WO2005103646A1 - 走査プローブ顕微鏡探針及びその製造方法並びに走査プローブ顕微鏡及びその使用方法並びに針状体及びその製造方法並びに電子素子及びその製造方法並びに電荷密度波量子位相顕微鏡並びに電荷密度波量子干渉計 - Google Patents
走査プローブ顕微鏡探針及びその製造方法並びに走査プローブ顕微鏡及びその使用方法並びに針状体及びその製造方法並びに電子素子及びその製造方法並びに電荷密度波量子位相顕微鏡並びに電荷密度波量子干渉計 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2005103646A1 WO2005103646A1 PCT/JP2005/008259 JP2005008259W WO2005103646A1 WO 2005103646 A1 WO2005103646 A1 WO 2005103646A1 JP 2005008259 W JP2005008259 W JP 2005008259W WO 2005103646 A1 WO2005103646 A1 WO 2005103646A1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01Q—SCANNING-PROBE TECHNIQUES OR APPARATUS; APPLICATIONS OF SCANNING-PROBE TECHNIQUES, e.g. SCANNING PROBE MICROSCOPY [SPM]
- G01Q70/00—General aspects of SPM probes, their manufacture or their related instrumentation, insofar as they are not specially adapted to a single SPM technique covered by group G01Q60/00
- G01Q70/16—Probe manufacture
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01Q—SCANNING-PROBE TECHNIQUES OR APPARATUS; APPLICATIONS OF SCANNING-PROBE TECHNIQUES, e.g. SCANNING PROBE MICROSCOPY [SPM]
- G01Q70/00—General aspects of SPM probes, their manufacture or their related instrumentation, insofar as they are not specially adapted to a single SPM technique covered by group G01Q60/00
- G01Q70/06—Probe tip arrays
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y15/00—Nanotechnology for interacting, sensing or actuating, e.g. quantum dots as markers in protein assays or molecular motors
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y35/00—Methods or apparatus for measurement or analysis of nanostructures
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01Q—SCANNING-PROBE TECHNIQUES OR APPARATUS; APPLICATIONS OF SCANNING-PROBE TECHNIQUES, e.g. SCANNING PROBE MICROSCOPY [SPM]
- G01Q70/00—General aspects of SPM probes, their manufacture or their related instrumentation, insofar as they are not specially adapted to a single SPM technique covered by group G01Q60/00
- G01Q70/08—Probe characteristics
- G01Q70/10—Shape or taper
- G01Q70/12—Nanotube tips
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a scanning probe microscope microscope, a method for manufacturing the same, a scanning probe microscope, a method for using the same, a needle-like body, a method for manufacturing the same, an electronic element, a method for manufacturing the same, a charge density wave quantum phase microscope, and a charge Regarding density wave quantum interferometers, for example, fabrication of new devices using charge density wave nanostructures, determination of the structure of biopolymers, surface exploration of various substances including superconductors, and semiconductors It is suitable for use in devices and the like.
- CDW charge density waves
- quantum Hall liquids where the conduction electrons in a conductor such as metal become macroscopically quantum coherent. Without external operations, it is no exaggeration to say that the former two.
- the CDW body exhibits a phase transition at room temperature, devices and measurement devices using the CDW macroscopic quantum phase have attracted attention because of their potential over semiconductor technology in practical use.
- a CDW three-terminal electric field / current drive device and a memory device in the femtosecond region have been devised, and new effects have been demonstrated as new quantum functional devices, respectively (for example, Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 871 (2002)).
- tools for evaluating devices using CDW nanostructures are indispensable, but as far as the present inventors know, specific proposals for effective tools have been made so far. The fact is that nothing has been done.
- SPM scanning probe microscopy
- the problem to be solved by the present invention is to actively utilize the macroscopic quantum phase information of the charge density wave to analyze the charge density wave nanostructure and determine the structure of the biopolymer with high accuracy.
- Scanning probe microscope such as charge-density-wave quantum phase microscope that can be performed and can be configured in a small size, and is suitable for use in this.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a simple scanning probe microscope probe and a method for manufacturing the same.
- Another problem to be solved by the present invention is, more generally, to provide various needle-like bodies including the above-described scanning probe microscope probe, a method of manufacturing the same, and an electronic element and a method of manufacturing the same.
- Another problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a charge density wave quantum interferometer capable of measuring a local electric field with high accuracy by actively utilizing macroscopic quantum phase information of the charge density wave. Is to do.
- Still other problems to be solved by the present invention include research on nanoscale non-uniform superconducting state, observation of flux line lattice, study of electronic state in magnetic flux, and observation of unevenness image of sample surface.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a scanning probe microscope suitable for application and a method of using the same.
- CDW nanostructures In order to solve the above-mentioned problems, the present inventors have actively created theoretically designed CDW nanostructures from the standpoint of material science, and have been working to generate electricity when these substances are exposed to external stimuli. We considered the development of applications while clarifying changes in elasticity and optical properties. In particular, we decided to actively utilize the macroscopic quantum phase information of CDW to develop a compact and high-performance microscope. This is not only an indispensable tool for fabricating devices using CDW nanostructures, but also a major tool for determining the structure of biological molecules represented by DNA and developing quantum computers using quantum phase information. It can be a development.
- the CDW is pinned by the influence of impurities and the sample edge, but when an electric field higher than the threshold electric field is applied, sliding occurs, and To contribute.
- This sliding of CD W is a collective translational movement of electrons, a characteristic phenomenon of low-dimensional conductors.
