WO2005076230A1 - Optical system for controlling value documents - Google Patents
Optical system for controlling value documents Download PDFInfo
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- WO2005076230A1 WO2005076230A1 PCT/EP2005/050049 EP2005050049W WO2005076230A1 WO 2005076230 A1 WO2005076230 A1 WO 2005076230A1 EP 2005050049 W EP2005050049 W EP 2005050049W WO 2005076230 A1 WO2005076230 A1 WO 2005076230A1
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- document
- objects
- digital processing
- determining
- particles
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
- G06K19/00—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings
- G06K19/06—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code
- G06K19/08—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code using markings of different kinds or more than one marking of the same kind in the same record carrier, e.g. one marking being sensed by optical and the other by magnetic means
- G06K19/083—Constructional details
- G06K19/086—Constructional details with markings consisting of randomly placed or oriented elements, the randomness of the elements being useable for generating a unique identifying signature of the record carrier, e.g. randomly placed magnetic fibers or magnetic particles in the body of a credit card
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
- Credit Cards Or The Like (AREA)
- Inspection Of Paper Currency And Valuable Securities (AREA)
Abstract
A method is disclosed for controlling value documents, which comprise a substrate of polymer or paper and particles integrated in the substrate. The particles are single-colored and are optically different from the substrate. The method comprises the following steps: a) providing a document to be controlled ; b) subjecting the document to a light signal from a lighting source ; c) receiving an optical response signal from the document ; d) digital processing the response signal by carrying out following operations: i) digitalizing the response signal into a digital image ; ii) applying a convolution filter to the image in order to highlight details ; iii) applying a threshold value to convert gray values to a binary image of black and white pixels, contiguous black pixels forming an object ; iv) dilating the binary image ; v) removing smaller objects from the binary image.
Description
OPTICAL SYSTEM FOR VALIDATING ALUE DOCUMENTS
The present invention relates to a method for controlling value documents. The value document, if authentic, comprises a substrate of polymer or of paper and particles integrated in the substrate. The invention also relates to the application of the method in the manufacturing of value documents, in identification of value documents and in authentication of value documents.
Background of the invention.
The prior art has provided several possibilities for manufacturing value documents, e.g. by integrating some characteristic particles in substrates of paper or of polymer. If the characteristic particles are detected in some number or on some spots in the substrate, the paper is recognized as being genuine and not counterfeited.
In US-A-4,408,156 a system is disclosed where stainless steel fibers are integrated in value documents such as bank notes. The absorption of microwaves is used as criterion to determine whether stainless steel fibers are present or not.
EP-B-0 236 365 is based upon the discovery that it is impossible to distribute fibers in a substrate as paper two times in the same way. In other words, the distribution of fibers is unique. This unique distribution of fibers can be detected by means of reflection of microwaves.
EP-B-0 897 569 discloses a system of authentication based upon soft- magnetic fibers as security feature.
There is a need in the market for a simple and robust and flexible method for control of value documents.
Summary of the invention.
It is an object of the invention to provide a simple and robust method for controlling value documents. It is another object of the present invention to provide a method for controlling the manufacturing process of value documents. It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a method for checking the authenticity of value documents.
It is also an object of the present invention to provide a method for identifying value documents.
According to the present invention, there is provided a method for controlling value documents. The value document, if genuine or authentic, comprises a substrate of polymer or of paper and particles integrated in this substrate. The particles are optically, and preferably visually, different from the substrate. For example, the particles are single-colored with a color different from the color of the substrate. The control method comprises the following steps : a) providing a document to be controlled ; b) subjecting the document to a light signal, e.g. a visible red or white light, from a lighting source, which, for example, impinges vertically on the paper substrate ; c) receiving an optical response signal from the document, e.g. by reflection from or transmission through the document ; d) digital processing the response signal by carrying out following operations : i) digitalizing the response signal into a digital image in order to allow digital operations ; ii) applying a convolution filter to the image in order to highlight details which are outside the center of the image ; iii) applying a threshold value to convert gray values to a binary image of black and white pixels (or "1" and "0" values), contiguous black pixels form an object here ; iv) dilating the binary image in order to highlight the objects ; v) removing smaller objects from the binary image in order to disregard the so-called noise, i.e. smaller objects which can hardly classify as optical images of added particles.
