WO2005073930A2 - Dispositif de distribution de boisson et procede pour le faire fonctionner - Google Patents

Dispositif de distribution de boisson et procede pour le faire fonctionner Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2005073930A2
WO2005073930A2 PCT/CH2005/000037 CH2005000037W WO2005073930A2 WO 2005073930 A2 WO2005073930 A2 WO 2005073930A2 CH 2005000037 W CH2005000037 W CH 2005000037W WO 2005073930 A2 WO2005073930 A2 WO 2005073930A2
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
unit
beverage
water
delivery device
bottle
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/CH2005/000037
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
WO2005073930A3 (fr
Inventor
Adriana Bodmer
Ruedi Steinhauser
Maya Seelhofer
Anton Kappeler
Werner Balkau
Original Assignee
Swiss Water System (Sws) Ag
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Swiss Water System (Sws) Ag filed Critical Swiss Water System (Sws) Ag
Priority to EP05700332A priority Critical patent/EP1711921A2/fr
Publication of WO2005073930A2 publication Critical patent/WO2005073930A2/fr
Publication of WO2005073930A3 publication Critical patent/WO2005073930A3/fr

Links

Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
    • G07F—COIN-FREED OR LIKE APPARATUS
    • G07F5/00—Coin-actuated mechanisms; Interlocks
    • G07F5/18—Coin-actuated mechanisms; Interlocks specially adapted for controlling several coin-freed apparatus from one place
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
    • G07F—COIN-FREED OR LIKE APPARATUS
    • G07F13/00—Coin-freed apparatus for controlling dispensing or fluids, semiliquids or granular material from reservoirs
    • G07F13/02—Coin-freed apparatus for controlling dispensing or fluids, semiliquids or granular material from reservoirs by volume
    • G07F13/025—Coin-freed apparatus for controlling dispensing or fluids, semiliquids or granular material from reservoirs by volume wherein the volume is determined during delivery
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
    • G07F—COIN-FREED OR LIKE APPARATUS
    • G07F13/00—Coin-freed apparatus for controlling dispensing or fluids, semiliquids or granular material from reservoirs
    • G07F13/06—Coin-freed apparatus for controlling dispensing or fluids, semiliquids or granular material from reservoirs with selective dispensing of different fluids or materials or mixtures thereof
    • G07F13/065—Coin-freed apparatus for controlling dispensing or fluids, semiliquids or granular material from reservoirs with selective dispensing of different fluids or materials or mixtures thereof for drink preparation
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
    • G07F—COIN-FREED OR LIKE APPARATUS
    • G07F9/00—Details other than those peculiar to special kinds or types of apparatus
    • G07F9/001—Interfacing with vending machines using mobile or wearable devices
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
    • G07F—COIN-FREED OR LIKE APPARATUS
    • G07F9/00—Details other than those peculiar to special kinds or types of apparatus
    • G07F9/002—Vending machines being part of a centrally controlled network of vending machines

