WO2005083862A1 - Degivreur electrothermique par impulsions pour cables d'alimentation - Google Patents

Degivreur electrothermique par impulsions pour cables d'alimentation Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2005083862A1
WO2005083862A1 PCT/US2004/027408 US2004027408W WO2005083862A1 WO 2005083862 A1 WO2005083862 A1 WO 2005083862A1 US 2004027408 W US2004027408 W US 2004027408W WO 2005083862 A1 WO2005083862 A1 WO 2005083862A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
power
cable
switch
metal shell
ice
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Application number
PCT/US2004/027408
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English (en)
Inventor
Victor Petrenko
Charles Roger Sullivan
Original Assignee
The Trustees Of Dartmouth College
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by The Trustees Of Dartmouth College filed Critical The Trustees Of Dartmouth College
Publication of WO2005083862A1 publication Critical patent/WO2005083862A1/fr

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02G—INSTALLATION OF ELECTRIC CABLES OR LINES, OR OF COMBINED OPTICAL AND ELECTRIC CABLES OR LINES
    • H02G7/00—Overhead installations of electric lines or cables
    • H02G7/16—Devices for removing snow or ice from lines or cables

Definitions

  • Deicing is a process in which interfacial ice attached to a structure is either broken loose from the structure or melted. Some sort of external force (e.g., gravity, wind-drag, etc.) then removes the ice from the surface of the structure. Mechanical deicers require less energy than thermal deicers but they do not always remove all the ice from the structure being deiced. Also, the mechanical deicer may damage the structure being deiced, accelerating wear on the structure. Thermal deicing is effective but uses large amounts of energy (e.g., electricity) because of heat loss to convective heat exchange/absorption by bulk ice and by the structure being deiced. FIG.
  • energy e.g., electricity
  • FIG. 1 A illustrates a cross section through a prior art aluminum conductor, steel reinforced (ACSR) cable 10.
  • Cable 10 is typically used for power transmission.
  • Cable 10 has seven steel wires 12 that add strength to cable 10, and thirty aluminum wires 14 that provide high current carrying capability (at a lower cost and weight as compared to steel) to cable 10.
  • Cable 10 may also be constructed with fewer or more steel wires 12, and fewer or more aluminum wires 14, as a matter of design choice.
  • FIG. IB illustrates a cross section through a prior art aluminum conductor, steel reinforced trapezoidal wire (ACSR/TW) cable 20. Cable 20 is also used for power transmission.
  • ACSR/TW steel reinforced trapezoidal wire
  • Cable 20 has seven steel wires 22 that provide strength to cable 20, and thirty-six trapezoidal-shaped aluminum wires 24 that add high current carrying capability to cable 20 (at a lower cost and weight as compared to steel).
  • Aluminum trapezoidal wires 24 are slightly more expensive to manufacture than aluminum wires 14, but reduce the overall diameter of cable 20 (as compared to cable 10) for a given cross-sectional aluminum area. Accordingly, cable 20 has less wind resistance and outer surface area as compared to cable 10; therefore, it also has less surface area for ice to adhere to than cable 10.
  • use of cable 20 for power transmission results in less ice adhesion, the amount of ice that adheres to cable 20 is still sufficient to break cable 20 and, hence, disrupt power distribution.
  • a system deices a power cable that has an inner conductor and a metal shell.
  • the metal shell is separated from the inner conductor by a dielectric material.
  • a switch module is responsive to a control signal to divert power from the inner conductor to the metal shell, to generate heat to melt ice on the power cable.
  • a method deices a power cable having an inner conductor and a metal shell.
  • a control signal is generated to indicate presence of ice on the power cable. Power is diverted from the inner conductor to the metal shell to generate heat to melt ice on the power cable.
  • a power cable having an inner conductor and a metal shell is provided.
  • a cable for power transmission includes an inner conductor, a dielectric layer, and an outer metal shell configured for resistive heating.
  • FIG. 1 A illustrates a cross section through an aluminum conductor, steel reinforced (ACSR) cable of the prior art.
  • FIG. IB illustrates a cross section through an aluminum conductor, steel reinforced trapezoidal wire (ACSR/TW) cable of the prior art.
  • FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating one system embodiment for deicing a surface.
  • FIG. 3 is a graph illustrating temperature versus distance of heating power W for the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 2.
  • FIG. 4 shows one pulse electrothermal deicer system embodiment.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates exemplary detail of a housing of one embodiment of an electrothermal deicer system connected with a power cable.
  • FIG. 6 is a block diagram illustrating mechanical and electrical connections that support use of a switch in a pulse electrothermal deicer system.
  • FIG. 7 shows exemplary deployment of pulse electrothermal deicing.
  • FIG. 8A and FIG. 8B show cross sectional views of a power cable illustrating a shell with and without a longitudinal cut.
