WO2005089927A1 - Membranes catanioniques cristallisees stabilisees par des polymeres, leur procede de preparation et applications - Google Patents
Membranes catanioniques cristallisees stabilisees par des polymeres, leur procede de preparation et applications Download PDFInfo
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- WO2005089927A1 WO2005089927A1 PCT/FR2005/000342 FR2005000342W WO2005089927A1 WO 2005089927 A1 WO2005089927 A1 WO 2005089927A1 FR 2005000342 W FR2005000342 W FR 2005000342W WO 2005089927 A1 WO2005089927 A1 WO 2005089927A1
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- hydroxide
- surfactants
- membrane according
- catanionic
- alkyl
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J13/00—Colloid chemistry, e.g. the production of colloidal materials or their solutions, not otherwise provided for; Making microcapsules or microballoons
- B01J13/02—Making microcapsules or microballoons
- B01J13/06—Making microcapsules or microballoons by phase separation
- B01J13/10—Complex coacervation, i.e. interaction of oppositely charged particles
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/10—Dispersions; Emulsions
- A61K9/127—Liposomes
- A61K9/1274—Non-vesicle bilayer structures, e.g. liquid crystals, tubules, cubic phases, cochleates; Sponge phases
Definitions
- the present invention relates to catanionic membranes stabilized by polymers, to their preparation process and to their uses, in particular as a medicament for the vectorization of active species or for the retention, by adsorption, of volatile molecules.
- Mixtures of anionic and cationic surfactants in an aqueous medium give rise to what is known as "catanionic" solutions.
- the counter ions form an excess salt and induce a high conductivity of the samples which masks the electrostatic interactions.
- a particular type of salt-free catanionic formulation is obtained by using only H + and OH " counterions, so that no excess salt is formed by the mixture of the two surfactants (Dubois M. et al., CR Acad. Sci.
- rmés of a sandwich structure with rigid external membrane whose diameter, adjustable, can vary from a few microns to about thirty nanometers and in which the positive charges are mainly located at the edge.
- the structure and the process for the preparation of these catanionic nanodisks are described in particular in the article by Zemb T. et al, Science, 1999, 283, 816-819.
- the catanionic solution contains an excess of anionic surfactants
- the formation of hollow polyhedra is observed, the shape of which will vary as a function of the amount of excess anionic surfactants.
- the formation of hollow icosahedrons is observed in particular, the shape of which recalls that observed for the proteins of viral capsids.
- the formation of an icosahedron requires the meeting of the following three conditions: 1) the formation of stable unilamellar vesicles during equimolar mixing at high temperature of the solutions of anionic and cationic surfactants, 2) the excess of anionic surfactant must be insoluble in water and in the crystalline bilayer obtained during the equimolar mixture of anionic and cationic surfactants, 3) the amount of excess surfactant must be such that it allows the formation of 10 to 15 pores per vesicle.
- the absence of condition 3) leads to the formation of nanodisks or large open crystalline bilayers including pores. Still according to the teaching of this article and thanks to the presence of these pores, different uses of such polyhedra could be envisaged.
- the first object of the invention is therefore a catanionic membrane in the form of an organized solid bilayer comprising a lateral alternation of anionic surfactants with H + counter ions and cationic surfactants with OH " co-crystallized ions in which the molar fraction (FM ): molar quantity of anionic surfactants (Q ⁇ A ) / (molar quantity of anionic surfactants (Q TA ) + molar quantity of cationic surfactants (Q TC )) is greater than 0.5 (i.e.
- said membrane forming an at least locally planar surface, characterized in that said bilayer is stabilized by at least one neutral and hydrophobic polymer or with an overall electrical charge opposite to the effective charge of said catanionic membrane, said polymer being adsorbed on said surface.
- the presence of polymers adsorbed on their surface makes it possible to stabilize the catanionic membranes in accordance with the invention during the browni movement. in, and allows in particular to maintain a distance of at least one nanometer between two membranes avoiding their precipitation and thus allowing their dilution by isotonic solutions such as sea water or the blood medium.
- the cationic and anionic surfactants which can be used in accordance with the invention are preferably chosen from the compounds having a melting temperature above the temperature of use so as to be in crystallized form.
