WO2004104639A1 - Procede d'interpretation des releves d'isotopes des gaz de boues pour les operations de forage petrolier et gazier - Google Patents

Procede d'interpretation des releves d'isotopes des gaz de boues pour les operations de forage petrolier et gazier Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2004104639A1
WO2004104639A1 PCT/US2004/015038 US2004015038W WO2004104639A1 WO 2004104639 A1 WO2004104639 A1 WO 2004104639A1 US 2004015038 W US2004015038 W US 2004015038W WO 2004104639 A1 WO2004104639 A1 WO 2004104639A1
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Prior art keywords
gas samples
chart
interpreting
mud gas
isotopic
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PCT/US2004/015038
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English (en)
Inventor
Leroy Ellis
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Leroy Ellis
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Publication date
Application filed by Leroy Ellis filed Critical Leroy Ellis
Priority to EP04752141A priority Critical patent/EP1627243A1/fr
Publication of WO2004104639A1 publication Critical patent/WO2004104639A1/fr

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V9/00—Prospecting or detecting by methods not provided for in groups G01V1/00 - G01V8/00
    • G01V9/007—Prospecting or detecting by methods not provided for in groups G01V1/00 - G01V8/00 by detecting gases or particles representative of underground layers at or near the surface

Definitions

  • This invention relates to isotopic analysis associated with oil and gas drilling operations and, more particularly, to an interpretive method of a novel mud gas isotope logging technique.
  • laboratory analysis of gas samples obtained during a drilling operation can be employed to determine geochemical information associated with strikes of oil or gas deposits.
  • the laboratory analysis may include the acquisition of compositional and isotopic data of sampled subsurface gases. The data is applied to traditional geochemical plots and templates as contained in scientific literature. The interpretation of this data is used to provide geochemical information on where the gas provenance may have originated from (“source rock"), how thermally mature the gas is (how hot the source got before expelling gas), whether subsurface post-generation effects (pressure, volume, temperature (PVT) effects, biodegration, water-washing, etc.) were encountered during migration of the gas from the source rock to a reservoir, and any problems or effects the hydrocarbons in the reservoir subsequently experienced.
  • source rock how thermally mature the gas is (how hot the source got before expelling gas)
  • subsurface post-generation effects pressure, volume, temperature (PVT) effects, biodegration, water-washing, etc.
  • gas samples can be sampled directly from the reservoir formation of interest using a logging tool, such as a modular dynamic tester (MDT) or a repeat formation tester (RFT).
  • MDT modular dynamic tester
  • RFT repeat formation tester
  • the entire drill bit and string (tubing) has to be removed before the logging tools can be sent back down to the formation interval of interest in order to obtain a physical sample. Since drilling operations must be stopped while using these logging tools, the logging tools are used sparingly and limited sample numbers are collected due to the expense incurred in delaying drilling operations.
  • Rock samples representative of a subsurface formation
  • the rock samples are then collected in sealed cans upon return to the surface in the circulating mud stream where the cuttings are able to "degas.” Gases accumulating in the sealed cans can then be analyzed in a laboratory as.”headspace gases.”
  • the cuttings are collected/suspended in the mud stream that is continuously circulated around the drill bit during drilling.
  • the mud stream is employed to help lubricate and cool the drill bit and prevent rock material from accumulating and collecting around the drill bit.
  • Standard mud gas chromatographic compositional analyses and interpretations suffer from several disadvantages. None of the analyses effectively detail or correlate geological information such as seals and barriers (hydrocarbon communication and compartmentalization problems), good communication zones, or gas diffusion into their interpretation. Data can result in false positives and negatives where changes in operational drilling conditions related to variables such as increased rate of penetration (ROP) or mud weight increases occur.
  • a more advanced method is needed which employs an integrated interpretation and approach of drilling, geological and engineering information together with mud-gas chromatographic compositional and isotopic analysis.
  • existing methods merely employ geochemical data to provide geochemical interpretations.
  • the present invention employs geochemical data to provide geochemical, geological and engineering interpretations and solutions.
  • the present invention is a novel method of interpreting geological and engineering information from mud gas samples in a drilling operation of a target area.
  • the method begins by profiling sampled gases at incremental depths during drilling. Sampled gases are analyzed to obtain compositional and isotopic data on the gas samples. Next, the isotopic and compositional data are plotted on charts. Specific new methods of interpretation are employed to interpret the data in relation to geochemical, geological and engineering issues surrounding oil and gas exploration and production. Geochemical, geological, and engineering information are derived or divined from the plotted data.
  • the present invention is a new method of interpreting gas samples in a drilling operation in a target area.
  • the method first begins by obtaining gas samples at incremental depths during drilling. Next, data is obtained from analysis of all gas samples collectively. A chart is then created from the isotopic data providing a representation of percentage methane versus an isotopic value. Geological information, such as the location of barriers, seals and zones of good communication are then obtained from this chart.
  • the present invention is a method of interpreting gas samples in a drilling operation of a target area.