  • FIG. 9A is a cross sectional view of an aluminum conductor, steel reinforced (ACSR) cable suitable for pulse electrothermal deicing.
  • ACSR aluminum conductor, steel reinforced
  • FIG. 9B is a cross sectional view of an aluminum conductor, steel reinforced trapezoidal wire (ACSR/TW) cable suitable for pulse electrothermal deicing.
  • ACR/TW trapezoidal wire
  • DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Systems and methods are described for deicing a surface, such as a surface of a power cable.
  • the systems and methods described herein may advantageously employ, in certain embodiments, a low average power and a short active duration for deicing, thereby removing ice contamination in an effective manner.
  • Certain of the following features may make such systems and methods superior to mechanical and conventional thermal deicing techniques. For example, in some cases, such features may reduce the energy taken to deice a cable by a factor of 100.
  • FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating one electrothermal deicer system 100 for deicing a surface.
  • a substrate 102 e.g., an aircraft wing, refrigerator heat exchanger, car windshield, etc.
  • a layer of ice 104 is shown with a layer of ice 104.
  • a thin-film heater 106 is located at the interface of substrate 102 and ice 104.
  • System 100 melts interfacial ice more economically than prior art deicing systems by reducing heat lost to both substrate 102 and ice 104.
  • Thin-film heater 106 is shown connected to a controller 108 via a cable 110. Controller 108 operates to switch thin-film heater 106 on and off, for example.
  • FIG. 1 A thin-film heater 106 is located at the interface of substrate 102 and ice 104.
  • System 100 melts interfacial ice more economically than prior art deicing systems by reducing heat lost to both substrate 102 and ice 104.
  • Thermal resistance between thin-film heater 106 and ice 104 is reduced.
  • the heat lost from thin-film heater 106 to substrate 102 and to ice 104 is reduced by shortening the duration of the active heating time of thin-film heater 106.
  • Thin-film heater 106 is shown connected to a controller 108 via a cable 110. Controller
  • FIG. 3 is a graph 200 illustrating temperature T versus distance d of heating power W.
  • Time t corresponds to heat diffusion time through ice 104 and substrate 102.
  • Curve W 1 represents a high density of heating power and curve W 2 represents a low density of heating power.
  • Temperature T m represents the melting point of ice.
  • the deicing pulse time t ⁇ required to warm up the interfacial ice from temperature T to a melting point T m is: where subscripts "i" refer to ice, subscripts "s” refer to the substrate materials, and W is a power per square meter. The total energy to heat ice to the melting point is then:
  • a latent heat q for melting an interfacial ice layer of thickness d may be added to Eq. 4 to determine a power required to melt the ice in addition to the power required to reach the melting point. Accordingly, the total power is approximately: ( ⁇ m ⁇ ⁇ ) (Eq. 5)
  • Qt iPi c i ⁇ i /vA -l + d ⁇ q - p
  • the minimum thickness d of the melted layer should be sufficient to enable the ice to slide on a viscous water film by action of gravity force, an air dragging force (such as in aviation), and/or a centrifugal force (such as from rotor-blades of helicopters and windmills).
  • a typical value of a sufficient water film layer thickness in aviation is about 2 microns.
  • the corresponding second term in Eq. 5 is usually less significant than the first term. Accordingly, the time predicted in Eq. 3 should not change much with the addition of the latent heat term. For a relatively thick heater film, a term originating from a thermal capacity of that film Q h may be also added to Eq.
  • V IR
  • R p-U( ⁇ -D-h)
  • a high instantaneous power may be used and applied in short energy pulses. The time between such pulses is defined by a rate of ice growth and tolerance to ice thickness. In one example, in aviation, ice thicker than about 3 mm may be removed.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates one pulse electrothermal deicer system 300, suitable to deice power cables.
  • System 300 shows a power cable 301 which has an inner conductor 302, a metal shell 304 and a thin layer of dielectric material 306 separating metal shell 304 from inner conductor 302.
  • System 300 also includes one or more switch modules 309, shown in FIG. 4 as 309(1) and 309(2).
  • Each switch module 309 includes an electrical connection 311 between metal shell 304 and inner conductor 302, a switch 308 that interrupts current flow between adjacent sections of inner conductor 302, and a controller (not shown in FIG.
  • System 300 may optionally include one or more ice detectors 312 (as described in more detail below).
  • ice detectors 312 as described in more detail below.
  • switch 308(1) opens, cable current flows from inner conductor 302 through electrical connection 311(1) to metal shell 304 of section L, and back to inner conductor 302 at electrical connection 311(2) and closed switch 308(2), thereby heating shell 304 along section L.
  • one of switches 308 opens for a deicing pulse time of 0.1s to Is to deice a cable section (e.g., section L); but depending on electrical properties and weather conditions, the deicing pulse time can vary from about 1ms to 10 seconds.