The terms "value document" relate to bank notes, stock certificates, bond certificates, credit cards, passports, legal documents such as deeds and wills, ...
The security particles present in the substrate of the value document may be powders of various materials. The invention method, however, is particularly dedicated to metal fibers having a diameter ranging from 1 μm to 25 μm, and a length ranging from 0.5 mm to 15 mm. Fibers having a diameter of less than 1 μm are difficult and expensive to manufacture, while fibers with a diameter above 25 μm will harm the visual aspect of the value documents. Fiber lengths of more than 15 mm are not difficult to mix into the paper or plastic matrix of the value documents. The form of the metal fiber, i.e. mainly its length-to-diameter ratio, and the way the fiber is integrated into the substrate (straight, curved) add to the number of parameters. This increased number of parameters, if controllable and detectable, makes counterfeiting more difficult. The security particles may be present over the whole volume of the value document or may be present only in predetermined locations of the value document, such as in a narrow strip or in one or another square surface of a corner.
The invention method comprises a preliminary step of calibrating the lighting source in view of the document to be controlled. This can be done by putting a measuring staff on the document in front of a camera. The result is a number indicated the amount of pixels per millimeter : e.g. 10 pixels/mm or 100 pixels/mm.
Most preferably the invention method applies a background correction to the optical response signal before starting the digital operations (correction in the camera) or during the digital operations (software correction).
As already mentioned the response signal from the document can be the signal reflected from the document or the signal transmitted through the document. Unless the document is very thin and highly transparent, the reflected signal is to be preferred.
Preferably a relative movement is provided between the document and the lighting source and camera in order to control more than one spot on the document. This relative movement may be a stepwise movement. With each step a new line of the document (line scan) or a new area (with multiple lines - area scan) on the document is subjected to control.
With respect to the digital processing, the digital processing preferably comprises a step of removing objects which do not match predetermined form factors. In case the added security particles are fibers, this allows to remove objects which are esteemed not to correspond to fibers.
Once the "bad" objects have been filtered out, the form factor of the remaining objects may be determined. As a matter of a first example, the length-to-diameter ratio of the fiber may be determined. As a matter of a second example, it may be determined whether the fibers are integrated in the document in a straight way or in a curved way.
The various digital operations on the binary image may also comprise a step of eroding.
An abscissa axis may be established in a direction perpendicular to the direction of relative movement of the document with respect to the lighting source.
The zone where the security particles are present in the document may be determined in the following way.
First the left edge is determined. The left edge is the abscissa of the most left point where a predetermined minimum number of pixels is exceeded per area. This predetermined minimum number is required in order to disregard possible noise, which does not correspond to genuine particles.
Second the right edge is determined. Similarly to the left edge, the right edge is the abscissa of the most right point where a same predetermined number of pixels is exceeded per area.
Third, the width of the zone where objects are present, is calculated by subtracting the left edge from the right edge. Per area the abscissa of the center of gravity of the population of pixels may be determined. This center of gravity may then be used as starting point to determine the form of the distribution of the pixel population. This may be done by determining a center area around the center of gravity where a predetermined percentage (e.g. 66%) if pixels is present. After determination of the center area, the whole zone may be divided into three areas : a left area, a center area and a right area. Comparison of the width of the left area with the width of the right area may lead to conclusions about the form of the distribution. The distribution of the pixels within the zone may also be determined. In a particular embodiment of the invention method, a straightness correction is applied. Such a straightness correction may be necessary in case the document to be controlled or the zone where the security particles are supposed to be, is not positioned exactly 90° with respect to the abscissa axis used. If this inexact positioning '■" is the case, the result is that the centers of gravity of subsequent lines or areas will all have different abscissa values. The straightness correction equalizes these abscissa values.
In a final step, the area of the objects in the binary image may be determined. This object area is then divided by the area of the zone, where objects are present. The result is an indication for the concentration of the pixels in the value document.
The invention method can be applied as a control tool during the manufacturing of the value documents, e.g. during integration of security fibers in the paper. The invention method is particularly suitable for batch control, i.e. for control of samples of value documents taken at random from the manufacturing line.
The invention method can also be used as an authentication method to determine whether or not security particles are present in certain documents to be controlled.
