WO2004108929A1 - 高親和性IgE受容体β鎖発現調節 - Google Patents
高親和性IgE受容体β鎖発現調節 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2004108929A1 WO2004108929A1 PCT/JP2003/007086 JP0307086W WO2004108929A1 WO 2004108929 A1 WO2004108929 A1 WO 2004108929A1 JP 0307086 W JP0307086 W JP 0307086W WO 2004108929 A1 WO2004108929 A1 WO 2004108929A1
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- transcription
- chain gene
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
- C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
- C12N15/11—DNA or RNA fragments; Modified forms thereof; Non-coding nucleic acids having a biological activity
- C12N15/113—Non-coding nucleic acids modulating the expression of genes, e.g. antisense oligonucleotides; Antisense DNA or RNA; Triplex- forming oligonucleotides; Catalytic nucleic acids, e.g. ribozymes; Nucleic acids used in co-suppression or gene silencing
- C12N15/1138—Non-coding nucleic acids modulating the expression of genes, e.g. antisense oligonucleotides; Antisense DNA or RNA; Triplex- forming oligonucleotides; Catalytic nucleic acids, e.g. ribozymes; Nucleic acids used in co-suppression or gene silencing against receptors or cell surface proteins
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
- A61P37/08—Antiallergic agents
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N2310/00—Structure or type of the nucleic acid
- C12N2310/10—Type of nucleic acid
- C12N2310/13—Decoys
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the regulation of high-affinity IgE receptor; 8-chain expression, and more particularly, to the suppression of high-affinity IgE receptor chain gene transcription and its use.
- the signal transmission mechanism is activated, and mast cells are activated for the first time.
- various chemical mediators that cause allergic unigenic inflammation namely, histamine previously stored in intracellular granules, as well as new synthesis of intracellular metabolites such as leukotriene and prostaglandin. Release is explosively induced, causing a type I allergic reaction.
- the aggregation of Fc8RI on mast cells promotes the secretion of cytokines from mast cells, and induces expression of various adhesion molecules in adjacent vascular endothelial cells. Eosinophils and lymphocytes in the blood bind to and accumulate on vascular endothelial cells in the inflamed area via these adhesion molecules. As a result, late onset asthma A breath response is evoked. Furthermore, the Fc epsilon RI you expressed on Langerhans cells of the skin, antigen presentation, such as by cytokines produced, it has been estimated to contribute to the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis.
- human Fc ⁇ RI is expressed on the cell surface as a tetramer consisting of a heavy chain, a j3 chain and two ⁇ chains, or a trimer consisting of an ⁇ chain and two ⁇ chains.
- the ⁇ -chain directly binds to IgE in its extracellular region, while the chain and ⁇ -chain are involved in signal transduction into cells.
- zin not only plays an important role in amplifying the signal via the ⁇ chain (see, for example, Non-Patent Documents 1 and 2), and has recently been involved in the maturation of the ⁇ chain.
- Non-Patent Document 3 This means that by suppressing the expression of the chain, the expression of the receptor on the cell surface is reduced, and the strength of the intracellular signal transmitted by each receptor is also reduced. It is speculated that this / 3 chain expression suppression can suppress allergic reactions very effectively.
- Non-patent Document 4 the human Fc ⁇ RI / 3 chain gene, its genomic structure and base sequence have already been clarified (for example, see Non-Patent Document 4). Of these, only the upstream region of the initiation codon, including the promoter region, has already been analyzed, and it has been reported that the region containing the Oct-1 binding motif is essential for promoter activity (Non-patent Document 5).
- the present invention is to identify the regions involved in transcriptional regulation of human F C £ RI 3 chain genes from the region of unanalyzed further aims to identify the transcription factor that binds to that region. Then, the present invention has been completed based on knowledge based on a region involved in the transcriptional regulation of the human Fee RIjS chain gene and a transcription factor binding to the region.
- the present invention relates to (1) a polynucleotide comprising a part or the whole of the nucleotide sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1, which regulates transcription of a human high-affinity IgE receptor (FC ERI)] three-chain gene.
