WO2005060314A1 - Thermo-plongeur electrique a element chauffant gaine - Google Patents
Thermo-plongeur electrique a element chauffant gaine Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2005060314A1 WO2005060314A1 PCT/FR2004/003238 FR2004003238W WO2005060314A1 WO 2005060314 A1 WO2005060314 A1 WO 2005060314A1 FR 2004003238 W FR2004003238 W FR 2004003238W WO 2005060314 A1 WO2005060314 A1 WO 2005060314A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- heating element
- sheath
- immersion heater
- heater according
- distal part
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/78—Heating arrangements specially adapted for immersion heating
- H05B3/82—Fixedly-mounted immersion heaters
Definitions
- the present invention relates to electrically supplied immersion heaters intended to maintain a metal bath in fusion (this term having to be interpreted as designating the metals themselves and the alloys) and the methods of using such immersion heaters.
- the invention finds a particularly important, although not exclusive, application in the field of immersion heaters intended to keep molten metals with a melting point above 400 ° C., in particular aluminum and alloys based on aluminum.
- immersion heaters intended to be placed vertically, of axisymmetric elongated shape, comprising an internal heating element made of a material capable of being brought to high temperature and an external sheath surrounding the heating element; in the heating element is formed a longitudinal slot which defines, in the heating element, a path of circulation of electricity between two terminals fixed at the proximal end of the heating element.
- Such immersion heaters are described for example in documents FR-A-2,559,886, 2,622,382, 2,699,038 and 2,720,888 to which reference may be made.
- the present invention aims in particular to provide a immersion heater which at the same time is capable of being made up of commercially available elements, therefore of being manufactured at a moderate price, and is capable of being brought to high temperatures.
- an elongated thermo-plunger which can be axisymmetric, comprising: - an elongated heating element, preferably made of ceramic, generally made of silicon carbide, having a proximal part provided with electricity supply terminals and a distal part treated so as to have a resistivity much higher than that of the proximal part, said heating element having a slot delimiting a current circulation path between the terminals along the proximal part and of the distal part, - an external sheath, advantageously 5 to 8 mm thick, separating the heating element from the atmosphere, made of a refractory material which is incapable of reacting with metals, preferably ceramic, of sufficiently porosity reduced to avoid the passage of molten metal, having an internal diameter greater than the external diameter of the heating element and containing the latter, - a sheath, threaded on the proximal part of the heating element, and ending at a distance from the part distal of said heating element, and a nozzle mounted at the
- the outer sheath separates the heating element from the conductive metal bath.
- the sheath and the end piece are advantageously made of a material chosen so as to present a flexibility tolerating differential expansions of the elements which they separate, for example made of alumina or fibrous silica possibly impregnated.
- the thickness of the sheath is generally between 3 and 6 mm.
- the difference between the outside diameter of the sheath and the end piece and the inside diameter of the sheath is generally of the order of 1 mm, before heating to allow easy sliding.
- the transfer of heat between the heating element and the sheath, in particular by radiation, is sufficiently effective so that the temperature difference between the external surface of the heating element and the inner surface of the sheath is very small.
- the absence of a spacer comparable to the sheath between the distal part of the heating element and the sheath reduces the obstacle to heat transfer.
- the sheath itself can be thin, for example 5 to 8 mm thick, which reduces the thermal gradient across it.
- the outer sheath can be made of silicon carbide of a nature comparable to the material of the heating element, but impregnated with silicon nitride in order to close its porosity.
- an external sheath made of silicon nitride for example of so-called "Sialon” material
- Sialon silicon nitride
- the endpiece has an end portion of hemispherical shape pressing on an end portion of corresponding shape of the sheath.
- the endpiece may have a central pin intended to engage in the distal end of the heating element, and surrounded by a flat pad resting on the end of the tabular heating element.
- Cutting the heating element intended to define a path for the circulation of electricity, can take various forms.
- the treatment of the distal part advantageously gives the material which constitutes it a resistivity greater by at least an order of magnitude than the resistivity of the proximal part, this in order to concentrate the generation of heat in the distal part.
- the heating element can be provided so that its distal part can withstand a maximum temperature of 1450 ° C and provide a surface thermal flow of between 10 and 20 Watts per square centimeter.
- a recess extends from the proximal end of the heating element to near a bottom of the distal part and the bottom of the distal part is fixed to a conductor of electrical connection, passing through the chamber, thus making it possible to use at will either the entire heating element or half of it.