  • the method begins by obtaining gas samples at incremental depths during drilling.
  • the gas samples are analyzed to obtain isotopic data.
  • the isotopic data includes data associated with a composition of ethane and methane within each of the gas samples.
  • the isotopic data is plotted on a first chart and a second chart.
  • the first chart illustrates percentage methane versus an isotopic value.
  • the second chart illustrates methane values at each incremental depth.
  • geological information is determined from the first chart.
  • the determined geological information from the first chart is then correlated with the second chart.
  • FIG. 1 is block diagram illustrating principles of mud circulation during drilling operations and sampling of mud gases in the preferred embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a table illustrating typical collective tabulated data revealing mud gas composition and mud gas isotope sampling data for an exemplary drilling site
  • FIG. 3 is a depth versus ethane/methane (C2/C1) chart derived from tabulated data in FIG. 2;
  • FIG. 4 is a depth versus isotopic data chart derived from tabulated data in FIG. 2;
  • FIG. 5 is a depth versus isotopic data and gas show chart derived from tabulated data in FIG. 2;
  • FIG.6 illustrates a percentage Cl normalized to all other measured HC gases (i.e., Cl through C6) versus isotopic data chart in the preferred embodiment of the present invention.
  • Fig. 7 is a flow chart outlining the specific steps required for interpreting mud gas isotope logging according to the teachings of the present invention.
  • FIG. 1 is block diagram illustrating principles of mud circulation during drilling operations and sampling of mud gases in the preferred embodiment of the present invention.
  • a well 20 having a drill 22 drills down into the ground 24.
  • Levels A, B, and C provide exemplary gas shows related to subsurface reservoirs.
  • Mud is circulated around the drill 22 to provide lubrication for the drill and removing debris (cuttings) as it drills.
  • the mud is circulated to the surface.
  • the returning mud is collected on the surface within a mud receiving tank 26, also known as a possum belly.
  • the gas is degassed/exsolved from the mud and collected within a gas sampling device 28, a cylinder 30, or through a mobile/onsite/in-situ isotopic analyzer 31.
  • a gas detector 32 such as a gas chromatograph or mass spectrometer
  • Mud gas samples provide much more reliable and accurate methane and ethane isotopic data for the interpretive process than other mud-based methods. Because of inherent inaccuracies in canned cuttings, especially with methane and ethane hydrocarbons, canned cuttings are not effectively used in the present invention. Canned cutting samples suffer from a known error relating to an isotopic fractionation effect with the methane and to some extent the ethane gases. Since methane data is predominately employed within the present invention, canned cuttings are not acceptable. Additionally, canned cuttings are typically collected over larger composite depth intervals and, thus, show an averaged "smear" effect with isotopic values resulting from exposure to various sedimentary rock intervals throughout that range.
  • the mud gas isotopic analysis of the present invention typically involves more depth-specific and accurate "non-averaged" data than found with canned cuttings.
  • the samples are taken at regular depths (e.g., every 150-500 feet), in shallow intervals in order to establish a background trend, and every 10-30 feet in oil and gas show intervals. Once a background is established in a field, the spacing may be relaxed to a 500 foot or greater interval on later wells as more experience and knowledge is gained in the area.
  • gas samples collected in gas sampling devices typically see more restricted gas diffusion in the mud stream on the way to the surface. Therefore, the sample depth recorded for the gas bag samples is considered to more closely approximate the actual depth, whereas canned cuttings by nature may not accurately indicate the actual depth as rock density and fractal variables come into play.
  • FIG. 2 is a table illustrating tabulated data of a typical mud gas composition and gas isotope sampling data for an exemplary drilling well. As stated above, samples are taken at regular intervals through the well. The gas composition data and carbon isotope data may be airanged in any fashion. As illustrated in FIG. 2, matching rows are characterized by depth of the samples.
  • FIG. 3 is a depth versus ethane/methane (C2/C1) chart derived from tabulated data in FIG. 2.
  • the tabulated data from FIG. 2 is used to plot ethane/methane points (X-axis) versus depth (Y-axis).
  • the objective of FIG. 3 is to observe any high C2/C1 ratios (i.e., gas wetness). High ratios are generally those having a value over approximately 0.1. Values over 0.1 or any relatively high value in a data set may suggest a wet gas that may be associated with hydrocarbon fluids, such as oil.
  • One of the novel features in the interpretive methodology of the present invention is the determination of a methane isotopic background trend in an oil and gas drilling well (FIG. 4). Still referring to FIG. 3, a wetness background trend is similarly plotted as a background trend line X. Mud gases released at the surface from the drilling mud form mixtures of predominantly hydrocarbon gases and air. The concentrations of sampled mud gases vary considerably and may show hydrocarbon concentrations close to 0 vol % or as high as 90 vol %.
  • hydrocarbon gas concentrations between 0.01 vol % and 1 vol %, while hydrocarbon gas concentrations greater than 2 vol % are generally characteristic of gas shows.
  • FIG. 4 is a depth versus isotopic data (e.g., ⁇ l3C, ⁇ 2H) chart derived from tabulated data in FIG. 2.
  • FIG. 4 is used to plot interpolated isotopic data (e.g., methane)(x-axis) against depth (Y-axis). Relatively heavy isotopic (less negative) and light isotopic (more negative) values are observed. Isotopically heavy values may suggest migrated thermogenic petroleum hydrocarbons. These heavy and light isotopic features are typically better revealed when a background line Y is plotted. Again, this background trend is interpreted, observed and plotted on FIG. 4 in a similar manner as discussed in FIG. 3. The identified seals and barriers shown in FIG.