- a method for regulating transcription of the Fc £ RIj3 chain gene comprising the step of promoting the binding of:
- a method for regulating transcription of an Fc £ RI chain gene comprising the step of promoting the binding of a transcriptional regulatory region of an Fc E RI chain gene containing the nucleotide sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1 to a transcription repressing complex containing MZF-1 (5) a method of screening a compound or a salt thereof that promotes the binding between MZF-1 and a transcriptional regulatory region of the Fc ⁇ RIj3 chain gene containing the nucleotide sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1, (6) SEQ ID NO: (7) a method for screening a compound or a salt thereof that promotes the binding between the transcriptional regulatory region of the FC ERI j3 chain gene containing the nucleotide sequence described in 1 and a transcriptional repression complex containing MZF-1; using polynucleotide including part or all of the nucleotide sequence described in
- a compound or a salt thereof that regulates transcription of the FCERIj3 chain gene which is obtained by using the screening kit of (1); (9) a medicament comprising the compound of (8) or a salt thereof; 0) The medicament according to (9), wherein the medicament is a prophylactic / therapeutic agent for an allergic disease; (11) a step of administering to a mammal an effective amount of the compound according to (8) or a salt thereof.
- allergic diseases including:
- Figure 1 is a reporter ⁇ Tsu Si by human Fc f RI / 3 Kusarinoko gene nt4180 in the present invention - is a graph showing measurement results of nt4260 region transcriptional regulatory activity.
- FIG. 2 shows the detailed mapping of transcription regulatory elements in the nt4180-nt4260 region by introducing a site-specific mutation in the present invention.
- FIG. 3 shows identification of a binding factor by gel shift assay in the present invention.
- A Competition test using unlabeled double-stranded oligo DNA Labeled double-stranded DNA: lanes 3-5; same sequence as probe, lanes 6_8; 3-base substitution in probe sequence, lanes 9-11; non-specific sequence
- B Recombinant MZF-1 (Lane 1; no addition, lane 2; GST, lane 3; GST-MZF-1).
- Figure 4 illustrates by MZF- 1 antisense introduced in the present invention, the increase of human Fc epsilon RI j3 Zhen gene promoter activity.
- FIG. 5 shows the increase in the expression of human Fc ⁇ RI by the introduction of MZF-1 antisense in the present invention.
- DNA containing a region that regulates transcription of the human high-affinity IgE receptor (Fc ⁇ RI) j3 chain gene according to the present invention was obtained by the following method.
- the antisense expression vector of MZF-1 was transferred to an Fc £ RI
- the good Unishi Te by transcriptional regulatory factors binding to the region in the DNA region parallel beauty involved in the transcriptional regulation of Fc f RI j3 chain gene has been determined, the compound or its salt that inhibits the FC E RI i3 chain expression It will be possible to construct a screening method and a screening kit, which will contribute to the development of therapeutic and prophylactic agents for allergic diseases. For example, it is possible to develop a compound that inhibits chain expression or a salt thereof by searching for a substance that promotes the binding between the identified transcription factor MZF-1 and the specified gene region.
- MZF-1 transcriptional regulator MZF-1 also functions in transcriptional activation or transcriptional repression depending on the cell type and gene promoter structure, suggesting the presence of transcriptional activation and repressive cofactors.
- R. Hromas, et al., Cuur. Top. Microbiolo. Immunol., 211, 159-164 (1996) MZF-1 may also contribute to transcriptional repression by binding to other cofactors. It is also possible to develop a compound or a salt thereof that inhibits the following.
- Example 1 of the present invention described below a reporter plasmid into which the nt4180-nt4260 region of the three-chain gene has been inserted is introduced into an appropriate Fc ⁇ RIi3 chain-expressing cell, and the decrease in luciferase activity is used as an index.
- a method for screening Fc ⁇ RI] 3 chain transcription suppression from natural products and synthetic compounds can be provided.
- the salt of the compound is a salt with a physiologically acceptable acid (eg, an inorganic acid, an organic acid, etc.) or a physiologically acceptable base (eg, an alkali metal, etc.). Particularly preferred are physiologically acceptable acid addition salts.
- salts include salts with hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, hydrobromic acid, and sulfuric acid as inorganic acids, or acetic acid, formic acid, propionic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, and succinic acid as organic acids. And salts with tartaric acid, cunic acid, lignoic acid, oxalic acid, benzoic acid, methanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid and the like.
- a compound or a salt thereof that regulates the transcription of the Fc ⁇ RI] 3 chain gene obtained using the screening method and the screening kit according to the present invention is useful as an agent for preventing or treating allergic diseases.
- a medicament containing the compound or a salt thereof has a high utility value.
- the compound or salt thereof obtained according to the present invention can be used as a sugar-coated tablet, capsule, microcapsule, etc., orally, or with water or another pharmaceutically acceptable liquid, if necessary. It can be used parenterally in the form of injectable solutions, such as sterile solutions or suspensions.