- the operating temperature can vary between 20 and 30 ° C., surfactants having a melting point above 30 ° C. will be chosen more particularly.
- the cationic surfactants which can be used in accordance with the invention for the formation of bilayers are preferably chosen from mono- and double-stranded quaternary ammoniums of formulas (I) and Y) respectively:
- - R'i and R ' 2 identical or different, represent an alkyl radical in C1-C 4 hydroxyalkyl, Cj-C 4 alkyl or (C
- - R '3 and R' 4 identical or different, represent a saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon chain C C 24, a benzyl radical, (C 4 - C 2 o) benzyl or an alkyl group (C 4 -C 2 o) ester
- - R represents a saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon chain C 8 -C 24 radical benzyl, (C -C 2 alkyl) benzyl, or a C 4 -C 20 alkyl ester group; and their mixtures.
- the methyl radical is particularly preferred.
- R 4 mention may in particular be made of alkyl chains such as, for example, stearyl, cetyl, dodecyl and tetradecyl chains.
- alkyl (C -C 2 o) ester groups mentioned for the radicals R ′, R ′ 4 and R mention may in particular be made of the (C] 6 ) alkyl esters and the (C] 2 ) alkyl esters.
- cetyltrimethylammonium hydroxide hydroxide of dodecyltrimethylammonium, stearyltrimethyla monium hydroxide, tetradecyltrimethylammonium hydroxide, N- (2-carboxyxyethyl) - N, N-dimethyl 1-hexadecanaminium hydroxide, N- (2-hydroxyethyl) -N hydroxide , N-dimethyl 1-hexadecanaminium, cetyltriethylammonium hydroxide, dodecyltriethylammonium hydroxide, stearltriethyl ammonium hydroxide, tetradecyltriethylammonium hydroxide, cetyltripropylammonium hydroxide, dodecyltripropylammonium hydroxide hydroxide , t
- the anionic surfactants which can be used in accordance with the invention for the formation of bilayers, are preferably chosen from carboxyhic acids with a hydrophobic C 8 -C 24 carbon chain with counter H + ions and phosphates and sulfonates with counter H ions comprising one or two alkyl chains in
- any type of anionic surfactant against H + with any type of cationic surfactant against ion OH " and in particular to any cationic surfactant of formula (I) and / or of formula Y) since it is possible to provide a mixture of mono and double-stranded cationic surfactants.
- the FM of the surfactants used for the formation of bilayers (Q T A / (Q TA + Q TC )) must be greater than 0.5. According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, this FM is between 0.52 and 0.66 and even more preferably between 0.55 and 0.58.
- the bilayers consist of: a) either a cationic surfactant of formula (I) as defined above and in which the radicals R], R 2 and R 3 are identical and represent a methyl radical and R represents a hydrocarbon chain having X carbon atoms, X being between 8 and 24 inclusive, associated with a carboxylic acid as defined above in which the hydrophobic carbon chain C 8 -C 2 contains X ⁇ 4 carbon atoms; b) or a cationic surfactant of formula (I ') as defined above in which the radicals R'] and R ' 2 are identical and represent a methyl radical and R' 3 and R 'are identical and represent a hydrocarbon chain having X carbon atoms, X being between 8 and 24 inclusive, associated with a carboxylic acid as defined above in which the C 8 -C 2 carbon hydrophobic chain contains X ⁇ 4 carbon atoms; c) either a phosphate or a sulfonate comprising a phosphate or a s
- the bilayers are formed from a combination of cetyltrimethylammonium with counter ion OH " and myristic acid with counter ion H + .
- anionic surfactants with H + counter ions the bilayers in accordance with the invention may also contain a minor molar quantity of anionic surfactants with metal counter ion, and in particular with sodium, magnesium, lithium, chromium, vanadium counter ion. or nickel for example, said surfactants being chosen from the anionic surfactants mentioned above, with the exception of course of the nature of the counterion.
- the term "minority" molar quantity is understood to mean an amount of anionic surfactant with a metal counter ion necessary to bring the final FM into the range between 0.52 and 0.66 as defined above.
- the polymers which can be used to stabilize the bilayers in accordance with the invention are non-lipid polymers, chosen from polymers neutral or of overall electrical charge opposite to the effective charge of the catanionic membranes, that is to say of overall electrical charge "slightly” negative.
