WO2004090054A1

WO2004090054A1 - Glazing and bedding compositions

Info

Publication number: WO2004090054A1
Application number: PCT/NZ2004/000063
Authority: WO
Inventors: Kevin Grant Purdy
Original assignee: Specialised Technologies Limited
Priority date: 2003-04-08
Filing date: 2004-04-01
Publication date: 2004-10-21
Also published as: AU2004228592A1

Abstract

Toolable and/or extrudable compositions for bedding, back bedding and glazing reliant on particulate material(s) and at least one of a resin system and an oil system. The glazing composition with preferably more than 50% w/w particulate material and preferably both a polymeric material and an oil complements use of bedding and back bedding compositions.

Description

GLAZING AND BEDDING COMPOSITIONS

TECHNICAL FIELD The compositions of the present invention are intended for use as a "glazing composition" and/or as, or as, a "bedding" and/or "back bedding" composition such as for the fastening of window or other panel glazing to timber or steel sashes or joinery.

BACKGROUND Glazing compositions are used for glazing glass or other panels (transparent, translucent or opaque - glass including or not) into frames.

Thus the term "glazing composition" as used herein refers to any suitable formulation capable of being tooled and/or positioned onto a substrate or substrates yet which at least harden or skin form to some extent. Preferably the composition is for use in respect of a glass or other glazing panel in conjunction with some peripheral framing. Therefore the term in some aspects of the present invention may refer to compositions of the kind defined when employed for other filling purposes reliant upon some of its inherent characteristics that also allow its use as a substitute for, say, a traditional putty. The term "bedding composition" includes (irrespective of whether or not it qualifies as a "glazing" composition) any procedures akin to or exactly as hereinafter described as a back bedding composition, i.e.; if not a back bedding composition in a recess for glazing purposes hereinafter described some other bedding use reliant on characteristics that might equally have made the composition useful as a back bedding composition.

The term "back bedding composition" includes (irrespective of whether or not the composition qualifies as a "glazing" composition) the procedure substantially as hereinafter described but without specificity as to the nature of the composition by way of example to the accompanying drawings. Traditional glazing compositions have been referred to as putties. The Condensed

Chemical Dictionary defines "putty" as from 12 to 18% by weight linseed oil with the balance being chalk. The putty has in the past also been supplied with a white lead inclusion although this is not mandatory. Several features are required of an effective glazing composition. One is longevity in what ever form of container it might be supplied. Another is its ability to be taken from any such container in such quantities as may be required by a trades person wishing to apply the composition. Another factor is the ability to tool the product. Still another factor is the adhesion of the material to the intended substrates. Still another factor is an ability to set sufficiently for the end purpose without slump or sag. Yet another factor is the speed with which the material skin forms and/or hardens sufficiently to enable trades people to subsequently deal with the composition, in situ e.g. paint it. It is to many of these requirements that traditional putties and other glazing compositions have been directed.

It is an object or an alternative object of the present invention to provide a glazing composition or a composition also suitable for use as a glazing composition having at least a capability in respect of one, some or all of those criteria. Another factor that arises is the inclusion of materials in glazing panels of one or more material (e.g. laminates) that tend to be discoloured by migration of a component from existing putties or glazing compositions. For example, from a traditional putty, linseed oil can readily migrate into and discolour a PVB or CLP layer in a glazing panel. It is therefore another or an alternative object of the present invention to provide a composition with or without linseed oil which has a reduced tendency to allow mobility of any oil present into such materials or which otherwise provides an advantage in that respect over traditional putties.

Another area of interest is in the ability to paint soon after application the glazing composition after it has been applied to the substrates and/or the ability to paint with several different paint types (i.e. not just enamels).

With traditional linseed oil based putties it has been necessary for the substrates to be primed by a painter, for the glazer to then glaze the frame and apply the putty and to allow a considerable period of time for the skinning up of the glazing putty prior to its being available for painting. Even so traditional putties normally require the application of enamel paints, i.e. it is not appropriate to use water based acrylic paints. All this leads to failures and/or delay and/or costs.