- a compound or a salt thereof obtained according to the present invention is required to be used in a generally accepted formulation together with a physiologically acceptable carrier, flavoring agent, excipient, vehicle, preservative, stabilizer, binder and the like. It can be manufactured by mixing in a unit dosage form. The amount of active ingredient in these preparations is such that a suitable dosage in the specified range can be obtained. Excipients that can be incorporated into tablets, capsules, etc.
- binders such as gelatin, corn starch, tragacanth, gum arabic, excipients such as crystalline cellulose, corn starch, gelatin, alginic acid, etc.
- Swelling agents such as magnesium stearate; sweeteners such as sucrose, lactose or saccharine; peppermint; A flavoring agent such as Erie is used.
- a liquid carrier such as fats and oils can be further contained in the above-mentioned type of material.
- Sterile compositions for injection can be formulated according to normal pharmaceutical practice of dissolving or suspending the active substance in vehicles, such as water for injection, and naturally occurring vegetable oils such as sesame oil.
- aqueous liquids for injection examples include physiological saline, isotonic solutions containing glucose and other adjuvants (eg, D-sorbitol, D-mannitol, sodium chloride, etc.).
- adjuvants eg, D-sorbitol, D-mannitol, sodium chloride, etc.
- Auxiliaries such as alcohol (eg, ethanol), polyalcohols (eg, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, etc.), nonionic surfactants (eg, Polysorbate 80®, HCO-50, etc.) ) May be used together.
- solubilizing agent examples include sesame oil and soybean oil, and the solubilizing agent may be used in combination with benzyl benzoate, benzyl alcohol, or the like.
- buffering agents eg, phosphate buffer, sodium acetate buffer, etc.
- soothing agents eg, benzalcodium hydrochloride, proforcein hydrochloride, etc.
- stabilizing agents eg, human serum albumin
- preservatives eg, benzyl alcohol, phenol, etc.
- antioxidants eg, antioxidants and the like.
- the preparations obtained in this way are safe and low toxic and can be administered, for example, to mammals and warm-blooded animals (eg humans, rats, mice, guinea pigs, egrets) .
- the dose of the compound or its salt obtained according to the present invention varies depending on the target disease, the subject to be administered, the administration route and the like.
- the compound or its salt obtained according to the present invention for the purpose of treating hay fever may be orally administered.
- the compound or a salt thereof When administered, generally, in adults (60 Kg), the compound or a salt thereof may be used in an amount of 0.1 mg to 1.0 g, preferably Approximately 1.0 mg to 50 mg is administered.
- Example 1 Measurement of Transcriptional Regulation Activity of Human Fc ⁇ RI] 3 Chain Gene nt4l80-nt4260 Region
- Fc £ RI / 3-chain gene fragments were obtained from the human genomic library (Stratagene) using the plaque hybridizing method.
- the above reporter plasmid 5 / ig and control were added to human Fc ⁇ RIj3 chain-expressing mast cell line KU812 (1 ⁇ 10 7 cells) suspended in 500 AiL medium (RPI with 20% FCS (Invitrogen)).
- a plasmid add 0.1 / zg of plasmid pRL-CMV (Toyo Ink) under the control of the CMV promoter and use the Gene Pulser II (Bio-Rad) to generate electroporation (300 V). , 950 AiF). in 12well plates supplemented with medium lwell per 2ml transferred by half, at 37 ° C, 5% C0 2 under the conditions and cultured for 24 hours.
- the firefly luciferase activity and the sea panzyl luciferase activity were measured using Luminomete Berthold).
- the cell lysate and substrate used were those contained in a Dual luciferase assay kit (Promega). For each sample, the value of firefly luciferase activity / seapan luciferase activity was calculated.
- FIG. 1 shows the relative activities when the value of the firefly luciferase activity / seapan luciferase activity was 1.0 when only the 3 chain promoter was used.
- the gene fragment nt4180-nt4260 showed strong transcriptional repressing activity regardless of the insertion direction.
- Example 2 Detailed mapping of transcriptional regulatory elements by introducing site-specific mutations
- a nuclear protein fraction was prepared as follows. After collecting the KU812 cells, ice-cold phosphate buffered saline (8g NaCl, 0. 2g KC1, 0. 2g KH 2 P0 4, 2. 9g Na 2 HP0 4 - 12H 2 0 / 1L H 2 0) at Washed and suspended in ice-cold buffer A (10 mM HEPES pH 7.9, 10 mM KCl, 0. ImM EDTA, IraM DTT, IraM PMSF, 1 ⁇ g / ml leupeptin, 1 ⁇ g / ml aprotinin) and then on ice For 10 minutes.