- the AC current having a frequency proportional to the DC current component carried by the CDW, that is, a narrow band signal (BS) (narrow band noise: NBN) )). That is, if an excess current portion flowing when an electric field equal to or greater than the threshold electric field is applied is J CDW , and the frequency of the above NBS is NBS, then NBS ⁇ JC DW. Therefore, the change in the threshold electric field
- NB S By measuring the frequency NB s of NB S, measurement can be performed with high accuracy. Since the threshold electric field changes due to the slight stress generated in the CDW crystal, simply attaching an electrode to the needle of the CDW and measuring the NBS can provide a high-level function that exceeds the capability of an atomic force microscope (AFM). An accurate microscope can be made. For example, if a needle-like CDW crystal with a length of 100 nm is used, a microscope with a resolution of 1 pm can be realized with the sensitivity of the frequency meter set to 1 Hz.
- AFM atomic force microscope
- the displacement of the probe of the cantilever is detected by irradiating the force cantilever with laser light.
- this CDW microscope does not require such an optical system, so it has a very small configuration. It can be. For this reason, for example, there is a great advantage that it can be directly introduced into a living body like a needle.
- the present inventors have conducted various experiments. As a result, when trying to grow a needle-like crystal at the tip of a cone made of, for example, Si using the irradiation of an energy beam such as an electron beam, After depositing the growth material on the surface of the body, it is difficult to grow a needle-shaped crystal on the tip of this cone by irradiating the tip with an energy beam, but the tip is separated from the tip. It has been found that a needle-shaped crystal can be easily grown at the tip by irradiating the site with an energy beam.
- Another method is to selectively irradiate the surface of the substrate with an energy beam such as an electron beam, and recrystallize the substrate at the irradiated area, thereby obtaining a needle-like crystal in a continuous form with the substrate.
- an energy beam such as an electron beam
- recrystallize the substrate at the irradiated area thereby obtaining a needle-like crystal in a continuous form with the substrate.
- a CDW needle crystal By growing a CDW needle crystal by these methods and using it as a probe, a CDW probe microscope can be realized.
- a needle-like crystal of another material and using it as a probe it becomes possible to realize various scanning probe microscopes.
- by these methods for example, by growing a needle-like semiconductor crystal, it is possible to produce a fine semiconductor element.
- the present inventors have developed a tool that is effective for studying nanoscale non-uniform superconducting state by using a pressure-sensitive superconducting probe with a scanning probe microscope. It has been found that it is effective to use a pressure-induced superconducting material that can control the superconducting state by applying voltage.
- the present invention has been devised based on the above study.
- the first invention is:
- the growth material is deposited on the surface of the cone-shaped or blade-shaped substrate, and the substrate is not melted at a predetermined distance along the side from the front end of the substrate.
- a scanning probe microscope probe manufactured by growing an acicular crystal using the above-mentioned growth material by irradiating an energy beam under a suitable condition.
- the second invention is a first invention.
- a growth material is deposited on the surface of a cone-shaped or blade-shaped substrate, and an energy beam is irradiated to a portion at a predetermined distance along the side surface from the front end of the substrate under conditions that the substrate does not melt.
- the third invention is a first invention.
- a growth material is deposited on the surface of a cone-shaped or blade-shaped substrate, and an energy beam is irradiated to a portion at a predetermined distance along the side surface from the front end of the substrate under conditions that the substrate does not melt.
- a scanning probe microscope having a probe manufactured by growing a needle-like crystal using the growth material.
- the fourth invention is a first invention.
- the fifth invention is a first invention.
- a scanning probe characterized in that needle-like crystals are grown using growth raw materials. This is a method for manufacturing a probe microscope probe.
- the sixth invention is a first invention.
- the seventh invention is a first invention.
- the first growth material is deposited on the surface of the cone-shaped or blade-shaped substrate, and the second growth material is supplied while the substrate is not melted at a predetermined distance along the side surface from the tip of the substrate while supplying the second growth material.
- the probe is manufactured by growing a needle-like crystal using the first growth material and the second growth material. is there.
- the eighth invention is a first invention.
- the first growth material is deposited on the surface of the cone-shaped or blade-shaped substrate, and the second growth material is supplied while the substrate is not melted at a predetermined distance along the side surface from the tip of the substrate while supplying the second growth material. Irradiating an energy beam under the conditions to grow a needle-like crystal using the first growth material and the second growth material. is there.
- the ninth invention is a first invention.
- the first growth material is deposited on the surface of the cone-shaped or blade-shaped substrate, and the second growth material is supplied while the substrate is not melted at a predetermined distance along the side surface from the tip of the substrate while supplying the second growth material.
- the first growth material and the second growth material can be used.
- a scanning probe microscope having a probe manufactured by growing a needle-like crystal.
- the substrate is made of a substance having a melting point high enough not to soften when irradiated with an energy beam, for example, a melting point of 800 ° C. or more.
- the cone-shaped substrate may be a cone-shaped substrate or a polygonal-pyramid-shaped substrate such as a triangular pyramid or a quadrangular pyramid, as long as the cross-sectional area decreases at least toward the front end.
- the energy beam for example, an electron beam, an ion beam, a laser beam, or the like can be used.
- the laser beam a laser beam from an excimer laser, a YAG laser, an Ar laser, or the like can be used.
- the cross-sectional shape of the energy beam is not particularly limited, and may be, for example, a circle, an ellipse, a rectangle, or the like.
