effective dose.
  • the therapeutically effective dose can be estimated initially either in cell culture assays or in animal models, usually mice, rabbits, dogs, or pigs. The animal model also can be used to determine the appropriate concentration range and route of administration. Such information can then be used to determine useful doses and routes for administration in humans.
  • Therapeutic efficacy and toxicity e.g., ED 50 (the dose therapeutically effective in 50% of the population) and LD 50 (the dose lethal to 50% of the population), can be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures or experimental animals.
  • the dose ratio of toxic to therapeutic effects is the therapeutic index, and it can be expressed as the ratio, LD 50 /ED 5 o.
  • Pharmaceutical compositions which exhibit large therapeutic indices are preferred.
  • the data obtained from cell culture assays and animal studies is used in formulating a range of dosage for human use.
  • the dosage contained in such compositions is preferably within a range of circulating concentrations that include the ED 50 with little or no toxicity. The dosage varies within this range depending upon the dosage form employed, sensitivity of the patient, and the route of administration.
  • Dosage and administration are adjusted to provide sufficient levels of the active ingredient or to maintain the desired effect. Factors which can be taken into account include the severity of the disease state, general health of the subject, age, weight, and gender of the sub- ject, diet, time and frequency of administration, drug combination(s), reaction sensitivities, and tolerance/response to therapy.
  • Long-acting pharmaceutical compositions can be administered every 3 to 4 days, every week, or once every two weeks depending on the half-life and clearance rate of the particular formulation.
  • Normal dosage amounts can vary from 0.1 micrograms to 100,000 micrograms, up to a total dose of about 1 g, depending upon the route of administration.
  • Guidance as to particular dosages and methods of delivery is provided in the literature and generally available to practitioners in the art. Those skilled in the art will employ different formulations for nucleotides than for proteins or their inhibitors. Similarly, delivery of polynucleotides or polypeptides will be specific to particular cells, conditions, locations, etc.
  • polynucleotides encoding the antibody can be constructed and introduced into a cell either ex vivo or in vivo using well- established techniques including, but not limited to, transferrin-polycation-mediated DNA transfer, transfection with naked or encapsulated nucleic acids, liposome-mediated cellular fusion, intracellular transportation of DNA-coated latex beads, protoplast fusion, viral infection, electroporation, "gene gun", and DEAE- or calcium phosphate-mediated transfection.
  • the reagent is preferably an antisense oligonucleotide or a ribozyme.
  • Polynucleotides which express antisense oligonucleotides or ribozymes can be introduced into cells by a variety of methods, as described above.
  • a reagent reduces expression of CXCRl gene or the activity of CXCRl by at least about 10, preferably about 50, more preferably about 75, 90, or 100% relative to the absence of the reagent.
  • the effectiveness of the mechanism chosen to decrease the level of expression of CXCRl gene or the activity of CXCRl can be assessed using methods well known in the art, such as hybridization of nucleotide probes to CXCRl -specific mRNA, quantitative RT-PCR, immunologic detection of CXCRl, or measurement of CXCRl activity.
  • any of the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention can be administered in combination with other appropriate therapeutic agents. Selection of the appropriate agents for use in combination therapy can be made by one of ordinary skill in the art, according to conventional pharmaceutical principles.
  • the combination of therapeutic agents can act synergistically to effect the treatment or prevention of the various disorders described above. Using this approach, one may be able to achieve therapeutic efficacy with lower dosages of each agent, thus reducing the potential for adverse side effects.
  • Any of the therapeutic methods described above can be applied to any subject in need of such therapy, including, for example, mammals such as dogs, cats, cows, horses, rabbits, monkeys, and most preferably, humans.
  • Nucleic acid molecules of the invention are those nucleic acid molecules which are contained in a group of nucleic acid molecules consisting of (i) nucleic acid molecules encoding a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, (ii) nucleic acid molecules comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, (iii) nucleic acid molecules having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, (iv)nucleic acid molecules the complementary strand of which hybridizes under stringent conditions to a nucleic acid molecule of (i), (ii), or (iii); and (v) nucleic acid molecules the sequence of which differs from the sequence of a nucleic acid molecule of (iii) due to the degeneracy of the genetic code, wherein the polypeptide encoded by said nucleic acid molecule has CXCRl activity.
  • Polypeptides of the invention are those polypeptides which are contained in a group of polypeptides consisting of (i) polypeptides having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, (ii) polypeptides comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, (iii) polypeptides encoded by nucleic acid molecules of the invention and (iv) polypeptides which show at least 99%, 98%, 95%, 90%, or 80% homology with a polypeptide of (i), (ii), or (iii), wherein said purified polypeptide has CXCRl activity.
  • An object of the invention is a method of screening for therapeutic agents useful in the treatment of a disease comprised in a group of diseases consisting of cardiovascular disorders, gastrointestinal and liver diseases, metabolic diseases, inflammatory diseases, hematological disorders, respiratory diseases, neurological disorders, urological Disorders, cancer disorders and reproduction disorders in a mammal comprising the steps of (i) contacting a test compound with a CXCRl polypeptide, (ii) detect binding of said test compound to said CXCRl polypeptide.
  • compounds that bind to the CXCRl polypeptide are identified potential therapeutic agents for such a disease.
