WO2005001307A1 - Ea material, and manufacturing method and mounting structure for the same - Google Patents
Ea material, and manufacturing method and mounting structure for the same Download PDFInfo
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- WO2005001307A1 WO2005001307A1 PCT/JP2004/007474 JP2004007474W WO2005001307A1 WO 2005001307 A1 WO2005001307 A1 WO 2005001307A1 JP 2004007474 W JP2004007474 W JP 2004007474W WO 2005001307 A1 WO2005001307 A1 WO 2005001307A1
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60R—VEHICLES, VEHICLE FITTINGS, OR VEHICLE PARTS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B60R21/00—Arrangements or fittings on vehicles for protecting or preventing injuries to occupants or pedestrians in case of accidents or other traffic risks
- B60R21/02—Occupant safety arrangements or fittings, e.g. crash pads
- B60R21/04—Padded linings for the vehicle interior ; Energy absorbing structures associated with padded or non-padded linings
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16F—SPRINGS; SHOCK-ABSORBERS; MEANS FOR DAMPING VIBRATION
- F16F1/00—Springs
- F16F1/36—Springs made of rubber or other material having high internal friction, e.g. thermoplastic elastomers
- F16F1/42—Springs made of rubber or other material having high internal friction, e.g. thermoplastic elastomers characterised by the mode of stressing
- F16F1/44—Springs made of rubber or other material having high internal friction, e.g. thermoplastic elastomers characterised by the mode of stressing loaded mainly in compression
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16F—SPRINGS; SHOCK-ABSORBERS; MEANS FOR DAMPING VIBRATION
- F16F2226/00—Manufacturing; Treatments
- F16F2226/04—Assembly or fixing methods; methods to form or fashion parts
- F16F2226/042—Gluing
Definitions
- a slit 24 extends from the distal end of the cylindrical portion 21 in a direction parallel to the axis of the cylindrical portion 21, and the cylindrical portion 21 is elastically deformable in its radially expanding direction. .
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Child & Adolescent Psychology (AREA)
- Vehicle Interior And Exterior Ornaments, Soundproofing, And Insulation (AREA)
- Connection Of Plates (AREA)
- Standing Axle, Rod, Or Tube Structures Coupled By Welding, Adhesion, Or Deposition (AREA)
- Vibration Dampers (AREA)
Abstract
An EA material installable on a specified member to be installed even if rods or mounting holes are not formed thereto, a method of manufacturing the EA material, and a mounting structure for the EA material. The EA material (1) comprises a plate-like EA material body (2) and a form tape (3) installed on one principal plate surface of the EA material body (2). An adhesive agent layer (3a) is installed on the form tape (3) and the EA material (1) is adhered to the inner surface of a car body (2) through the adhesive agent layer (3a). By using a mold formed of a drag mold (10) and a cope mold (11), the EA material (1) is manufactured by holding the form tape (3) on the cavity surface of the cope mold (11) and feeding a synthetic resin material into a cavity. A recessed part (12) receiving the form tape (3) is formed in the cope mold (11) holding the form tape (3). In addition, a plurality of claw-like projections (13) are formed at the edge part of the recessed part (12).
Description
明 細 書 Specification
EA材、その製造方法及び取付構造 EA material, its manufacturing method and mounting structure
発明の分野 Field of the invention
[0001] 本発明は EA材 (衝撃エネルギー吸収材）、その製造方法及びその取付構造に係り 、特に自動車に取り付けるのに好適な EA材及びその製造方法並びに EA材の取付 構造に関する。 The present invention relates to an EA material (impact energy absorbing material), a method of manufacturing the same, and a mounting structure thereof, and more particularly to an EA material suitable for mounting on an automobile, a manufacturing method thereof, and a mounting structure of the EA material.