- an energy beam having a flat rectangular cross-sectional shape is used, and the energy beam is irradiated over the plurality of conical portions to irradiate these energy beams. It is possible to grow needle-like crystals in the cone at once.
- An energy beam having such a flat rectangular cross-sectional shape can be easily obtained, for example, by forming a laser beam using an optical system including a lens.
- the temperature between the energy beam irradiation part of the substrate and the tip is 10 ° C / "m or more and 100 ° C / ⁇ m or less with the tip being the low-temperature side.
- the thickness of the needle-shaped crystal is determined as necessary, but is generally 5 nm or more and 1 m or less. Therefore, the growth is preferably performed in a vacuum or a hydrogen gas atmosphere.
- the needle-shaped crystal is, for example, MX P (where M is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ta and Nb, X Is at least one element selected from the group consisting of S, 36 and 6; 1.8 ⁇ p ⁇ 2.2), MX, (where M is selected from the group consisting of Ta and Nb least one element also, X is S, one element at least selected from the group consisting of S e and T e, 2. 7 ⁇ q ⁇ 3.
- the needle-shaped crystal may be made of a metal such as Ni or Cu, or a superconducting substance (such as an oxide superconductor).
- the tenth invention is
- a growth material is deposited on the surface of a cone-shaped or blade-shaped substrate, and an energy beam is irradiated to a portion at a predetermined distance along the side surface from the front end of the substrate under conditions that the substrate does not melt.
- the eleventh invention is a first invention.
- a needle-like crystal characterized by growing a needle-like crystal using a growth material. It is a manufacturing method.
- the eleventh invention is a first invention.
- the first growth material is deposited on the surface of the cone-shaped or blade-shaped substrate, and the second growth material is supplied while the substrate is not melted at a predetermined distance along the side surface from the tip of the substrate while supplying the second growth material.
- a method for producing a needle-like body characterized in that a needle-like crystal is grown using the first growth raw material and the second growth raw material by irradiating an energy beam under conditions.
- the needle-shaped body includes a needle-shaped crystal used for a probe of a scanning probe microscope, as well as a variety of other uses, and the material of the needle-shaped crystal is also included. It may be of various kinds.
- the thirteenth invention is a first invention.
- a growth material is deposited on the surface of a cone-shaped or blade-shaped substrate, and an energy beam is irradiated to a portion at a predetermined distance along the side surface from the front end of the substrate under conditions that the substrate does not melt. Further, there is provided a method of manufacturing an electronic element, wherein a needle-like crystal is grown using the above-mentioned growth raw material.
- the fourteenth invention is a first invention.
- the fifteenth invention is The first growth material is deposited on the surface of the cone-shaped or blade-shaped substrate, and the second growth material is supplied while the substrate is not melted at a predetermined distance along the side surface from the tip of the substrate while supplying the second growth material.
- a method for manufacturing an electronic element characterized in that needle-like crystals are grown using the first growth material and the second growth material by irradiating an energy beam under conditions.
- the electronic element includes various elements such as a superconductor element, a ferroelectric element, and a magnetic element in addition to the semiconductor element.
- the statements made in relation to the first to ninth inventions are satisfied, as long as they do not contradict their properties.
- the sixteenth invention is a first invention.
- a scanning probe microscope probe manufactured by irradiating a predetermined portion of the surface of a substrate with an energy beam and growing a needle crystal by recrystallization.
- the seventeenth invention is
- a method for manufacturing a scanning probe and a microscope probe characterized in that a predetermined portion of the surface of a substrate is irradiated with an energy beam and a needle crystal is grown by recrystallization.
- the eighteenth invention is a first invention.
- a scanning probe microscope characterized by having a probe manufactured by irradiating a predetermined portion of a surface of a substrate with an energy beam and growing a needle-like crystal by recrystallization.
- the nineteenth invention is a first invention.
- a method for producing a needle-like body characterized in that a predetermined portion of a surface of a substrate is irradiated with an energy beam and a needle-like crystal is grown by recrystallization.
- the 20th invention is
- a method for manufacturing an electronic element characterized in that a predetermined portion of a surface of a substrate is irradiated with an energy beam and a needle crystal is grown by recrystallization.
- a needle crystal is grown at the front end by irradiating the energy beam to a site separated from the front end by a predetermined distance.
- a needle-like crystal grows by irradiating a predetermined portion of the surface of the substrate with an energy beam.
- the change in the threshold electric field of the charge density wave crystal is represented by the frequency of a narrow band signal (NBS). Is measured by measuring.
- NBS narrow band signal
- the charge density wave state of the sample can be measured by using the charge density wave tunneling generated between the probe and the sample when approaching the sample.
- the second invention is a first invention.
- the change in the threshold electric field of the charge density wave crystal when a gate voltage is applied to the side surface of the needle-like crystal is measured by measuring the frequency of a narrow band signal.
- basically any charge density wave crystal may be used, but preferably, MX P (where M is composed of Ta and Nb At least one element selected from the group; X is at least one element selected from the group consisting of S, Se, and Te; 1.8 ⁇ 2.2), MX q (where M is Ta And at least one element selected from the group consisting of Nb and Nb; X is at least one element selected from the group consisting of S, Se and Te; 2.7 ⁇ q ⁇ 3.3) or MX r (where M is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ta and Nb, X is at least one element selected from the group consisting of S, Se and Te; 3.6 ⁇ r ⁇ 4.4).
- MXp and T a S e 2 and T a S 2 Specific examples of MXp and T a S e 2 and T a
- Charge density wave crystals typically consist of acicular crystals.