  • FIG. 4 are not determined until after conclusion from FIG. 6 as discussed below. Identification of any known or identified reservoir depth interval may also be shown on FIG. 4 to assist in identifying isotopic shows. If not specified, the depth intervals highlighted are those that encompass the highest gas shows and C2/C1 ratios identified in FIGs. 3 and 5 discussed below. In another aspect of the present invention, a broad isotopic peak/profile registered as a deviation from the background trend may suggest gas diffusion as indicated in FIG. 4.
  • FIG. 5 is a depth versus isotopic data and gas show chart derived from tabulated data in FIG. 2.
  • Isotopic data and gas show (sum of all measured hydrocarbon gas concentrations) are both illustrated as a double x-axis plot.
  • High gas shows are identified in FIG. 5 as data set M, while isotopic shows are shown as data setN.
  • the plot and interpretive process enable an analyst to determine if any high gas shows coincide with any isotopic shows.
  • Good communications zones (compartments) shown in FIG. 5 are where hydrocarbons are mixing and derived from FIG. 6 as part of the new interpretive process.
  • the chart may include annotations of depths labeled for the highest values (gas shows). Although not shown, a background line for the isotopic trend may also be plotted on FIG.
  • the good communications zones (compartments), determined in FIG. 6, may be shown in FIG. 5.
  • FIG. 6 illustrates a normalized percentage Cl versus isotopic data (e.g., ⁇ l3C, *2H) chart in the preferred embodiment of the present invention.
  • Percentage Cl is illustrated on the Y-axis and isotopic data is displayed on the x-axis.
  • Straight lines which usually are defined by at least three sequential depth data points
  • other identified trends within the data are then identified and known as "mixing lines.” These mixing lines equate to good subsurface zones (compartments) in hydrocarbon gas communication. The points where the mixing lines start and end typically reveal "breaks" which may equate to lithological hydrocarbon communication seals or barriers.
  • FIG. 6 may include depth range labeling for any mixing line. Additionally, straight line-of-best-fit may also be drawn for data approximating a mixing line. Data groups that are tightly clustered are similarly interpreted to indicate good communication zones, analogous to mixing lines. Typically, background data include those data points that fall along backgrounds observed on an isotopic data plot (FIG.
  • FIG. 7 is a flow chart outlining the steps for interpreting engineering and geological interpretations from data determined from mud gas isotope logging according to the teachings of the present invention.
  • the method begins with step 100, where data is obtained.
  • Data is obtained from gas samples of mud taken at regular sequential depth intervals.
  • the interval may be varied according to the subsurface lithologies encountered.
  • samples must be obtained at sufficiently frequent intervals to determine a background trend, which may vary as depth increases or geological environments determine.
  • the gas bag samples are analyzed to provide gas compositional data and carbon isotopic data.
  • the data is optionally tabulated and specific ratios determined or calculated.
  • the raw data and constructed ratios may alternatively be directly plotted to the desired plots as required, without tabulating the collected data.
  • the data is tabulated for organization in order to facilitate the compositional and isotopic ratios required for the data interpretation.
  • step 104 the raw data obtained in step 100 and tabulated in step 102 is plotted as required.
  • One of the plots may include a depth versus C2/C1 chart (FIG. 3), a depth versus isotopic data per mil chart (FIG.4), and a depth versus isotopic data and gas show chart (FIG. 5).
  • Each of these charts (FIGs. 4 and 5) preferably includes background trend lines to distinguish high and low ratios.
  • gas samples are taken at specific depth intervals because background trends are not static, but rather may change with depth and subsurface geological environment.
  • a percentage of Cl versus isotopic data chart (FIG. 6) is employed.
  • barriers, seals and zones of good hydrocarbon communications are employed.
  • FIG. 6 is specifically used to identify mixing lines which are indicative of good hydrocarbon communication zones (compartments).
  • the start and end of each mixing line typically reveals breaks which equate to seals or barriers.
  • a barrier occurs where a simple break between mixing lines occurs.
  • a seal occurs where the break is significant and the next depth data point or mixing line deviates substantially.
  • the next mixing line either reverses direction or the next data point is far removed from the previous point or mixing line.
  • the method then moves to step 108 where the barriers, seals, and good hydrocarbon communication zones (compartments) are annotated on the plots (FIG. 3, 4, and 5).
  • step 110 areas indicative of gas/oil are identified. These noteworthy areas are determined by background contrasting isotopic values associated with good hydrocarbon communication zones.
  • significant geological characteristics are applied to geochemical analysis to provide accurate analysis during drilling operations.
  • the present invention provides many advantages which currently are not available in existing analytical and interpretive techniques.
  • the present invention provides detailed downliole isotopic logging and delivers to the geoscientist unparalleled geochemical perspective on the drilling and engineering operation, geological environment and hydrocarbon charging/filling history.
  • the present invention incorporates analysis of relevant geological data into geochemical analysis to reveal drilling characteristics and other operations that are important in determining significant areas of interest in regards to petroleum hydrocarbons.
  • the present invention takes background trends, which are not static, into account in identifying and interpreting significant hydrocarbon shows of a sampled area.

