WO2005064130A1 - Device and process for removing nitrogen oxides from the exhaust gas of internal combustion engines with the aid of catalytically generated ammonia - Google Patents
Device and process for removing nitrogen oxides from the exhaust gas of internal combustion engines with the aid of catalytically generated ammonia Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2005064130A1 WO2005064130A1 PCT/EP2004/010261 EP2004010261W WO2005064130A1 WO 2005064130 A1 WO2005064130 A1 WO 2005064130A1 EP 2004010261 W EP2004010261 W EP 2004010261W WO 2005064130 A1 WO2005064130 A1 WO 2005064130A1
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- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- catalyst
- exhaust
- gas
- purification system
- gas purification
- Prior art date
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- MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen oxide Inorganic materials O=[N] MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 250
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 122
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 105
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 53
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 15
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 12
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 title claims description 12
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 192
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical group [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 239000010970 precious metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000006722 reduction reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium Chemical compound [V]#[V] GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910001935 vanadium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- MGWGWNFMUOTEHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)-1,3-thiazol-2-amine Chemical compound CC1=CC(C)=CC(C=2N=C(N)SC=2)=C1 MGWGWNFMUOTEHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- JCXJVPUVTGWSNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen dioxide Inorganic materials O=[N]=O JCXJVPUVTGWSNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910021536 Zeolite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- QGLKJKCYBOYXKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N nonaoxidotritungsten Chemical compound O=[W]1(=O)O[W](=O)(=O)O[W](=O)(=O)O1 QGLKJKCYBOYXKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910001930 tungsten oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000476 molybdenum oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- VZISNXYSKWKESC-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O].[V].[Mo] Chemical compound [O].[V].[Mo] VZISNXYSKWKESC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229960000510 ammonia Drugs 0.000 description 42
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 24
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 13
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 13
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 7
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- -1 platinum group metals Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 150000002823 nitrates Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Alumina Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 3
- QVQLCTNNEUAWMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium oxide Chemical compound [Ba]=O QVQLCTNNEUAWMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010531 catalytic reduction reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910000420 cerium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052878 cordierite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000003795 desorption Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- JSKIRARMQDRGJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimagnesium dioxido-bis[(1-oxido-3-oxo-2,4,6,8,9-pentaoxa-1,3-disila-5,7-dialuminabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-7-yl)oxy]silane Chemical compound [Mg++].[Mg++].[O-][Si]([O-])(O[Al]1O[Al]2O[Si](=O)O[Si]([O-])(O1)O2)O[Al]1O[Al]2O[Si](=O)O[Si]([O-])(O1)O2 JSKIRARMQDRGJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 description 2
- MRELNEQAGSRDBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N lanthanum(3+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[La+3].[La+3] MRELNEQAGSRDBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JKQOBWVOAYFWKG-UHFFFAOYSA-N molybdenum trioxide Chemical compound O=[Mo](=O)=O JKQOBWVOAYFWKG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BMMGVYCKOGBVEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoceriooxy)cerium Chemical compound [Ce]=O.O=[Ce]=O BMMGVYCKOGBVEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IATRAKWUXMZMIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Sr+2] IATRAKWUXMZMIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JRDJKFBOUMZEAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-L C([O-])([O-])=O.[Ba+2].[O-2].[Al+3] Chemical compound C([O-])([O-])=O.[Ba+2].[O-2].[Al+3] JRDJKFBOUMZEAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- BVCZEBOGSOYJJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium carbamate Chemical compound [NH4+].NC([O-])=O BVCZEBOGSOYJJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- KXDHJXZQYSOELW-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonic acid monoamide Natural products NC(O)=O KXDHJXZQYSOELW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZMIGMASIKSOYAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium Chemical compound [Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce] ZMIGMASIKSOYAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052681 coesite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052906 cristobalite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003344 environmental pollutant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000010354 integration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000449 nitro group Chemical group [O-][N+](*)=O 0.000 description 1
- 239000005022 packaging material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000719 pollutant Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008929 regeneration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011069 regeneration method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052682 stishovite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052905 tridymite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