- the charge density wave crystal or the needle crystal includes a tubular crystal such as a nanotube, and may be not only a single crystal but also a polycrystal.
- the threshold electric field of the charge density wave caused by the stress generated in the probe is generated.
- the change can be measured with high accuracy by measuring the frequency of the narrowband signal.
- the charge density wave state of the sample can be measured using the charge density wave tunneling that occurs between the tip and the surface of the sample.
- an optical system for detecting the displacement of the probe required for the AFM is unnecessary.
- a change in a threshold electric field of a charge density wave caused when a gate voltage is applied to a needle-shaped crystal made of a charge density wave crystal is measured by measuring a frequency of a narrow band signal. Measurement with higher accuracy it can.
- the thirteenth invention is a first invention.
- various materials can be used as the pressure-induced superconducting material.
- the material is not limited to an inorganic material, and may be an organic material, and can be appropriately selected depending on the application.
- LRBCO low-dimensional electronic materials
- strong A magnetic metal material Fe is also included.
- Tips made of pressure-induced superconducting material typically consist of needle-like crystals (including tubular crystals such as nanotubes).
- the present invention is characterized in that the probe scans along the surface of the sample while passing a constant current between the probe and the sample.
- the tip of the probe becomes normal and superconducting due to surface irregularities. And the voltage between the probe and the sample changes accordingly, and the current-voltage characteristics between the probe and the sample change. By imaging this, irregularities on the sample surface can be observed. Also, particularly when the sample is a superconducting sample, a superconducting state region and a non-superconducting state region are present on the sample surface in a mixed state, such as a state in which magnetic flux lines penetrate into the superconducting sample.
- the current-voltage characteristics between the probe and the sample are different between when the probe made of the pressure-induced superconducting material is above the superconducting state region and when it is above the non-superconducting state region. Change. Therefore, it is possible to observe the magnetic flux lattice and the superconducting / non-superconducting inhomogeneous state. In addition, it is possible to measure the mobility of carriers in a sample.
- the twenty-fifth invention is a first invention.
- the probe is scanned along the surface of the sample while being changed.
- the probe made of the pressure-induced superconducting material is moved along the surface of the sample while flowing a constant current between the probe and the sample, for example.
- Scanning for example, when a superconducting sample has a nanoscale non-uniform superconducting state or a magnetic flux line lattice, the state can be easily observed using Andre-F reflection. .
- the unevenness image of the sample surface can be easily observed in the same manner. Furthermore, by using both of them, it is possible to remove the unevenness of the sample surface and obtain a precise image of the magnetic flux line grating.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing a CDW quantum phase microscope according to a first embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 2 is a probe used in a CDW quantum phase microscope according to the first embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram for explaining the principle of measurement by the CDW quantum phase microscope according to the first embodiment of the present invention
- FIGS. 4A to 4D are schematic diagrams of the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram for explaining a method of manufacturing a probe used in the CDW quantum phase microscope according to the embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram illustrating a probe used in the CDW quantum phase microscope according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 6 is a SEM photograph showing a probe produced by the method for producing a needle
- FIG. 6 is a photograph showing an atomic image obtained by a CDW quantum phase microscope according to the first embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 7 is a photograph showing a CDW image obtained by the CDW quantum phase microscope according to the first embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 8 is a schematic view showing a CDW quantum phase microscope according to the second embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram showing a CDW quantum interferometer according to a third embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 10 is a multi-probe CDW quantum phase microscope according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram showing a CDW quantum interferometer according to a third embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 10 is a multi-probe CDW quantum phase microscope according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram showing a multi-probe CDW quantum phase microscope according to a fifth embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 12 is a semiconductor device according to an eighth embodiment of the present invention.
- FIGS. 13A to 13D are cross-sectional views showing a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to the eighth embodiment of the present invention
- FIGS. 15A to 15C are cross-sectional views showing a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to the ninth embodiment.
- FIGS. 16A and 16B are cross-sectional views showing a method for manufacturing a quantum dot array according to the tenth embodiment of the present invention.
- FIGS. 16A and 16B show a method for manufacturing a probe according to the eleventh embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 20 is a schematic diagram for explaining a method of using the Andreev reflection scanning probe microscope according to the 12th embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 21 is a schematic diagram showing the 12th embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 22A to 22D are schematic diagrams showing changes in the I-V characteristic between the probe and the sample due to the applied pressure in the Andreev reflection scanning probe microscope according to the embodiment.
- FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram for explaining a method of manufacturing an LBC0 probe used in the Andreev reflection scanning probe microscope according to the 12th embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 1 shows a CDW quantum phase microscope according to a first embodiment of the present invention.
- a probe 12 made of a CDW needle-like crystal is attached to the lower part of a piezoelectric controller 11 similar to a general scanning probe microscope.
- the probe 12 can be three-dimensionally scanned in the ⁇ and ⁇ z directions by the piezoelectric control device 11.
- the probe 11 is provided with electrodes 13 and 14, and an external circuit including a power supply 15 and a frequency meter 16 is provided between the electrodes 13 and 14. It is connected. Then, the frequency of the NBS is measured by the frequency meter 16, whereby the change of the threshold electric field can be measured.
- a probe 12 is brought into contact with the surface of a sample 17 composed of a CDW nanostructure, and scanning is performed.
- the tip of the probe 12 is displaced, thereby generating stress on the probe 12.
- This stress changes the threshold electric field of the probe 12, thereby changing the frequency of the NBS flowing through the probe 12.