発明の背景 Background of the Invention
[0002] 自動車のドアトリムには、側面衝突（側突）時の衝撃エネルギー吸収（Energy Ab sorption : EA)のために、硬質ウレタンフォームよりなる EA材を取り付けている。この ドアトリムに対し、硬質ウレタンフォーム製 EA材を取り付ける方法として、特開 2001- 322507号には、図 3, 4a, 4bに示す構造が記載されている。図 3は同号公報の図 7 に記載された EA材の取付構造を示す断面図、図 4aはこの構造に用いられている筒 状体 20の斜視図、図 4bはこの筒状体 20の断面斜視図である。 [0002] An EA material made of rigid urethane foam is attached to a door trim of an automobile to absorb impact energy (Energy Absorption: EA) in a side collision (side collision). As a method of attaching a hard urethane foam EA material to the door trim, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2001-322507 describes the structure shown in FIGS. 3, 4a, and 4b. Fig. 3 is a cross-sectional view showing the mounting structure of the EA material described in Fig. 7 of the same publication, Fig. 4a is a perspective view of a cylindrical body 20 used in this structure, and Fig. 4b is a sectional view of the cylindrical body 20. It is a sectional perspective view.
[0003] この筒状体 20は筒部 21及び張出部 22を一体に備えている。この筒部 21の先端か らは内向きに爪部 23が設けられている。トリム 31から突設されたロッド 26の外周面に 凹部 27が周設されており、爪部 23が該凹部 27に係合している。 [0003] The tubular body 20 has a tubular portion 21 and an overhanging portion 22 integrally. A claw portion 23 is provided inward from the tip of the cylindrical portion 21. A concave portion 27 is provided around the outer peripheral surface of the rod 26 projecting from the trim 31, and the claw portion 23 is engaged with the concave portion 27.
[0004] なお、筒部 21には先端から筒部 21の軸心線と平行方向にスリット 24が延設されて おり、筒部 21はその拡径方向に弾性的に変形可能となっている。 [0004] A slit 24 extends from the distal end of the cylindrical portion 21 in a direction parallel to the axis of the cylindrical portion 21, and the cylindrical portion 21 is elastically deformable in its radially expanding direction. .
[0005] EA材 33をトリム 31に取り付けるには、 EA材 33の取付孔 34にロッド 26が揷入され るように EA材 33をトリム 31の面に沿わせ、次いで筒状体 20をロッド 26に嵌合させて 押し込み、爪部 23を凹部 27に係合させる。これにより、張出部 22は EA材 33の取付 孔 34の周縁部を押さえつける。 [0005] To attach the EA material 33 to the trim 31, the EA material 33 is placed along the surface of the trim 31 so that the rod 26 is inserted into the mounting hole 34 of the EA material 33, and then the cylindrical body 20 is attached to the rod 31. 26, and push it in to engage the claw 23 with the recess 27. As a result, the overhang portion 22 presses down the peripheral portion of the mounting hole 34 of the EA material 33.
[0006] なお、この筒部 21は先細形のテーパ形状となっており、取付孔 34に揷入し易いも のとなつている。筒状体 20をロッド 26に装着した状態にあっては、筒部 21の外周面 が取付孔 34の内周面に密着している。 [0006] The cylindrical portion 21 has a tapered shape so as to be easily inserted into the mounting hole 34. When the cylindrical body 20 is mounted on the rod 26, the outer peripheral surface of the cylindrical portion 21 is in close contact with the inner peripheral surface of the mounting hole 34.
[0007] 上記従来の EA材及びその取付構造にあっては、 EA材をトリム 31に強固に取付け ること力 Sできる力 トリム 31には予めロッド 26を突設しておくと共に、 EA材には予め取
付孔 34を形成しておく必要がある。力かるロッド 36及び取付孔 34を設けてなければ 、 EA材をトリム 31に取り付けることができない。 [0007] In the above-mentioned conventional EA material and its mounting structure, a force for firmly attaching the EA material to the trim 31 A force that can be applied S A rod 26 is protruded from the trim 31 in advance, and Is taken in advance It is necessary to form the perforations 34. The EA material cannot be mounted on the trim 31 unless the strong rod 36 and the mounting hole 34 are provided.
