WO2005012185A1 - Solvent removal process - Google Patents
Solvent removal process Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2005012185A1 WO2005012185A1 PCT/GB2004/003242 GB2004003242W WO2005012185A1 WO 2005012185 A1 WO2005012185 A1 WO 2005012185A1 GB 2004003242 W GB2004003242 W GB 2004003242W WO 2005012185 A1 WO2005012185 A1 WO 2005012185A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- solution
- membrane
- solvent
- water
- seawater
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 181
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 142
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 363
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 49
- 230000003204 osmotic effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 522
- CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L Magnesium sulfate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 118
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 105
- 239000013535 sea water Substances 0.000 claims description 77
- 229910052943 magnesium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 59
- 235000019341 magnesium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 59
- 238000001728 nano-filtration Methods 0.000 claims description 56
- 235000002639 sodium chloride Nutrition 0.000 claims description 55
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 52
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 claims description 40
- 238000001223 reverse osmosis Methods 0.000 claims description 38
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 claims description 38
- 238000007701 flash-distillation Methods 0.000 claims description 33
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 claims description 28
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 claims description 28
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[K+] WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 15
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000010612 desalination reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N Sucrose Chemical compound O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@]1(CO)O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 229930006000 Sucrose Natural products 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- BNIILDVGGAEEIG-UHFFFAOYSA-L disodium hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].OP([O-])([O-])=O BNIILDVGGAEEIG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 125000000129 anionic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 9
- UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Ca+2] UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 8
- RFSUNEUAIZKAJO-ARQDHWQXSA-N Fructose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@](O)(CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O RFSUNEUAIZKAJO-ARQDHWQXSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229930091371 Fructose Natural products 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000005715 Fructose Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N Glucose Natural products OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Sulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 235000011126 aluminium potassium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 8
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N beta-D-glucose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000001110 calcium chloride Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910001628 calcium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000008103 glucose Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229940050271 potassium alum Drugs 0.000 claims description 8
- GRLPQNLYRHEGIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-J potassium aluminium sulfate Chemical compound [Al+3].[K+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O GRLPQNLYRHEGIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052938 sodium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 235000011152 sodium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000005720 sucrose Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000002091 cationic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000001103 potassium chloride Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 235000011164 potassium chloride Nutrition 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000002519 antifouling agent Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000645 desinfectant Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000011033 desalting Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000000909 electrodialysis Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005342 ion exchange Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 36
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 30
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 30
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 25
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 22
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 21
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 16
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 14
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 14
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- TWRXJAOTZQYOKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L Magnesium chloride Chemical compound [Mg+2].[Cl-].[Cl-] TWRXJAOTZQYOKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 12
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 12
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 12
- -1 glycol ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 12
- 239000008213 purified water Substances 0.000 description 12
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 10
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 10
- 229960004793 sucrose Drugs 0.000 description 10
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 8
- 235000000346 sugar Nutrition 0.000 description 8
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 7
- WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bromine atom Chemical compound [Br] WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine Chemical compound FF PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 description 6
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 description 6
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 150000001299 aldehydes Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 150000001335 aliphatic alkanes Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 150000001338 aliphatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 150000001345 alkine derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 150000004945 aromatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromine Substances BrBr GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 6
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 6
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 description 6
- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 description 6
- 150000002484 inorganic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 229910010272 inorganic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 229910001867 inorganic solvent Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000003049 inorganic solvent Substances 0.000 description 6
- PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N iodine Chemical compound II PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910001629 magnesium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000003129 oil well Substances 0.000 description 6
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 125000004437 phosphorous atom Chemical group 0.000 description 6
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 239000013589 supplement Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000000706 filtrate Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 5
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical class OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Rohrzucker Natural products OCC1OC(CO)(OC2OC(CO)C(O)C(O)C2O)C(O)C1O CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229920002301 cellulose acetate Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 150000001805 chlorine compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethylene glycol Chemical class OCCOCCO MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000003651 drinking water Substances 0.000 description 4
- 235000020188 drinking water Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethylene glycol Natural products OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 4
- WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxyacetaldehyde Natural products OCC=O WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000002203 pretreatment Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 4
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 description 2
- 241001474374 Blennius Species 0.000 description 2
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000195493 Cryptophyta Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000233866 Fungi Species 0.000 description 2
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfurous acid Chemical class OS(O)=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000004645 aluminates Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000001413 amino acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000004760 aramid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920003235 aromatic polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium atom Chemical compound [Ba] DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000010923 batch production Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000001642 boronic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- SXDBWCPKPHAZSM-UHFFFAOYSA-M bromate Chemical class [O-]Br(=O)=O SXDBWCPKPHAZSM-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 150000001649 bromium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000001720 carbohydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 235000014633 carbohydrates Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonic acid Chemical class OC(O)=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- ZCDOYSPFYFSLEW-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromate(2-) Chemical class [O-][Cr]([O-])(=O)=O ZCDOYSPFYFSLEW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000084 colloidal system Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000001913 cyanates Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005370 electroosmosis Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002222 fluorine compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- UQSQSQZYBQSBJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M fluorosulfate group Chemical group S(=O)(=O)([O-])F UQSQSQZYBQSBJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 239000010797 grey water Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 239000003295 industrial effluent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000004694 iodide salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000002632 lipids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000009285 membrane fouling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000001247 metal acetylides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 description 2
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000002823 nitrates Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000002826 nitrites Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000007523 nucleic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 102000039446 nucleic acids Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108020004707 nucleic acids Proteins 0.000 description 2
- VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N perchloric acid Chemical class OCl(=O)(=O)=O VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000001376 precipitating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000004760 silicates Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium atom Chemical compound [Sr] CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000000547 substituted alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 150000008163 sugars Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000003568 thioethers Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002351 wastewater Substances 0.000 description 2
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910001514 alkali metal chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001508 alkali metal halide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000008045 alkali metal halides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- HZKFXVSDNZJPND-UHFFFAOYSA-J dimagnesium disulfate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[Mg+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O HZKFXVSDNZJPND-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- 229910000397 disodium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000004941 influx Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001488 sodium phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000162 sodium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RYFMWSXOAZQYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K trisodium phosphate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O RYFMWSXOAZQYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/02—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by heating
- C02F1/04—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by heating by distillation or evaporation
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
- B01D61/002—Forward osmosis or direct osmosis
- B01D61/0021—Forward osmosis or direct osmosis comprising multiple forward osmosis steps
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
- B01D61/002—Forward osmosis or direct osmosis
- B01D61/0024—Controlling or regulating
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
- B01D61/58—Multistep processes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/44—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis
- C02F1/445—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis by forward osmosis
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
- B01D61/02—Reverse osmosis; Hyperfiltration ; Nanofiltration
- B01D61/025—Reverse osmosis; Hyperfiltration
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
- B01D61/02—Reverse osmosis; Hyperfiltration ; Nanofiltration
- B01D61/027—Nanofiltration
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/02—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by heating
- C02F1/04—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by heating by distillation or evaporation
- C02F1/06—Flash evaporation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/42—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by ion-exchange
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
- C02F1/469—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrochemical separation, e.g. by electro-osmosis, electrodialysis, electrophoresis
- C02F1/4693—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrochemical separation, e.g. by electro-osmosis, electrodialysis, electrophoresis electrodialysis
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/52—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by flocculation or precipitation of suspended impurities
- C02F2001/5218—Crystallization
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
- C02F2103/08—Seawater, e.g. for desalination
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A20/00—Water conservation; Efficient water supply; Efficient water use
- Y02A20/124—Water desalination
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A20/00—Water conservation; Efficient water supply; Efficient water use
- Y02A20/124—Water desalination
- Y02A20/131—Reverse-osmosis
Definitions
- the membrane has an average pore size of from 10 to 80 Angstroms, more preferably, 15 to 50 Angstroms. In a preferred embodiment, the membrane has an average pore size of from 20 to 30 Angstroms.
- the pore size of the membrane may be selected depending on the size of the solvent molecules that require separation. In general, the larger the pore size, the greater the flux through the membrane.
- one or more tubular membranes may be disposed within a housing or shell.
- the first solution may be introduced into the housing, whilst the second solution may be introduced into the tubes.
- solvent will diffuse across the membrane from the first solution into the second solution.
- the second solution will become increasingly diluted and the first solution, increasingly concentrated.
- the diluted second solution may be recovered from the interior of the tubes, whilst the concentrated first solution may be removed from the housing.
- the second solution contains solute species that are too large to pass through the pores of the membrane.
- solvent from the first solution will diffuse into the second solution at a high rate, whilst the passage of solute between the two solutions is restricted or prevented.