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a beverage delivery device for providing beverages to a user and a method for operating such a beverage delivery device.
  • Such a water dispenser generally comprises at least one unit for holding a (often standardized and reusable) water bottle and means for removing the water by the user, for example a manually operated valve.
  • a water cooler also has a cooling unit that cools the water against the ambient temperature before it is drawn off.
  • a water cooler can comprise further units, for example for heating water for the preparation of hot drinks, for filtering, for disinfection (for example by means of irradiation with ultraviolet light), or for adding water such as carbon dioxide or oxygen or with flavorings to the water.
  • a water cooler thus provides a relatively complete xes system that requires a regular supply of consumables, especially water bottles, and for hygienic reasons a regular quality control.
  • WO 03/062131 and EP-A 1 241 127 disclose examples of water coolers.
  • a telecommunication unit in conjunction with a computing unit enables automatic transmission of data via the beverage delivery device to a spatially remote database, and thus automated delivery and quality control. Furthermore, the present invention provides a method for operating the beverage dispensing device according to the invention with the features of claim 9.
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematic diagram of a device according to the invention
  • FIG. 3 shows a schematic diagram of the communication with a database.
  • FIG. 1 shows a water cooler with various functionalities in a highly schematic manner as an example of a beverage dispensing device according to the invention.
  • Transmission paths for liquids or gases are shown by thick lines, the direction of flow being indicated by arrows.
  • electrical connections for signal transmission are shown by thin lines, arrows indicating the direction of signal transmission (unidirectional or bidirectional).
  • the water cooler includes a holding tion for a liquid container in the form of a water bottle 1.
  • a transponder 2 is integrated in the neck of the water bottle 1 as identification means.
  • An identification unit 3 (like all other units indicated only schematically) is present in the holder.
  • the water cooler also contains a computing unit 4 which is electrically connected to the identification unit 3.
  • a telecommunications unit 5, an input / output unit 6 and a payment recording unit 7 are also connected to the computing unit 4.
  • the water from the bottle 1 passes through the following units in succession: a water pump 10, a flow meter 11, a filter 12, a cooling unit 13 with an integrated temperature sensor 14, an enrichment unit 15 for enriching the water with gases, an irradiation unit 16 for irradiation of the enriched water with ultraviolet (UV) light, a aromatizing unit 18 for adding aroma substances, and a removal valve 19. From here, the finished beverage reaches a cup 20 provided by the user. Any overflowing liquid is taken up in a drip tray 21. In order to ensure pressure equalization in the bottle 1, an air filter 22 is connected to the bottle 1 via a pressure equalization line.
  • the gases with which the water is mixed in the enrichment unit 15 are kept in gas containers 30, 30 '.
  • Manometers 31, 31 'and pressure reducers 32, 32' are present on the gas containers 30, 30 '. From here the respective gas reaches gas metering valves 33, 33 'and further into the enrichment unit 15.
  • aroma substances with which the water is added in the aromatizing unit 18 are stored in aroma containers 40, 40 ', 40'' kept ready. From here, the aroma substances reach the aroma unit 18 via aroma pumps 41, 41 ', 41''with integrated aroma dosing valves.
  • the following units are connected to the computing unit 4 by bidirectional signal lines: the identification unit 3, the telecommunication unit 5, the input / output unit 6, the payment acquisition unit 7 and the cooling unit 13.
  • the following units are connected to the computing unit 4 by unidirectional signal lines that they are suitable for receiving signals from this: the water pump 10, the gas metering valves 33, 33 ', and the aroma pumps 41, 41', 41 ''.
  • the following units are connected to the computing unit 4 by unidirectional signal lines in such a way that they are suitable for transmitting to these signals: the flow meter 11, the temperature sensor 14, the radiation unit 16, the removal valve 19, the drip tray 21 and the pressure gauge 31 , 31 '.
  • the bottle 1 is preferably a container made of plastic. Such containers are standardized on the market in various holding volumes, e.g. for 18.9 liters (5 gallons).
  • the bottle can be recycled, i.e. can be filled repeatedly, and is filled with spring or mineral water.
  • the bottle has a main portion and a neck tapered from the main portion through which the water is withdrawn.
  • transponder 2 in the bottle neck as identification means integrated.
  • This is preferably a passive transponder for radio frequency identification (RFID).
  • RFID radio frequency identification
  • a magnetically coupled, passive transponder contains an antenna in the form of a coil, which is connected to an integrated circuit. If the antenna is introduced into a suitable alternating electromagnetic field (exciting field), it absorbs electrical energy from the field, which is provided to supply the integrated circuit. Depending on a code stored in it, this serially changes a characteristic size of the antenna circuit, for example its inductance, or transmits signals to the antenna at a frequency other than that of the exciting field.
  • transponders as well as the reading units interacting with them for the detection of the code, are widespread and commercially available and are also referred to as RFID tags.
  • the transponder 2 is preferably a device similar to the type Glass TAG 3.1x13.3 from the manufacturer Sokymat SA, Granges (Switzerland). Such a transponder has a diameter of approximately 3.1 millimeters and a length of approximately 13.3 millimeters.