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Abstract

La présente invention concerne un procédé permettant d'interpréter les échangillons de gaz des boues dans une opération de forage dans une zone visée. Le procédé commence par l'obtention d'une pluralité d'échantillons de gaz des boues en une suite incrémentielle de profondeurs dans la zone visée. Une analyse de la pluralité d'échantillons de gaz des boues permet de trouver diverses données isotopiques pour chacune des profondeurs. Ces données isotopiques sont reportées en plusieurs graphiques de façon à obtenir une représentation visuelle des tendances déductibles des données isotopiques. Les courbes considérées peuvent être: profondeur sur éthane/méthane (figure 3), profondeur sur d13C (en ‰), et profondeur sur d13C et trace de gaz. On reporte en outre sur un graphique séparé la courbe méthane (en %) sur d13C. Cette courbe donne des informations d'ingéniérie et de géologie telles que l'emplacement des bouchons et barrières d'hydrocarbures lithologiques, ainsi que des zones de bonne communication des hydrocarbures, par exemple, les compartiments. Ces informations d'ingéniérie et de géologie sont alors mises en corrélations avec les autres graphiques de façon à aider à l'analyse de la zone visée.
PCT/US2004/015038 2003-05-16 2004-05-14 Procede d'interpretation des releves d'isotopes des gaz de boues pour les operations de forage petrolier et gazier WO2004104639A1 (fr)