- ice-cold phosphate buffered saline 8g NaCl, 0. 2g KC1, 0. 2g KH 2 P0 4, 2. 9g Na 2 HP0 4 - 12H 2 0 / 1L H 2 0
- ice-cold buffer A (10 mM HEPES pH 7.9, 10
- NP-40 was added to a final concentration of 0.5%, left on ice for 15 minutes, and centrifuged at 6000 X g for 1 minute.
- the precipitated fraction was buffered with buffer E (20 mM HEPES pH 7.9, 400 mM KCL, 15 mM MgCl 2 , 0.2 raM EDTA, ImM DTT, ImM PMSF, ImM DTT, ImM PMSF, 1 ⁇ g / ml leupeptin, 1 ⁇ g / ml aprotinin ), Left on ice for 1 hour, and centrifuged at 10,000 X g for 10 minutes. The supernatant obtained by centrifugation was used as a nuclear protein fraction.
- FITC-labeled synthetic DNA oligo 5 FITC-labeled synthetic DNA oligo 5, -GTGAGTTGCCCGCTTCTGTCTTTG-3, and 5'-CAAAGACAGAAGCGGGCAACTCAC-3 '(Invitrogen) are equimolarly mixed, allowed to stand at 95 ° C for 5 minutes, then slowly cooled, and used as a probe did.
- there are three types of unlabeled DNAs one having the same nucleotide sequence as the probe (self), one having three bases substituted near nt 4190 (mutant), and one having a sequence unrelated to the probe (non-specific).
- Single-stranded synthetic oligo DNA was used as a condenser.
- the gene region near nt 4190 contained a nucleotide sequence having homology to the binding motif of transcription factor MZF-1. Then, the transcription factor that binds to this sequence was identified. Normally, gel shift to MZF-1 The antibody was analyzed for whether the shift band was supershifted or disappeared by the addition of an antibody.However, since antibodies against MZF-1 were not commercially available, fusion with glutathione S-transf erase (GST) was performed using E. coli. Analysis was performed using recombinant MZF-1 expressed as a protein (Fig. 3 (B)). A shifted band was observed when the GST-MZF-1 fusion protein was added to the probe, and was not observed when only GST was expressed. It was shown to bind to the gene region.
- Example 4 Enhancement of chain promoter activity by introduction of MZF-1 antisense into KU812 cells
- MZF-1 antisense was prepared as follows. Total RNA was prepared from # 562 cells using TRIZOL (Invitrogen). The prepared total RNA l / ig was designated as type I, and an RT reaction was performed using a random hexamer as a primer. Then, primers specific to the nucleotide sequence of human MZF-1
- PCR was performed using a protocol of 30 cycles of 94 ° C for 30 seconds, 65 ° C for 30 seconds, and 72 ° C for 2 minutes.
- the obtained wide fragment was inserted into a pCR3.1 vector (Invitrogen), a clone in which the fragment was inserted in the reverse direction to the CMV promoter was selected based on the restriction enzyme cleavage pattern, and the nucleotide sequence was sequenced. Confirmed (pCR3.1-hMZF-1 antisense). Also, for use as a control, pCR3.1 was cut with coRI, and then closed with T4 Ligase. The prepared plasmid PCR3.1-self was prepared.
- pCR3.1-hMZF-l antisense A certain pCR3.1-self5_20 / ig together with a chain promoter and a reporter plasmid containing the nt4180-nt4260 region was prepared by electroporation under the same conditions as described in Example 1. The cells were introduced into KU812 cells and luciferase assay was performed in the same manner. The relative activity is shown in FIG. 4 when the value of firefly luciferase activity / seapan luciferase activity in the case of only the reporter plasmid was 1.0.
- Example 3 Increase in the amount of / 3 chain mRNA by introducing MZF-1 antisense into KU812 cells
- PCR cycle at 94 ° C for 30 seconds, 55 ° C for 30 seconds, and 72 ° C for 1 minute with each ⁇ ⁇ of each RT product as type III] 3 strands 28-32 times, j3-actin 18-22 times was.
