WO2005058514A1 - Procede et dispositif de nettoyage d’une surface au moyen d’un faisceau laser - Google Patents
Procede et dispositif de nettoyage d’une surface au moyen d’un faisceau laser Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2005058514A1 WO2005058514A1 PCT/FR2004/050738 FR2004050738W WO2005058514A1 WO 2005058514 A1 WO2005058514 A1 WO 2005058514A1 FR 2004050738 W FR2004050738 W FR 2004050738W WO 2005058514 A1 WO2005058514 A1 WO 2005058514A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- laser
- cavity
- pumping
- laser beam
- ablation
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B08—CLEANING
- B08B—CLEANING IN GENERAL; PREVENTION OF FOULING IN GENERAL
- B08B7/00—Cleaning by methods not provided for in a single other subclass or a single group in this subclass
- B08B7/0035—Cleaning by methods not provided for in a single other subclass or a single group in this subclass by radiant energy, e.g. UV, laser, light beam or the like
- B08B7/0042—Cleaning by methods not provided for in a single other subclass or a single group in this subclass by radiant energy, e.g. UV, laser, light beam or the like by laser
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/14—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring using a fluid stream, e.g. a jet of gas, in conjunction with the laser beam; Nozzles therefor
- B23K26/146—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring using a fluid stream, e.g. a jet of gas, in conjunction with the laser beam; Nozzles therefor the fluid stream containing a liquid
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21F—PROTECTION AGAINST X-RADIATION, GAMMA RADIATION, CORPUSCULAR RADIATION OR PARTICLE BOMBARDMENT; TREATING RADIOACTIVELY CONTAMINATED MATERIAL; DECONTAMINATION ARRANGEMENTS THEREFOR
- G21F9/00—Treating radioactively contaminated material; Decontamination arrangements therefor
- G21F9/001—Decontamination of contaminated objects, apparatus, clothes, food; Preventing contamination thereof
- G21F9/005—Decontamination of the surface of objects by ablation
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21F—PROTECTION AGAINST X-RADIATION, GAMMA RADIATION, CORPUSCULAR RADIATION OR PARTICLE BOMBARDMENT; TREATING RADIOACTIVELY CONTAMINATED MATERIAL; DECONTAMINATION ARRANGEMENTS THEREFOR
- G21F9/00—Treating radioactively contaminated material; Decontamination arrangements therefor
- G21F9/28—Treating solids
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method and a device for cleaning a surface by means of a laser beam, in particular when this surface is located in a contaminated area.
- a laser beam 104 ( Figure la), generally pulsed, to vaporize or sublimate particles present on a surface 100 in order to clean the latter.
- Such a process, called laser ablation is used for different applications such as the restoration of structures or the decontamination of surfaces.
- Laser ablation can have the disadvantage of causing contamination of the generator 102 of the laser beam 104 when the latter is used to treat a wall located in a contaminated area 106, for example radioactive.
- Such contamination of the generator 102 results in a high cost for the treatment of the surface 100 since the generator 102 must in turn be decontaminated, or even replaced if the generator cannot be decontaminated.
- the pumping elements 112 that is to say providing the energy intended to generate the laser beam, and cooling the generator 102 can also be contaminated, which again increases the cost of the treatment. of the surface 100.
- the application of the laser beam on this surface 100 can be complex given the 'large footprint of a laser device comprising the laser generator 102 and the pumping and cooling elements 112.
- the laser generator 102 and its pumping and cooling device 112 are located outside of the contaminated area 106, an optical fiber 105 transmitting the laser beam emitted by the generator 102 to the surface to be treated.
- Such a method has a drawback linked to the limited capacity for transporting electromagnetic radiation by an optical fiber, in particular in terms of energy and power.
- the energy transport capacities of current fibers are of the order of 50 millijoules for an average power of 200 to 300 watts, while an ablation process may require powers greater than these capacities. so as to be economically profitable, and in particular an average power greater than 500 watts.