  • the transponder 2 is preferably located in a recess in the bottle neck, which was milled from the outside of the bottle neck, for example, and preferably extends parallel to the bottle neck.
  • the transponder 2 is fixed in the recess by means of a suitable adhesive or embedding agent, for example epoxy resin.
  • a suitable adhesive or embedding agent for example epoxy resin.
  • the identification unit 3 is tuned to interact with the transponder 2. It preferably comprises a flat, ring-shaped antenna coil with one or more turns, which is arranged in the water cooler in such a way that it surrounds the bottle neck when the bottle 1 is inserted in the water cooler, and the transponder 2 is located essentially inside this antenna coil. Furthermore, the identification unit 3 comprises a circuit (a reading unit) which makes it possible to detect the code stored in the transponder. For this purpose, the circuit generates an alternating electromagnetic field, detects the response of the transponder and makes a code determined in this way digitally available at its output in a suitable form. Such circuits are well known and are commercially available. For example, it can be a circuit similar to the Mini Reader Module R / O (GID-110) from the manufacturer Global ID.
  • GID-1 Mini Reader Module
  • the identification unit 3 also enables the information stored in the transponder to be changed (i.e. there is a read-write unit instead of a mere reading unit). In this way e.g. optionally a status flag "full” / "empty” can be changed in the transponder whenever an empty bottle is removed from the water cooler or whenever a bottle is refilled in a filling device.
  • the use of a ring-shaped antenna surrounding the bottle neck has a number of advantages.
  • One advantage is that reading the code from the transponder in one Any orientation of the bottle about its longitudinal axis can be done. The bottle does not have to be held in a fixed orientation in the water cooler.
  • Another advantage is that a high level of sensitivity can be achieved with little effort, since the area enclosed by the antenna or the circumference enclosed by the antenna can be kept relatively small, in particular in comparison to the circumference of the bottle at its thickest Job.
  • EMC electromagnetic compatibility
  • the identification unit 3 can also be arranged in a place where it does not disturb the overall aesthetic impression.
  • the bottle with the transponder is a liquid container for use in a beverage dispenser that contains an identification means, preferably in the form of an electromagnetic transponder.
  • the liquid container preferably has the shape of a bottle with a neck, and the identification means is preferably arranged in a recess in the region of the neck.
  • the beverage dispenser there is an arrangement comprising a beverage dispenser and at least one liquid container, which is characterized in that the identification means of the liquid container or the liquid containers are suitable for interacting with the identification unit of the beverage dispenser.
  • transponder 2 and the identification unit 3 are also possible as long as they meet the requirement that they store and read a code on the Allow bottle.
  • the reading is preferably carried out in a contact-free manner, particularly preferably by means other than optical, in order to avoid malfunctions due to possible contamination.
  • the reading process is preferably possible in any orientation of the bottle and can be repeated at any time, as is the case with the above-mentioned system of transponder and identification unit.
  • a possible variant is e.g. a flat, flexible transponder, such as is used commercially for the security of goods, for example compact disks or similar flat goods. This can be attached to the neck of the bottle, on the bottom or in other places, in particular glued on. However, such a transponder is not secured to the same extent against damage.
  • An optical code is also possible, e.g. Barcode attached to a suitable location on the bottle.
  • this can only be read out in a corresponding orientation of the bottle, is susceptible to contamination, and requires a relatively expensive optical reading device in the identification unit 3, which is why a transponder is preferred.
  • the computing unit 4 is a conventional computer, preferably based on standard components, e.g. from the field of personal computers or mobile handheld computers, which are available at low cost. It comprises at least one processor unit and one memory unit. The operating program and data are preferably stored in a non-volatile memory.
  • the telecommunications unit 5 is particularly preferably also suitable for receiving corresponding data.
  • Such devices are commercially available, for example in the form of PCMCIA plug-in cards, which are connected to the computing unit 4 via a standardized PCMCIA slot and exchange data bi-directionally with this.
  • Corresponding devices with a serial data connection to the computing unit are also commercially available.
  • GSM Global System for Mobile communications
  • GPRS another wireless telecommunications network, for example a UMTS network, and / or other protocols, in particular corresponding protocols in the context of UMTS, can also be used.
  • Cable-based data transmission for example via the usual telephone network, is also conceivable, but not preferred, since this requires a telephone connection in the immediate vicinity of the water cooler location and this generally involves higher fixed costs.
  • the input / output unit 6 is preferably a so-called LCD touchscreen, ie a liquid crystal screen, which is suitable for detecting a touch depending on the location. Such units are commercially available. Other devices for Input and output are conceivable.
  • the input / output unit includes, for example, switches or buttons for selecting temperature, gas enrichment and / or aromatization, and a simple status display, for example in the form of one or more light-emitting diodes.
  • the payment entry unit 7 is an optional unit, which can be omitted in a simplified embodiment. It is a commercially available unit for payment using coins, cards or the like.