- the term "effective charge” means the overall electrical charge taking into account the apparent pKa of the acid in the crystal, which manifests itself for example in electrophoretic mobility by a movement of the bilayers worm s the anode This electrical charge is different from the dosable structural charge and deduced from the localization of the composition in a phase diagram.
- polymers of “slightly” negative overall electrical charge polymers comprising less than one elementary electrical charge per 2 nanometers in stretched length.
- neutral polymers these are preferably chosen from polysaccharides such as for example dextrans and cellulose derivatives such as hydroxymethylcelluloses, hydroxyethylcelluloses and hydroxypropylcelluloses, synthetic polymers such as polyethylene glycols (PEG), polyoxyethylenes, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and polyvinylalcohols such as the products sold under the trade names PVA, Ethenol®, Poval®, Acroflex®, Airvol®, Alcotex® or Aquafilm®, oxyethylenated di-block polymers such as the polymers sold under the trade name Varonic® by the company Degussa-Goldschmidt, block copolymers based on ethylene oxide and propylene oxide such as the polymers sold under the trade names Pluronic® and Lutrol® by
- polyacrylates are preferably chosen from polyacrylates, polymethacrylates, polyethylmethacrylates, polybutylmethacrylates and polystyrenesulfonates, said polymers being substituted more than 75% randomly by neutral water-soluble groups such as for example polyoxyethylene groups or the like.
- weakly adsorbed polymers such as polyoxyethylene, dextran, PVP, the polymers sold under the trade names Varonic®, Pluronic® and Lutrol®, Methyl-Oxyrane, Pluronic®, Antarox®, Arcol®, Daltocel® and Dowfax®.
- the catanionic membranes can in particular be in the form of faceted hollow microcrystals when the FM Q TA / (QTA + QTC) is between 0.55 and 0.58.
- these micro-crystals can take the form of hollow polyhedra (molecular boxes) comprising from 12 to 30 approximately triangular faces, and very particularly in the form of hollow icosahedra having an internal volume of between 0.1 and 10 ⁇ 3 .
- the lateral alternation of the anionic and cationic surfactants co-crystallized is hexagonal, the flat part of said faces being made up solely of species with H + or OH counter ions " in stoichiometric quantities while the vertices of said faces are in the form of an internal half-torus formed in majority of anionic species in excess and in an amount sufficient to obtain an FM Q TA / (QTA + QT C ) between 0.55 and 0.58
- this configuration that is to say when the vertices of each face are in the form of an internal half-torus, then the vertex of each of the faces of a micro- crystal forms a pore, together with the vertices of the adjacent faces of the same micro-crystal.
- each micro-crystal can contain from 10 to 15 pores. Thanks to the presence of neutral polymers or weakly negatively charged electric charge ve adsorbed on their surface and which block flocculation and coalescence, these molecular boxes can resist ionic strength, that is to say the presence of salts, up to isotonicity.
- the presentation of the catanionic membranes in the form of a molecular box is particularly preferred according to the invention.
- the catanionic membranes in accordance with the invention can also be in the form of fragments of hollow polyhedra, that is to say in the form of a stack of three-dimensional catanionic crystals in the form of "stacks of plates", resulting from the opening of the molecular boxes and the dense stack of facet fragments.
- the pH of the membrane solution can be adjusted to any pH value of between 2 and 6. This allows reactions to be carried out in an acid medium and also makes it possible to avoid the precipitation of macroscopic crystals.
- acids with hydrophilic counter ions such as for example hydrochloric acid, acetic acid and citric acid.
- the dissolution of the surfactants in the aqueous solvent is preferably carried out slowly and can in particular continue for variable durations ranging from one hour to one week, with minimal mechanical stirring, without heating.
- the anionic surfactants used during the first step only consist of TA with H + counter ions, this is then called a true catanionic mixture therefore comprising only OH ions " (brought by TC) and H + counter ions.
- the TA and TC can be mixed beforehand in powder form before dissolving in the solvent.
- the first step of the process according to the invention comprises: - a first sub-stage during which the mixture of the CT with counter ion OH "is first carried out with the TA with counter ions H + in an amount Q TAI equal to Q T C, then - a second sub step during to which the Q TA2 molar quantity of TA with metal counter ion is then added, in which case the nature of the metal counter ions may be chosen according to the property which it is desired to confer on the cationic membrane in accordance with the present invention.