図面の簡単な説明 Brief Description of Drawings
[0008] [図 1]図 laは実施の形態に係る EA材の取付構造を示す略水平方向の断面図、図 1 bはこの EA材の斜視図である。 [FIG. 1] FIG. La is a substantially horizontal sectional view showing the mounting structure of the EA material according to the embodiment, and FIG. 1 b is a perspective view of the EA material.
[図 2]図 2aは EA材の製造方法を説明する断面図、図 2bは上金型の一部の拡大図 である。 [FIG. 2] FIG. 2a is a cross-sectional view illustrating a method for manufacturing an EA material, and FIG. 2b is an enlarged view of a part of an upper mold.
[図 3]従来例を示す断面図である。 FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view showing a conventional example.
[図 4]図 3の構造の説明図である。 FIG. 4 is an explanatory view of the structure of FIG. 3.
発明の概要 Summary of the Invention
[0009] 本発明は、上記のロッド 26や取付孔 34を設けてなくても所望の取付対象部材に取 付けることができる EA材及びその製造方法と、この EA材の取付構造とを提供するこ とを目的とする。 The present invention provides an EA material that can be attached to a desired member to be attached without providing the rod 26 and the attachment hole 34, a method of manufacturing the EA material, and an attachment structure of the EA material. It is for this purpose.
[0010] 本発明の EA材は、発泡材よりなる EA材本体と、該 EA材本体の表面部位に一体 化されたフォームテープ又は平面ファスナよりなる取付部材とを有する EA材であって 、該取付部材は、該 EA材本体と一体発泡により一体化されていることを特徴とするも のである。 [0010] The EA material of the present invention is an EA material having an EA material main body made of a foamed material and an attachment member made of a foam tape or a flat fastener integrated with a surface portion of the EA material main body. The mounting member is integrated with the EA material body by integral foaming.
[0011] 本発明の EA材の製造方法は、 EA材本体を成形するための金型の内面にフォー ムテープ又は平面ファスナよりなる取付部材を装着しておき、該金型内に発泡原料 を供給して発泡させることにより、該取付部材と EA材本体とが一体化された EA材を 製造することを特徴とするものである。 [0011] In the method for producing an EA material of the present invention, a mounting member made of a foam tape or a flat fastener is mounted on the inner surface of a mold for molding the EA material main body, and a foaming material is supplied into the mold. And foaming to produce an EA material in which the mounting member and the EA material main body are integrated.
[0012] 本発明の EA材の取付構造は、 EA材の取付対象部材に EA材を取付けた構造に おいて、該 EA材は上記本発明のものであり、前記取付部材によって該 EA材が該取 付対象部材に取り付けられていることを特徴とするものである。 [0012] The mounting structure of the EA material of the present invention is a structure in which the EA material is mounted on a member to which the EA material is mounted, wherein the EA material is the above-mentioned invention, and the EA material is formed by the mounting member. It is characterized by being attached to the member to be attached.
[0013] 力かる EA材及びその取付構造にあっては、フォームテープ又は平面ファスナより なる取付部材が EA材本体と一体化されているので、この取付部材付きの EA材を取 付対象部材に押し付けることにより該 EA材を取付対象部材に取り付けることができる
[0014] 本発明の EA材の製造方法によると、この EA材を容易に製造することができる。 [0013] In the strong EA material and its mounting structure, since the mounting member made of foam tape or planar fastener is integrated with the EA material main body, the EA material with this mounting member is used as the mounting target member. The EA material can be attached to the attachment target member by pressing According to the method for producing an EA material of the present invention, this EA material can be easily produced.
[0015] なお、 EA材本体は硬質ウレタンフォーム等の発泡合成樹脂が好適である。 [0015] The EA material main body is preferably made of a foamed synthetic resin such as rigid urethane foam.