- powers assume transverse pumping, that is to say penetrating into the laser material by its side wall and not by the faces by which pass through the laser beam.
- the cleaning laser beam 104 is transmitted via the optical fiber 105 to an amplifier 103, located in the contaminated area, amplifying the laser beam before applying it to the treated surface 100, as described for example in patents EP0475806 or EP0507641 filed in the name of Framatome.
- the maneuverability of the amplifier 103 is limited by its weight and its size, as well as by the weight and the size of its pumping and cooling elements 103 ′.
- mirrors 107 are used located in the contaminated area 100 so as to direct the laser beam 104, emitted from an uncontaminated area 108, onto the treated wall 100 In fact, in this case, only the mirrors 107 and the robotic arm 107 'controlling these mirrors are contaminated during the treatment of the wall.
- this method requires a bulky mirror device, complex to control and requiring a specific installation on the surface and / or the treated installation.
- lasers having a solid amplifying medium are the lasers most frequently used in laser ablation processes in combination with a lamp pumping system. discharge, the latter tending to be replaced by a pumping system using laser diodes.
- the pumping elements require a generally greater cooling capacity than the laser generator with which they are associated and, therefore, the cooling circuit of these pumping elements is more bulky than the generator cooling circuit. .
- the pumping elements generally represent more than 50% of the cost of the laser device with which they are associated.
- these pumping, power and cooling elements can represent 90% of the cost of the laser device.
- UV beam a wavelength beam located in the ultraviolet
- UV beam can be particularly interesting for performing laser ablation as described in patent FR 9300723 or in the document by D. Bau ⁇ rle entitled “Laser processing and Chemistry", 3d edition, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 2000, pp 515-516.
- a fiber optic laser device as described with the aid of FIG. 1b does not -, cannot be implemented for a UV laser since an optical fiber transmits a UV laser beam with a very low efficiency , a loss of the order of 7 to 10% of the transmitted power per meter traveled is generally suffered by this beam.
- UV lasers are generally excimer lasers, that is to say using mixtures of possibly toxic gases such as fluorine or chlorine, these gas mixtures being excited by a short electrical discharge and intense which can create electromagnetic radiation triggering alarm devices, in particular of a nuclear power station.
- the present invention proposes to use solid lasers pumped by diode in order to remedy at least one of the drawbacks mentioned, that is to say that it makes it possible to overcome at least one of the constraints already mentioned linked:
- the invention relates to a method of laser ablation of a surface located in a cleaning zone, this ablation using a laser beam emitted by a cavity associated with pumping means providing electromagnetic radiation to the cavity, characterized in that the cavity is associated with the pumping means by means of an optical fiber transmitting the electromagnetic radiation so that these pumping means are kept outside the cleaning zone, the radiation from pumping having a slightly attenuated wavelength in the fiber whose length is greater than 10 meters.
- the method according to the invention makes it possible to treat a surface using a laser beam generator of great maneuverability since the pumping means and the cooling elements, distant from the cavity, must not be taken into account to orient the laser beam.
- a method according to the invention limits the cost of decontamination since the pumping means supplying the laser beam are kept outside the cleaning area, which allows their reuse with different laser cavities.
- the invention makes it possible to have a laser beam of significant energy since this beam is not transmitted by a fiber and therefore does not undergo attenuation.
- variants of the invention make it possible to generate a UV laser beam from a laser beam of higher wavelength.
- the method of decontaminating a surface by ablation uses a laser beam of wavelength located in the ultraviolet.
- a laser beam of wavelength located in the ultraviolet For this purpose, at least one non-linear crystal is used to decrease the wavelength of the laser beam so that this wavelength is included in the ultraviolet domain (typically £ 400 nm).
- a UV laser beam is generated from a laser beam of distinct wavelength.
- this embodiment of the invention can be generalized to the generation of laser beam of any wavelength which cannot be transmitted satisfactorily via a fiber.