- B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
- B01D53/9445—Simultaneously removing carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons or nitrogen oxides making use of three-way catalysts [TWC] or four-way-catalysts [FWC]
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
- B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
- B01D53/9445—Simultaneously removing carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons or nitrogen oxides making use of three-way catalysts [TWC] or four-way-catalysts [FWC]
- B01D53/9454—Simultaneously removing carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons or nitrogen oxides making use of three-way catalysts [TWC] or four-way-catalysts [FWC] characterised by a specific device
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
- F01N13/009—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
- F01N13/009—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series
- F01N13/0097—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series the purifying devices are arranged in a single housing
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/0807—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents
- F01N3/0814—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents combined with catalytic converters, e.g. NOx absorption/storage reduction catalysts
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/0807—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents
- F01N3/0828—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents characterised by the absorbed or adsorbed substances
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
- F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
- F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
- F01N3/206—Adding periodically or continuously substances to exhaust gases for promoting purification, e.g. catalytic material in liquid form, NOx reducing agents
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2251/00—Reactants
- B01D2251/20—Reductants
- B01D2251/206—Ammonium compounds
- B01D2251/2062—Ammonia
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2240/00—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being
- F01N2240/25—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being an ammonia generator
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2430/00—Influencing exhaust purification, e.g. starting of catalytic reaction, filter regeneration, or the like, by controlling engine operating characteristics
- F01N2430/06—Influencing exhaust purification, e.g. starting of catalytic reaction, filter regeneration, or the like, by controlling engine operating characteristics by varying fuel-air ratio, e.g. by enriching fuel-air mixture
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2570/00—Exhaust treating apparatus eliminating, absorbing or adsorbing specific elements or compounds
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2570/00—Exhaust treating apparatus eliminating, absorbing or adsorbing specific elements or compounds
- F01N2570/18—Ammonia
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
- F02D41/02—Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
- F02D41/021—Introducing corrections for particular conditions exterior to the engine
- F02D41/0235—Introducing corrections for particular conditions exterior to the engine in relation with the state of the exhaust gas treating apparatus
- F02D41/027—Introducing corrections for particular conditions exterior to the engine in relation with the state of the exhaust gas treating apparatus to purge or regenerate the exhaust gas treating apparatus
- F02D41/0275—Introducing corrections for particular conditions exterior to the engine in relation with the state of the exhaust gas treating apparatus to purge or regenerate the exhaust gas treating apparatus the exhaust gas treating apparatus being a NOx trap or adsorbent
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
- Y02A50/20—Air quality improvement or preservation, e.g. vehicle emission control or emission reduction by using catalytic converters
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
- Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies
Definitions
- the invention relates to an exhaust-gas purification system for removing nitrogen oxides from the exhaust gas of internal combustion engines with the aid of catalytically generated ammonia, and to a process for purifying the exhaust gases from lean-burn internal combustion engines, in particular from diesel engines.
- lean-burn engines Internal combustion engines which are operated in lean-burn mode are also referred to below as lean-burn engines. They are operated with a lean air/fuel mixture. Therefore, in addition to the usual pollutants, namely carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and unburnt hydrocarbons (HC) and particulates (PM), their exhaust gas also contains a high proportion, amounting to up to 15% by volume, of oxygen, and consequently the exhaust gas has a net oxidizing action. Therefore, the exhaust-gas purification processes by means of three-way catalysts which are customary for stoichiometrically operated internal combustion engines cannot be employed. In particular, conversion of the nitrogen oxides into nitrogen presents considerable difficulties in the oxidizing exhaust-gas atmosphere.
- CO carbon monoxide
- NOx nitrogen oxides
- HC unburnt hydrocarbons
- PM particulates
- the main components of the nitrogen oxides in the exhaust gas from lean-burn engines are nitrogen monoxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), with nitrogen monoxide forming the majority.
- NO nitrogen monoxide
- NO 2 nitrogen dioxide
- the nitrogen monoxide makes up from 60 to 95% by volume of the nitrogen oxides as a whole.
- SCR selective catalytic reduction
- ammonia is added to the exhaust gas as reducing agent, and this gas mixture is then passed over a catalyst for selective catalytic reduction (SCR catalyst).
- SCR catalyst the nitrogen oxides are selectively reacted with the ammonia to form nitrogen and water.
- This process is nowadays employed on a large industrial scale for the purification of power plant exhaust gases.
- Typical SCR catalysts contain, as catalytically active components, by way of example solid-state acids selected from the TiO 2 /WO 3 /MoO 3 /N 2 O5/SiO 2 /SO 3 system.