- the change in the frequency of the NBS is converted into a surface image.
- Conversion to a surface image in other words, visualization of the surface shape of an object includes, for example, visualization of the output of a frequency-to-voltage (current) converter, or visualization of a control signal constituting feedback.
- Figure 3 shows the ion arrangement and CDW of Sample 17 in the CDW state.
- (Charge density / 0 (x)) the arrangement of ions of the probe 12 and the CDW are shown.
- p (x) is expressed by the following equation.
- PKX P 0 + P 1
- X is the spatial coordinates of the one-dimensional axis
- P i is the amplitude of the charge density wave
- Q is at wave number vector (nesting vector)
- Q 2 k F (k P is Fermi wave number)
- P. Singlet er (n e is the density of electrons)
- 0 indicates the phase.
- V th is a voltage (threshold voltage) corresponding to the threshold electric field.
- 0 S changes accordingly, and this causes a change in ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ s, which changes V th , and thus the threshold electric field. This is measured as a change in the frequency of the NBS.
- the probe 12 is brought close to the surface of the sample 17 consisting of the CDW nanostructure and scanned.
- a cone 21 is prepared.
- the cone 21 has a melting point such that it is not softened by heating when a CDW substance is grown by irradiation of an electron beam described later, for example, a melting point of 800 ° C. or more.
- any material may be used, as long as it is, for example, Si, Si 3 N 4, Si ⁇ 2 , diamond, aluminum (sapphire), T a S 2 , G aAs, N i, and T a can be used.
- a raw material film 22 of a CDW substance to be grown is formed on the surface of the cone 21 in a vacuum.
- This raw material film 22 is formed by a film forming method such as a vacuum evaporation method, a sputtering method, a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method, a metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) method, a molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) method, or the like.
- a point P is set at a predetermined distance L, for example, about l to 3 wm away from the tip of the cone 21 on which the raw material film 22 is formed along the side surface. And irradiate the electron beam 23 at room temperature.
- the spot size of the electron beam 23 is, for example, about 50 nm to 1 m.
- the CDW needle-like crystal 24 grows not in the irradiated portion of the electron beam 23 but in the vicinity of the tip of the cone 21.
- the temperature between the irradiation part of the electron beam 23 and the growth part of the CDW needle crystal 24 is 10 to 100 ° C./j
- the temperature gradient In this case, the temperature of the irradiated part of the electron beam 23 is higher than the growth temperature of the CDW needle-like crystal 14, but the growth part of the CDW needle-like crystal 24 is lower in temperature and is most suitable for growth. Temperature is up.
- the growth of the CDW needle-like crystal 24 is considered to be due to solid-phase epitaxial growth.
- the thickness (diameter) of the CDW needle crystal 24 is, for example, about 5 nm to 1 ⁇ m, and the length is, for example, 10 nm to 2 nm. ⁇ M, or 10 to 50 O nm, and the aspect ratio (length / thickness) is generally 100 or less.
- a Ta film and a Se film are sequentially formed on the surface of a cone 21 made of Si by a vacuum evaporation method, a cone on which a raw material film 22 made of the Ta film and the Se film is formed.
- the electron beam 13 was applied to a part of the tip of 21 that was separated by L-2 along the side of the tip.
- the thickness of the Ta film was 100 nm
- the thickness of the Se film was 200 nm.
- Spot size of the electron beam 1 3 was 1 m
- the acceleration voltage is 2 5 kV
- the amount of emission current 1 X 1 0- 7 A the amount of emission current 1 X 1 0- 7 A
- irradiation time and 3 0 minutes are sequentially formed on the surface of a cone 21 made of Si by a vacuum evaporation method.
- the irradiation with the electron beam 13 was performed in a vacuum at a pressure of 3 to 4 ⁇ 10 16 T 0 rr.
- T a S e 2 acicular crystals of approximately diameter at a site distant about 0. 5 wm from the tip 0.4 is grown to a length of about 1. 5 m.
- Figure 5 shows a scanning electron microscope (SEM) photograph.
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- This T a S e 2 acicular crystals with the probe 1 2 was scanned T a S e 2 surface of a sample, a good atomic image as shown in FIG. 6 is obtained. Then, was scanned the T a S e z needles in the electrode 1 3, 1 4 T a by C DW quantum phase microscope was used to form the probe 1 2 S e 2 surface of the sample, A CDW image as shown in FIG. 7 was obtained.
- This CDW quantum phase microscope is a high-precision microscope that has functions beyond AFM. For example, if a probe with a length of 100 nm is used as the probe 1, assuming that the sensitivity of the frequency meter 16 is 1 Hz, the probe 1 Resolution can be obtained. Also, unlike the AFM, the CDW quantum phase microscope does not require an optical system, and thus has the advantage that it can be made smaller accordingly.
- a probe 32 made of Si or the like is attached to the lower part of the tip of a cantilever 31.
- the other end of the cantilever 31 is attached to a piezoelectric control device (not shown).
- a CDW needle-shaped crystal 33 is physically provided on the cantilever 31. Electrodes 34, 35 are provided at both ends of the needle crystal 33, and an external circuit including a power source 36 and a frequency meter 37 is connected between the electrodes 34, 35. ing. Then, the frequency of the NBS is measured by the frequency meter 37, whereby the change of the threshold electric field can be measured.
- a probe 32 is brought into contact with the surface of a sample 17 composed of a CDW nanostructure, and scanning is performed.