- the cleaning is applied to a toxic element, for example radioactive, so that the cleaning zone is considered to be a contaminated zone.
- the ablation laser beam is emitted in an impulse fashion.
- the electromagnetic pumping radiation is supplied continuously by the optical fiber.
- a plurality of fibers being used to transmit the pumping energy this pumping energy is diffused transversely with respect to the axis of the laser medium located in the cavity.
- the pumping energy is transmitted by fiber diodes.
- the cleaned surface is radioactive.
- the wavelength of the laser beam generated by the cavity is modified by means of at least one non-linear crystal so that this wavelength is included in the UV range.
- the modified wavelength is less than 400 nm.
- a layer of liquid or droplets is deposited on the sublimated surface.
- the average power delivered by the laser is greater than 200 w.
- the invention also relates to a device for laser ablation of a surface located in a cleaning zone, this ablation using a laser beam emitted by a cavity associated with pumping means supplying electromagnetic radiation to the cavity, characterized in that it comprises an optical fiber transmitting the electromagnetic radiation from the pumping means to the cavity according to one of the methods according to one of the preceding claims.
- the invention also relates to a robotic laser ablation system of a surface comprising a device according to the invention, characterized in that it comprises a articulated arm capable of sweeping the surface to be ablated.
- the articulated arm is a robot able to operate in the presence of ambient nuclear radiation.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram of an ablation device according to the invention.
- Figures 3a and 3b are diagrams relating to an advantageous arrangement around a laser generator of the transverse pumping means according to the invention.
- FIG. 2 shows a device 200 for laser ablation according to the invention, that is to say such that the pumping device 202 generating the light supplying the cavity 204 generating the laser beam is associated with the latter via a fiber 210.
- the surface to be treated is contaminated with a toxic element, that is to say harmful to the health of an individual, so that the ablation of the surface causes the formation of a contaminated area, within which the environment is also toxic, and an uncontaminated area isolated from the contaminated area.
- the pumping device 202 is located in an uncontaminated area 208 protected from the contaminated and confined area 206 in which is located the generator 204.
- the laser cavity 204 risks being contaminated in the contaminated area 206 while that, in the uncontaminated zone 208, the various elements of the pumping device 202, and in particular its electrical supply and cooling means, are protected from any contamination.
- the entire ablation device 214 includes, in addition to the laser cavity 204, elements such as rollers 220, making it possible to move this cavity so that the laser beam 216 emitted have a given impact.
- this incidence is constant and advantageously chosen to be normal with respect to the surface 218 treated.
- a normal incidence results in the highest yields for most ablation procedures.
- the device 214 can also be associated with means 222 for spraying water to generate the presence of fine water droplets, or of a film of water, on the treated surface 218 and thus improve the performance of decontamination if the laser beam has a wavelength included in the UV, as previously described.
- the laser cavity 204 can emit a laser beam of wavelength located in the UV range by using a non-linear crystal 224 transforming the wavelength of the emitted laser beam 216.
- the laser cavity 204 generates a laser beam 216 of length wave included in or greater than the infrared range, this wavelength being modified one (or more) non-linear crystal (s) 224 before reaching the surface to be treated.
- a non-linear frequency doubling crystal making it possible to halve the wavelength of the laser beam, can be used. To divide this wavelength by three or four, it is possible to use several non-linear crystals.
- a galvanometric deflection head is placed on the laser beam, on the one hand either between the output of the laser cavity or the output of any beam shaping or homogenization devices, if any, and on the other hand the surface to be treated.
- a galvanometric device also known to those skilled in the art, comprises in particular two mirrors, each mounted on a galvanometer, and a device for controlling the galvanometers.
- Such a galvanometric head makes it possible to scan the laser beam on a square surface whose east side, for example, on the order of five to ten centimeters.
- the sublimed particles are preferably recovered by a suction device 226 controlled from the uncontaminated zone 208.
- This device comprises a turbine 228 and a container 230 which stores the decontamination waste.