Moreover, the invention method is useful to identify certain types of value documents, e.g. by determining the concentration of security particles in the document. This is the case when one type of value documents has a certain percentage range of concentration of security particles while another type of value documents has another percentage range of concentration of security particles.
Prior art document EP-A2-1 300 810 discloses a method and a device for validating security papers. Fibers of different colors, e.g. red, green and blue, are incorporated in security papers. The security papers are subjected to a system of illumination by means of fluorescent lamps with ultraviolet radiation.
In comparison with this prior art system, the system of the present invention presents one or more of following differences: coaxial lighting; and / or a black and white camera or - in other terms - a two-color camera; and / or fibers, which are visible in natural light; and / or possibility to detect or determine shape factor of the fibers; and / or calculation of the width of the fiber strip; and / or a moving table.
Brief description of the drawings.
The invention will now be described into more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings wherein FIGURE 1 illustrates a set-up of a control method according to the invention ; FIGURE 2 gives a flow chart of the subsequent steps of the digital image processing ;
FIGURE 3 explains how the form of the distribution of particles is determined.
Description of the preferred embodiments of the invention.
FIGURE 1 illustrates a set-up of a method for controlling document 10. A light source 12 radiates visible and continuous red light 14, which impinges on a half-permeable mirror 16. Part 18 of the visible red light is deviated by means of the mirror 16 to impinge vertically on document 10. A response signal 20 is reflected from the document 10 and is captured by a camera 22. Calibration of the image taken by the camera is done by means of a measuring staff so that the maximum number of pixels per millimeter is determined. After the digital processing of the area located under the camera 22, the document 10 is moved one step further to allow analysis of a subsequent area. This movement in steps is indicated by the arrows 24. A typical size of an area is 4x3 cm, each step involves a 3 cm movement.
FIGURE 2 illustrates the various subsequent steps in the digital processing of the response signal. The original response image is indicated by 30. It is assumed that metal fibers, visibly detectable at the surface of a genuine value document, form the security particles.
A convolution with a 7x7 matrix is applied to the original image 30 and results in image 32 where the details outside the center of the image are more highlighted.
A Lookup Table Square Root, or Lookup Logarithmic or Lookup Square operation results in a redistributed new image 34.
An autothreshold applies a threshold value per pixel and transforms each pixel into a "1" or "0" (or black and white) value, depending whether each pixel has a value smaller than or greater than the threshold value. The resultant image is given in 36. The image 36 is then inverted, which gives inverted image 38.
Next a particle filter is applied. All objects with less than e.g. forty contiguous pixels, are filtered away in order to remove all response pixels which unlikely correspond to security fibers. The filtered image is given by reference number 40. A dilation (e.g. a 3x3, 5x5 or 7x7 dilation) is then applied to the filtered image 40, which results in image 42. Next again a particle filter is applied, e.g. by a filtering away all objects approaching a circle. The resulting image is given by reference number 44.
Thereafter two possible courses are possible.
A first course aims at investigating more closely the objects. This first course applies yet another particle filter, e.g. by filtering away all objects not corresponding to some more severe form factors, leaving only the objects corresponding to really present fibers in the value document. The result is a fiber image 46 where the form (e.g. a straightness factor), the orientation, the number of objects etc. of the individual objects may be closely investigated.
A second course aims at investigating the whole population of objects. This second course applies an eroding operation, which results in area image 48. On the area image 48, the width of the zone where the objects are present, the distribution of the objects and the concentration of the objects may be determined.
FIGURE 3 illustrates schematically how some parameters on the area image 48 are determined.
In the example illustrated security particles are only present in a zone 50 and the purpose is to determine the width of this zone. Alternatively, security particles are present over the whole document, and the purpose is to determine the width of the whole document. The security particles are metal fibers 52 which are visibly detectable. The document is moved stepwise in direction 24. An X-axis is established perpendicular to the direction of movement.
First the left edge LE 54 is determined. LE is the abscissa of the left most point where the amount of pixels with the same abscissa exceeds a minimum level. This minimum level is used in order to disregard some noise, i.e. some pixels which are even more left but which do very unlikely correspond to security fibers.
Second the right edge RE 56 is determined. RE is the abscissa of the right most point where the amount of pixels with the same abscissa exceeds a same minimum level.