- SCR catalysts are based on acid-resistant zeolites which have been exchanged with transition metals, such as for example dealuminized Y-zeolite, mordenite, silicalite or ZSM-5. Furthermore, the catalysts may contain further components, such as for example copper, iron, cerium and manganese.
- SCR catalysts based on solid-state acid systems or based on zeolites are referred to below as standard SCR catalysts. They also always have a certain ability to store ammonia. Their operating temperature is approximately between 300 and 500°C.
- the SCR process is highly complex for use in mobile applications. Therefore, the NOx storage technology has been developed as an alternative to the SCR process.
- the nitrogen oxides contained in the lean exhaust gas are temporarily stored in the form of nitrates on a nitrogen oxide storage catalyst. Once the storage capacity of the storage catalyst is exhausted, the catalyst has to be regenerated.
- the internal combustion engine is briefly operated with a rich air/fuel mixture, i.e. more fuel is fed to the air/fuel mixture than can be completely burnt by the combustion air — the exhaust gas is rich. It therefore still contains unburnt hydrocarbons.
- the stored nitrates are decomposed to form nitrogen oxides and are reacted with the unburnt hydrocarbons contained in the rich exhaust gas as reducing agents to form nitrogen and water.
- nitrogen oxide storage catalysts contain basic components, such as the metal oxides of the alkali metals and of the alkaline-earth metals, or also rare earths, such as cerium oxide and lanthanum oxide. It is preferable to use barium oxide and strontium oxide.
- the nitrogen oxide storage catalysts also contain catalytically active precious metals, generally platinum. The role of these precious metals is to oxidize the nitrogen monoxide, which is the dominant nitrogen oxide in the exhaust gas, to form nitrogen dioxide. Only nitrogen dioxide is able to react with the storage components to form nitrates with the aid of the steam which is present in the exhaust gas. During the regeneration of the storage catalyst, the desorbed nitrogen oxides are reduced at the catalytically active precious metals to form nitro J gae"n and water.
- the lean-burn mode is in this case the normal running mode of the lean-burn engine.
- the nitrogen oxides in the exhaust gas are stored by the storage catalyst (storage phase).
- the nitrogen oxides are desorbed again and converted (desorption phase).
- the storage phase usually lasts from 1 to 2 minutes, whereas the desorption phase requires only a short time, of from 1 to 20 seconds.
- Drawbacks of the nitrogen oxide storage technology include the fact that the storage components can easily become poisoned by sulfur, and the relatively low conversion rates of at most 60 to 70%.
- the SCR technology is superior to the nitrogen oxide storage technology in terms of its conversion rates, its temperature activity range and its durability, but requires the use of a second operating medium - ammonia or a precursor compound which can be decomposed to form ammonia, for example urea or ammonium carbamate.
- EP 1 226 861 Al proposes, as a further possible improvement, the integration of an oxidation catalyst in the exhaust system upstream of the SCR catalyst. With the aid of this oxidation catalyst, a proportion of the nitrogen oxides, which are predominantly present as NO in the exhaust gas, is oxidized to form NO 2 under lean operating conditions. It is known from prior art that at temperatures below approximately 300°C an NO/NO 2 mixture is more reactive in the SCR reaction than pure NO, and conse- quently the SCR catalyst achieves significantly higher conversion rates even at lower temperatures.
- an exhaust-gas purification system for an internal combustion engine which includes, in the direction of flow of the exhaust gas, at least a first catalyst and a downstream second catalyst, the first catalyst generating ammonia from corresponding exhaust-gas constituents when the exhaust-gas composition is rich, and the second catalyst temporarily storing the ammonia generated by the first catalyst when the exhaust-gas composition is rich and subjecting the nitrogen oxides (NOx) contained in the exhaust gas to a reduction reaction using the temporarily stored ammonia as reducing agent when the exhaust-gas composition is lean.
- NOx nitrogen oxides
- This exhaust-gas purification system is characterized in that the exhaust-gas purification system has, downstream of the second catalyst, a third, precious-metal-containing catalyst, which contains at least one of the platinum group metals platinum, palladium and rhodium on support materials which are able to store ammonia when the exhaust-gas composition is rich and to release ammonia when the exhaust-gas composition is lean.