If therefore it is possible for unprimed substrates to be glazed with a glazing composition by a glazer or for the glazing composition once applied to skin over more quickly than a traditional putty and/or not to require a careful paint choice there is an advantage. Therefore it is an object or an alternative object of the present invention to provide compositions, uses and methods bestowing at least one or more such advantage. The present invention also or instead has as an object the provision of a bedding composition (preferably a back bedding composition) which is gunable and/or is substantially free or free of silicone(s). Such a composition preferably has a viscosity range of from 60,000 to 90,000 centipoise.

It is also an object or alternative object to provide such a bedding or back bedding composition having some relationship to a glazing composition of the present invention but not necessarily so.

Other objects of the invention will become clear in respect of methods, glazing systems in respect of methods, glazing systems and combinations.

As used herein the term "and/or" means both "and" and "or". Moreover except where the context otherwise clearly proscribes the term "comprising" or "comprises" can mean "including" or "includes" respectively. The use of "(s)" following a noun means the singular and the plural of that noun are both options. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In one aspect the invention is a glazing composition or a composition having characteristics or a characteristic of a glazing composition, said composition comprising or including a particulate filler of one or more material, and a polymeric organic liquid capable of polymerising (at least over time when, for example, exposed to the ambient air), optionally an oil and/or glyceride , and optionally a drier, wherein the composition has one or more of the following characteristics

(i) is toolable,

(ii) is, or becomes upon manipulation and/or application to a suitable substrate to be encountered when used as a glazing composition, tacky,

(iii) skin forms,

(iv) by polymerisation skin forms,

(v) by polymerisation hardens from a toolable state, and/or

(vi) hardens from a toolable state. In another aspect the invention is a glazing composition comprising or including at least one particulate material, and a synthetic or other resin, and optionally at least one oil and/or glyceride, optionally a drier, optionally a thixotroping agent, and optionally a film biocide.

In still another aspect the invention is a glazing composition comprising or including 50 to 95% by weight - particulate material(s) as bulking and/or pigmentation agent(s). 0 to 50% by weight (preferably at least 3% and more preferably at least 5% by weight) - polymeric material as a binder of the particulate material(s) capable of providing tack and of polymerising (e.g.; at least to an extent to skin form and/or harden sufficiently to allow painting); 0 to 30% by weight oil(s) and/or glyceride(s) as tack reducing and/or toolability agent(s); 0 to 5% by weight - drier as an oxidation catalyst and/or an agent to speed skin forming and/or hardening; 0 to 20% by weight - thixotroping agent(s);

0 to 5% by weight - biocide(s). In another aspect the invention is a glazing composition comprising or including

50 to 95% by weight - particulate material(s) as bulking and/or pigmentation agent(s). 0 to 50%o by weight (preferably at least 3% and more preferably at least 5% by weight) - resin selected from one or more of • Long oil (with or without urethane modification)

• Oil alkyd

• Urethane alkyd 2004/090

5 -

• Epoxy esters

• Phenolic modified alkyds

• Solution acrylics

0 to 30%) by weight — oil(s) and/or glyceride(s) as tack reducing and/or toolability agent(s);

0 to 5% by weight - drier as an oxidation catalyst and/or an agent to speed skin forming and/or hardening; 0 to 20% by weight - thixotroping agent(s); 0 to 5% by weight - biocide(s).

Preferably the resin comprises from 5 to 10% by weight of the overall composition (e.g. about 9.5% w/w).

Preferably the oil and/or glyceride (preferably oil) comprises from 5 to 15% by weight of the overall composition (e.g. about 9.5% w/w). Preferably in any aspect said at least one particulate material comprises at least

30% by weight of the overall composition.

Preferably said at least one particulate material comprises at least 40% by weight of the overall composition.

Preferably said at least one particulate material comprises at least 50% by weight of the overall composition.

Preferably said at least one particulate material comprises at least 60% by weight of the overall composition.

Preferably said at least one particulate material comprises at least 70% by weight of the overall composition. Preferably said at least one particulate material comprises at least 80% by weight of the overall composition.

Preferably said at least one particulate material comprises at least 90% by weight of the overall composition.