  • Another object of the invention is a method of screening for therapeutic agents useful in the treatment of a disease comprised in a group of diseases consisting of cardiovascular disorders, gastrointestinal and liver diseases, metabolic diseases, inflammatory diseases, hematological disorders, respiratory diseases, neurological disorders, urological Disorders, cancer disorders and reproduction disorders in a mammal comprising the steps of (i) determining the activity of a CXCRl polypeptide at a certain concentration of a test compound or in the absence of said test compound, (ii) determining the activity of said polypeptide at a different concentration of said test compound.
  • compounds that lead to a difference in the activity of the CXCRl polypeptide in (i) and (ii) are identified potential therapeutic agents for such a disease.
  • Another object of the invention is a method of screening for therapeutic agents useful in the treatment of a disease comprised in a group of diseases consisting of cardiovascular disorders, gastrointestinal and liver diseases, metabolic diseases, inflammatory diseases, hematological disorders, respiratory diseases, neurological disorders, urological Disorders, cancer disorders and reproduction disorders in a mammal comprising the steps of (i) determining the activity of a CXCRl polypeptide at a certain concentration of a test compound, (ii) determining the activity of a CXCRl polypeptide at the presence of a compound known to be a regulator of a CXCRl polypeptide.
  • compounds that show similar effects on the activity of the CXCRl polypeptide in (i) as compared to compounds used in (ii) are identified potential therapeutic agents for such a disease.
  • test compound displaces a ligand which is first bound to the polypeptide.
  • Another object of the invention is a method of screening for therapeutic agents useful in the treatment of a disease comprised in a group of diseases consisting of cardiovascular disorders, gastrointestinal and liver diseases, metabolic diseases, inflammatory diseases, hematological disorders, respiratory diseases, neurological disorders, urological Disorders, cancer disorders and reproduction disorders in a mammal comprising the steps of (i) contacting a test compound with a CXCRl polynucleotide, (ii) detect binding of said test compound to said CXCRl polynucleotide.
  • Compounds that, e.g., bind to the CXCRl polynucleotide are potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of such diseases.
  • Another object of the invention is the method of the above, wherein the nucleic acid molecule is RNA.
  • Another object of the invention is a method of the above, wherein the contacting step is in or at the surface of a cell.
  • Another object of the invention is a method of the above, wherein the contacting step is in a cell- free system.
  • Another object of the invention is a method of the above, wherein the polynucleotide is coupled to a detectable label.
  • Another object of the invention is a method of the above, wherein the test compound is coupled to a detectable label.
  • Another object of the invention is a method of diagnosing a disease comprised in a group of diseases consisting of cardiovascular disorders, gastrointestinal and liver diseases, metabolic diseases, inflammatory diseases, hematological disorders, respiratory diseases, neurological disorders, urological Disorders, cancer disorders and reproduction disorders in a mammal comprising the steps of (i) determining the amount of a CXCRl polynucleotide in a sample taken from said mammal, (ii) determining the amount of CXCRl polynucleotide in healthy and/or diseased mammal.
  • a disease is diagnosed, e.g., if there is a substantial similarity in the amount of CXCRl polynucleo- tide in said test mammal as compared to a diseased mammal.
  • Another object of the invention is a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of a disease comprised in a group of diseases consisting of cardiovascular disorders, gastrointestinal and liver diseases, metabolic diseases, inflammatory diseases, hematological disorders, respiratory diseases, neurological disorders, urological Disorders, cancer disorders and reproduction disorders in a mammal comprising a therapeutic agent which binds to a CXCRl polypeptide.
  • Another object of the invention is a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of a disease comprised in a group of diseases consisting of cardiovascular disorders, gastrointestinal and liver diseases, metabolic diseases, inflammatory diseases, hematological disorders, respiratory diseases, neurological disorders, urological Disorders, cancer disorders and reproduction disorders in a mammal comprising a therapeutic agent which regulates the activity of a CXCRl polypeptide.
  • Another object of the invention is a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of a disease comprised in a group of diseases consisting of cardiovascular disorders, gastrointestinal and liver diseases, metabolic diseases, inflammatory diseases, hematological disorders, respiratory diseases, neurological disorders, urological Disorders, cancer disorders and reproduction disorders in a mammal comprising a therapeutic agent which regulates the activity of a CXCRl polypeptide, wherein said therapeutic agent is (i) a small molecule, (ii) an RNA molecule, (iii) an antisense oligonucleotide, (iv) a polypeptide, (v) an antibody, or (vi) a ribozyme.
  • a therapeutic agent which regulates the activity of a CXCRl polypeptide
  • said therapeutic agent is (i) a small molecule, (ii) an RNA molecule, (iii) an antisense oligonucleotide, (iv) a polypeptide, (v) an antibody, or (vi) a rib
  • Another object of the invention is a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of a disease comprised in a group of diseases consisting of cardiovascular disorders, gastrointestinal and liver diseases, metabolic diseases, inflammatory diseases, hematological disorders, respiratory diseases, neurological disorders, urological Disorders, cancer disorders and reproduction disorders in a mammal comprising a CXCRl polynucleotide.
  • Another object of the invention is a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of a disease comprised in a group of diseases consisting of cardiovascular disorders, gastrointestinal and liver diseases, metabolic diseases, inflammatory diseases, hematological disorders, respiratory diseases, neurological disorders, urological Disorders, cancer disorders and reproduction disorders in a mammal comprising a CXCRl polypeptide.