- the primers used for the PCR reaction are as follows. i3 chain 5'-ATGGACACAGAAAGTAATAGGAGAG-3 '
- a base sequence involved in the transcriptional suppression of the human Fc RI RI j3 chain gene is provided, and a screening method of a compound or a salt thereof that inhibits expression of the / 3 chain and a kit thereof are established. You. Therefore, the present invention makes it possible to develop new preventive and therapeutic agents for allergic diseases.
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Priority Applications (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP2003/007086 WO2004108929A1 (ja) | 2003-06-04 | 2003-06-04 | 高親和性IgE受容体β鎖発現調節 |
| AU2003242045A AU2003242045A1 (en) | 2003-06-04 | 2003-06-04 | REGULATION OF THE EXPRESSION OF HIGH-AFFINITY IgE RECEPTOR Beta CHAIN |
| JP2005500541A JPWO2004108929A1 (ja) | 2003-06-04 | 2003-06-04 | 高親和性IgE受容体β鎖発現調節 |
| US10/559,265 US7550577B2 (en) | 2003-06-04 | 2003-06-04 | Regulation of expression of high-affinity immunoglobulin E (IgE) receptor β-chain |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP2003/007086 WO2004108929A1 (ja) | 2003-06-04 | 2003-06-04 | 高親和性IgE受容体β鎖発現調節 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2004108929A1 true WO2004108929A1 (ja) | 2004-12-16 |
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Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP2003/007086 Ceased WO2004108929A1 (ja) | 2003-06-04 | 2003-06-04 | 高親和性IgE受容体β鎖発現調節 |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US7550577B2 (ja) |
| JP (1) | JPWO2004108929A1 (ja) |
| AU (1) | AU2003242045A1 (ja) |
| WO (1) | WO2004108929A1 (ja) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2020032166A1 (ja) | 2018-08-09 | 2020-02-13 | キッコーマン株式会社 | FcεRIの発現抑制用組成物及びFcεRIの発現抑制方法 |
Family Cites Families (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5962406A (en) * | 1991-10-25 | 1999-10-05 | Immunex Corporation | Recombinant soluble CD40 ligand polypeptide and pharmaceutical composition containing the same |
| US5770396A (en) * | 1992-04-16 | 1998-06-23 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Department Of Health And Human Services | Isolation characterization, and use of the human beta subunit of the high affinity receptor for immunoglobulin E |
| US7034007B1 (en) * | 1995-06-07 | 2006-04-25 | East Carolina University | Low adenosine anti-sense oligonucleotide, compositions, kit & method for treatment of airway disorders associated with bronchoconstriction, lung inflammation, allergy(ies) & surfactant depletion |
| US6090620A (en) * | 1995-12-29 | 2000-07-18 | University Of Washington | Genes and gene products related to Werner's syndrome |
-
2003
- 2003-06-04 US US10/559,265 patent/US7550577B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-06-04 WO PCT/JP2003/007086 patent/WO2004108929A1/ja not_active Ceased
- 2003-06-04 AU AU2003242045A patent/AU2003242045A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-06-04 JP JP2005500541A patent/JPWO2004108929A1/ja active Pending
Non-Patent Citations (4)
| Title |
|---|
| BAVISOTTO L. ET AL.: "Antisense oligonucleotides from the stage-specific myeloid zinc finger gene MZF-1 inhibit granulopoiesis in vitro", J. EXP. MED., vol. 174, 1991, pages 1097 - 1101, XP002983088 * |
| DATABASE GENBANK [online] KUSTER H. ET AL.: "The gene and cDNA for the human high affinity immunoglobulin E receptor B chain and expression of the complete human receptor", Database accession no. (M89796) * |
| KUSTER H. ET AL, J. BIOL. CHEM., vol. 267, no. 18, 1992, pages 12782 - 12787, XP002932693 * |
| TAKAHASHI K. ET AL.: "Hito koshinwa-sei IgE receptor B-sa hatsugen seigyo kiko no kaiseki", DAI 25 KAI THE MOLECULAR BIOLOGY SOCIETY OF JAPAN NENKAI PROGRAM.KOEN YOSHISHU, 11 December 2002 (2002-12-11), pages 611, XP002983087 * |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2020032166A1 (ja) | 2018-08-09 | 2020-02-13 | キッコーマン株式会社 | FcεRIの発現抑制用組成物及びFcεRIの発現抑制方法 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPWO2004108929A1 (ja) | 2006-07-20 |
| US20070081990A1 (en) | 2007-04-12 |
| US7550577B2 (en) | 2009-06-23 |
| AU2003242045A1 (en) | 2005-01-04 |
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