- the heating step allows the chains of the surfactants associated with the pairs of ions formed during the slow dissolution to be completely melted.
- estines to form the bilayers in accordance with the invention are dispersed in the form of vesicles with strong electrostatic repulsion.
- Each vesicle constitutes a micro-reactor formed by a fluid bilayer (liquid chains) which after the cooling step will transform into a rigid bilayer (frozen chains).
- the aqueous solvents used during this process preferably have a conductivity less than or equal to about 1 MOhm. They are preferably chosen from water, glycerol and their mixtures.
- the total concentration of surfactants (TA plus TC) within the solution is preferably between 0.01 and 3% by weight relative to the total weight of said solution.
- the temperature to which the mixture is heated obviously depends on the nature of the cationic and anionic surfactants used, however in general, this temperature is generally higher than 30 ° C and lower than 80 ° C and again more preferably between 30 ° C and 70 ° C.
- This temperature can be adjusted for each solution of surfactants, at 5 ° C above the temperature of the mixture of surfactants considered, detectable by an endothermic peak by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). This temperature is even more preferential between 55 and 70 ° C.
- the mixture is cooled to a temperature preferably below 30 ° C and even more preferably to a temperature between 20 and 25 ° C.
- active substances mention may in particular be made of pharmaceutical active principles, active substances for cosmetic purposes and in particular volatile odorous molecules, cells such as whole bacteria, DNA or RNA fragments.
- active substances for cosmetic purposes and in particular volatile odorous molecules, cells such as whole bacteria, DNA or RNA fragments.
- those skilled in the art will preferably take care to choose active substances whose electrical charge will be sufficiently low so as to avoid any destabilization of the catanionic membranes in accordance with the invention.
- the process generally comprises an additional step of elimination of the active substances which would not have been encapsulated at inside polyhedra or which would be adsorbed on their surface.
- This elimination step can be carried out by rinsing, in particular using an aqueous solvent identical to that which is used for the preparation of the membranes, by dialysis or even by filtration.
- the volume fraction of polymer added to the mixture during the third step is preferably between one and two times the total mass of cationic and anionic surfactants in order to present a steric or electrostatic protective layer allowing the addition salt without destroying faceted polyhedra of the icosahedron type, nor the precipitation of catanionic species forming a three-dimensional crystal.
- the invention also relates to the catanionic membranes in accordance with the invention and as described above, for use as a medicament for the vectorization of active species or for retention by adsorption and slow diffusion of molecules. volatile.
- the catanionic membrane is in the form of a faceted hollow polyhedron and is used for: - the encapsulation of medicaments, with a view to their vectorization, - the encapsulation of whole bacteria , fragments of DNA or RNA, so as to make them inaccessible to the immune system, - the retention of reagents for chemical reactions occurring inside polyhedra, - the carrying out of precipitation or crystallization reactions at inside polyhedra, by slow diffusion of reagents inwards through the pores of polyhedra, - as a cosmetic ingredient for the manufacture of creams, obtained by flocculation in the form of polyhedron clusters, and allowing diffusion effective of active molecules after adsorption of the polyhedron on surfaces of electric potential of opposite surface such as the skin for example.
- the invention also comprises other provisions which will emerge from the description which follows, which refers to an example of preparation of hollow crystallized polyhedra based on cetyltrimethylammomum hydroxide and myristic acid against H + ion and an example of the preparation of hollow crystallized polyhedra based on cetyltrimethyl ammonium hydroxide and myristic acid with counterion H + and Li + , as well as in attached Figures 1 to 4 in which: - the figure 1 represents a photograph by cryofracture microscopy of hollow crystallized polyhedra based on cetyltrimethyl ammonium hydroxide and myristic acid with counterion H + before stabilization by a neutral polymer (PEG 20,000) and at a total concentration in surfactants of 1% by weight and with a molar fraction TA / (TA + TC) equal to 0.56; FIG.