- the immersion heater is advantageously designed so that an electrically insulating ring, preferably made of pure alumina and of small thickness, is positioned in the sheath and on the end piece, around a part of the latter and from the distal end of the heating element, so as to be interposed between the sheath and the heating element, thus maintained in an electrically isolated position with respect to the sheath, a small space preferably separating the ring , on the one hand, of the heating element and, on the other hand, of the sheath.
- an electrically insulating ring preferably made of pure alumina and of small thickness
- the sheath is advantageously surrounded, in its proximal part, by an electrically insulating jacket which stops before the distal part of the heating element and separated from an end flange of the sheath by an annular isolation and centering interlayer. , preferably provided with orifices for introducing a neutral or reducing gas, into the annular space between the jacket and the sheath.
- the end piece may also have at least one longitudinal recess formed in its periphery and delimited between portions of a discontinuous centering surface, in circumferential direction around the longitudinal axis of the immersion heater, on the end piece, in order to '' improving the thermal diffusion of the heating element towards the distal end of the sheath.
- the endpiece may have at least two recesses formed by concave cylindrical longitudinal machining each delimited between two portions of centering surface, preferably regularly distributed in circumferential direction at the periphery of the endpiece.
- the recesses can be formed by planar longitudinal machining, each also delimited between two centering bearing portions, preferably also regularly distributed in circumferential direction at the periphery of the end piece.
- the immersion heater can be used vertically, horizontally, or in any oblique position intermediate between the vertical and horizontal positions. To guarantee the proper functioning of the immersion heater, particularly in the horizontal position, at least one electrically insulating spacer strip is advantageously inserted into the slot, in order to keep the latter open between the two halves of the heating element that the slot separates from one another.
- the electrical connection terminals may, in particular, include braids of electrically conductive metal, such as copper braids, the braids or tabs to which they are welded are clamped by a ring of insulating material against semi-annular zones of the end of the proximal part remote from the distal part, provided with a metallic coating, for example aluminum.
- a sheath is generally adopted locally coated with a protective layer where it risks be at the aluminum-air interface.
- the invention also aims to provide a method of heating a bath of molten metal at high temperature, making it possible to temporarily dissipate in the heating element a maximum power greater than the nominal power which would be acceptable in the case of a method of applied power regulation operation.
- an immersion heater of the kind described above further comprising a temperature sensor of the distal part of the heating element, advantageously placed at mid-length of this distal part.
- the immersion heater is placed on a container containing a bath of molten metal, the free surface of which is at a level greater than or equal to that of the distal part and, optionally, equal to or greater than the level of the lower edge.
- the power applied to the heating element is regulated so as to limit the temperature of the distal part, supplied by the sensor, to a determined maximum temperature.
- This maximum temperature is for example less than 1450 ° C. in the case of a commercially available heating element, made of silicon carbide, the distal part of which is impregnated.
- the method of the invention can be implemented to maintain a molten metal bath having a melting point above 600 °, and according to this method, an immersion heater as defined above is immersed in the bath so that the entire distal part of the heating element is completely submerged, and the power applied to the heating element is controlled by a bath temperature regulation loop at a predetermined value greater than the melting point, while limiting the temperature of the said heating element to a second predetermined value lower than that causing the degradation of this element.
- the regulation loop can be provided to, in addition, limit the maximum power applied to the heating element to a predetermined value, which is greater than a nominal power of the heating element.
- FIG. 1 is an elevational view in partial section of a first embodiment of the invention; the scale not being respected for clarity;
- - Figure 2 is a sectional view along line II-II of Figure 1;
- - Figure 3 shows the distal part of an immersion heater constituting an alternative embodiment with an insulating ring positioned on the centering tip and interposed between the outer sheath and the distal part of the heating element
- - Figure 4 is a view similar to FIG. 3 for an immersion heater according to another alternative embodiment, with a temperature sensor in a electrical connection conductor linked to a bottom of the distal part of the heating element and passing through a recess in the latter.
- - Figure 5 is a partial sectional view of an alternative embodiment of the invention, further comprising an outer jacket for creating a confined area intended to reduce the formation of aluminum oxide deposit in the form of corundum, in the case of heating of molten aluminum
- - Figure 6 is a view similar to Figure 1 and showing the installation of a temperature sensor in the heating element
- - Figure 7 is a view similar to Figures 3 and 4 for another alternative embodiment, with a centering tip for longitudinal machining
- - Figure 8 is a partial top view and in cross section of Figure 7, and - Figures 9 and 10 are similar views respectively in Figures 7 and 8 for an alternative embodiment with a centering tip provided with other longitudinal machining.