  • the pump 10 can be omitted if the water cooler is constructed in such a way that the bottle 1 is used with its neck down in an upper region of the water cooler and the water pressure is sufficient for operation due to gravity. In other cases, e.g. if the bottle 1 is used upright or the pressure due to gravity is not sufficient for other reasons, a pump 10 is required. This is preferably a low-maintenance rotary or vibration pump, as is commercially available for the purpose of conveying beverages.
  • the flow meter 11 is preferably of the type of an impeller with a magnetic counter. It enables the water quantity obtained to be recorded and this data to be passed on to the computing unit 4.
  • the filter 12 is preferably an activated carbon filter.
  • a means for detecting the presence or absence of the filter 12, which is connected to the computing unit 4, is preferably present.
  • the filter 12 is optional and can be omitted in a simplified version.
  • the cooler 13 is preferably a CFC-free cooling unit, preferably a unit with a cold water reservoir of, for example, 2 to 3 liters. Such units are well known and are commercially available.
  • the cooler is controlled by the computing unit 4.
  • a temperature sensor 14, which is suitable for transmitting the water temperature to the computing unit 4, is integrated in the cooler. Depending on the user's choice, the cooler generates water at a temperature of approx. 5 ° C to 13 ° C or at room temperature.
  • the metering unit 15 enables gases to be mixed into the water, which may now be pre-cooled.
  • these gases are carbon dioxide (C0 2 ) and oxygen (0 2 ), which are added, for example, in a concentration of typically 40 to 60 milligrams per liter.
  • the dosing unit consists of two gas lines that open into the water line. Of course, enrichment with only one gas or with other gases can also be provided.
  • the gases are kept in gas containers 30, 30 ', preferably commercially available steel bottles with a capacity of 2 to 10 liters.
  • Manometers pressure transmitters
  • the pressure sensors make it possible to determine the level of the gas containers.
  • the metering of gases is controlled by electrically operated gas valves 33, 33 ', e.g. Solenoid valves, accomplished.
  • an irradiation unit 16 is optionally provided. act, which can be omitted in a simpler version.
  • This unit preferably comprises a commercially available UV lamp, which the water is directed past. The UV light may destroy pathogens contained in the water.
  • a monitoring device is preferably provided which indicates to the computing unit 4 whether the UV lamp is ready for operation.
  • the cold water reservoir of the cooler 13 can be designed in such a way that it can easily be exchanged for a cleaned and preferably sterilized cold water reservoir.
  • Means are preferably also provided which enable the computing unit 2 to recognize when the cold water reservoir is replaced. In the simplest case, this can be a switch actuated when the reservoir is inserted.
  • the cold water reservoir can also be provided with a device for microwave sterilization.
  • Flavorings can be added to the water in the flavoring unit 18. In the simplest case, this is a line for the aroma substances, which opens into the water line. The addition is achieved by pumps 41, 41 ', 41''with an integrated valve function, for example commercially available peristaltic pumps, which are controlled by the computing unit 4.
  • the aromatizing unit 18, aroma container 40, 40 ', 40''and pumps 41, 41', 41 '' are optional and can be omitted in a simple embodiment. Also, more or less than three different flavorings can be provided.
  • the drip tray 21 contains e.g. a contact that closes above a certain liquid level in the drip tray and thus transmits information to the computing unit 4 about the fill level of the drip tray 21. In a simpler version there is only one float for the visual display of the fill level.
  • FIG. 2 a flow diagram for a method for operating a water cooler according to the invention is shown.
  • the method comprises the following steps: commissioning 201, status test 202, decision step 203, data exchange 204, initialization 205, deactivation 206, option selection 207 and drink dispensing 208.
  • the water cooler is put into operation in the commissioning step 201.
  • the computing unit 4 is started in particular.
  • the step 201 of commissioning can also include further processes as long as the water cooler is put into a defined operating state at the end.
  • the next step is a status test 202, in which various checks take place, which are repeated regularly in operation. For example, the presence of a bottle 1 in the holder is checked. If there is a transponder 2 on the neck of the bottle 1, the identification unit 3 reads a code stored in the transponder 2 and thus identifies the bottle. The code is transmitted to the computing unit 4 and stored in a memory area of the computing unit 4. If the code cannot be determined, e.g. because of a faulty or nonexistent NEN transponders, a corresponding status message is transmitted to the computing unit 4 and stored in the memory area.
  • a function test of the radiation unit 16 is carried out, if necessary the fill level of the drip tray 21 is checked, and the gas pressures in the gas containers 30, 30 'are determined with the help of the pressure gauges 31, 31'.
  • the results of these checks are stored in the memory area of the computing unit 4 and compared with existing data.
  • further steps are checked, for example the last replacement of the cold water reservoir of the cooler 13 may be checked.
  • a number of status information items are generated and stored in the computing unit 4.
  • more, fewer or different checks can be part of the status test 202.
  • Status information can include, for example, the indication of errors that have occurred or cause the database computer to automatically order consumables, in particular water bottles, gas containers or aroma containers. In this way, an automatic supply of the water cooler with consumables is achieved on the one hand, and on the other hand needs-based maintenance and thus hygienic operation is made possible.