- a neutral gas is diffused in the vicinity of the surface treated by ablation so as to avoid chemical reactions such as oxidation reactions.
- an oxidizing gas is diffused in the vicinity of the treated surface so as to accelerate chemical reactions, such as oxidation reactions.
- the laser cavity 204 comprises an Nd-YAG bar, located between a bottom mirror 234 and a semi-reflecting mirror 236. This bar is surrounded by a cooling circuit 238 the supply 240 of which is located outside of the contaminated zone 206.
- the power supply (not shown) which supplies various components of the system such as the laser diode control circuit, located with these diodes in the pumping device 202, the power supply 240 in cooling fluid and its electrical supply, the waste suction turbine 228 and container 230 which stores the decontamination waste, if any, the water spray system 222.
- the laser diodes supply the laser cavity 204 with pumping energy by means of a strand 210 of optical fibers 215, the use of these optical fibers making it possible to optimize this pumping as explained later in using Figures 3a and 3b.
- the laser diodes provide continuous pumping, of a power of several kilowatts while the laser cavity creates a pulse emission with a peak power of the order of 400 kW and being able to reach 1 MW.
- the beam transmitted by the optical fibers is slightly attenuated because the pumping radiation can be transmitted according to a wavelength of 808 nm slightly attenuated in the silica fiber of 800 ⁇ m of core. ,-AT
- an attenuation is considered to be weak when it does not exceed 25 percent over the entire length of the fiber, this length being several meters, or even tens of meters. .
- a laser cavity 300 comprising a laser bar placed inside the cylindrical surface 302, along the axis of symmetry of this surface, possibly a trigger system, not shown, which is located with the pumping diodes in the pumping device 202, a cavity bottom mirror 302a, a semi-reflecting mirror 302b, connectors 306 placed at the end of the fibers from the fiber laser diodes and a schematic cooling circuit via the inlet tube 308
- this cooling circuit closely surrounds the laser rod 302 to promote heat transfer, and the ends 306 of the fibers from the pumping diodes are distributed transversely all around this laser rod 302 for better distribution of pumping energy.
- the small size of these fibers 310 makes it possible to make the supply of pumping light dense, in terms of light power per unit area of the bar. 302, thanks to the small size of these fibers.
- the wavelength of the beam emitted by the fiber diodes is chosen according to the nature of the bar. But among several possibilities, we choose the one corresponding to a weak attenuation of the fiber. In this embodiment using an Nd-YAG laser bar, the wavelength of the supply beam is around 808 nm.
- an electrode is used, creating a large electric field, to attract and capture the particles sublimated under the effect of the laser. These particles are then stored in a container as in the case of suction.
- the invention allows the use of a device provided with fibers which can have a length greater than ten meters given the low attenuation of the radiation transmitted by the fibers, which then allows the use of the ablation system in large installations such as nuclear power plants.
- This articulated arm can be a robot able to evolve in the environment considered.
- this articulated arm also carries means for sucking the ablation residues, means for confining the ablation gases in the vicinity of the treated surface, means for move these containment means along the treated surface, such as for example rollers and / or means for injecting gases ensuring the entrainment of the ablation residues.
- the cleaning device is applied to the decontamination of the surfaces of a hot cell suitable for the nuclear industry.
- the cleaning device is fixed to the end of a robotic system capable of scanning the surface to be cleaned in a highly radioactive environment.
- the robotic arm must then be able to operate in the ambient nuclear radiation, for example by using sensors in wound technology such as resolvers or differential transformers with linear variation (in English, LVDT: Linear Variable Differential Transformer), or optical encoders all of whose active components are deported to a non-radioactive zone.
- sensors in wound technology such as resolvers or differential transformers with linear variation (in English, LVDT: Linear Variable Differential Transformer), or optical encoders all of whose active components are deported to a non-radioactive zone.
- LVDT Linear Variable Differential Transformer
- optical encoders all of whose active components are deported to a non-radioactive zone.