- the immersion heater of elongated shape, has in its central part, in the radial direction, a heating element 14 or heating resistor, which can be of conventional constitution, of cylindrical shape with possibly an upper terminal bulge for fixing.
- the immersion heater is intended to be placed in a vertical, horizontal or oblique position in any inclined position intermediate between the vertical and horizontal positions. In general, its diameter is between 60 and 90 mm and the length of the heating element is between 0.80 and 1.6 meters.
- the heating element 14 can be viewed as comprising a proximal part 14a of length 11 and a distal part 14b of length 12.
- the heating element 14 is made of the same basic material over all of its length, but its distal part 14b is treated so as to have a clearly higher resistivity, often of an order of magnitude greater, than that of its proximal part 14a.
- the heating element 14 is made of silicon carbide.
- a slot 16 which has, in the proximal part 14a a straight shape defining two semi-cylindrical zones, and, in the distal part 14b, a helical shape extending the current flow path between two terminals d power supply 18 intended to be connected to a current source 20.
- the heating element 14 is of tabular shape and of constant diameter, but it may have a larger bulge of support on a support.
- the heating element 14 is placed in an external sheath 22 which separates it from the bath which it is to heat.
- This sheath 22 is generally made of the same refractory material as that of the heating element 14, but treated so as not to have an open porosity. It is possible in particular to use a sheath 22 made of silicon nitride, which has a high resistance to external aggressions, or of silicon carbide impregnated with silicon nitride. Contacts between the sheath 22 and the heating element 14 must be avoided. However, the thermal resistance of the separation interval must also be reduced as much as possible.
- the immersion heater is provided with elements for centering the heating element 14 in the sheath 22.
- these elements made of electrical insulating material, include a lower end piece 24 and a sheath 26.
- the sheath 26 has a tabular shape and has an upper rim 28 intended to bear on a flange 30 of the sheath 22.
- the sheath 26 is dimensioned so as not to go downwards beyond the proximal part 14a of the heating element.
- the heating element 14 rests by the distal end of its distal part 14b on an annular flat part of the end piece 24, surrounding a centering pin 32 which penetrates into the tabular heating element 14.
- a ring 54 electrically insulating, in pure alumina is placed inside the sheath 22 and around a cylindrical part 56 of the end piece 24 which carries the pin central 32, and against which the distal end of the heating element 14 rests.
- the distal end of the heating element 14 is held in position between the pin 32, radially inside, and the ring 54, radially outwards, which keeps the heating element 14 in a position guaranteeing its electrical isolation from the external sheath 22.
- This ring 54 of thin thickness, for example of a thickness less than or equal to 3 mm, to better resist thermal shocks, is adjusted in its positioning on the centering end piece 24, and rests by its distal end (lower end in FIG. 3) on an annular flat surface forming, on the end piece 24 , a connecting shoulder from the cylindrical part 56 of the end piece 24 to an end portion 58 of hemispherical shape of this end piece 24, and housed in a corresponding hemispherical end cap of the sheath 22.
- the sheath 22 in order to reduce the thermal resistance, and therefore the temperature difference between the molten metal bath and the heating element 14, the sheath 22 has a small thickness. Generally, this thickness is between 5 and 8 mm. A thickness of 6 mm is easily achievable and can often be adopted.
- the interval between the heating element 14 and the sheath 22 should be as small and as uniform as possible. In general, this radial clearance is maintained between 3 and 6 mm. This result can be achieved by adopting a thickness of the sheath 26 of 3 mm and a difference of 0.5 mm between the external radius of the sheath 26 and the internal radius of the sheath 22. If the sheath 22 has a flat bottom, this bottom risk of deformation in a bowl under the pressure of the metal bath.
- the terminal part of the sheath 22 constituting its bottom, a curved shape with a concavity turned towards the inside of the sheath 22, and preferably hemispherical, by giving the end piece 24 a shape having a cylindrical part such as 56 and a hemispherical end part such as 58, as shown in FIGS. 1 and 3.
- the sheath 26 and the end piece 24 in a fibrous refractory material, which can deform.
- connection terminals 18 can be constituted by tongues of conductive material, welded on contact pads provided on the proximal end of the proximal part 14a of the heating element 14, and coated with a conductive layer 34, for example in aluminium. Instead of welding, it is possible to use hooping using a ring 36 made of insulating material.
- the terminals 18 can be held by a disc 38 made of insulating material, and can be fixed to braids 40 for supplying electricity. In an alternative embodiment, the braids are fixed directly to the conductive pads 34.
- the outer surface of the sheath 22, where it risks being at the interface between the metal bath and an atmosphere containing oxygen, is particularly likely to corrode.