- the tip of the probe 32 is displaced, and accordingly, the tip of the force cantilever 31 is displaced, whereby the CDW on the cantilever 31 is moved.
- the acicular crystal 33 expands and contracts to generate stress. Due to this stress, The threshold electric field of the needle crystal 33 changes, and the frequency of the NBS flowing through the CDW needle crystal 33 changes accordingly. Then, the change in the frequency of the NBS is converted into a surface image.
- the third embodiment is the same as the first embodiment.
- the same advantages as in the first embodiment are obtained. be able to.
- a CDW quantum interferometer according to a third embodiment of the present invention will be described.
- Fig. 9 shows this CDW quantum interferometer.
- electrodes 42 and 43 are provided at both ends of the CDW needle crystal 41, and between these electrodes 42.43. External circuits including the power supply 44 and the frequency meter 45 are connected.
- a gate electrode 46 is provided on the center side surface of the CDW needle-shaped crystal 41 so that a gate voltage can be applied to the CDW needle-shaped crystal 41 by the gate electrode 46. I'm familiar. Then, the frequency of the NBS is measured by the frequency meter 45, whereby the change of the threshold electric field can be measured.
- V th 2 V.
- C s is the gate capacitance
- e is the elementary charge.
- a CDW quantum interferometer that actively utilizes macroscopic quantum phase information of the CDW can be realized.
- This C DW According to the quantum interferometer, a local electric field can be measured with high accuracy.
- a probe 12 made of a ferromagnetic material manufactured by a method similar to that of the first embodiment is used. Specifically, for example, a Ni film is formed on the surface of the cone 21 and is irradiated with an electron beam 23 in the same manner as in the first embodiment, thereby forming a needle-like crystal made of Ni. Let it grow, and use it as probe 12.
- a magnetic probe microscope using a good probe 12 made of a ferromagnetic material can be realized. Then, it is possible to perform a high-accuracy search for ferromagnetic materials using the magnetic probe microscope.
- a probe 12 made of a diamagnetic material manufactured by the same method as in the first embodiment is used. Specifically, for example, a Cu film is formed on the surface of the cone 21, and an electron beam 23 is irradiated on the Cu film in the same manner as in the first embodiment, thereby forming a needle-like Cu film. A crystal is grown, and this is used as a probe 12.
- a diamagnetic probe microscope using a good probe 12 made of a diamagnetic material can be realized. Then, it becomes possible to perform the search for the diamagnetic material with high accuracy using the diamagnetic probe microscope.
- a large number of cones 5 are formed in a two-dimensional array on a substrate 51, and a first portion is provided at the tip of each cone 52.
- a probe having a probe 53 made of a CDW needle-like crystal formed by the same method as that of the embodiment is used.
- a wide area of the CDW sample can be searched collectively and with high accuracy.
- each probe 63 is formed in a one-dimensional array, and when the plurality of blade-shaped portions 62 are viewed as a whole, a probe in which the probes 63 are arranged in a two-dimensional array is used.
- the formation of each probe 63 is performed by irradiating an electron beam 23 to a portion away from the tip of the blade-shaped portion 62 in the same manner as in the first embodiment.
- a wide area of the CDW sample can be searched collectively and with high accuracy.
- a large number of cones 72 are formed in a two-dimensional array on an n-type GaAs substrate 71, and each cone 72 is formed.
- a needle-shaped semiconductor crystal 73 made of, for example, n-type GaAs is formed on the tip of the body 72 by the same method as in the first embodiment.
- an insulating film 74 such as, for example, a SiO 2 film is formed on the n-type GaAs substrate 71 so as to be substantially at the center of the needle-like semiconductor crystal 73. Fill up to the height of the part.
- a gate electrode 75 is formed by forming a Schottky electrode material on the insulating film 74 so as to bury the periphery of the acicular semiconductor crystal 73.
- an insulating film 76 such as a Si 2 film is formed on the gate electrode 75 so as to be slightly lower than the height of the upper end of the needle-shaped semiconductor crystal 73. Fill to low height.
- a ohmic electrode material is formed on the insulating film 76 to form a drain electrode 77 in ohmic contact with the upper end of the acicular semiconductor crystal 73.
- a source electrode 78 is formed by forming an ohmic electrode material on the back surface of the n-type GaAs substrate 71.
- the shot key gate FET is formed.
- an integrated FET in which ultra-small Schottky gate FETs using a needle-shaped semiconductor crystal 73 are arranged in a two-dimensional array is replaced by a step of forming a cone 72. It can be easily manufactured without using lithography technology.
- the gate electrode 75 and the drain electrode 77 are patterned for each FET.
- Each gate electrode 75 is connected to each other by a predetermined wiring (not shown), and each drain electrode 77 is also connected to each other by a predetermined wiring (not shown). In this case, each FET can be driven independently.
- a large number of cones 82 are formed in a two-dimensional array on a GaAs substrate 81, for example.
- the AlGaAs layer 83a and the GaAs layer 83b are formed at the tip of each cone 82 by the same method as in the first embodiment. And a needle-like semiconductor crystal 84 composed of the A 1 GaAs layer 83 c.
- an AlGaAs layer 85 is epitaxially grown on the entire surface to fill a portion between the acicular semiconductor crystals 84.
- the GaAs layer 83 b serving as a well layer becomes the barrier layer A 1 GaAs layer 83 a, the AlGaAs layer 83 c and the A 10 & 3 layer 85.
- An enclosed structure, that is, an A1GaAs / GaAs quantum dot is formed.
- a two-dimensional quantum dot array can be easily manufactured.