[0016] 本発明の EA材の取付構造は、 自動車キャビンの内面に沿って配置される頭部保 護パッドゃピラーパッドの取り付けに好適であるが、これに限定されるものではない。 発明の好ましい形態 [0016] The mounting structure of the EA material of the present invention is suitable for mounting a head protection pad / pillar pad arranged along the inner surface of an automobile cabin, but is not limited thereto. Preferred embodiments of the invention
[0017] 以下、図面を参照して実施の形態について説明する。図 laは実施の形態に係る E A材の取付構造を示す略水平方向の断面図、図 lbはこの EA材の斜視図、図 2aは EA材の製造方法を説明する断面図、図 2bは金型の一部の拡大斜視図である。 Hereinafter, embodiments will be described with reference to the drawings. Fig. La is a substantially horizontal cross-sectional view showing the mounting structure of the EA material according to the embodiment, Fig. Lb is a perspective view of the EA material, Fig. 2a is a cross-sectional view illustrating a method of manufacturing the EA material, and Fig. FIG. 3 is an enlarged perspective view of a part of the mold.
[0018] 図 la, lbの通り、板状の EA材 1が取付対象部材としての車体 4に対しフォームテ ープ 3を介して取り付けられている。この実施の形態では、 EA材 1は、板状の EA材 本体 2と、該 EA材本体 2の一方の主板面に設けられたフォームテープ 3とからなる。 このフォームテープ 3には粘着剤層 3aが設けられており、該粘着剤層 3aを介して EA 材 1が車体 2の内面に付着されている。 As shown in FIGS. La and lb, a plate-shaped EA material 1 is attached to a vehicle body 4 as an attachment target member via a foam tape 3. In this embodiment, the EA material 1 includes a plate-shaped EA material main body 2 and a foam tape 3 provided on one main plate surface of the EA material main body 2. The foam tape 3 is provided with an adhesive layer 3a, and the EA material 1 is adhered to the inner surface of the vehicle body 2 via the adhesive layer 3a.
[0019] フォームテープ 3は、軟質ウレタンフォーム等の軟質な発泡合成樹脂製のものであ り、その一側面に粘着剤層 3aが設けられている。このフォームテープ 3は、粘着剤層 3a以外のすべて又は大部分が EA材本体 2中に埋設されている。なお、 EA材 1を車 体 2に取付ける前には、この粘着剤層 3aは剥離紙 3b (図 2b参照）によって覆われて おり、この剥離紙を剥して EA材 1を車体 2に取付ける。 The foam tape 3 is made of a soft foam synthetic resin such as a soft urethane foam, and has a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer 3a on one side thereof. All or most of the foam tape 3 except the adhesive layer 3a is embedded in the EA material body 2. Before the EA material 1 is mounted on the vehicle body 2, the adhesive layer 3a is covered with a release paper 3b (see FIG. 2b). The release paper is peeled off and the EA material 1 is mounted on the vehicle body 2.
[0020] このフォームテープ 3付き EA材 1を製造するには、図 2a, 2bのように下金型 10及 び上金型 11よりなる金型を用レ、、この上金型 11のキヤビティ面にフォームテープ 3を 保持させておき、キヤビティ内に合成樹脂材料を供給して成形する。ウレタン等の場 合であれば、下金型 10内にウレタン等の原液を供給し、これを発泡させればよい。射 出発泡成形としてもよい。 [0020] In order to manufacture the EA material 1 with the foam tape 3, as shown in Figs. 2a and 2b, a mold composed of a lower mold 10 and an upper mold 11 is used, and the cavity of the upper mold 11 is used. A foam tape 3 is held on the surface, and a synthetic resin material is supplied into the cavity to be molded. In the case of urethane or the like, a stock solution of urethane or the like may be supplied into the lower mold 10 and foamed. It may be injection foam molding.
[0021] フォームテープ 3を保持する上金型 11には、該フォームテープ 3を受け入れる凹部 12が設けられている。この凹部 12の縁部には、爪状の突起 13が該凹部 12を取り囲 むように複数個設けられている。 The upper die 11 for holding the foam tape 3 is provided with a concave portion 12 for receiving the foam tape 3. A plurality of claw-shaped protrusions 13 are provided on the edge of the recess 12 so as to surround the recess 12.