- a "1 ); - Figure 4 represents a cryofracture microscopy photograph of crystallized hollow polyhedra based on cetyltrimethyl ammonium hydroxide and myristic acid with counter ion H in equimolar quantities, and an excess of myristic acid against Li + ion. It should however be understood that these examples are given solely by way of illustration of the subject of the invention of which they do not in any way constitute a limitation.
- EXAMPLE 1 Preparation of hollow crystallized polyhedra based on cetyltrimethylammomum hydroxide and myristic acid with counterion H +
- This example illustrates one of the two variants of the process for preparing the bilayers in accordance with the invention, namely that in which the the TC with OH counter ion " and the TA with excess H + ion are mixed directly to obtain a true catanionic mixture without going through a sub-step of equimolar premix of TA and TC.
- the compounds are allowed to dissolve at room temperature.
- the solution After having observed the complete dissolution of the surfactants (disappearance of the solid grains of myristic acid), the solution is heated to a homogeneous temperature and slightly above 65 ° C. which corresponds to the melting temperature of the chains of surfactants for one minute. The solution is then allowed to cool to room temperature.
- a 1.5% by weight solution of polyethylene glycol sold under the name PEG 20,000 (neutral polymer) is prepared.
- the solution of surfactants is mixed at room temperature, volume by volume, with the polymer solution with gentle stirring.
- the final dispersion obtained can be concentrated by simple filtration due to the combination of the crystallization of the chains, the size of the objects, the low viscosity of the solution and the low osmotic pressure ( ⁇ 1000 Pa) of the final dispersion obtained .
- the solution obtained before concentration is slightly diffusing and bluish and contains a dispersion of hollow micron faceted objects detectable by their characteristic decreasing scattering like the square of the scattering angle at small angles (light or neutrons), associated with the presence of a fine Bragg peak ( ⁇ 0.002 nra) located between 0.150 n "1 and 0.156 nm " 1 by X-ray scattering at large angles.
- Example 1 0.0230 g of lyophilized CTAOH and 0 are first mixed 0.074 g of myristic acid with counter ions H + then adding e a sufficient quantity of Millipore water (> 1 Mohm / cm) to form a 1% by weight solution of total surfactants. Within this solution the molar quantity Q c of CTAOH is identical to the molar quantity Q A ] of myristic acid with counterion H + . The mixture of surfactants is then allowed to dissolve by slow stirring at room temperature until a solution which no longer contains heterogeneities visible to the eye and which corresponds to crystals of myristic acid is obtained.
- the solution is then heated to a temperature above 50 ° C for 1 minute; the solution must be transparent and contain no aggregates. Allow to cool to room temperature. Then added to this solution 0.0051 g of lithium myristate powder.
- a solution of catanionic surfactants is then obtained in which the myristate (H + + Li + ) / (myristate (H + + Li + ) + CTAOH) molar fraction is equal to 0.56.
- the mixture is stirred at room temperature for one week until the lithium myristate is completely dissolved.
- the catanionic solution is then heated to a temperature above 65 ° C for 1 minute, then the solution is allowed to cool to room temperature.
- the objects obtained by this method have the same structure as those of Example 1 above and appear in the attached FIG.
- Example 4 produced by cryofracture microscopy. Independently, a 1.5% by weight solution of neutral polymer: polyethylene glycol (PEG 20,000) is prepared. The catanionic solution is mixed at room temperature, volume by volume, with the neutral polymer solution with gentle stirring. As in Example 1 above, the final dispersion obtained can be concentrated by simple filtration. The structural signature (not shown) is similar to that of Example 1, both by cryofracture and by X-rays.