- a third, precious-metal-containing catalyst which contains at least one of the platinum group metals platinum, palladium and rhodium on support materials which are able to store ammonia when the exhaust-gas composition is rich and to release ammonia when the exhaust-gas composition is lean.
- Catalysts containing platinum group metals are highly reactive with regard to the SCR reaction in the temperature range between 150 and 250°C.
- these catalysts cannot be used effectively at higher temperatures, since at these temperatures they preferentially convert the ammonia into nitrogen or nitrogen oxides.
- two different SCR catalysts are combined with one another: a standard SCR catalyst with a precious-metal-containing catalyst. This makes it possible to boost the temperature activity ranges of both SCR catalysts; the precious-metal-containing SCR catalyst covers the temperature range between 150 and 250°C, and the standard SCR catalyst covers the temperature range above 250°C.
- the standard SCR catalyst be arranged upstream of the precious-metal-containing catalyst, since otherwise the ammonia formed in the rich phases would at higher temperatures already be undesirably oxidized to form nitrogen or nitrogen oxides by the precious- metal-containing SCR catalyst and would therefore no longer be available to the standard SCR catalyst as reducing agent.
- the ammonia formed is stored in the standard SCR catalyst.
- the stored ammonia is reacted with the nitrogen oxides in the exhaust gas directly on the standard SCR catalyst.
- temperatures from approximately 200 to 300°C, i.e. below the activity range of the standard SCR catalyst the ammonia which has been stored during the rich phases is reacted with the nitrogen oxides in the exhaust gas by the precious-metal- containing third catalyst.
- the proposed exhaust-gas purification system enables the nitrogen oxide conversion levels to be increased considerably in particular at low temperatures.
- the exhaust-gas purification system according to the invention is preferably used to purify the exhaust gases from diesel engines.
- Catalysts of this type contain, for example, platinum on an active aluminum oxide as support material.
- the SCR catalyst has to have a correspondingly high ammonia storage capacity, enabling it to store ammonia formed in the rich phases and to react the stored ammonia with the nitrogen oxides in the exhaust gas in the lean phases.
- standard SCR catalysts have an ammonia storage capacity of this nature, such a capacity is not present in typical, precious-metal-containing catalysts, such as for example diesel oxidation catalysts, since the support materials used for the precious metals in these catalysts have only a low ability to store ammonia.
- the platinum group metals of the third catalyst are applied to support materials with a correspondingly high ammonia storage capacity.
- Suitable support materials with a capacity to store ammonia include, for example, the oxidic materials selected from the group consisting of titanium oxide, titanium oxide/aluminum oxide, titanium oxide/silicon dioxide, vanadium, vanadium/tungsten oxide, vanadium/molybdenum oxide or zeolites or mixtures thereof used for standard SCR catalysts.
- the third catalyst is preferably applied to a downstream-side zone of the second catalyst, this zone amounting to 5 to 50% of the overall length L of the second catalyst.
- the third catalyst is formed by platinum group metals which have previously been deposited on support materials with a capacity to store ammonia and is in the form of a coating on the downstream-side zone of the second catalyst.
- the third catalyst is formed by platinum group metals which have previously been deposited on support materials without or with only a slight capacity to store ammo- nia.
- the third catalyst can be applied in the form of a coating to the downstream-side zone of the second catalyst.
- the required ammonia storage capacity is in this case provided by the second catalyst beneath it.
- the third catalyst is particularly preferable for the third catalyst to be produced by impregnating the downstream-side zone of the second catalyst with compounds containing platinum, palladium or rhodium.
- the materials of the second catalysts form the support materials for the platinum group metals of the , third catalyst and at the same time provide the required ammonia storage capacity.
- the second catalyst is a standard SCR catalyst which includes at least one zeolite which has been exchanged with a transition metal or contains a solid-state acid system selected from the group consisting of titanium oxide or titanium oxide/aluminum oxide or titanium oxide/silicon dioxide in combination with vanadium, vanadium/tungsten oxide or vanadium/molybdenum oxide or zeolites or mixtures thereof.
- the catalytically active components of the SCR catalyst may on the one hand be applied in the form of a coating to the flow passages of an inert honeycomb carrier made from cordierite or metal, in which case the SCR catalyst takes the form of what is known as a coated catalyst.