- the second solution may also contain solute species that are sufficiently small to pass through the pores of the membrane. These small species will not pass across the membrane if their concentration in the second solution is below their concentration in the first solution.
- the second solution optionally contains at least one solute species that is sufficiently small to pass through the pores of the membrane in a concentration that is less than the concentration of the corresponding species in the first solution.
- nanofiltration membranes examples include Desal- 5 (Desalination Systems, Escondido, California), NF 70, NF 50, NF 40 and NF 40 HF membranes (FilmTech Corp.,
- Rapid spray desalination may also be used to extract the solvent from the second solution.
- a thermal separation unit that separates dissolved solutes by crystallization may also be employed to extract the solvent from the second solution.
- the second solution may be cooled in a thermal separation column such that at least some of the dissolved solutes precipitate out of solution. These precipitates may collect at the bottom of the column, leaving the solution at the top of the column with a reduced solute concentration.
- This "upper" solution may be retrieved, for example, for direct use or for further purification.
- the concentrated solution at the base of the column may be heated to dissolve any precipitates. The concentrated solution may be discarded or recycled to be used again as a fresh second solution.
- the solvent of the second solution may be the same or different to the solvent of the first solution.
- the extracted solvent will contain a mixture of solvents from the first solution and the second solution. This may be useful, for example, when it is desired to produce a mixture of two solvents from separate impure solutions.
- the solvent in the first solution is the same as that of the second solution.
- the extracted solvent consists essentially of a single solvent.
- the extracted solvent may be recovered and used in its recovered form, or treated further prior to use.
- the extracted solvent is water
- the water may be stabilized, for example, by post-treatment stages.
- the purified water stream may be used for a variety of applications, for example, for industrial, agricultural, commercial and domestic use (e.g. to produce drinking water) .
- the purified water to pump oil from oil wells.
- the term "purified water” means water that has been treated by the process of the present invention.
- the purified water stream may include one or more dissolved salts.
- seawater is injected into an oil well to force the oil from the well to the surface.
- seawater causes severe operational and scaling problems.
- the purified water may be at an elevated osmotic pressure; this increased pressure may be used to aid pumping the water into the oil well.
- Suitable biological compounds include proteins, amino acids, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and lipids. Mixtures of two or more biological compounds may be employed.
- Preferred biological solutes include sugars, such as cane sugar and/or beet sugar. Glucose, fructose and sucrose may also be employed.
- the biological solute species may have a molecular weight of from 100 to 10000 gmol "1 , preferably, 300 to 5000 gmol "1 , more preferably, 400 to 2000 gmol "1 and, even more preferably, 500 to 1000 gmol "1 .
- Suitable inorganic compounds include acids, bases and salts. Mixtures of two or more inorganic compounds may be employed.
- the solute in the second solution is a salt.
- the salt may have cationic and/or anionic species that are larger than the average pore size of the membrane. Preferably, both the solvated cationic and anionic species of the salt are larger than the average pore size of the membrane.
- Suitable cationic species include metal ions and ammonium ions.
- Suitable metal ions include ions of Groups I to III metals. Examples of suitable Group I metal ions include ions of sodium and potassium. Examples of suitable Group II metal ions include ions of magnesium, calcium, strontium and barium. Examples of suitable Group II cations include ions of aluminium. Complex cations may also be employed. Where ammonium ions are employed, such ions may be substituted, for example, with alkyl groups, such as Ci to C 2 o alkyl groups. Substituted alkyl groups may also be employed.
- the process of the present invention may be continuous or a batch process.
- the osmotic potential of the second solution may be enhanced by microwave, laser electromagnetic, electric fields (electro osmosis) and electrokinetic treatment.
- the membrane may be planar or take the form of a tube or hollow fibre. If desired, the membrane may be supported on a supporting structure, such as a mesh support. The membrane may be corrugated or of a tortuous configura ion.
- the first solution comprises a plurality of solutes, whilst the second solution is formed by dissolving one or more known solutes in a solvent.
- solvent passes across the membrane from the side of low osmotic potential to the side of high osmotic potential.
- High pressures are not required to induce solvent flow.
- a pressure differential across the membrane may be applied, for example, to enhance the speed of the separation process.
- the process of the present invention may be used to convert the first solution into a concentrated form for disposal.
- further solvent may be removed from the concentrated first solution by repeating the initial membrane separation step. Specifically, further solvent may be removed from the concentrated first solution by placing this solution on one side of a semi-permeable membrane. A further solution having an osmotic potential that is higher than that of the concentrated solution may be placed on the opposite side of the membrane, such that solvent from the concentrated first solution passes across the membrane into the further solution.