[0022] フォームテープ 3を凹部 12に係合させると共に、該突起 13によって保持させて上記 の成形を行う。金型内で合成樹脂が所定程度硬化した後、成形品を脱型することに
より、フォームテープ 3付きの EA材 1が得られる。 The above-described molding is performed by engaging the foam tape 3 with the recess 12 and holding the foam tape 3 by the projection 13. After the synthetic resin has cured to a certain extent in the mold, the molded product is released. Thus, EA material 1 with foam tape 3 is obtained.
[0023] 突起 13をキヤビティ面に突設しているため、成形された EA材本体 2には、図 la, 1 bの通り該突起 13に由来する凹所 2aがフォームテープ 3の周囲に形成される。 Since the projections 13 project from the cavity surface, the molded EA material main body 2 has recesses 2a derived from the projections 13 formed around the foam tape 3 as shown in FIGS. Is done.
[0024] このように、フォームテープ 3を介して EA材 1を車体 4に取り付けるので、車体 4に E A材取付用のアンカー等を設けておく必要がなぐ EA材 1を車体の所望位置に容易 に取付けることができる。 As described above, since the EA material 1 is attached to the vehicle body 4 via the foam tape 3, it is not necessary to provide an anchor or the like for attaching the EA material to the vehicle body 4. Can be mounted on
[0025] 上記実施の形態ではフォームテープ 3が用いられている力 平面ファスナ（商標名： マジックテープ）を EA材本体 2に設けてもよレ、。この平面ファスナは、雄側シート及び 雌側シートからなるものであり、一方を EA材本体 2に設け、他方を車体に接着剤又 は粘着剤によって取付けておく。 EA材の取り付けに際しては、雄側シートの係止鉤 部が雌側シートの係止受容部に係合するようにして両シートが結合される。 [0025] In the above embodiment, the force in which the foam tape 3 is used may be provided on the EA material main body 2 with a planar fastener (trade name: magic tape). This planar fastener is composed of a male side sheet and a female side sheet, one of which is provided on the EA material body 2 and the other is attached to the vehicle body with an adhesive or an adhesive. When attaching the EA material, the two sheets are joined such that the locking hooks of the male sheet engage with the locking receiving portions of the female sheet.
[0026] 上記実施の形態は本発明の一例であり、本発明は図示以外の形態をもとりうる。例 えば、フォームテープ 3や平面ファスナは図示以外の位置に配置されてもよぐまた 2 個以上設けられてもよレ、。 EA材は図示以外の形状とされてもょレ、。 The above embodiment is an example of the present invention, and the present invention may take forms other than those illustrated. For example, the foam tape 3 and the planar fastener may be arranged at positions other than those shown in the drawings, or two or more fasteners may be provided. The EA material may have shapes other than those shown.
[0027] 以上の通り、本発明によると、ロッドや取付孔を設けてなくても所望の取付対象部材 に取付けることができる EA材、その製造方法及び取付構造が提供される。
[0027] As described above, according to the present invention, there is provided an EA material that can be mounted on a desired mounting target member without providing a rod or a mounting hole, a method for manufacturing the EA material, and a mounting structure.
Claims
[1] 発泡材よりなる EA材本体と、 [1] EA material body made of foam material,
該 EA材本体の表面部位に一体化されたフォームテープ又は平面ファスナよりなる 取付部材とを有する EA材であって、 An EA material having an attachment member made of a foam tape or a flat fastener integrated with a surface portion of the EA material main body,
該取付部材は、該 EA材本体と一体発泡により一体化されていることを特徴とする E A材。 The EA material, wherein the attachment member is integrated with the EA material body by integral foaming.
[2] 請求項 1において、該 EA材本体は硬質ウレタンフォーム等の発泡合成樹脂よりな ることを特徴とする EA材。 [2] The EA material according to claim 1, wherein the EA material body is made of a foamed synthetic resin such as rigid urethane foam.