  • Dielectric material 306 separates inner conductor 302 from metal shell 304. Typically, dielectric material 306 is between 0.5mm to 2mm thick, to provide sufficient dielectric strength to withstand the potential difference developed between inner conductor 302 and metal shell 304. Dielectric material 306 can be a polymer, ceramic and/or other non-conductive material.
  • a typical section (e.g., section L of cable 301) may exist as a part of a cable between two towers, for example, spanning 200m to 400m, or other lengths. Multiple sections may be deiced simultaneously, or sections may be deiced one by one in a "domino-like" manner (i.e., where sections are deiced sequentially). When sections are switched in and out of deicing mode for about Is, deicing may spread along cable 301 with a speed comparable with a speed of sound in air. Powering one section at a time may reduce associated voltage and/or current fluctuations caused in the transmission cable by deicing.
  • Sections may also be deiced in response to input from ice detectors (e.g., ice detector 312), which may lead to (a) some sections being deiced at the same time, and/or (b) some sections being deiced more frequently than other sections. It is not necessary to place a switch at each end of each section (e.g., section L of FIG. 4 and FIG. 6); rather, only one switch may be employed per section (e.g., switch 308(1) for section L in FIG. 4 and FIG. 6). Switches 308 of FIG. 4 may be electronic switches, electromechanical switches or combinations thereof.
  • a switch 308 fails, preferably it fails 'on' such that power transmission is not affected by a failure, and only deicing ability is lost; that is, it is undesirable to incur power loss caused by an inability to turn deicing off.
  • electronic switches include thyristors, Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs), high-current Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors (MOSFETs), other power semiconductors, pre-packaged electronic switches and solid-state relays.
  • Examples of electromechanical switches include relays and contactors, such as automobile starter coils. Combinations of both can be used to provide advantages of both.
  • a relatively small and inexpensive thyristor can interrupt a large current by switching at a zero crossing of the current; however, its voltage drop may cause large power dissipation in a steady state.
  • a small and inexpensive relay connected in parallel provides low resistance and voltage drop during steady-state operation; but it may not interrupt the full current at full voltage. If the relay is turned off while the thyristor is on, the relay need not interrupt the full current at full voltage; the thyristor then conducts only for a very short time before it is turned off so its energy dissipation remains low. The thyristor may then turn off to produce a deicing pulse.
  • FIG. 5 shows exemplary mechanical detail of a portion 600 of one switch module (e.g., switch module 309) of an electrothermal deicer system (e.g., system 300) connected with a power cable 301(3).
  • Clamps 602(1) and 602(2) attach to ends of metal shell 304, and clamp 604 attaches to an end of inner conductor 302.
  • Clamps 602 and 604 may be mechanically integrated into a single structure; a structure integrating clamps 602 and 604 may also include electrical connection therebetween (i.e., forming an electrical connection 311 as shown in FIG. 4). Clamps 602 and 604 attach to structural supports known as "dead ends" (not shown) that bear the tension present in cable 301(3), thus creating a region in which the tension is removed from current carrying conductors.
  • the dead ends may be part of a housing that is configured inline with cable 301(3); in this configuration, outer conductor 606 may be configured as a cylinder and clamps 602 may be inner and outer concentric rings clamping outer conductor 606.
  • FIG. 6 is a block diagram illustrating mechanical and electrical connections of a switch module 309(3) suitable for use in a pulse electrothermal deicing system 300.
  • a housing 620 and an outer conductor 616 substantially surround a transformer 610, a controller 612, a switch 308(5) and connections therebetween.
  • Outer conductor 616 and housing 620 may be mechanically and/or electrically separate, as shown, or may be integrated.
  • Mechanical supports 614(1) and 614(2) clamp the layers of power cables 301(4) and 301(5) (for example, by using clamps 602 and 604 as shown in FIG. 8). Supports 614(1) and 614(2) are dead ends which bear the tension present in cables 301(4) and 301(5) respectively.
  • mechanical supports 614(1) and 614(2) may be supported by housing 620 so that switch module 309(3) may be placed within a power line cable without external mechanical support (for example, as shown in FIG. 7).
  • mechanical supports 614(1) and 614(2) may be supported by other support members such as transmission tower components (not shown).
  • Inner conductors 618(1) and 618(2) (relieved of the tension present in cables 301(4) and 301(5) by mechanical supports 614) connect with switch 308(5).
  • Current transformer 610 supplies power to controller 612 and/or switch 308(5). Since transformer 610 supplies only control power, its voltage and current output ratings may be much lower than the heating power delivered by deicer 300.