  • Another object of the invention is the use of regulators of a CXCRl for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of a disease comprised in a group of diseases consisting of cardiovascular disorders, gastrointestinal and liver diseases, metabolic diseases, inflammatory diseases, hematological disorders, respiratory diseases, neurological disorders, urological Disorders, cancer disorders and reproduction disorders in a mammal.
  • Another object of the invention is a method for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition useful for the treatment of a disease comprised in a group of diseases consisting of cardiovascular disorders, gastrointestinal and liver diseases, metabolic diseases, inflammatory diseases, hematological disorders, respiratory diseases, neurological disorders, urological Disorders, cancer disorders and reproduction disorders in a mammal comprising the steps of (i) identifying a regulator of CXCRl, (ii) determining whether said regulator ameliorates the symptoms of a disease comprised in a group of diseases consisting of cardiovascular disorders, gastrointestinal and liver diseases, metabolic diseases, inflammatory diseases, hematological disorders, respiratory diseases, neurological disorders, urological Disorders, cancer disorders and reproduction disorders in a mammal; and (iii) combining of said regulator with an acceptable pharmaceutical carrier.
  • Another object of the invention is the use of a regulator of CXCRl for the regulation of CXCRl activity in a mammal having a disease comprised in a group of diseases consisting of cardiovascular disorders, gastrointestinal and liver diseases, metabolic diseases, inflammatory diseases, hematological disorders, respiratory diseases, neurological disorders, urological Disorders, cancer disorders and reproduction disorders.
  • the uses, methods or compositions of the invention are useful for each single disease comprised in a group of diseases consisting of cardiovascular disorders, gastrointestinal and liver diseases, metabolic diseases, inflammatory diseases, hematological disorders, respiratory diseases, neurological disorders, urological Disorders, cancer disorders and reproduction disorders.
  • human CXCRl in inflammation and hematological related tissues suggests a particular - but not limited to - utilization of CXCRl for diagnosis and modulation of inflammation and hematological diseases. Furthermore the above described expression suggest a - but not limited to - utilization of CXCRl to cardiovascular disorders, gastrointestinal and liver diseases, metabolic diseases, respiratory diseases, neurological disorders, cancer disorders and reproduction disorders.
  • the degree of homology can readily be calculated by known methods. Preferred methods to determine homology are designed to give the largest match between the sequences tested. Methods to determine homology are codified in publicly available computer programs such as BestFit, BLASTP, BLASTN, and FASTA. The BLAST programs are publicly available from NCBI and other sources in the internet.
  • IL-8R A High affinity interleukin-8 receptor A (IL-8R A) (EL-8 receptor type 1) (CXCR-1) (CDwl28a) emb
  • Total cellular RNA was isolated from cells by one of two standard methods: 1) guanidine isothio- cyanate/Cesium chloride density gradient centrifugation [Kellogg, (1990)]; or with the Tri-Reagent protocol according to the manufacturer's specifications (Molecular Research Center, Inc., Cin- cinatti, Ohio). Total RNA prepared by the Tri-reagent protocol was treated with DNAse I to remove genomic DNA contamination.
  • RNA from each cell or tissue source was first reverse transcribed. 85 ⁇ g of total RNA was reverse transcribed using 1 ⁇ mole random hexamer primers, 0.5 mM each of dATP, dCTP, dGTP and dTTP (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany), 3000 U RnaseQut (Invitrogen, Groningen, Netherlands) in a final volume of 680 ⁇ l.
  • the first strand synthesis buffer and Omniscript reverse transcriptase (2 u/ ⁇ l) were from (Qiagen, Hil- den, Germany). The reaction was incubated at 37°C for 90 minutes and cooled on ice. The volume was adjusted to 6800 ⁇ l with water, yielding a final concentration of 12.5 ng/ ⁇ l of starting RNA.
  • the CXCRl forward primer sequence was: Primerl (SEQ ID NO: 3).
  • the CXCRl reverse primer sequence was Primer2 (SEQ ED NO: 4).
  • Probel SEQ ID NO: 5
  • FAM carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester
  • TAMRA carboxytetramethylrhodamine
  • the following reagents were prepared in a total of 25 ⁇ l : lx TaqMan buffer A, 5.5 mM MgCl 2 , 200 nM of dATP, dCTP, dGTP, and dUTP, 0.025 U/ ⁇ l AmpliTaq GoldTM, 0.01 U/ ⁇ l AmpErase and Probel (SEQ ED NO: 5), CXCRl forward and reverse primers each at 200 nM, 200 nM CXCRl FAM/TAMRA-labelled probe, and 5 ⁇ l of template cDNA.
  • Thermal cycling parameters were 2 min at 50°C, followed by 10 min at 95°C, followed by 40 cycles of melting at 95°C for 15 sec and annealing/extending at 60°C for 1 min.
  • the CT (threshold cycle) value is calculated as described in the "Quantitative determination of nucleic acids" section.
  • the CF-value (factor for threshold cycle correction) is calculated as follows :
  • PCR reactions were set up to quantitate the housekeeping genes (HKG) for each cDNA sample.
  • CT HKG - lues were calculated as described in the "Quantitative determination of nucleic acids" section.