Preferably said at least one particulate material is a mixture of particulate materials.

Preferably at least one of the particulate materials is a pigment.

Preferably that pigment is white and can be by way of example titanium dioxide. Preferably at least one of the particulate materials is calcium carbonate or other chalk, calcite or whiting type material.

Other pigmentations include (in addition to or instead of calcium carbonate et al) an extender pigment such as one or more of the following- • Talc ^β Clay © Barytes o Nepheline syenite • Silica Other white pigmentation that can be utilised (in addition to or instead of titanium dioxide) include any one or more of - Zinc oxide

Basic zinc / calcium molybdate White lead • Lithopone

Antimony oxide

Extender pigment selected from talc, clay, barytes, nepheline syenite and silica can or can also form part of the particulate material(s).

Preferably the particulate materials have a proportion of the calcium carbonate et al. material(s) to other pigmentation material(s) is in the weight to weight range of from 70% to 95%.

Preferably said resin comprises from 5 to 30% by weight of the overall composition.

Preferably said resin is selected from the group - • Long oil alkyd (with or without urethane modification)

• Medium oil alkyd

• Urethane alkyd

• Epoxy esters a Phenolic modified alkyds • Solution acrylics

Most preferably the resin as selected from the group consisting of- • Long oil alkyd greater than 97% NVM containing Soya, Safflower, Sunflower, Castor, Tall, TOFA, Rape Seed, Tung, Coconut with or free of urethane modification o Long oil alkyd less than 97% NVM. o Medium oil alkyd less than 100% NVM.

• Urethane alkyd less than 97% NVM o Epoxy esters o Phenolic modified alkyds less than 100% NVM

• Solution acrylics In one embodiment said resin is a urethane.

Preferably said urethane is a urethane alkyd.

Preferably said polymeric liquid is or includes or said resin is or includes, or there is included in the composition, at least one oil and/or glyceride (e.g.; temporarily to reduce tack). Preferably said oils are selected from the group consisting of-

Blown, stand, raw or boiled linseed Tung (China wood) Cod liver Fish • Coconut

Cashew nut Castor Safflower Sunflower • Tall

Tall oil fatty acids

• Cottonseed

• Rapeseed ® Perilla o Tobacco

• Poppy seed

• Niger seed • Rubber seed

• Stillingia © Oiticica o Palm o Soya o Soya stand oil o Olive The oils may contain glycerides of the following acids - • Linolenic • Linoleic

Oleic

Eleostearic Palmitic Stearic • Laurie

Myristic Anacardic Ricinoleic Erucic • Licanic

The drier (or driers) is (are) preferably selected from the group

• Octoates, Naphthenates and Cekanoates of cobalt, manganese, zirconium, lead, copper, zinc, strontium, tin, calcium, iron and lithium.

The thixotrope is preferably present in the range of from 0.5 to 15 weight per cent. Preferably the thixotrope is one or more of the following -

• Silicon dioxide / Fumed silica

• Attapulgite clay

• Diatomaceous earth

• Montmorillonite clay o Modified castor oil

• Titanium chelates

• Smectite clay • Hectorite clay

• Polyamides

• Glyceryl hydroxy stearate

Preferably the biocide is present and preferably it comprises one or more biocide. Preferably said biocide(s) selected from -

• Carbendazim o Diuron o Octyl Iso Thiazolone

• Copper 8 hydroxyquinoleate • Parachlorometacresol

• Organomercury compound

• Barium metaborate

• Organo tin compounds

• S triazine derivatives • Benzothiazolone derivatives

• Zinc dithiocarbamate

Preferably the biocide is biocidal system of several compounds.

The present invention also recognises that back bedding is primarily performed with gunable silicone compositions which are readily gunable but are expensive to use. No gunable compositions of any merit are in our view known.

The present invention recognises that our compositions (e.g. as defined as suitable as glazing compositions) as aforesaid lend themselves to modification to a gunable form which at least substantially free or totally free of silicone can be used as a back bedding composition of a gunable kind or an equally easily usable kind. Accordingly in another aspect, the present invention consists in a gunable back bedding composition, said composition being characterised in that it is a modified gunable version of a composition as previously defined or it is a gunable composition of any of the kinds herein described.