  • FIG. 7 shows exemplary deployment of pulse electrothermal deicing to deice power cables 301(1) and 301(2). Power cables 301(1) and 301(2) are shown suspended from transmission towers 320(1), 320(2), 320(3) and 320(4).
  • Switch module 309(4) controls pulse deicing of power cable 301(1) for section L; switch module 309(5) controls pulse deicing of power cable 301(2) for section L.
  • Switch modules 309(6) and 309(7) control pulse deicing of adjacent sections L', L" of power cables 301(1) and 301(2), respectively.
  • Switch modules 309(4) and 309(6) are located on, and therefore reference to a voltage of, power cable 301(1).
  • Switch modules 309(5) and 309(7) are located on, and therefore reference to a voltage of, power cable 302(2). Accordingly, switches 308 within switch modules 309(4), 309(5), 309(6) and 309(7) do not need to be rated to the cable-to-cable voltage or cable-to-ground voltage of power cables 301(1) or 301(2); switches 308 may be, for example, rated for the voltage drop across a shell 304 of section L of power cable 301(1). In FIG.
  • FIG. 8A shows cross sectional views of metal shell 304 of cable 301.
  • FIG. 8A illustrates a cross section with no power applied and longitudinal cut 402 open; FIG.
  • Deicing system 300 may operate in two different modes, which may be implemented by controllers 612 of switch modules 309.
  • Mode 1 A preventative mode of operation includes short deicing pulses occurring periodically, often enough that percolation of drops does not occur. Accordingly, a shell of ice does not lock or bond to the cable.
  • Mode 1 is for example useful to prevent build-up on a cable so that, for example, ice is melted before it completely surrounds a power cable.
  • Mode 2 An emergency full-melting mode of operation provides higher power to melt ice by brute force.
  • Operation of system 300 in Mode 2 may be limited to an average power of, for example, 150 W so that cables 301 do not overheat (overheating may damage or melt the insulation, or could make the cable sag excessively).
  • the average power may be achieved by adjusting the duration and frequency of deicing pulses, for example by pulse width modulation (PWM) or pulse frequency modulation (PFM).
  • PWM pulse width modulation
  • PFM pulse frequency modulation
  • a section length (e.g, section L of FIG. 4 and FIG. 6) may be a distance between two towers (i.e., one span) or may be significantly shorter or longer. Examples are now described.
  • Example #1 One-span 400-m deicer.
  • Deicer specifications Cable diameter D is 35 mm
  • Polyethylene dielectric layer thickness is 1mm
  • Cable current I is 1000A Outside temperature
  • T m is -10°C
  • Wind velocity v is 10 m/s Density of heating power Wis 60 kwatt/m2 (6.97 kwatt/m)
  • FIG. 9A is a cross sectional view of an aluminum conductor, steel reinforced (ACSR) cable 500 suitable for use in pulse electrothermal deicing.
  • Cable 500 has seven steel wires 502 that add strength to cable 500, and thirty aluminum wires 504 that add high current carrying capability to cable 500. Cable 500 also has a layer of smaller diameter aluminum wires 506 that are insulated from aluminum wires 504 by an insulating layer 508, thereby forming a metal shell around cable 500. Cable 500 may also be constructed with fewer or more steel wires 502, fewer or more aluminum wires 504, and fewer or more smaller diameter aluminum wires 506. Insulating layer 508 may, for example, be approximately 1mm thick and made from a polymer material. The number and diameter of aluminum wires 506 are selected to provide the necessary heating power for cable 500. FIG.
  • FIG. 9B is a cross sectional view of an aluminum conductor, steel reinforced trapezoidal wire (ACSR TW) cable 520 suitable for pulse electrothermal deicing.
  • Cable 520 has seven steel wires 522 that add strength to cable 520, and twenty aluminum wires 524 that have trapezoidal cross-sections and add high current carrying capability to cable 520.
  • Cable 520 also has a layer of smaller diameter aluminum wires 526, also with trapezoidal cross-sections, which are insulated from aluminum wires 524 by an insulating layer 528, thereby forming a metal shell around cable 520.
  • Cable 520 may also be constructed with fewer or more steel wires 522, fewer or more aluminum wires 524, and fewer or more aluminum wires 526.
  • Insulating layer 528 may, for example, be approximately 1mm thick, and made from a polymer. The number and diameter of aluminum wires 526 are selected to provide the necessary heating power for cable 520. As appreciated, there is little additional cost in manufacturing cables 500 and
  • Switches 308, transformers 610 and control electronics 612 may have voltage ratings based on the voltage drop across metal shell 304 for the length of section L, are not referenced to ground voltage; they therefore are not exposed to a full power cable voltage, which is typically between 100 kN and 1000 kN. Thus, switches 308, current transformers 610 and control electronics 612 may be significantly smaller and cheaper than components that would be necessary to switch the full power cable voltage.
  • the inductance between metal shell 304 and inner conductor 302 is small, such that inductive spikes on switch 308 are reduced. Only one switch 308 is typically used per section L; additional cables (known as bundles) that conduct the same phase across section L may also be switched simultaneously by switch 308, to reduce the number of switches employed.