  • CT HKG - n -mean value (CTe ⁇ G i-value + CTmc G rvalue +... + CT HKG - n -value) / n
  • CT cDNA - n CT value of the tested gene for the cDNA n
  • CF cDNA . n correction factor for cDNA n
  • CT Cor - cD N A - n corrected CT value for a gene on cDNA n
  • Table 1 Relative expression of CXCRl in various human tissues.
  • liver cirrhosis 85 esophagus 254 esophagus tumor 16 stomach 98 stomach tumor 85 colon 25 colon tumor 58 small intestine 53 ileum 199 ileum tumor 7 ileum chronic inflammation 165 rectum 362 salivary gland 3 fetal liver 3 liver 116 liver liver cirrhosis 1531 liver tumor 41
  • HeLa cells (cervix tumor) 0 placenta 89 uterus 40 uterus tumor 21 ovary tumor 224 breast 232 breast tumor 139
  • MDA MB 231 cells (breast tumor) 10 mammary gland 7
  • cDNA sequence coding for CXCRl enables its use as a tool for antisense technology in the investigation of gene function.
  • Oligonucleotides, cDNA or ge- nomic fragments comprising the antisense strand of a polynucleotide coding for CXCRl are used either in vitro or in vivo to inhibit translation of the mRNA.
  • antisense molecules can be designed at various locations along the nucleotide sequences. By treatment of cells or whole test animals with such antisense sequences, the gene of interest is effectively turned off.
  • the function of the gene is ascertained by observing behavior at the intracellular, cellular, tissue or organismal level (e.g., lethality, loss of differentiated function, changes in morphology, etc.).
  • modifications of gene expression is obtained by designing antisense sequences to intron regions, promoter/enhancer elements, or even to trans-acting regulatory genes.
  • CXCRl is accomplished by subcloning the cDNAs into appropriate expression vectors and transfecting the vectors into expression hosts such as, e.g., E. coli.
  • the vector is engineered such that it contains a promoter for ⁇ -galactosidase, upstream of the cloning site, followed by sequence containing the amino-terminal Methionine and the subsequent seven residues of ⁇ -galactosidase.
  • an engineered bacterio- phage promoter useful for artificial priming and transcription and for providing a number of unique endonuclease restriction sites for cloning.
  • IPTG Isopropyl- ⁇ -D-thiogalactopyranoside
  • the cDNA is not in the proper reading frame, it is obtained by deletion or insertion of the appropriate number of bases using well known methods including in vitro mutagenesis, digestion with exonuclease in or mung bean nuclease, or the inclusion of an oligonucleotide linker of appropriate length.
  • the CXCRl cDNA is shuttled into other vectors known to be useful for expression of proteins in specific hosts.
  • Oligonucleotide primers containing cloning sites as well as a segment of DNA (about 25 bases) sufficient to hybridize to stretches at both ends of the target cDNA is synthesized chemically by standard methods. These primers are then used to amplify the desired gene segment by PCR. The resulting gene segment is digested with appropriate restriction enzymes under stan- dard conditions and isolated by gel electrophoresis. Alternately, similar gene segments are produced by digestion of the cDNA with appropriate restriction enzymes. Using appropriate primers, segments of coding sequence from more than one gene are ligated together and cloned in appropriate vectors. It is possible to optimize expression by construction of such chimeric sequences.
  • Suitable expression hosts for such chimeric molecules include, but are not limited to, mammalian cells such as Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) and human 293 cells., insect cells such as Sf9 cells, yeast cells such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and bacterial cells such as E. coli.
  • a useful expression vector also includes an origin of replication to allow propagation in bacteria, and a selectable marker such as the ⁇ -lactamase antibiotic resistance gene to allow plasmid selection in bacteria.
  • the vector may include a second selectable marker such as the neomycin phosphotransferase gene to allow selection in transfected eukaryotic host cells.
  • Vectors for use in eukaryotic expression hosts require RNA processing elements such as 3' polyadenylation sequences if such are not part of the cDNA of interest.
  • the vector contains promoters or enhancers which increase gene expression.
  • promoters are host specific and include MMTV, SV40, and metallothionine promoters for CHO cells; trp, lac, tac and T7 promoters for bacterial hosts; and alpha factor, alcohol oxidase and PGH promoters for yeast.
  • Transcription enhancers such as the rous sarcoma virus enhancer, are used in mammalian host cells. Once homogeneous cultures of recombinant cells are obtained through standard culture methods, large quantities of recombinantly produced CXCRl are recovered from the conditioned medium and analyzed using chromatographic methods known in the art.
  • CXCRl can be cloned into the expression vector pcDNA3, as exemplified herein.
  • This product can be used to transform, for example, HEK293 or COS by methodology standard in the art. Specifically, for example, using Lipofectamine (Gibco BRL catolog no. 18324-020) mediated gene transfer.
  • CXCRl is expressed as a chimeric protein with one or more additional polypeptide domains added to facilitate protein purification.
  • purification facilitating domains include, but are not limited to, metal chelating peptides such as histidine-tryptophan modules that allow purification on immo- bilized metals [Appa Rao, 1997] and the domain utilized in the FLAGS extension/affinity purification system (Immunex Corp., Seattle, Washington).