In another aspect, the present invention is a bedding and/or back bedding composition, said composition comprising or including a particulate filler of one or more material,

(optionally) a polymeric organic liquid capable of polymerising (at least over time when, for example, exposed to the ambient air), and an oil and/or glyceride , and optionally a drier,

(vii) wherein the composition is extrudable.

As another aspect the present invention is bedding and/or back bedding composition (as herein defined) comprising or including at least one particulate material, and (optionally) a synthetic or other resin, and at least one oil and/or glyceride, and optionally a drier, optionally a thixotroping agent, and optionally a film biocide.

In another aspect the present invention is bedding and/or back bedding composition comprising or including

50 to 95% by weight - particulate material(s) as bulking and/or pigmentation agent(s) .

0 to 50% by weight (preferably at least 3% and more preferably at least 5% by weight) - polymeric material as a binder of the particulate material(s) capable of providing tack and of polymerising, 0 to 30% by weight - oil(s) and/or glyceride(s)

(preferably at least 5% by weight) 0 to 5% by weight - drier as an oxidation catalyst and/or an ^■ agent to speed skin forming and/or hardening; 0 to 20% by weight - thixotroping agent(s);

0 to 5% by weight - biocide(s).

In another aspect we have as an invention bedding and/or back bedding composition comprising or including

50 to 95% by weight - particulate material(s) as bulking and/or pigmentation agent(s).

0 to 50% by weight (preferably at least 3% and more preferably at least 5% by weight) - resin selected from one or more of • Long oil (with or without urethane modification) o Oil alkyd o Urethane alkyd o Epoxy esters

• Phenolic modified alkyds o Solution acrylics

0 to 30%) by weight - oil(s) and/or glyceride(s) as tack reducing

(preferably at least 5%o by weight) and/or toolability agent(s); 0 to 5% by weight - drier as an oxidation catalyst and/or an agent to speed skin forming and/or hardening;

0 to 20% by weight thixotroping agent(s); 0 to 5% by weight biocide(s).

Preferably the resin comprises from 5 to 10% by weight of the overall composition (e.g. about 9.5% w/w).*

Preferably the oil and/or glyceride (preferably an or including an oil) comprises from 5 to 15% by weight of the overall composition (e.g. about 9.5% w/w).

Preferably in any aspect said at least one particulate material comprises at least 30% by weight of the overall composition.

Preferably said at least one particulate material comprises at least 70% by weight of the overall composition.

Preferably at least one of the particulate materials is a pigment. The pigment need not be white or need not all be white (e.g could have an appropriate prime pigment). Preferably that pigment is white and can be by way of example titanium dioxide. Preferably at least one of the particulate materials is calcium carbonate or other chalk, calcite or whiting type material.

Other pigmentations include (in addition to or instead of calcium carbonate et al) an extender pigment such as one or more of the following- © Talc o Clay o Barytes • Nepheline syenite • Silica

Other pigmentation that can be utilised (in addition to or instead of titanium dioxide) include any one or more of the white pigments - Zinc oxide

Basic zinc / calcium molybdate • White lead

Lithopone Antimony oxide and/or an appropriate prime pigment. Extender pigment selected from talc, clay, barytes, nepheline syenite and silica can or can also form part of the particulate material(s).

Preferably said resin which preferably can comprise from 5 to 30% by weight of the overall composition, is present in the range 5 to 15% w/w. Preferably said resin is selected from the group -

• Long oil alkyd (with or without urethane modification) » Medium oil alkyd o Urethane alkyd • Epoxy esters

• Phenolic modified alkyds

• Solution acrylics

• Urethane alkyd less than 97% NVM o Epoxy esters o Phenolic modified alkyds less than 100%_> NVM

• Solution acrylics In one embodiment said resin is a urethane.

Preferably said urethane is a urethane alkyd.