  • the water cooler is then put into a defined operating state in initialization step 205.
  • three operating states can be distinguished.
  • a first operating state (branching N)
  • beverage removal is not possible
  • a deactivation step 206 the water cooler is blocked for further use.
  • This state is initiated when the status test 202 has revealed critical malfunctions or another critical state. This can be the case, for example, if the radiation unit is not functional, components are missing or a maintenance interval has been exceeded.
  • the water cooler can be used again after the error has been rectified.
  • the third operating state (branching Y) is assumed when the bottle identification was successful, no inconsistencies occurred and the status test did not show any malfunctions. In this state the water cooler is fully operational.
  • the operating state and possibly further information are displayed to the user on the input / output unit 6, so that the user can, for example, solve any problems that may exist.
  • the water cooler In the third operating state, the water cooler enables the user to select various options via the input / output unit 6, e.g. with regard to the enrichment of the water with gases and / or flavorings.
  • the water cooler waits for the extraction valve 19 to be actuated. Such actuation is transmitted to the computing unit 4 which pumps 10, flow cooler 13 and possibly valves 33, 33 'and / or pumps 41, 41 ', 41' 'controls.
  • the arithmetic unit 4 determines updated consumption data on the basis of the amount of water determined by the flow meter 11, the current values of the gas pressure determined by the pressure gauges 31, 31 'and the aroma substance emitted and, if appropriate, carries out function tests again. The rest of the process is now repeated.
  • the operation can include further processes that run continuously, periodically or at irregular time intervals.
  • a step can take place in which the telecommunication unit 5 is placed in a state in which it is ready to receive data.
  • This data can include instructions to the water cooler to assume a certain operating state. But you can also include data sen that are to be displayed on the input-output unit 6, for example operational information or messages.
  • the transmission protocol of the telecommunication unit is suitable for the transmission of large amounts of data (as with the GPRS protocol), program data can also be transmitted which make it possible to change the operating program of the water cooler.
  • a central database 302 with a water cooler 301 and other locations, in particular a logistics company 303, a water supplier 304, a cooler producer 305, a gas supplier 306, a service area 307, and a call center 308 communicated.
  • the water cooler 301 Based on the results of the checks carried out during commissioning and in the status test, the water cooler 301 sends an SMS or GPRS message via a wireless GSM network to the computer in the database 302.
  • the message is processed here and, depending on its content, various processes triggered. Some of these processes are explained below using typical scenarios as examples.
  • the water cooler 301 sends the code of this bottle to the database 302.
  • a computer in the database 302 updates the data stored in the database, determines whether a new delivery of water bottles is required and, if necessary, automatically sends an order to the water supplier 304 to provide a predetermined or calculated number of water bottles. At the same time, the database automatically sends an order to the supplier.
  • Logistics company 303 to collect the water bottles provided from the water supplier and deliver them to the customer with whom the water cooler 301 is located. Further steps can follow; For example, the computer in the database can send accounting data to an accounting area, send a confirmation message to the water cooler, etc.
  • status test 202 results in a serious malfunction and the water cooler is deactivated in step 206.
  • the water cooler sends a message in step 204 with information about the error that has occurred to the database 302.
  • the database computer compares this information with stored data and initiates various actions based on this comparison. For example, if the comparison reveals the need for a service technician, the database computer automatically sends a service order to the service area 307. If the comparison reveals the need for spare parts, this information is transmitted to the cooler manufacturer 305, etc.
  • water supplier 304 finds that a certain series of water bottles contain low-quality water. This information is transmitted to the database 302 with the identification codes of the water bottles concerned. Whenever a user inserts a new water bottle into a water cooler and the water cooler then sends a message with the code of a newly inserted water bottle to the database, this code is checked by the database. If it is the code of a water bottle with inferior water, a message is immediately sent to the relevant water cooler, which triggers a deactivation of the water cooler. This enables effective quality assurance with regard to the water used.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Devices For Dispensing Beverages (AREA)
  • Beverage Vending Machines With Cups, And Gas Or Electricity Vending Machines (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un dispositif de distribution de boisson. Une unité de télécommunication (5) servant à transmettre des données à distance au moyen d'un réseau de télécommunication permet un échange de données avec une banque de données, par ex., pour automatiser la commande de produits consommables. La présente invention porte également sur un procédé pour faire fonctionner ce dispositif.
PCT/CH2005/000037 2004-02-02 2005-01-25 Dispositif de distribution de boisson et procede pour le faire fonctionner WO2005073930A2 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP05700332A EP1711921A2 (fr) 2004-02-02 2005-01-25 Dispositif de distribution de boisson et procede pour le faire fonctionner