  • the inclusion of a cleavable linker sequence such as Factor Xa or enterokinase (Invitrogen, Groningen, The Netherlands) between the purification domain and the CXCRl sequence is useful to facilitate expression of CXCRl.
  • Functional chimeric GPCRs are constructed by combining the extracellular receptive sequences of a new isoform with the transmembrane and intracellular segments of a known isoform for test purposes. This concept was demonstrated by Kobilka et al. (1988), Science 240:1310-1316) who created a series of chimeric ⁇ 2- ⁇ 2 adrenergic receptors (AR) by inserting progressively greater amounts of ⁇ 2-AR transmembrane sequence into ⁇ 2-AR.
  • the binding activity of known agonists changed as the molecule shifted from having more ⁇ 2 than ⁇ 2 conformation, and intermediate constructs demonstrated mixed specificity.
  • the specificity for binding antagonists however, correlated with the source of the domain VH.
  • T7G domain VH for ligand recognition was also found in chimeras utilizing two yeast ⁇ -factor receptors and is significant because the yeast receptors are classified as miscellaneous receptors. Thus, functional role of specific domains appears to be preserved throughout the GPCR family regardless of category.
  • Chimeric or modified GPCRs containing substitutions in the extracellular and transmembrane regions have shown that these portions of the receptor determine ligand binding specificity.
  • two Serine residues conserved in domain V of all adrenergic and D catecholainine GPCRs are necessary for potent agonist activity. These serines are believed to form hydrogen bonds with the catechol moiety of the agonists within the GPCR binding site.
  • an Asp residue present in domain DI of all GPCRs which bind biogenic amines is believed to form an ion pair with the ligand amine group in the GPCR binding site.
  • GPCRs are expressed in heterologous expression systems and their biological activity assessed.
  • One heterologous system introduces genes for a mammalian GPCR and a mammalian G-protein into yeast cells.
  • the GPCR is shown to have appropriate ligand specificity and affinity and trigger appropriate biological activation (growth arrest and morphological changes) of the yeast cells.
  • An alternate procedure for testing chimeric receptors is based on the procedure utilizing the purinergic receptor (P 2 u). Function is easily tested in cultured K562 human leukemia cells because these cells lack P 2 u receptors. K562 cells are transfected with expression vectors containing either normal or chimeric P 2 u and loaded with fura-a, fluorescent probe for Ca ⁇ . Activation of properly assembled and functional P 2 u receptors with extracellular UTP or ATP mobilizes intracellular Ca ⁇ which reacts with fura-a and is measured spectrofluorometrically.
  • P 2 u purinergic receptor
  • chimeric genes are created by combining sequences for extracellular receptive segments of any new GPCR polypeptide with the nucleotides for the transmembrane and intracellular segments of the known P 2 u molecule. Bathing the transfected K562 cells in mi- crowells containing appropriate ligands triggers binding and fluorescent activity defining effectors of the GPCR molecule. Once ligand and function are established, the P 2 u system is useful for defining antagonists or inhibitors which block binding and prevent such fluorescent reactions.
  • denatured protein from reverse phase HPLC separation is obtained in quantities up to 75 mg. This denatured protein is used to immunize mice or rabbits using standard protocols; about 100 ⁇ g are adequate for immunization of a mouse, while up to 1 mg might be used to immunize a rabbit.
  • the denatured protein is radioiodinated and used to screen potential murine B-cell hybridomas for those which produce antibody. This procedure requires only small quantities of protein, such that 20 mg is sufficient for labeling and screening of several thousand clones.
  • the amino acid sequence of an appropriate CXCRl domain is analyzed to determine regions of high antigenicity.
  • Oligopeptides comprising appropriate hydrophilic regions are synthesized and used in suitable immunization protocols to raise antibodies.
  • the optimal amino acid sequences for immunization are usually at the C-terminus, the N-terminus and those intervening, hydrophilic regions of the polypeptide which are likely to be exposed to the external environment when the protein is in its natural conformation.
  • selected peptides typically, about 15 residues in length, are synthesized using an Applied Biosystems Peptide Synthesizer Model 431 A using finoc-chemistry and coupled to keyhole limpet hemo- cyanin (KLH; Sigma, St. Louis, MO) by reaction with M-maleimidobenzoyl-N-hydroxysuccin- imide ester, MBS. If necessary, a cysteine is introduced at the N-terminus of the peptide to permit coupling to KLH. Rabbits are immunized with the peptide-KLH complex in complete Freund's adjuvant.
  • KLH keyhole limpet hemo- cyanin
  • MBS M-maleimidobenzoyl-N-hydroxysuccin- imide ester
  • the resulting antisera are tested for antipeptide activity by binding the peptide to plastic, blocking with 1% bovine serum albumin, reacting with antisera, washing and reacting with labeled (radioactive or fluorescent), affinity purified, specific goat anti-rabbit IgG.
  • Hybridomas are prepared and screened using standard techniques. Hybridomas of interest are detected by screening with labeled CXCRl to identify those fusions producing the monoclonal antibody with the desired specificity.
  • wells of plates FAST; Becton- Dickinson, Palo Alto, CA
  • affinity purified, specific rabbit anti- mouse (or suitable antispecies 1 g) antibodies at 10 mg/ml.