- a Staubli robot type RX 170L is well suited to this type of application. Its angular position sensors are resolvers, and more precisely the association of a resolver of speed 0 and a resolver of speed n in order to obtain an absolute coding, they support 10 rads, and if necessary, the
- a square surface of 10 cm side can be carried out in a time of a few tens of seconds to a few minutes, depending on the required dose in each point of the surface to be treated.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2006544531A JP2007514531A (ja) | 2003-12-19 | 2004-12-20 | レーザビームを用いた表面清浄化方法および装置 |
US10/583,461 US20120053387A1 (en) | 2003-12-19 | 2004-12-20 | Surface-cleaning method and device using a laser beam |
EP04816585A EP1699572A1 (fr) | 2003-12-19 | 2004-12-20 | Procede et dispositif de nettoyage d'une surface au moyen d'un faisceau laser |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR0351153A FR2863916B1 (fr) | 2003-12-19 | 2003-12-19 | Procede et dispositif de nettoyage d'une surface au moyen d'un faisceau laser |
FR0351153 | 2003-12-19 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2005058514A1 true WO2005058514A1 (fr) | 2005-06-30 |
Family
ID=34630608
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/FR2004/050738 WO2005058514A1 (fr) | 2003-12-19 | 2004-12-20 | Procede et dispositif de nettoyage d’une surface au moyen d’un faisceau laser |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20120053387A1 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP1699572A1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JP2007514531A (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2863916B1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2005058514A1 (fr) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US7946301B1 (en) | 2007-12-12 | 2011-05-24 | John Walsh | Laser powered automobile window cleaning system and method |
US8330073B2 (en) | 2005-06-20 | 2012-12-11 | Commissariat A L'energie Atomique | Method and device for laser ablation of a surface coating from a wall, such as a coat of paint in a nuclear plant |
Families Citing this family (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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FR2940155B1 (fr) * | 2008-12-19 | 2011-03-04 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Procede d'ablation d'une couche superficielle d'une paroi, et dispositif associe |
FR2980384B1 (fr) | 2011-09-22 | 2014-08-08 | Stmi Soc Des Tech En Milieu Ionisant | Dispositif permettant l'utilisation d'une source laser au sein d'une enceinte confinee sans contamination de ladite source via l'utilisation d'une manche |
US10407821B2 (en) | 2012-07-10 | 2019-09-10 | Woodrow Scientific Ltd. | Methods and apparatus for laser cleaning |
EP3388573A1 (fr) | 2012-07-10 | 2018-10-17 | Woodrow Scientific Limited | Procédés et appareil pour le nettoyage laser de substrats |
WO2014113293A1 (fr) * | 2013-01-15 | 2014-07-24 | Lawrence Livermore National Security, Llc | Traitement hydrothermal conduit par laser |
CN104438227B (zh) * | 2013-09-16 | 2018-12-18 | 上海海固电器设备有限公司 | 一种飞机蒙漆激光清洗设备 |
US10086577B2 (en) * | 2015-12-01 | 2018-10-02 | The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company | Method of making a self-sealing tire, and a tire |
US11110896B2 (en) * | 2018-05-16 | 2021-09-07 | Tesla, Inc. | Pulsed laser cleaning of debris accumulated on glass articles in vehicles and photovoltaic assemblies |
KR102293451B1 (ko) * | 2019-11-08 | 2021-08-25 | 한국원자력연구원 | 금속연료 폐기물을 이용한 금속연료심 제조방법 및 이 방법에 의해 제조된 금속연료심 |
CN113547749A (zh) * | 2021-07-26 | 2021-10-26 | 重庆凯丰医疗器械有限公司 | 具有除杂功能的tdp灸疗贴的粉料装填装置 |
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US4564736A (en) * | 1984-05-07 | 1986-01-14 | General Electric Company | Industrial hand held laser tool and laser system |