The width W of the zone of objects is then determined as : W = RE - LE
As a next step the center of gravity COG 58 is determined as the abscissa of the center of gravity of all pixels. This center of gravity COG 58 is then taken as starting point to determine a center zone CZ 60. The center zone CZ 60 is a zone, located somewhere in the middle, where e.g. 75 % of the population of the pixels is present. This center zone is determined in an iterative way. Starting from the COG an abscissa range is determined going from COG - x to COG + x. The number of pixels is determined in this zone. If the number of pixels does not reach, say 75% of the population of the present pixels, the number x is increased. This is repeated until 75% of the pixel population has been reached. If the COG and the center zone CZ are located exactly in the middle, a symmetric distribution is found.
An indication for the concentration of security fibers, can be found by determining the area of the objects and by dividing this object area by the whole area of the zone (length of the document multiplied by width of the zone 50).
Claims
1. A method for controlling value documents, said documents comprising a substrate of polymer or paper and particles integrated in said substrate, said particles being single-colored, said particles being optically different from said substrate, said method comprising the following steps : a) providing a document to be controlled ; b) subjecting said document to a light signal from a lighting source ; c) receiving an optical response signal from said document ; d) digital processing said response signal by carrying out following operations : i) digitalizing said response signal into a digital image ; ii) applying a convolution filter to said image in order to highlight details ; iii) applying a threshold value to convert gray values to a binary image of black and white pixels, contiguous black pixels forming an object ; iv) dilating said binary image ; v) removing smaller objects from said binary image.
2. A method according to claim 1, wherein said particles are metal fibers.
3. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said method comprises a preliminary step of calibrating the lighting source in view of the paper to be controlled.
4. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said method comprises a step of applying a background correction to said optical response signal.
5. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said response signal is an optical signal reflected from said document.
6. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said document is moved relatively to said lighting source.
7. A method according to claim 6, wherein said relative moving is done stepwise, each step allowing another line or another area on said document to be controlled.
8. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said digital processing comprises a further step of removing objects not matching predetermined form factors from said binary image.
9. A method according to claim 8, wherein said digital processing comprises a further step of determining a form factor of the remaining objects.
10. A method according to any one of the claims 1 to 7, wherein said digital processing comprises a further step of eroding.
11. A method according to any one of claims 6 to 10, wherein said digital processing further comprises a steps of establishing an abscissa axis in a direction perpendicular to the direction of relative movement.
12. A method according to claim 11, wherein said digital processing further comprises the following steps : - determining a left edge, said left edge being the abscissa of the most left point where a predetermined minimum number of pixels is exceeded ; - determining a right edge, said right edge being the abscissa of the most right point where said predetermined minimum number of pixels is exceeded ; - calculating the width of a zone where objects are present by subtracting the left edge from the right edge.
13. A method according to any one of claims 11 to 12, wherein said digital processing comprises a step of determining the abscissa of the center of gravity of the population of pixels.
14. A method according to claim 13, wherein said digital processing comprises a step of determining the center area of the population of objects, said center area having a predetermined percentage of the pixels.
15. A method according to claim 14, wherein said digital processing comprises a step of determining the distribution of the pixel population the width of the zone where objects are present.
16. A method according to any one of claims 14 to 15, wherein said digital processing comprises a step of applying a straightness correction, said straightness correction equalizing the abscissa of centers of gravity of subsequent lines or areas.
17. A method according to any one of claims 14 to 16, wherein said digital processing comprises a step of determining the concentration of the objects in said binary image by determining the area of the objects, determining the area of the zone where objects are present and dividing the area of the objects by the area of the zone where the objects are present.
18. Use of a method according to any one of the preceding claims as a control tool in the manufacturing of value documents.
19. Use of a method according to any one of claims 1 to 17 in authentication of value documents by determining the presence of any particular particles in the controlled paper.