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Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2015006552A1 (fr) * 2013-07-10 2015-01-15 Geoservices Equipements Sas Système et procédé permettant de diagraphier des effets de fractionnation des isotopes pendant une diagraphie de gaz de boue
CN104989391A (zh) * 2015-06-12 2015-10-21 中国石油集团渤海钻探工程有限公司 利用层内甲烷含量图形进行油气层录井解释评价方法
CN105093348A (zh) * 2014-04-25 2015-11-25 中国石油化工股份有限公司 一种多层油气资源量预测方法
CN105527660A (zh) * 2016-01-11 2016-04-27 中国石油大学(华东) 高-过成熟阶段源外分散可溶有机质成气定量评价方法
CN105988145A (zh) * 2015-03-04 2016-10-05 中国石油化工股份有限公司 一种裂缝参数的反演方法
CN106932833A (zh) * 2015-12-30 2017-07-07 核工业北京地质研究院 一种层间氧化带型砂岩铀矿氧化带初步识别方法
RU2730957C1 (ru) * 2019-12-27 2020-08-26 Общество С Ограниченной Ответственностью "Газпром Добыча Надым" Способ оценки технического состояния газовых скважин на месторождениях и подземных хранилищах газа
US11480053B2 (en) 2019-02-12 2022-10-25 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Bias correction for a gas extractor and fluid sampling system
US11525822B2 (en) 2020-03-16 2022-12-13 Baker Hughes Oilfield Operations Llc Quantifying operational inefficiencies utilizing natural gasses and stable isotopes
US11867682B2 (en) 2020-09-21 2024-01-09 Baker Hughes Oilfield Operations Llc System and method for determining natural hydrocarbon concentration utilizing isotope data

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US10371691B2 (en) 2013-07-10 2019-08-06 Geoservices Equipements System and method for logging isotope fractionation effects during mud gas logging
WO2015006552A1 (fr) * 2013-07-10 2015-01-15 Geoservices Equipements Sas Système et procédé permettant de diagraphier des effets de fractionnation des isotopes pendant une diagraphie de gaz de boue
CN105093348A (zh) * 2014-04-25 2015-11-25 中国石油化工股份有限公司 一种多层油气资源量预测方法
CN105093348B (zh) * 2014-04-25 2017-08-04 中国石油化工股份有限公司 一种多层油气资源量预测方法
CN105988145A (zh) * 2015-03-04 2016-10-05 中国石油化工股份有限公司 一种裂缝参数的反演方法
CN104989391A (zh) * 2015-06-12 2015-10-21 中国石油集团渤海钻探工程有限公司 利用层内甲烷含量图形进行油气层录井解释评价方法
CN104989391B (zh) * 2015-06-12 2017-08-01 中国石油集团渤海钻探工程有限公司 利用层内甲烷含量图形进行油气层录井解释评价方法
CN106932833A (zh) * 2015-12-30 2017-07-07 核工业北京地质研究院 一种层间氧化带型砂岩铀矿氧化带初步识别方法
CN105527660A (zh) * 2016-01-11 2016-04-27 中国石油大学(华东) 高-过成熟阶段源外分散可溶有机质成气定量评价方法
US11480053B2 (en) 2019-02-12 2022-10-25 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Bias correction for a gas extractor and fluid sampling system
RU2730957C1 (ru) * 2019-12-27 2020-08-26 Общество С Ограниченной Ответственностью "Газпром Добыча Надым" Способ оценки технического состояния газовых скважин на месторождениях и подземных хранилищах газа
US11525822B2 (en) 2020-03-16 2022-12-13 Baker Hughes Oilfield Operations Llc Quantifying operational inefficiencies utilizing natural gasses and stable isotopes
US11867682B2 (en) 2020-09-21 2024-01-09 Baker Hughes Oilfield Operations Llc System and method for determining natural hydrocarbon concentration utilizing isotope data

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