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Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP05717631A EP1718406A1 (fr) | 2004-02-17 | 2005-02-14 | Membranes catanioniques cristallisees stabilisees par des polymeres, leur procede de preparation et applications |
US10/588,529 US20070135651A1 (en) | 2004-02-17 | 2005-02-14 | Polymer-stabilised, crystallised, catanionic membranes, preparation method thereof and applications of same |
JP2006553612A JP2007523245A (ja) | 2004-02-17 | 2005-02-14 | ポリマー安定化、結晶化カタニオニック膜、それらの調製方法およびそれらの用途 |
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FR0401579 | 2004-02-17 | ||
FR0401579A FR2866246B1 (fr) | 2004-02-17 | 2004-02-17 | Membranes catanioniques cristallisees stabilisees par des polymeres, leur procede de preparation et applications |
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WO2005089927A1 true WO2005089927A1 (fr) | 2005-09-29 |
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PCT/FR2005/000342 WO2005089927A1 (fr) | 2004-02-17 | 2005-02-14 | Membranes catanioniques cristallisees stabilisees par des polymeres, leur procede de preparation et applications |
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US (1) | US20070135651A1 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP1718406A1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JP2007523245A (fr) |
CN (1) | CN1938079A (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2866246B1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2005089927A1 (fr) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2012123925A1 (fr) | 2011-03-16 | 2012-09-20 | Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Et Aux Energies Alternatives | Vésicules catanioniques, leur procédé de préparation et leurs applications |
US8323880B2 (en) * | 2006-08-10 | 2012-12-04 | Kanto Kagaku Kabushiki Kaisha | Positive resist processing liquid composition and liquid developer |
Families Citing this family (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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FR2880032B1 (fr) * | 2004-12-23 | 2007-04-20 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Nanodisques catanioniques cristallises stabilises, procede de preparation et applications |
WO2009025777A1 (fr) * | 2007-08-17 | 2009-02-26 | University Of Maryland | Vésicules surfactantes catanioniques fonctionnalisées par un hydrate de carbone pour l'administration de médicament |
FR2937259B1 (fr) * | 2008-10-20 | 2010-12-24 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Vesicules catanioniques, leur procede de preparation et leurs applications |
US10017545B2 (en) | 2013-06-03 | 2018-07-10 | University Of Maryland, College Park | Compositions and vaccines comprising vesicles and methods of using the same |
CN116601276A (zh) * | 2020-12-14 | 2023-08-15 | 联合利华知识产权控股有限公司 | 组合物 |
Citations (1)
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EP1219348A2 (fr) * | 2000-11-27 | 2002-07-03 | Xerox Corporation | Procédé pour l'encapsulation |
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2005
- 2005-02-14 US US10/588,529 patent/US20070135651A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2005-02-14 CN CNA2005800052062A patent/CN1938079A/zh active Pending
- 2005-02-14 EP EP05717631A patent/EP1718406A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2005-02-14 JP JP2006553612A patent/JP2007523245A/ja not_active Withdrawn
- 2005-02-14 WO PCT/FR2005/000342 patent/WO2005089927A1/fr active Application Filing
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EP1219348A2 (fr) * | 2000-11-27 | 2002-07-03 | Xerox Corporation | Procédé pour l'encapsulation |
Non-Patent Citations (4)
Title |
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DUBOIS ET AL: "Self-assembly of regular hollow icosahedra in salt-free catanionic solutions", NATURE, vol. 411, 2001, pages 672 - 675, XP002296166 * |
MARQUES ET AL: "Interaction between Catanionic Vesicles and Oppositely Charged Polyelectrolytes - Phase Behaviour and Phase Structure", MACROMOLECULES, vol. 32, 1999, pages 6626 - 6637, XP002296165 * |
MCKELVEY ET AL: "Templating Hollow Polymeric Spheres from Catanionic Equilibrium Vesicles: Synthesis and Characterisation", LANGMUIR, vol. 16, 2000, pages 8285 - 8290, XP002296164 * |
TESTARD F ET AL: "Understanding solubilisation using principles of surfactant self-assembly as geometrical constraints", COMPTES RENDUS - GEOSCIENCE, ELSEVIER, PARIS, FR, vol. 334, no. 9, 2002, pages 649 - 663, XP004374362, ISSN: 1631-0713 * |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US8323880B2 (en) * | 2006-08-10 | 2012-12-04 | Kanto Kagaku Kabushiki Kaisha | Positive resist processing liquid composition and liquid developer |
WO2012123925A1 (fr) | 2011-03-16 | 2012-09-20 | Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Et Aux Energies Alternatives | Vésicules catanioniques, leur procédé de préparation et leurs applications |
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CN1938079A (zh) | 2007-03-28 |
EP1718406A1 (fr) | 2006-11-08 |
JP2007523245A (ja) | 2007-08-16 |
FR2866246B1 (fr) | 2006-05-12 |
US20070135651A1 (en) | 2007-06-14 |
FR2866246A1 (fr) | 2005-08-19 |
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