20.Use of a method according to any one of claims 1 to 17 in identification of value documents by determining the concentration of the particles in the controlled document.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP04100423.5 | 2004-02-05 | ||
| EP04100423 | 2004-02-05 |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2005076230A1 true WO2005076230A1 (en) | 2005-08-18 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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| PCT/EP2005/050049 WO2005076230A1 (en) | 2004-02-05 | 2005-01-06 | Optical system for controlling value documents |
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| WO (1) | WO2005076230A1 (en) |
Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102722934A (en) * | 2012-06-25 | 2012-10-10 | 金峰 | Banknote intelligent digital imaging light-variable characteristic black and white data imaging device |
| CN107012717A (en) * | 2017-04-06 | 2017-08-04 | 南京三宝弘正视觉科技有限公司 | A kind of paper production control device and method |
| CN107316373A (en) * | 2017-06-15 | 2017-11-03 | 深圳怡化电脑股份有限公司 | A kind of Paper Currency Identification, device, terminal device and readable storage medium storing program for executing |
| CN107358717A (en) * | 2017-06-07 | 2017-11-17 | 深圳怡化电脑股份有限公司 | A kind of Paper Currency Identification, system and its terminal device |
| CN112017352A (en) * | 2020-09-03 | 2020-12-01 | 平安科技（深圳）有限公司 | Certificate authentication method, device, equipment and readable storage medium |
| CN113205633A (en) * | 2020-01-16 | 2021-08-03 | 深圳怡化电脑股份有限公司 | Method and device for detecting red and blue fibers of bill, electronic equipment and storage medium |
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| EP1300810A2 (en) * | 2001-09-21 | 2003-04-09 | Fabrica Nacional De Moneda Y Timbre | Method and device for validating security papers |
| DE10155780A1 (en) * | 2001-11-14 | 2003-05-22 | Vision Tools Hard Und Software | Securing objects against counterfeiting and/or imitation involves inserting and/or attaching non-reproducible physical random pattern during manufacture for later detection and comparison |
| DE10204870A1 (en) * | 2002-02-06 | 2003-08-14 | Infineon Technologies Ag | Method for preventing counterfeiting of a valuable medium, e.g. banknote, passport, or chip card, whereby a random pattern is applied to the surface of the medium and parameters of the pattern then displayed in an attached code |
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2005
- 2005-01-06 WO PCT/EP2005/050049 patent/WO2005076230A1/en active Application Filing
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| EP1300810A2 (en) * | 2001-09-21 | 2003-04-09 | Fabrica Nacional De Moneda Y Timbre | Method and device for validating security papers |
| DE10155780A1 (en) * | 2001-11-14 | 2003-05-22 | Vision Tools Hard Und Software | Securing objects against counterfeiting and/or imitation involves inserting and/or attaching non-reproducible physical random pattern during manufacture for later detection and comparison |
| DE10204870A1 (en) * | 2002-02-06 | 2003-08-14 | Infineon Technologies Ag | Method for preventing counterfeiting of a valuable medium, e.g. banknote, passport, or chip card, whereby a random pattern is applied to the surface of the medium and parameters of the pattern then displayed in an attached code |
Cited By (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102722934A (en) * | 2012-06-25 | 2012-10-10 | 金峰 | Banknote intelligent digital imaging light-variable characteristic black and white data imaging device |
| CN107012717A (en) * | 2017-04-06 | 2017-08-04 | 南京三宝弘正视觉科技有限公司 | A kind of paper production control device and method |
| CN107358717A (en) * | 2017-06-07 | 2017-11-17 | 深圳怡化电脑股份有限公司 | A kind of Paper Currency Identification, system and its terminal device |
| CN107358717B (en) * | 2017-06-07 | 2019-09-20 | 深圳怡化电脑股份有限公司 | A kind of Paper Currency Identification, system and its terminal device |
| CN107316373A (en) * | 2017-06-15 | 2017-11-03 | 深圳怡化电脑股份有限公司 | A kind of Paper Currency Identification, device, terminal device and readable storage medium storing program for executing |
| CN107316373B (en) * | 2017-06-15 | 2019-07-26 | 深圳怡化电脑股份有限公司 | A kind of Paper Currency Identification, device, terminal device and readable storage medium storing program for executing |
| CN113205633A (en) * | 2020-01-16 | 2021-08-03 | 深圳怡化电脑股份有限公司 | Method and device for detecting red and blue fibers of bill, electronic equipment and storage medium |
| CN112017352A (en) * | 2020-09-03 | 2020-12-01 | 平安科技（深圳）有限公司 | Certificate authentication method, device, equipment and readable storage medium |
| CN112017352B (en) * | 2020-09-03 | 2022-12-06 | 平安科技（深圳）有限公司 | Certificate authentication method, device, equipment and readable storage medium |
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