Abstract

La présente invention concerne un système conçu pour dégivrer un câble d'alimentation, qui comprend un câble d'alimentation présentant un conducteur interne (302) et une enveloppe métallique (304) séparée du conducteur interne (302) par une matière diélectrique (306), ainsi qu'un module de commutation (309) qui peut dévier le courant du conducteur interne (302) jusqu'à l'enveloppe métallique (304), produisant alors de la chaleur pour faire fondre la glace sur le câble d'alimentation. La présente invention concerne un procédé pour dégivrer un câble d'alimentation présentant un conducteur interne (302) et une enveloppe métallique (304). Ce procédé consiste à générer un signal de commande indiquant de la glace sur le câble d'alimentation, puis à dévier le courant du conducteur interne jusqu'à l'enveloppe métallique, afin de produire de la chaleur pour faire fondre la glace sur le câble d'alimentation. La présente invention concerne aussi un procédé pour empêcher la formation de glace sur un câble d'alimentation, qui consiste à disposer d'un câble d'alimentation présentant un conducteur interne (302) et une enveloppe métallique (304), puis à dévier le courant de manière périodique du conducteur interne jusqu'à l'enveloppe métallique, afin de produire de la chaleur pour empêcher la formation de glace.
PCT/US2004/027408 2003-08-22 2004-08-23 Degivreur electrothermique par impulsions pour cables d'alimentation WO2005083862A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

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US49744203P 2003-08-22 2003-08-22
US60/497,442 2003-08-22
US54503804P 2004-02-17 2004-02-17
US60/545,038 2004-02-17

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Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP2034089A3 (fr) * 2007-09-10 2009-06-24 Fatzer AG Drahtseilwerk Câble pouvant être chauffé
CN106304436A (zh) * 2016-09-30 2017-01-04 四川大学 一种自融冰导体及其融冰设备
CN109274056A (zh) * 2018-11-27 2019-01-25 郭忠标 一种高压电塔导线监控除冰系统
CN109586231A (zh) * 2018-10-25 2019-04-05 国网浙江省电力有限公司衢州供电公司 一种电力线缆积雪清扫机及控制系统
CN113241710A (zh) * 2021-05-24 2021-08-10 贵州电网有限责任公司 一种地线分布式电磁脉冲除冰线圈结构及安装方法
CN113241707A (zh) * 2021-05-08 2021-08-10 贵州电网有限责任公司 用于架空输电线路地线的分布式电脉冲除冰装置及方法

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JPH06309944A (ja) * 1993-04-28 1994-11-04 Showa Electric Wire & Cable Co Ltd 難着雪線路
JPH08196022A (ja) * 1995-01-13 1996-07-30 Furukawa Electric Co Ltd:The 融雪電線
JPH0937448A (ja) * 1995-07-18 1997-02-07 Nissin Electric Co Ltd 送電線の融雪方法
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Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP2034089A3 (fr) * 2007-09-10 2009-06-24 Fatzer AG Drahtseilwerk Câble pouvant être chauffé
CN106304436A (zh) * 2016-09-30 2017-01-04 四川大学 一种自融冰导体及其融冰设备
CN106304436B (zh) * 2016-09-30 2022-11-25 四川大学 一种自融冰导体的融冰设备
CN109586231A (zh) * 2018-10-25 2019-04-05 国网浙江省电力有限公司衢州供电公司 一种电力线缆积雪清扫机及控制系统
CN109274056A (zh) * 2018-11-27 2019-01-25 郭忠标 一种高压电塔导线监控除冰系统
CN113241707A (zh) * 2021-05-08 2021-08-10 贵州电网有限责任公司 用于架空输电线路地线的分布式电脉冲除冰装置及方法
CN113241710A (zh) * 2021-05-24 2021-08-10 贵州电网有限责任公司 一种地线分布式电磁脉冲除冰线圈结构及安装方法

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