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP04405065A EP1560170A1 (fr) 2004-02-02 2004-02-02 Distributeur de boissons et procédé pour le faire fonctionner
EP04405065.6 2004-02-02

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2005073930A2 true WO2005073930A2 (fr) 2005-08-11
WO2005073930A3 WO2005073930A3 (fr) 2005-12-08

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ID=34639506

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/CH2005/000037 WO2005073930A2 (fr) 2004-02-02 2005-01-25 Dispositif de distribution de boisson et procede pour le faire fonctionner

Country Status (2)

Country Link
EP (2) EP1560170A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2005073930A2 (fr)

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3920149A (en) * 1973-11-23 1975-11-18 Frank J Fortino Beverage dispensing apparatus and method
WO2002012112A2 (fr) * 2000-08-09 2002-02-14 Isochron Data Corporation Systeme et procede pour la surveillance et le controle d'equipement de distribution de boissons
US20030074194A1 (en) * 1999-12-08 2003-04-17 Finnegan Robert Martin Fluid dispensing apparatus

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3920149A (en) * 1973-11-23 1975-11-18 Frank J Fortino Beverage dispensing apparatus and method
US20030074194A1 (en) * 1999-12-08 2003-04-17 Finnegan Robert Martin Fluid dispensing apparatus
WO2002012112A2 (fr) * 2000-08-09 2002-02-14 Isochron Data Corporation Systeme et procede pour la surveillance et le controle d'equipement de distribution de boissons

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP1560170A1 (fr) 2005-08-03
EP1711921A2 (fr) 2006-10-18
WO2005073930A3 (fr) 2005-12-08

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