  • the coated wells are blocked with 1% bovine serum albumin, (BSA), washed and incubated with supernatants from hybridomas. After washing the wells are incubated with labeled CXCRl at 1 mg/ml.
  • BSA bovine serum albumin
  • 10 s M '1 preferably IO 9 to 10 10 M "1 or stronger, are typically made by standard procedures.
  • Particular CXCRl antibodies are useful for investigating signal transduction and the diagnosis of infectious or hereditary conditions which are characterized by differences in the amount or distribution of CXCRl or downstream products of an active signaling cascade.
  • Diagnostic tests for CXCRl include methods utilizing antibody and a label to detect CXCRl in human body fluids, membranes, cells, tissues or extracts of such.
  • the polypeptides and antibodies of the present invention are used with or without modification. Frequently, the polypeptides and antibodies are labeled by joining them, either covalently or noncovalently, with a substance which provides for a detectable signal.
  • labels and conjugation techniques are known and have been reported extensively in both the scientific and patent literature. Suitable labels include radionuclides, enzymes, substrates, cofactors, inhibitors, fluorescent agents, chemilumines- cent agents, chromogenic agents, magnetic particles and the like.
  • Native or recombinant CXCRl is purified by immunoaffinity chromatography using antibodies specific for CXCRl.
  • an immunoaffinity column is constructed by covalently coupling the anti-TRH antibody to an activated chromatographic resin.
  • Polyclonal immunoglobulins are prepared from immune sera either by precipitation with ammonium sulfate or by purification on immobilized Protein A (Pharmacia LKB Biotechnology, Pis- cataway N.J.).
  • monoclonal antibodies are prepared from mouse ascites fluid by ammonium sulfate precipitation or chromatography on immobilized Protein A.
  • Partially purified immu- noglobulin is covalently attached to a chromatographic resin such as CnBr-activated Sepharose (Pharmacia LKB Biotechnology). The antibody is coupled to the resin, the resin is blocked, and the derivative resin is washed according to the manufacturer's instructions.
  • Such immunoaffinity columns are utilized in the purification of CXCRl by preparing a fraction from cells containing CXCRl in a soluble form. This preparation is derived by solubilization of whole cells or of a subcellular fraction obtained via differential centrifugation (with or without addition of detergent) or by other methods well known in the art. Alternatively, soluble CXCRl containing a signal sequence is secreted in useful quantity into the medium in which the cells are grown.
  • a soluble CXCRl -containing preparation is passed over the immunoaffinity column, and the column is washed under conditions that allow the preferential absorbance of CXCRl (e.g., high ionic strength buffers in the presence of detergent). Then, the column is eluted under conditions that disrupt antibody/protein binding (e.g., a buffer of pH 2-3 or a high concentration of a chaotrope such as urea or thiocyanate ion), and CXCRl is collected.
  • a buffer of pH 2-3 or a high concentration of a chaotrope such as urea or thiocyanate ion
  • This invention is particularly useful for screening therapeutic compounds by using CXCRl or binding fragments thereof in any of a variety of drug screening techniques.
  • CXCRl is a G protein coupled receptor any of the methods commonly used in the art may potentially be used to identify CXCRl ligands.
  • the activity of a G protein coupled receptor such as CXCRl can be measured using any of a variety of appropriate functional assays in which activation of the receptor results in an observable change in the level of some second messenger system, such as adenylate cyclase, guanylylcyclase, calcium mobilization, or inositol phospholipid hydrolysis.
  • the polypeptide or fragment employed in such a test is either free in solution, affixed to a solid support, borne on a cell surface or located intracellularly.
  • One method of drug screening utilizes eukaryotic or prokaryotic host cells which are stably transformed with recombinant nucleic acids expressing the polypeptide or fragment. Drugs are screened against such transformed cells in competitive binding assays. Such cells, either in viable or fixed form, are used for standard binding assays.
  • Measured for example, is the formation of complexes between CXCRl and the agent being tested.
  • the present invention provides methods of screening for drug canditates, drugs, or any other agents which affect signal transduction.
  • These methods comprise contact- ing such an agent with CXCRl polypeptide or a fragment thereof and assaying (i) for the presence of a complex between the agent and CXCRl polypeptide or fragment, or (ii) for the presence of a complex between CXCRl polypeptide or fragment and the cell.
  • the CXCRl polypeptide or fragment is typically labeled.
  • free CXCRl polypeptide or fragment is separated from that present in bound form, and the amount of free or uncomplexed label is a measure of the ability of the particular agent to bind to CXCRl or to interfere with the CXCRl -agent complex.
  • Another technique for drug screening provides high throughput screening for compounds having suitable binding affinity to CXCRl polypeptides. Briefly stated, large numbers of different small peptide test compounds are synthesized on a solid substrate, such as plastic pins or some other surface. The peptide test compounds are reacted with CXCRl polypeptide and washed. Bound CXCRl polypeptide is then detected by methods well known in the art. Purified CXCRl are also coated directly onto plates for use in the aforementioned drug screening techniques. In addition, non-neutralizing antibodies are used to capture the peptide and immobilize it on the solid support.
  • This invention also contemplates the use of competitive drug screening assays in which neutraliz- ing antibodies capable of binding CXCRl specifically compete with a test compound for binding to CXCRl polypeptides or fragments thereof. In this manner, the antibodies are used to detect the presence of any peptide which shares one or more antigenic determinants with CXCRl.