[3] EA材本体を成形するための金型の内面にフォームテープ又は平面ファスナよりな る取付部材を装着しておき、該金型内に発泡原料を供給して発泡させることにより、 該取付部材と EA材本体とが一体化された EA材を製造することを特徴とする EA材 の製造方法。 [3] A mounting member made of foam tape or a flat fastener is mounted on an inner surface of a mold for molding the EA material main body, and a foaming material is supplied into the mold to foam the material. A method for producing an EA material, comprising producing an EA material in which a member and an EA material body are integrated.
[4] 請求項 3において、該金型の内面に凹部を設けておき、該凹部に該取付部材を係 合させておくことを特徴とする EA材の製造方法。 4. The method for manufacturing an EA material according to claim 3, wherein a concave portion is provided on an inner surface of the mold, and the mounting member is engaged with the concave portion.
[5] 請求項 3において、金型の内面に複数の突起が設けられており、該突起によって取 付部材を金型内面に係止することを特徴とする EA材の製造方法。 [5] The method for manufacturing an EA material according to claim 3, wherein a plurality of protrusions are provided on an inner surface of the mold, and the mounting member is locked to the inner surface of the mold by the protrusions.
[6] EA材の取付対象部材に EA材を取付けた構造にぉレ、て、 [6] The structure in which the EA material is attached to the member to which the EA material is attached
該 EA材は請求項 1に記載のものであり、前記取付部材によって該 EA材が該取付 対象部材に取り付けられていることを特徴とする EA材の取付構造。 2. The mounting structure of an EA material according to claim 1, wherein the EA material is attached to the mounting target member by the mounting member.
[7] 請求項 6において、該取付対象部材は車体であることを特徴とする EA材の取付構 造。 [7] The mounting structure for an EA material according to claim 6, wherein the member to be mounted is a vehicle body.
[8] 請求項 7において、該 EA材は乗員の頭部保護用の EA材であることを特徴とする E A材の取付構造。
[8] The mounting structure of an EA material according to claim 7, wherein the EA material is an EA material for protecting a head of an occupant.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2003-185148 | 2003-06-27 | ||
| JP2003185148A JP2005016682A (en) | 2003-06-27 | 2003-06-27 | Ea material, and manufacturing method and attachment structure for this ea material |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2005001307A1 true WO2005001307A1 (en) | 2005-01-06 |
Family
ID=33549642
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP2004/007474 WO2005001307A1 (en) | 2003-06-27 | 2004-05-31 | Ea material, and manufacturing method and mounting structure for the same |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JP2005016682A (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2005001307A1 (en) |
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH0691662A (en) * | 1992-09-10 | 1994-04-05 | Toyota Motor Corp | Surface fastener integral foamed molded form and its manufacture |
| JP2000085487A (en) * | 1998-09-08 | 2000-03-28 | Bridgestone Corp | Mounting method for protecting material |
| JP2002369986A (en) * | 2001-06-13 | 2002-12-24 | Toyo Tire & Rubber Co Ltd | Method and apparatus for manufacturing cushion pad and seat cushion pad |
| JP2004132463A (en) * | 2002-10-10 | 2004-04-30 | Bridgestone Corp | Mounting structure for ea material |
-
2003
- 2003-06-27 JP JP2003185148A patent/JP2005016682A/en active Pending
-
2004
- 2004-05-31 WO PCT/JP2004/007474 patent/WO2005001307A1/en active Application Filing
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH0691662A (en) * | 1992-09-10 | 1994-04-05 | Toyota Motor Corp | Surface fastener integral foamed molded form and its manufacture |
| JP2000085487A (en) * | 1998-09-08 | 2000-03-28 | Bridgestone Corp | Mounting method for protecting material |
| JP2002369986A (en) * | 2001-06-13 | 2002-12-24 | Toyo Tire & Rubber Co Ltd | Method and apparatus for manufacturing cushion pad and seat cushion pad |
| JP2004132463A (en) * | 2002-10-10 | 2004-04-30 | Bridgestone Corp | Mounting structure for ea material |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP2005016682A (en) | 2005-01-20 |
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