US4723257A (en) * | 1986-05-19 | 1988-02-02 | Spectra-Physics, Inc. | Laser diode pumped solid state laser with miniaturized laser head |
EP0520847A1 (fr) * | 1991-06-26 | 1992-12-30 | Framatome | Procédé de travail au laser dans une zone contaminée d'une installation nucléaire, et équipement pour sa mise en oeuvre |
DE9305325U1 (fr) * | 1993-04-07 | 1993-07-22 | Hmt High Medical Technologies Entwicklungs- Und Vertriebs Ag, Kreuzlingen, Ch | |
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US6235017B1 (en) * | 1997-03-11 | 2001-05-22 | Vitcon Projektconsult Gmbh | Device for ablation of material by means of laser radiation |
US6434177B1 (en) * | 1997-06-03 | 2002-08-13 | Heidelberger Druckmaschinen Ag | Solid laser with one or several pump light sources |
GB2382022A (en) * | 2001-11-07 | 2003-05-21 | Tidy Britain Group | Method and apparatus for removing chewing gum from a surface |
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US4665529A (en) * | 1986-05-19 | 1987-05-12 | Spectra-Physics, Inc. | Laser diode pumped solid state laser with miniaturized quick disconnect laser head |
GB9407058D0 (en) * | 1994-04-09 | 1994-06-01 | British Nuclear Fuels Plc | Material removal by laser ablation |
GB9412238D0 (en) * | 1994-06-17 | 1994-08-10 | British Nuclear Fuels Plc | Removing contamination |
JPH08288571A (ja) * | 1995-04-20 | 1996-11-01 | Hitachi Ltd | 原子炉炉内処理装置及び処理方法 |
-
2003
- 2003-12-19 FR FR0351153A patent/FR2863916B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2004
- 2004-12-20 US US10/583,461 patent/US20120053387A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2004-12-20 WO PCT/FR2004/050738 patent/WO2005058514A1/fr active Application Filing
- 2004-12-20 JP JP2006544531A patent/JP2007514531A/ja active Pending
- 2004-12-20 EP EP04816585A patent/EP1699572A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (8)
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US4564736A (en) * | 1984-05-07 | 1986-01-14 | General Electric Company | Industrial hand held laser tool and laser system |
US4723257A (en) * | 1986-05-19 | 1988-02-02 | Spectra-Physics, Inc. | Laser diode pumped solid state laser with miniaturized laser head |
EP0520847A1 (fr) * | 1991-06-26 | 1992-12-30 | Framatome | Procédé de travail au laser dans une zone contaminée d'une installation nucléaire, et équipement pour sa mise en oeuvre |
DE9305325U1 (fr) * | 1993-04-07 | 1993-07-22 | Hmt High Medical Technologies Entwicklungs- Und Vertriebs Ag, Kreuzlingen, Ch | |
US6195505B1 (en) * | 1993-05-25 | 2001-02-27 | Louis L Boldt | Method and apparatus for photopyrolitically removing a contaminant |
US6235017B1 (en) * | 1997-03-11 | 2001-05-22 | Vitcon Projektconsult Gmbh | Device for ablation of material by means of laser radiation |
US6434177B1 (en) * | 1997-06-03 | 2002-08-13 | Heidelberger Druckmaschinen Ag | Solid laser with one or several pump light sources |
GB2382022A (en) * | 2001-11-07 | 2003-05-21 | Tidy Britain Group | Method and apparatus for removing chewing gum from a surface |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US8330073B2 (en) | 2005-06-20 | 2012-12-11 | Commissariat A L'energie Atomique | Method and device for laser ablation of a surface coating from a wall, such as a coat of paint in a nuclear plant |
US7946301B1 (en) | 2007-12-12 | 2011-05-24 | John Walsh | Laser powered automobile window cleaning system and method |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US20120053387A1 (en) | 2012-03-01 |
EP1699572A1 (fr) | 2006-09-13 |
JP2007514531A (ja) | 2007-06-07 |
FR2863916A1 (fr) | 2005-06-24 |
FR2863916B1 (fr) | 2007-04-27 |
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