  • Example 11 Rational Drug Design
  • the goal of rational drug design is to produce structural analogs of biologically active polypeptides of interest or of small molecules with which they interact, agonists, antagonists, or inhibitors. Any of these examples are used to fashion drugs which are more active or stable forms of the polypep- tide or which enhance or interfere with the function of a polypeptide in vivo.
  • the three-dimensional structure of a protein of interest, or of a protein-inhibitor complex is determined by x-ray crystallography, by computer modeling or, most typically, by a combination of the two approaches. Both the shape and charges of the polypeptide must be ascertained to elucidate the structure and to determine active site(s) of the molecule. Less often, useful information regarding the structure of a polypeptide is gained by modeling based on the structure of homologous proteins. In both cases, relevant structural information is used to design efficient inhibitors. Useful examples of rational drug design include molecules which have improved activity or stability or which act as inhibitors, agonists, or antagonists of native peptides.
  • a target-specific antibody selected by functional assay, as described above, and then to solve its crystal structure.
  • This approach in principle, yields a pharmacore upon which subsequent drug design is based. It is possible to bypass protein crystallography altogether by generating anti-idiotypic antibodies (anti-ids) to a functional, pharmacologically active antibody. As a mirror image of a mirror image, the binding site of the anti-ids is expected to be an analog of the original receptor. The anti-id is then used to identify and isolate peptides from banks of chemically or biologically produced peptides. The isolated peptides then act as the pharmacore.
  • anti-ids anti-idiotypic antibodies
  • the inventive purified CXCRl is a research tool for identification, characterization and purification of interacting G or other signal transduction pathway proteins. Radioactive labels are incorporated into a selected CXCRl domain by various methods known in the art and used in vitro to cap- ture interacting molecules. A preferred method involves labeling the primary amino groups in CXCRl with 125 I Bolton-Hunter reagent. This reagent has been used to label various molecules without concomitant loss of biological activity.
  • Labeled CXCRl is useful as a reagent for the purification of molecules with which it interacts.
  • membrane-bound CXCRl is covalently coupled to a chromatography column.
  • Cell-free extract derived from synovial cells or putative target cells is passed over the column, and molecules with appropriate affinity bind to CXCRl.
  • CXCRl - complex is recovered from the column, and the CXCRl -binding ligand disassociated and subjected to N-terminal protein sequencing. The amino acid sequence information is then used to identify the captured molecule or to design degenerate oligonucleotide probes for cloning the relevant gene from an appropriate cDNA library.
  • antibodies are raised against CXCRl, specifically monoclonal antibodies.
  • the monoclonal antibodies are screened to identify those which inhibit the binding of labeled CXCRl . These monoclonal antibodies are then used therapeutically.
  • Example 13 Use and Administration of Antibodies, Inhibitors, or Antagonists
  • LSTs are formulated in a nontoxic, inert, pharmaceutically acceptable aqueous carrier medium preferably at a pH of about 5 to 8, more preferably 6 to 8, although pH may vary according to the characteristics of the antibody, inhibitor, or antagonist being formulated and the condition to be treated. Characteristics of LSTs include solubility of the molecule, its half-life and antigenic- ity/immunogenicity. These and other characteristics aid in defining an effective carrier. Native human proteins are preferred as LSTs, but organic or synthetic molecules resulting from drug screens are equally effective in particular situations.
  • LSTs are delivered by known routes of administration including but not limited to topical creams and gels; transmucosal spray and aerosol; transdermal patch and bandage; injectable, intravenous and lavage formulations; and orally administered liquids and pills particularly formulated to resist stomach acid and enzymes.
  • routes of administration including but not limited to topical creams and gels; transmucosal spray and aerosol; transdermal patch and bandage; injectable, intravenous and lavage formulations; and orally administered liquids and pills particularly formulated to resist stomach acid and enzymes.
  • the particular formulation, exact dosage, and route of administration is determined by the attending physician and varies according to each specific situation.
  • Such determinations are made by considering multiple variables such as the condition to be treated, the LST to be administered, and the pharmacokinetic profile of a particular LST.
  • Addi- tional factors which are taken into account include severity of the disease state, patient's age, weight, gender and diet, time and frequency of LST administration, possible combination with other drugs, reaction sensitivities, and tolerance/response to therapy.
  • Long acting LST formulations might be administered every 3 to 4 days, every week, or once every two weeks depending on half-life and clearance rate of the particular LST.
  • Normal dosage amounts vary from 0.1 to IO 5 ⁇ g, up to a total dose of about 1 g, depending upon the route of administration.
  • Guidance as to particular dosages and methods of delivery is provided in the literature; see U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,657,760; 5,206,344; or 5,225,212.
  • Those skilled in the art employ different formulations for different LSTs.
  • Administration to cells such as nerve cells necessitates delivery in a manner different from that to other cells such as vascular endothelial cells.
  • abnormal signal transduction, trauma, or diseases which trigger CXCRl activity are treatable with LSTs. These conditions or diseases are specifically diagnosed by the tests discussed above, and such testing should be performed in suspected cases of viral, bacterial or fungal infections, allergic responses, mechanical injury associated with trauma, hereditary diseases, lymphoma or carcinoma, or other conditions which activate the genes of lymphoid or neu- ronal tissues.