- the catalytically active components may also be processed to form an extrudable compound and extruded to form a honeycomb carrier with flow passages for the exhaust gas. This may be called an extruded catalyst.
- the first catalyst of the exhaust-gas purification system serves the purpose of forming ammonia from the components of the exhaust gas when the exhaust-gas composition is rich; this ammonia is then stored on the downstream catalysts and consumed for reduction of the nitrogen oxides during the lean phases.
- Conventional three-way catalysts are eminently suitable for this purpose, but it is also possible to use other catalysts which perform this function.
- Figures 1 to 5 show block diagrams illustrating various embodiments of the exhaust- gas purification system according to the invention
- Figure 6 shows the NOx conversion curve in the synthesized exhaust gas for an exhaust-gas purification system a) having ah NOx storage catalyst (aged) and b) having an NOx storage catalyst (aged) and a downstream standard SCR catalyst based on zeolites exchanged with metal ions
- Figure 7 shows the NOx conversion curve in the synthesized exhaust gas for an exhaust-gas purification system a) having an NOx storage catalyst (aged), b) having an NOx storage catalyst (aged) + standard SCR catalyst + downstream diesel oxidation catalyst c) having an NOx storage catalyst, (aged) + standard SCR catalyst with Pt-containing zone coating.
- Figure 1 shows a block diagram of an embodiment of the exhaust-gas purification system according to the invention. It includes, arranged one behind the other in the direction of flow of the exhaust gas, a three-way catalyst (1), a standard SCR catalyst (2) and a catalyst (3) containing platinum group metals, the catalysts (2) and (3) each being able to store the ammonia formed by catalyst (1) during the rich phases.
- FIG 2 shows a preferred variant of the exhaust-gas purification system shown in Figure 1.
- catalyst (3) is applied to a downstream-side zone of the catalyst (2).
- the width of this zone amounts to 5 to 50% of the length L of the catalyst (2).
- FIG. 3 shows a further embodiment of the exhaust-gas purification system according to the invention.
- a fourth catalyst (4) which is a nitrogen oxide storage catalyst, i.e. this catalyst stores the nitrogen oxides contained in the exhaust gas when the exhaust- gas composition is lean and releases them again when the exhaust-gas composition is rich, so that they can then be at least partially reduced with the aid of the reducing agents which are present in the rich exhaust gas, such as hydrocarbons, hydrogen or carbon monoxide, is arranged between the first and second catalysts.
- the nitrogen oxide storage catalyst which is a nitrogen oxide storage catalyst, i.e. this catalyst stores the nitrogen oxides contained in the exhaust gas when the exhaust- gas composition is lean and releases them again when the exhaust-gas composition is rich, so that they can then be at least partially reduced with the aid of the reducing agents which are present in the rich exhaust gas, such as hydrocarbons, hydrogen or carbon monoxide, is arranged between the first and second catalysts.
- the nitrogen oxide storage catalyst (4) also performs the function of the three-way catalyst (1), and consequently there is no need for the latter. This arrangement is particularly advantageous for purifying the exhaust gas from diesel engines.
- Figure 5 shows a further variant of the embodiment from Figure 3.
- the nitrogen oxide storage catalyst (4) is replaced by an oxidation catalyst (5), which partially oxidizes the nitrogen oxides contained in the exhaust gas to form nitrogen dioxide when the exhaust-gas composition is lean and thereby improves the conversion of the nitrogen oxides at the downstream SCR catalyst.
- the catalysts were aged hydrothermally for 10 hours at a temperature of 800°C in a furnace, and their ability to remove the nitrogen oxides from an oxygen-rich exhaust gas was then tested in various combinations.
- the catalytic activity was checked with the aid of a model exhaust gas having the following compositions: Table: Measurement conditions for determining the catalytic activity at a model gas system:
- Figure 6 shows that the NOx conversion for the nitrogen oxide storage catalyst (curve a)) in lean/rich operation can be considerably increased by a downstream standard SCR catalyst (curve b)) based on zeolites exchanged with iron, in particular in the temperature range over 230°C. Below this temperature limit, the NOx conversions achieved by the NOx storage catalyst alone and in combination with the SCR catalyst are practically identical. At these low temperatures, in the present NO 2 -free model exhaust gas, therefore, the standard SCR catalyst has scarcely any activity.