Preferably said polymeric liquid is or includes or said resin is or includes, or there is included in the composition, at least one oil and/or glyceride (e.g.; temporarily to reduce tack). Preferably said oils are selected from the group consisting of —

Cashew nut Castor Safflower Sunflower • Tall

Tall oil fatty acids

• Cottonseed ® Rapeseed

• Perilla o Tobacco

• Poppy seed

• Niger seed • Rubber seed

• Stillingia « Oiticica o Palm o Soya

• Soya stand oil o Olive

The oils may contain glycerides of the following acids — • Linolenic • Linoleic

Oleic

Eleostearic Palmitic Stearic • Laurie

Myristic Anacardic Ricinoleic Erucic • Licanic

The drier (or driers) is (are) preferably selected from the group

• Silicon dioxide / Fumed silica

• Attapulgite clay

• Montmorillonite clay o Modified castor oil

• Titanium chelates

• Smectite clay • Hectorite clay

• Polyamides

• Glyceryl hydroxy stearate

• Copper 8 hydroxyquinoleate • Parachlorometacresol

• Organomercury compound

• Barium metaborate

• Organo tin compounds

• S triazine derivatives • Benzothiazolone derivatives

• Zinc dithiocarbamate

Preferably the biocide is biocidal system of several compounds. The present invention also consists in the use of a composition of any of the kinds in accordance with the present invention and/or methods of glazing and/or bedding and/or back bedding which involves the use of a composition in accordance with the present invention.

In yet a further aspect the present invention consists in a method of formulating a composition of any of the kinds of the present invention when performed substantially as hereinafter described. The viscosity range of the product can be recorded as 60,000 - 90,000 centipoise.

The characteristics / features are:

1. Compatible with frame/sash construction and this may be either timber or steel. 2. While not generally painted, as the only back bedding compounding visible on job completion in the thin section at the back of the glazing (i.e.; inside) (this should only be 1 - 2 mm thick) it can be painted after 24 hours drying / curing / ageing. 3. Viscosity profile allows for glazing to be pressed into frame easily and evenly. This reduces the risk of breaking the glass during fitting. It also possesses wet tack that will readily retain the glazing in the frame before face finishing. 4. Compound is self priming on timber substrates.

5. Viscosity profile allows for packing in and dispensing from a cartridge.

This then means that trades people currently using silicon for back bedding make no change to their current methods accept that there is now no need to allow the silicone to cure (2 - 3 days) before facing off with the facing (glazing) compound. The principle reason is that both formulations are of the same R.M. componentry and therefore infinitely compatible and intermixable.

The present invention has as an object and/or an alternative object the provision of and the present invention consists in a method glazing and/or a "go to whoa" glazing system and/or a combination of compositions reliant on both (i) a bedding or back bedding composition of the present invention and (ii) a glazing composition of the present invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Preferred forms of compositions of the present invention will now be described by reference to the accompanying drawings in respect of uses of such glazing compositions, bedding compositions and back bedding compositions in which

Figures 1 to 3 shows a gun as shown in Figure 1 being used to apply the back bedding composition to a frame rebate, Figure 4 shows a glass panel being pressed into the back bedding composition carried by the rebate of the frame rebate,

Figure 5 shows sprigging in of the glass as positioned in Figure 4,

Figure 6 shows applying the external facing putty, and

Figure 7 shows the knifing of the putty surface.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION GLAZING COMPOSITIONS

The composition preferably is composed of vegetable oil, a synthetic resin, pigmentation, driers, thixotroping agent and a film biocide. The oil and synthetic resin are the binder. They wet and bind the pigmentation and provide the means for adhesion to the substrate and the durability on exposure to the elements during the service life of the compound.

The pigmentation bulks and extends the compound to provide essentially tack free handling and contributes to the tooling characteristics. The pigmentation comprises

Titanium Dioxide as the agent to render the composition essentially white and calcium carbonate (also known variably as chalk, calcite or whiting) and this provides the bulk of the formulation.

The driers are a synthetically produced mixture of metal naphthenates that catalyse and hasten the film forming of the binder to form a skin on the surface of the compound when exposed to oxygen (air).