  • Animal model systems which elucidate the physiological and behavioral roles of the CXCRl are produced by creating nonhuman transgenic animals in which the activity of the CXCRl is either increased or decreased, or the amino acid sequence of the expressed CXCRl is altered, by a vari- ety of techniques.
  • Examples of these techniques include, but are not limited to: 1) Insertion of normal or mutant versions of DNA encoding a CXCRl, by microinjection, electroporation, retrovi- ral transfection or other means well known to those skilled in the art, into appropriately fertilized embryos in order to produce a transgenic animal or 2) homologous recombination of mutant or normal, human or animal versions of these genes with the native gene locus in transgenic animals to alter the regulation of expression or the structure of these CXCRl sequences.
  • the technique of homologous recombination is well known in the art.
  • One means available for producing a transgenic animal is as follows: Female mice are mated, and the resulting fertilized eggs are dissected out of their oviducts. The eggs are stored in an appropriate medium such as cesiumchloride M2 medium. DNA or cDNA encoding CXCRl is purified from a vector by methods well known to the one skilled in the art. Inducible promoters may be fused with the coding region of the DNA to provide an experimental means to regulate expression of the transgene. Alternatively or in addition, tissue specific regula- tory elements may be fused with the coding region to permit tissue-specific expression of the transgene.
  • microinjection needle which may be made from capillary tubing using a piper puller
  • the egg to be injected is put in a depression slide.
  • the needle is inserted into the pronucleus of the egg, and the DNA solution is injected.
  • the injected egg is then transferred into the oviduct of a pseudopregnant mouse which is a mouse stimulated by the appropriate hormones in order to maintain false pregnancy, where it proceeds to the uterus, implants, and develops to term.
  • microinjection is not the only method for inserting DNA into the egg but is used here only for exemplary purposes.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne un CXCR1 humain associé à des troubles cardio-vasculaires, des maladies gastro-intestinales et hépatiques, des maladies du métabolisme, des maladies inflammatoires, des troubles hématologiques, des maladies respiratoires, des troubles neurologiques, des troubles neurologiques, des troubles cancéreux et des troubles de la reproduction. L'invention concerne également des dosages pour l'identification de composés utiles pour le traitement ou la prévention de troubles cardio-vasculaires, de maladies gastro-intestinales et hépatiques, de maladies du métabolisme, de maladies inflammatoires, de troubles hématologiques, de maladies respiratoires, de troubles neurologiques, de troubles neurologiques, de troubles cancéreux et de troubles de la reproduction. L'invention concerne également des composés qui se lient au CXCR1 et/ou activent ce dernier ou inhibent l'activité de ce dernier ainsi que des compositions pharmaceutiques comprenant de tels composés.
PCT/EP2005/004017 2004-04-20 2005-04-15 Agents diagnostiques et therapeutiques pour des maladies associees au recepteur 1 des chimiokines cxc (cxcr1) WO2005103711A2 (fr)

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Cited By (3)

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WO2010056753A1 (fr) 2008-11-11 2010-05-20 The Regents Of The University Of Michigan Compositions anti-cxcr1 et méthodes
CN103620412A (zh) * 2011-04-26 2014-03-05 英国贝尔法斯特女王大学 作为对表皮生长因子受体治疗剂治疗的响应的预测物的cxcr1
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Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2010056753A1 (fr) 2008-11-11 2010-05-20 The Regents Of The University Of Michigan Compositions anti-cxcr1 et méthodes
EP2356462A1 (fr) * 2008-11-11 2011-08-17 The Regents of the University of Michigan Compositions anti-cxcr1 et méthodes
EP2356462A4 (fr) * 2008-11-11 2012-09-19 Univ Michigan Compositions anti-cxcr1 et méthodes
KR20140132412A (ko) * 2008-11-11 2014-11-17 더 리젠츠 오브 더 유니버시티 오브 미시간 항-ｃｘｃｒ１ 조성물 및 방법
US8940301B2 (en) 2008-11-11 2015-01-27 The Regents Of The University Of Michigan Breast tumor treatment with anti-CXCR1 compositions
AU2014200650B2 (en) * 2008-11-11 2015-11-19 The Regents Of The University Of Michigan Anti-CXCR1 compositions and methods
KR101588547B1 (ko) * 2008-11-11 2016-01-28 더 리젠츠 오브 더 유니버시티 오브 미시간 항-ｃｘｃｒ１ 조성물 및 방법
US9606124B2 (en) 2008-11-11 2017-03-28 The Regents Of The University Of Michigan Methods of detecting and treating stem-cell containing solid tumors
EP3153862A1 (fr) * 2008-11-11 2017-04-12 The Regents of the University of Michigan Compositions anti-cxcr1 et procédés
US10557850B2 (en) 2008-11-11 2020-02-11 The Regents Of University Of Michigan Anti-CXCR1 compositions and methods
CN103620412A (zh) * 2011-04-26 2014-03-05 英国贝尔法斯特女王大学 作为对表皮生长因子受体治疗剂治疗的响应的预测物的cxcr1
US9823256B2 (en) 2011-04-26 2017-11-21 The Queen's University Of Belfast CXCR1 as a predictor of response to treatment with epidermal growth factor receptor therapeutic

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