- Figure 7 compares the NOx conversion of the same NOx storage catalyst in lean/rich mode (curve a)) with a combination of the NOx storage catalyst together with the downstream standard SCR catalyst and a diesel oxidation catalyst arranged further downstream (curve c)).
- the figure also shows the NOx conversion curve for the same NOx storage catalyst in lean/rich mode with the downstream standard SCR catalyst, the standard SCR catalyst additionally having been provided over 25% of its length, on the downstream side in accordance with the invention, with a Pt-containing coating (curve d)).
- the precious metal catalyst can make use of the ammonia store provided by the standard SCR catalyst in contact with it; therefore, unlike in the system comprising the pure diesel oxidation catalyst, sufficient ammonia is available to it to reduce the nitrogen oxides. On account of its high activity even at low temperatures, therefore, it is particularly recommended to use this system for purifying the exhaust gases from diesel engines.
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Abstract
Description
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Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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DE10360955A DE10360955A1 (en) | 2003-12-23 | 2003-12-23 | Emission control system and method for removing nitrogen oxides from the exhaust gas of internal combustion engines with the aid of catalytically generated ammonia |
DE10360955.5 | 2003-12-23 |
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WO2005064130A1 true WO2005064130A1 (en) | 2005-07-14 |
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PCT/EP2004/010261 WO2005064130A1 (en) | 2003-12-23 | 2004-09-14 | Device and process for removing nitrogen oxides from the exhaust gas of internal combustion engines with the aid of catalytically generated ammonia |
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Cited By (10)
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EP1961933A1 (en) * | 2007-02-23 | 2008-08-27 | Umicore AG & Co. KG | Catalytically activated diesel particulate filter with ammoniac blocking action |
WO2009056958A1 (en) * | 2007-11-02 | 2009-05-07 | Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha | Exhaust gas purification device for internal combustion engine |
WO2010096641A1 (en) * | 2009-02-23 | 2010-08-26 | Corning Incorporated | Exhaust gas after-treatment system |
US8207084B2 (en) | 2009-06-23 | 2012-06-26 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Urea-resistant catalytic units and methods of using the same |
CN102844534A (en) * | 2010-04-01 | 2012-12-26 | 排放技术有限公司 | Method for operating an exhaust gas treatment device |
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US8398943B2 (en) | 2006-07-08 | 2013-03-19 | Man Truck & Bus Ag | Arrangement for reducing nitrogen oxides in exhaust gases |
DE202007019652U1 (en) | 2006-05-31 | 2014-12-19 | Umicore Ag & Co. Kg | Catalyst for reducing nitrogen-containing noxious gases from the exhaust gas of diesel engine |
EP2567081A4 (en) * | 2010-05-05 | 2015-05-27 | Basf Corp | Integrated scr and amox catalyst systems |
EP2732141B1 (en) | 2011-07-13 | 2017-03-08 | Umicore AG & Co. KG | Method and device for reactivating exhaust-gas purification systems of diesel engines with low-pressure egr |
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DE102006031660A1 (en) * | 2006-07-08 | 2008-01-17 | Man Nutzfahrzeuge Ag | Arrangement for reducing nitrogen oxides in exhaust gases |
DE102006031724B3 (en) * | 2006-07-08 | 2008-04-30 | Umicore Ag & Co. Kg | Structured selective catalytic reduction-catalyst, useful for removing nitrogen oxide in exhaust gas, comprises catalytically active material zones of iron-exchanged zeolite and transition metal-exchanged zeolite |
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CN102844534A (en) * | 2010-04-01 | 2012-12-26 | 排放技术有限公司 | Method for operating an exhaust gas treatment device |
US9151199B2 (en) | 2010-04-01 | 2015-10-06 | Emitec Gesellschaft Fuer Emissionstechnologie Mbh | Method for operating an exhaust-gas treatment device and motor vehicle having the device |
EP2567081A4 (en) * | 2010-05-05 | 2015-05-27 | Basf Corp | Integrated scr and amox catalyst systems |
JP2016193429A (en) * | 2010-05-05 | 2016-11-17 | ビーエーエスエフ コーポレーション | Integrated scr and amox catalyst systems |
EP3674524A1 (en) * | 2010-05-05 | 2020-07-01 | BASF Corporation | Integrated scr and amox catalyst systems |
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