The thixotrope modifies the rheology of the composition. The binder exhibits natural Newtonian rheology. The inclusion of the thixotrope induces thixotropic or pseudo plastic rheology. This improves tooling and creates slump or sag resistance and limits the mobility of the binder within the matrix after installation.

The film biocide limits the attachment and propagation of fouling micro - organisms on the putty film during the service life.

PREFERRED SUBSTANCES The preferred substances are:

• Refined linseed oil

• Long oil alkyd urethane modified resin containing linseed oil. The preferred oil length is greater than 80% and the non volatile matter greater than 98%. • Treated rutile titanium dioxide.

• Calcium carbonate with a top cut of 30 microns.

• Driers comprising cobalt, manganese and zirconium naphthenates.

• Organically modified bentonite clay. o A combination of Carbendazime, Diuron and Octyl Iso Thiazolone as the biocide.

ALTERNATIVE SUBSTANCES Oils:

• Blown, stand, raw or boiled linseed o Tung (China wood) o Cod liver o Fish

• Coconut o Cashew nut o Castor

• Safflower Sunflower Tall

Tall oil fatty acids Cottonseed Rapeseed Perilla Tobacco Poppy seed Niger seed Rubber seed Stillingia Oiticica Palm Soya

Soya stand oil Olive

The oils may contain glycerides of the following acids: Linolenic

• Linoleic o Oleic

• Eleostearic

• Palmitic • Stearic

• Laurie

• Erucic ^β Licanic

Resins: • Long oil alkyd greater than 97% NVM containing Soya, Safflower, Sunflower,

Castor, Tall, TOFA, Rape Seed, Tung, Coconut with or free of urethane modification

• Long oil alkyd less than 97% NVM.

• Medium oil alkyd less than 100% NVM. • Urethane alkyd less than 97% NVM

• Epoxy esters

• Phenolic modified alkyds less than 100%> NVM

• Solution acrylics

White pigmentation:

• Zinc oxide

• Basic zinc / calcium molybdate

• White lead

• Lithopone • Antimony oxide

Extender pigment:

• Talc

• Clay o Barytes

• Nepheline syenite

• Silica Driers:

• Octoates,^" Naphthenates and Cekanoates of lead, copper, zinc, strontium, tin, calcium, iron, lithium.

Thixotropes: o Silicon dioxide / Fumed silica o Attapulgite clay o Diatomaceous earth

• Montmorillonite clay • Modified castor oil

• Titanium chelates

• Smectite clay

• Hectorite clay

• Polyamides • Glyceryl hydroxy stearate

Biocides:

Copper 8 hydroxyquinoleate

Parachlorometacresol • Organomercury compound

Barium metaborate

Organo tin compounds

S triazine derivatives

Benzothiazolone derivatives • Zinc dithiocarbamate

FEATURES

This(these) preferred glazing composition(s) differ(s) from conventionally formulated Linseed oil putty as follows: o Inclusion of resin and driers hasten the formation of the skinning (surface drying) process. This allows for the composition to be painted within 16 hours of installation (c.f. 10 - 14 days for conventional) • Inclusion of thixotrope at what we believe is a high level limits the mobility of the binder system to minimize oil bleed into the laminates of safety glass. The thixotrope level also induces rapid viscosity development after the apparent reduction by the application of shear during the installation procedure. This apparent thickening of the compound induces high slump resistance and also aids the early paintability through the provision of a firm substrate that is unlikely to be easily disturbed by the application of surface coatings by brush. Conventional putty is often very delicate even after skin formation.

• The rapid skin formation and viscosity / structure redevelopment minimizes oil migration to the surface. This allows for the early coating of the composition with either water or solvent borne decorative / protective coatings. The lack of oil migration implies that the skin formation is of high pigment volume content, unlike that normally seen with conventional formulations where the skin tends to be oil rich. This oil rich skin is often glossy and is hydrophobic, rendering it unsuitable for the application of waterborne coatings.

• This compound is self priming on uncoated timber substrates. This is due to the driers minimizing the antioxidant effects of the natural resins and oils present in the timber. The resin in the compound is therefore able to oxidize adequately on the timber surface to promote a bond of sufficient strength for the application. The synthetic resin utilized also exhibits a greater natural wet tack than linseed and other oils. This tack also contributes to maintaining the stability of the compound on the timber surface while the adhesion develops through the oxidation of the binder with time.