- the further solution may contain the same solute (s) and solvent (s) as the second solution. Alternatively, the further solution may contain different components .
- the second solution may be recovered.
- the second solution may be at an elevated pressure, even when a pressure is not applied to induce solvent flow from the first solution to the second solution. This is because the flow of solvent from the first solution into the second solution occurs along a concentration gradient.
- This pressure may be used to aid the subsequent extraction of solvent from the second solution.
- the pressure of the second solution may be used to supplement the pressure applied to the second solution to induce solvent flow from the second solution across the selectively permeable membrane employed.
- the fluid velocity across the surface of the membrane may be varied as required to reduce the risk of fouling of the membrane. Generally, the greater the fluid velocity across the surface of the membrane, the lower the risk of fouling.
- MMD Mechanical vapour compression
- vapour from a vessel is typically extracted and then condensed by compression in a tube located within the vessel.
- the compression and condensation step generates heat, which heats the walls of the tube.
- second solution is sprayed onto the surface of the tube, it evaporates generating more vapour.
- Solvent may also be recovered from the second solution by introducing micro-organisms into the second solution to convert the solutes dissolved in the second solution into insoluble products (i.e. bio-desalting). These insoluble products may then be separated from the solvent, for example, by filtration. Alternatively, a precipitating agent may be added to the second solution to precipitate the dissolved solutes. The precipitates may then be removed from the solvent by, for example, filtration.
- a combination of techniques may be used to extract the solvent from the second solution. In one embodiment, at least two of the following techniques are employed to extract the solvent from the second solution: crystallization, distillation, nanofiltration and reverse osmosis.
- the second solution may be divided into two portions.
- the first portion may be treated by crystallization and/ or nanofiltration or reverse osmosis, whilst the second portion may treated by crystallization and/or a distillation technique selected from at least one of multi-flash distillation, multi-effect distillation (including MED-thermo compression) , mechanical vapour compression, and rapid spray distillation.
- the residue from the nanofiltration or reverse osmosis step may be further treated by crystallization and/or a distillation technique such as multi-flash distillation, multi-effect distillation, mechanical vapour compression, and/or rapid spray distillation.
- the solvent in the first solution is the same as that of the second solution.
- the extracted solvent consists essentially of a single solvent.
- the extracted solvent may be recovered and used in its recovered form, or treated further prior to use.
- the extracted solvent is water
- the water may be stabilized, for example, by post-treatment stages.
- the process of the present invention may also be used to purify inorganic solvents, such as acidic solvents, alkaline solvents and neutral solvents, such as water. Such solvents are preferably present in the first solution and may, additionally be present in the second solution.
- the process of the present invention may be used to purify aqueous solutions of acids.
- the process of the present invention may be used to purify alkali solvents, such as aqueous hydroxide solutions.
- the process is used to remove impurities from water, such as a saline solution, such as seawater or brackish water. The removal of salt impurities from seawater and brackish water is known as desalination.
- Suitable solutes for the second solution include organic compounds, biological compounds and/or inorganic compounds.
- Suitable organic compounds include hydrocarbons, such as aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. Mixtures of two or more organic compounds may be employed.
- the hydrocarbons may be straight chain, branched and/or cyclic. Examples of suitable hydrocarbons include, but are not limited to, alkanes, alkenes and alkynes.
- the hydrocarbons may be substituted with one or more heteroatoms, for example, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, oxygen, sulphur, nitrogen, and/or phosphorus atoms.
- oxygenated hydrocarbons such as aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, ethers, esters, alcohols and/or their derivatives may be employed.
- MgS0 4 .7H 2 0 magnesium chloride
- MgCl .6H 2 0 sodium sulfate
- Ca 2 S0 4 . 10H 2 0 calcium chloride
- CaCl 2 .2H 2 0 or CaCl 2 .6H 2 0 calcium chloride
- potassium alum 24H 2 0
- disodium hydrogenphosphate Na 2 HP0 4 .12H 2
- sodium chloride NaCl
- KC1 potassium chloride
- Suitable extraction techniques include the distillation and membrane methods described above. As described above, a combination of two or more of these extraction techniques may be used.