- an eleventh embodiment of the present invention will be described.
- a method different from that of the first embodiment will be described as a method of manufacturing the probe 12 made of the CDW needle-like crystal.
- a CDW crystal substrate 91 is prepared, and a predetermined portion of the surface is irradiated with the electron beam 3 at room temperature.
- the spot size of the electron beam 23 is, for example, 50 ⁇ ! ⁇ 1 m.
- the CDW crystal substrate 91 is heated to a temperature substantially equal to its melting point at the irradiated portion of the electron beam 23.
- the melted CDW crystal substrate 91 is recrystallized, and as a result, as shown in FIG. 16B, a needle-like crystal 24 grows.
- the thickness (diameter) of this CDW needle crystal 24 is, for example, 5 nm or more.
- the length is about 10 nm, for example, 10 nm to 2 m, or 10 to 500 nm, and the aspect ratio (length) is generally 100 or less. It is.
- a predetermined portion of the surface of the CDW crystal substrate 91 made of TaSe2 crystal was irradiated with the electron beam 23.
- the CDW crystal substrate 91 is a square having a side length of about 40 m.
- Spot size of the electron beam 2 3 was 1 Aim, acceleration voltage 2 5 kV, the amount of emission current 8 X 1 0- 8 A, irradiation time and 3 0 minutes.
- the irradiation of the electron beam 2 3 was carried out in vacuum of pressure of 3 ⁇ 4 X 1 0- 6 T orr.
- the CDW crystal substrate 91 and the crystal were grown to a length of about 15 O nm in a continuous form.
- FIG. 17 shows this Andreev reflection scanning probe microscope.
- Fig. 18 shows the phase diagram of L a 2 — x B a, C u ⁇ 4 .
- X 1 Z8
- the spin-charge stripe order is stabilized at a low temperature, the system becomes an insulator, and superconductivity is suppressed.
- Fig. 19 when a small pressure is applied to this system, the spin-charge stripe order is suppressed and the superconductivity is restored. In this case, if the critical temperature of superconductivity is ⁇ ⁇ and the applied pressure is P, then T.
- the tip can be made superconductive only by applying a force of 0.1 g weight to the LBCO probe 112 having a tip with a diameter of several nanometers.
- the LBC 0 probe 111 having such superconductivity sensitive to pressure is brought into contact with the surface of the sample 113, and the tip of the LBC tip 111 is placed in the superconducting state described above.
- the tip of the LBCO probe 112 becomes insulative before contact and becomes superconductive, and the LBC is reflected by Andre-F reflection.
- the I-V characteristics between the 0 probe 1 1 2 and the sample 1 1 3 change.
- the LB ⁇ probe 12
- the LB is cooled to a temperature lower than the superconducting critical temperature when pressure is applied and higher than the superconducting critical temperature when no pressure is applied.
- the following measurement can be performed using the change in the IV characteristics described above.
- the unevenness on the surface of the sample 113 is imaged using the change in the IV characteristic. That is, as shown in FIG. 20, the constant current source 114 supplies a constant current between the LBCO probe 112 and the sample 113, and the LBCO probe 112 is moved to the sample 110. 13. Scan along the surface of 3.
- the sample 113 may be of any type without particular limitation.
- the LBC tip between the probe 112 and the sample 113 may be used.
- the LBC ⁇ probe 1 1 2 is scanned along the surface of the sample 1 13.
- LB ⁇ Tip 1 1 2 height
- the sample 113 is a superconducting sample.
- the LBCO probe 1 I-V characteristics between LBC 0 probe 1 1 2 and sample 1 1 3 change when 1 2 is above the superconducting state or above the non-superconducting state I do. Therefore, the change in IV characteristics enables observation of the magnetic flux lattice of sample 113 and observation of the superconducting / non-superconducting inhomogeneous state.
- One method is to fabricate LBC tip 12 by processing LBC crystal of Balta.
- a cone 21 is prepared.
- This cone 21 has a melting point such that it is not heated and softened when LBCO needle-like crystals are grown by irradiation with an electron beam described later, for example, a melting point of 800 ° C. or more.
- a raw material film 22 of LBCO crystal to be grown is formed on the surface of the cone 21 in a vacuum.
- the raw material film 2 for example, L a film or L a 2 0 3 film, B a membrane or B A_ ⁇ film, in addition to using a film such as a Cu film or Cu 2 0 layer, a LB CO membrane itself Is also good.
- the raw material film 22 can be formed by, for example, any one of a film forming method such as a vacuum evaporation method, a sputtering method, a CVD method, a MOCVD method, and an MBE method, or an appropriate combination thereof.
- the target is irradiated with an electron beam 23 at room temperature.
- Spot size of the electron beam 2 for example 5 0 nm to 1 m approximately, acceleration voltage 2. 5 to 2 0 0 k V, the emission current amount 1 x 1 0 7 A, while upon irradiation 3 0 minutes to 1 hour.
- the irradiation of the electron beam 3 is performed in a vacuum at a pressure of, for example, 3 to 4 xl O- 6 Torr. At this time, as shown in FIG.
- the LBCO needle-like crystal 115 grows not at the irradiation site of the electron beam 23 but near the tip of the cone 21.
- the temperature between the irradiated part of the electron beam 23 and the growth part of the LBCO needle-shaped crystal 115 is 10 to 100 ° C /
- the temperature of the irradiation site of the electron beam 23 is higher than the growth temperature of the LBCO needle crystal 115, but the growth site of the LBC 0 needle crystal 115 is lower in temperature and is most suitable for growth.