- alumina in the form of corundum may form in this interface zone.
- This risk can be reduced by locally coating the outside of the sheath 22 with a thin layer (a few tens of microns) of another metal capable of absorbing oxygen and protecting the sheath 22.
- a layer formed by plasma deposition of titanium, zirconium or even hafnium or zirconium - hafnium This deposit is located above the upper level of the metal bath and does not come into contact with the bath.
- the heating element 14 has a bottom 42 overlapping the pin 32 of the end piece 24, and to which is fixed an electrically conductive tube 44, coaxial with the heating element 14 and constituting a connection with the outside.
- the heating element 14 shown in Figure 4 carries a temperature sensor 46, radially centered, located approximately halfway up the distal portion 14b and connected to the outside by a connection cable 48, allowing d '' perform temperature regulation.
- this sensor 46 can be a thermocouple placed in an alumina sheath 60, which is fixed by its distal end in the end piece 24.
- FIG. 5 where the elements corresponding to those of FIG.
- the sheath 22 is surrounded, in its upper or proximal part, by a jacket 50 made of silicon carbide, stopping downwards or towards the opposite end before the distal part 14b of the heating element 14, and separated from the flange or end flange 30 of the sheath 22 by an interlayer 52 for isolation and centering.
- the jacket 50 is provided to terminate in the immediate vicinity of the surface of the bath, when the latter is kept at temperature.
- the jacket 50 maintains an almost confined volume of small thickness (a few millimeters) around the sheath 22 in the area immediately above the bath, and limits the combined action of atmospheric oxygen and the metal of the bath.
- annular interlayer 52 with axial collar and radial ring, can be provided with orifices allowing the introduction of a neutral, or possibly reducing, gas into the annular space formed between the jacket 50 and the sheath 22.
- the lower centering end piece 24 may have one or, preferably, several longitudinal recesses, formed in its periphery by longitudinal machining operations, and delimited (s) between portions of a centering surface which is discontinuous, in the circumferential direction , on the endpiece 24, so that this or these recesses allow an improved thermal diffusion of the heating element 14 towards the hemispherical distal end portion of the sheath 22, with a limitation of the thermal stresses on this sheath 22, up to at its hemispherical end portion.
- FIGS. 7 and 8 represent a first embodiment of such a nozzle 24, with 4 identical longitudinal recesses 61, distributed in a regular manner in circumferential direction around the longitudinal axis of the immersion heater and at the periphery of the nozzle 24, and each defined by one respectively of 4 longitudinal machining of concave cylindrical shape 62, so that each recess 61 is delimited between two of the four centering bearing portions 63, curved in the form of sectors or cylindrical-spherical caps regularly distributed at the primitive periphery of the end piece 24.
- three identical longitudinal recesses 64 are each formed by one of the three flat machining operations 65 respectively, regularly distributed in the circumferential direction over the periphery of the end piece 24, so that each recess 64 is delimited between two of three bearing portions centering 66 also in the form of cylindrical-spherical sectors or caps regularly distributed on the primitive periphery of the end piece 24.
- Such end pieces 24 with machined recesses such as 61 or 64 in FIGS. 7 to 10, always provide the centering functions and supporting the heating element 14 in the distal part of the sheath 22, keeping the heating element 14 centered around the longitudinal axis, possibly of symmetry, of the entire immersion heater, as described above with reference to Figures 1, 3, 4 and 6.
- end pieces 24 can also be machined to receive and support an electrically insulating spacer ring, such as the ring 54 of Figure 3, or receive on their pin 32 a bottom such as 42 to support the distal end of the distal part 14b of the heating element 14 and an electrically conductive tube such as the tube 44, as described above with reference to FIG. 4.
- the immersion heater of the invention can be used in vertical position as in horizontal position, as well as in any oblique position, in which it is inclined between the two vertical and horizontal positions.
- At least one electrically insulating spacer strip 67 for example made of pure alumina (consisting of alumina at more than 99% by weight) is put in place, as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, transversely and diametrically in the portion of the heating element 14 which is located at the distal end of the proximal part 14 a, and so that the ends of the spacer strip 67 are engaged in two opposite parts of the slot 16
- This spacer strip 67 has a length (see FIG.
- the immersion heater according to the invention is of particular interest for maintaining a molten metal bath with a relatively high melting point. This is the case with aluminum, which must generally be kept at a temperature of the order of 750 ° C.
- An advantageous method of implementing the immersion heater then consists in supplying it with a source provided with a regulation having two interlocking control loops. An external loop is for example provided to control the power applied so as to bring and maintain the bath at 750 ° C. An internal loop limits the temperature of the distal part 14b of the heating element 14, for example to 1200 ° C.