- Figure 3 is a schematic flow diagram of an apparatus for desalinating seawater using a process according to a second embodiment of the present invention
- Figure 4 is a schematic flow diagram of an apparatus for desalinating seawater using a process according to a third embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 1 depicts an apparatus 10 for performing a conventional desalination process by reverse osmosis.
- the apparatus 10 comprises a high-pressure pump 12 and a membrane module 14.
- the module 14 contains a semi-permeable membrane 16.
- a magnesium sulfate solution is formed in mixing tank 120 by dissolving a known quantity of magnesium sulfate in water.
- the resulting solution has a magnesium sulfate concentration that is higher than the total dissolved salt (TDS) concentration of the seawater under treatment.
- TDS total dissolved salt
- Figure 5 depicts an apparatus for desalinating seawater using a process according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention.
- the apparatus of Figure 5 is similar to the apparatus of Figure 4. Thus, like numerals have been used to designate like parts. Unlike the apparatus of Figure 4, however, the apparatus of Figure 5 comprises two modules 210a and 210b are used in series.
- the apparatus of Figure 8 is similar to the apparatus of Figure 6. Thus, like numerals have been used to designate like parts.
- the diluted magnesium sulfate solution 322 from the first membrane module 310 is introduced directly into the second membrane module 312 rather than the thermal separation unit 314.
- the diluted magnesium sulfate solution 322 is contacted with a semi-permeable membrane 328.
- a further magnesium sulfate solution 330 having a higher total dissolved salts concentration than the solution 322 is contacted with the opposite side of the membrane 328. The difference in osmotic pressure causes water to flow across the membrane 328 to dilute the further magnesium sulfate solution 330.
- the solution 428 is passed through a nanofiltration membrane (not shown) that separates water from the solution 428.
- a portion of the water is extracted via line 430, whilst the remainder is removed via line 436 for further purification by multi-stage flash distillation.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Separation Using Semi-Permeable Membranes (AREA)
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (8)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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CN2004800279122A CN1856447B (en) | 2003-07-30 | 2004-07-28 | Solvent removal process |
US10/566,389 US7879243B2 (en) | 2003-07-30 | 2004-07-28 | Solvent removal process |
EP04743570A EP1651570B1 (en) | 2003-07-30 | 2004-07-28 | Solvent removal by a forward osmosis process |
AT04743570T ATE512119T1 (en) | 2003-07-30 | 2004-07-28 | SOLVENT DEPOSITATION THROUGH A FORWARD SOSMOSIS PROCESS |
AU2004261474A AU2004261474B2 (en) | 2003-07-30 | 2004-07-28 | Solvent removal process |
IL173406A IL173406A (en) | 2003-07-30 | 2006-01-29 | Process for removing a solvent from a solution |
HK07104652.4A HK1098449A1 (en) | 2003-07-30 | 2007-05-02 | Solvent removal process |
US13/012,609 US8221629B2 (en) | 2003-07-30 | 2011-01-24 | Solvent removal process |
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GB0317839.9 | 2003-07-30 | ||
GBGB0317839.9A GB0317839D0 (en) | 2003-07-30 | 2003-07-30 | Solvent removal process |
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EP (1) | EP1651570B1 (en) |
CN (2) | CN103435129B (en) |
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AU (1) | AU2004261474B2 (en) |
CY (1) | CY1111817T1 (en) |
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HK (1) | HK1098449A1 (en) |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
HK1098449A1 (en) | 2007-07-20 |
US20110114558A1 (en) | 2011-05-19 |
ATE512119T1 (en) | 2011-06-15 |
CN103435129A (en) | 2013-12-11 |
CN103435129B (en) | 2015-08-26 |
IL173406A0 (en) | 2006-06-11 |
ES2364968T3 (en) | 2011-09-19 |
US20060237366A1 (en) | 2006-10-26 |
IL173406A (en) | 2014-12-31 |
CN1856447B (en) | 2013-09-25 |
CN1856447A (en) | 2006-11-01 |
AU2004261474B2 (en) | 2010-12-16 |
GB0317839D0 (en) | 2003-09-03 |
ZA200601768B (en) | 2007-08-29 |
EP1651570B1 (en) | 2011-06-08 |
US7879243B2 (en) | 2011-02-01 |
US8221629B2 (en) | 2012-07-17 |
EP1651570A1 (en) | 2006-05-03 |
AU2004261474A1 (en) | 2005-02-10 |
CY1111817T1 (en) | 2015-10-07 |
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