- Temperature The growth of this LBCO needle-like crystal 115 is thought to be due to solid-phase epitaxial growth.
- the thickness (diameter) of this LBCO needle crystal 1 15 is, for example, 5 ⁇ !
- the length is, for example, 10 nm to 2 Lm. Or 10 to 50 O nm, and the aspect ratio (length / thickness) is generally 100 or less.
- observation of an uneven image of a sample surface and study of a nano-scale inhomogeneous superconducting state (self-organization phenomenon) occurring in a high-temperature superconductor or a heavy electron system.
- This makes it possible to realize a scanning probe microscope that is extremely useful for observing the flux line lattice and studying the state of electrons in the magnetic flux.
- the numerical values, configurations, materials, raw materials, processes, and the like listed in the above embodiments and examples are merely examples, and different numerical values, configurations, materials, raw materials, processes, and the like may be used as necessary. You may.
- another energy beam such as a laser beam or an ion beam may be used.
- the growth may be performed by irradiating the electron beam 23 while supplying a growth raw material. Further, the growth may be performed by irradiating the electron beam 23 while supplying another growth material while a part of the material film is formed.
- the analysis of a charge density wave nanostructure and the determination of the structure of a biopolymer can be performed with high precision by actively utilizing the macroscopic quantum phase information of the charge density wave.
- a probe microscope such as a charge density wave quantum phase microscope that can be configured in a small size can be realized. 'Furthermore, it is possible to manufacture electronic devices such as extremely small semiconductor devices without using lithography technology.
- the analysis of charge density wave nanostructures and the determination of the structure of biological macromolecules can be performed with high accuracy by actively utilizing the macroscopic quantum phase information of charge density waves. Further, a charge density wave quantum phase microscope that can be configured in a small size can be realized.
- a charge density wave quantum interferometer capable of measuring a local electric field with high accuracy by positively utilizing macroscopic quantum phase information of a charge density wave. it can.
- a scanning probe microscope that is extremely effective for studying nano-scale non-uniform superconducting state, observing a magnetic flux line lattice, studying an electronic state in a magnetic flux, and observing an uneven image of a sample surface is realized. can do.
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Abstract
Description
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Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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EP05736881A EP1744143A1 (en) | 2004-04-23 | 2005-04-22 | Scanning probe microscope probe and production method therefor and scanning probe microscope and application method therefor and needle-like element and production method therefor and electron element and production method therefor and charge density wave quantum phase microscope and charge density wave quantum interferomet |
US11/568,223 US7553335B2 (en) | 2004-04-23 | 2005-04-22 | Scanning probe microscope probe and manufacturing method therefor, scanning probe microscope and using method therefor, needle-like body and manufacturing method therefor, electronic device and manufacturing method therefor, charge density wave quantum phase microscope, and charge density wave quantum interferometer |
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JP2004128772A JP4413066B2 (ja) | 2004-04-23 | 2004-04-23 | 電荷密度波量子位相顕微鏡及び電荷密度波量子干渉計 |
JP2004128771A JP2005308652A (ja) | 2004-04-23 | 2004-04-23 | プローブ顕微鏡探針及びその製造方法並びにプローブ顕微鏡並びに針状体及びその製造方法並びに電子素子及びその製造方法 |
JP2004-128772 | 2004-04-23 | ||
JP2004-128771 | 2004-04-23 | ||
JP2004-128770 | 2004-04-23 | ||
JP2004128770A JP2005308651A (ja) | 2004-04-23 | 2004-04-23 | 走査プローブ顕微鏡およびその使用方法 |
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US7644447B2 (en) | 2006-09-29 | 2010-01-05 | Park Systems Corp. | Scanning probe microscope capable of measuring samples having overhang structure |
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KR20080006590A (ko) * | 2005-04-07 | 2008-01-16 | 이 창 훈 | 프로브, 프로브의 제조방법 및 프로브의 응용 |
US7635392B2 (en) * | 2007-08-14 | 2009-12-22 | Qimonda Ag | Scanning probe microscopy cantilever, corresponding manufacturing method, scanning probe microscope, and scanning method |
US10481174B2 (en) * | 2015-03-11 | 2019-11-19 | Yeda Research And Development Co. Ltd. | Superconducting scanning sensor for nanometer scale temperature imaging |
CN105572423B (zh) * | 2016-01-22 | 2018-06-26 | 复旦大学 | 一种基于无液氦室温孔超导磁体的强磁场扫描探针显微镜 |
CN112960644A (zh) * | 2021-02-03 | 2021-06-15 | 中国科学院长春光学精密机械与物理研究所 | 基于针尖增强的电子束诱导碳基纳米结构的可控生长方法 |
KR102512651B1 (ko) | 2021-03-25 | 2023-03-23 | 연세대학교 산학협력단 | 주사탐침 현미경용 프로브 및 이를 포함하는 이진 상태 주사탐침 현미경 |
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JPH04233406A (ja) * | 1990-10-31 | 1992-08-21 | Internatl Business Mach Corp <Ibm> | ナノメートル・スケールのプローブ及びその製造方法 |
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Cited By (1)
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US7644447B2 (en) | 2006-09-29 | 2010-01-05 | Park Systems Corp. | Scanning probe microscope capable of measuring samples having overhang structure |
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KR20070012803A (ko) | 2007-01-29 |
US7553335B2 (en) | 2009-06-30 |
EP1744143A1 (en) | 2007-01-17 |
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