- This mode of power regulation avoids the limitation of the power applied to the set value provided by the manufacturer for use in the absence of a temperature limitation, which is the rule in normal operating modes, without measuring the temperature of the heating element 14.
- This mode of regulation also makes it possible to increase the life of the heating element 14, which is no longer subject to overheating.
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- Resistance Heating (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP04816389A EP1695594A1 (fr) | 2003-12-18 | 2004-12-15 | Thermo-plongeur electrique a element chauffant gaine |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR0314893 | 2003-12-18 | ||
FR0314893A FR2864416B1 (fr) | 2003-12-18 | 2003-12-18 | Thermo-plongeur electrique a element chauffant gaine |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2005060314A1 true WO2005060314A1 (fr) | 2005-06-30 |
Family
ID=34630290
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/FR2004/003238 WO2005060314A1 (fr) | 2003-12-18 | 2004-12-15 | Thermo-plongeur electrique a element chauffant gaine |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP1695594A1 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2864416B1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2005060314A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2907353B1 (fr) * | 2006-10-23 | 2013-02-22 | Lethiguel | Dispositif de chauffage d'un bain de metal liquide. |
FR2923404B1 (fr) * | 2007-11-14 | 2009-11-27 | Lethiguel | Dispositif de chauffage d'un bain de metal liquide. |
Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2559886A1 (fr) | 1984-02-16 | 1985-08-23 | Electricite De France | Dispositif de chauffage electrique comportant un element chauffant resistif |
FR2622382A2 (fr) | 1986-06-26 | 1989-04-28 | Electricite De France | Dispositif de chauffage electrique comportant une gaine metallique associe a un circuit d'alimentation en gaz inerte |
EP0432016A1 (fr) | 1989-11-28 | 1991-06-12 | Vulcanic | Thermoplongeur électrique, notamment pour bains liquides corrosifs et son procédé de fabrication |
FR2699038A1 (fr) | 1992-12-08 | 1994-06-10 | Electricite De France | Canne thermoplongeante pour le chauffage électrique de produits fusibles et son application notamment à l'aluminium. |
FR2720888A1 (fr) | 1994-06-03 | 1995-12-08 | Electricite De France | Enveloppe protectrice perfectionnée pour composant électrique. |
Family Cites Families (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4039737A (en) * | 1976-02-13 | 1977-08-02 | Kemper Eugene L | Electric immersion heating apparatus and methods of constructing and utilizing same |
AU549431B3 (en) * | 1986-01-16 | 1986-02-13 | Galvanizing Industries Pty. Ltd. | Immersion tube |
US5120027A (en) * | 1991-04-26 | 1992-06-09 | Union Carbide Industrial Gases Technology Corporation | Heater arrangement for aluminum refining systems |
DE9301119U1 (fr) * | 1993-01-28 | 1993-03-25 | Roeckert, Leo, 8544 Georgensgmuend, De | |
FR2793104B1 (fr) * | 1999-04-29 | 2001-06-15 | Moulinex Sa | Procede de pilotage d'un element chauffant d'appareil electrique de chauffage de liquide |
-
2003
- 2003-12-18 FR FR0314893A patent/FR2864416B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2004
- 2004-12-15 EP EP04816389A patent/EP1695594A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2004-12-15 WO PCT/FR2004/003238 patent/WO2005060314A1/fr not_active Application Discontinuation
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2559886A1 (fr) | 1984-02-16 | 1985-08-23 | Electricite De France | Dispositif de chauffage electrique comportant un element chauffant resistif |
FR2622382A2 (fr) | 1986-06-26 | 1989-04-28 | Electricite De France | Dispositif de chauffage electrique comportant une gaine metallique associe a un circuit d'alimentation en gaz inerte |
EP0432016A1 (fr) | 1989-11-28 | 1991-06-12 | Vulcanic | Thermoplongeur électrique, notamment pour bains liquides corrosifs et son procédé de fabrication |
FR2699038A1 (fr) | 1992-12-08 | 1994-06-10 | Electricite De France | Canne thermoplongeante pour le chauffage électrique de produits fusibles et son application notamment à l'aluminium. |
FR2720888A1 (fr) | 1994-06-03 | 1995-12-08 | Electricite De France | Enveloppe protectrice perfectionnée pour composant électrique. |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
FR2864416A1 (fr) | 2005-06-24 |
FR2864416B1 (fr) | 2006-04-07 |
EP1695594A1 (fr) | 2006-08-30 |
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