• The inclusion of a white pigment enables more efficient coating of the putty since most primers or undercoats used by the trade or DIY are white. This results in better opacity and therefore appearance of the finished job.

• The biocide inhibits the attachment and growth of fouling micro organisms. This is particularly useful in warm humid environments and especially where the composition is left uncoated after installation.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Dry time (to skin formation) 12 -16 hours

Viscosity 1 - 5mm at dwell time of 12 seconds/50 grams SEQUENCE OF MANUFACTURE

Load oil and resin to putty pug or other suitable high shear, low speed mill. Begin mixing and load the Titanium Dioxide followed by the Calcium Carbonate. Add the driers and continue mixing for approximately 15 minutes. Load the thixotrope and mill for a further 5 minutes. Test and adjust with thixotrope or resin as required.

It would also be possible to load the dry pigmentation and then blend in the liquid components until homogeneous. This is not the preferred method of manufacture.

EXAMPLE 1

12.95 mg of Long Oil Alkyd Urethane Modified Resin containing linseed oil. The oil length is greater than 80%> and the non volatile matter greater than 98%_> (e.g.; Megathane 1646/100™ from Nuplex Industries) 6.1 mg refined linseed oil

2.82 mg rutile titanium dioxide 73.06 mg calcium carbonate (top cut 30 microns) 0.20 mg naphthenate of cobalt

0.11 mg naphthenate of manganese

0.11 mg naphthenate of zirconium

4.54 mg of modified bentonite clay 0.03 mg of carbendazim

0.07 mg ofDiuron

0.01 mg of Octyl Iso Thiazolone

Was largely tack free white composition on initial handling but nonetheless would key to wood, metal and glass substrates with excellent toolability. Skin formed within 16 hours allowing painting with either enamel or acrylic paints.

EXAMPLE 2 9.5 mg of Long Oil Alkyd Urethane Modified Resin containing linseed oil.

The oil length is greater than 80% and the non volatile matter greater than 98%o (e.g.; Megathane 1646/100™ fro Nuplex Industries)

9.5 mg refined linseed oil

2.82 mg rutile titanium dioxide

73.01 mg calcium carbonate (top cut 30 microns) 0.20 mg naphthenate of cobalt

0.11 mg naphthenate of manganese

0.11 mg naphthenate of zirconium

4.54 mg of modified bentonite clay

0.03 mg of carbendazim 0.07 mg of Diuron

0.01 mg of Octyl Iso Thiazolone

Was largely tack free white composition on initial handling but nonetheless would key to wood, metal and glass substrates' with excellent toolability. Skin formed within

16 hours allowing painting with either enamel or acrylic paints. Preferred to the Example 1 formulation.

BACK BEDDING COMPOSITION

The (these) composition(s) preferably is (are) composed of vegetable oil, a synthetic resin, pigmentation, driers, thixotroping agent and a film biocide. The oil and synthetic resin are the binder. They wet and bind the pigmentation and provide the means for adhesion to the substrate and the durability during the service life of the compound.

The pigmentation bulks and extends the compound and contributes (despite its tackiness) to tooling characteristics without detracting from extrudability. The pigmentation comprises Titanium Dioxide as the agent to render the composition essentially white and calcium carbonate (also known variably as chalk, calcite or whiting) and this provides the bulk of the formulation.

The driers, if present, are a synthetically produced mixture of metal naphthenates that catalyse and hasten the film forming of the binder to form a skin on the surface of the compound when exposed to oxygen (air).

The thixotrope, if present, modifies the rheology of the composition. The binder exhibits natural Newtonian rheology. The inclusion of the thixotrope induces thixotropic or pseudo plastic rheology. This improves tooling and creates slump or sag resistance and limits the mobility of the binder within the matrix after installation. The film biocide, if present, limits the attachment and propagation of fouling micro - organisms on the putty film during the service life.

PREFERRED SUBSTANCES The preferred substances are: o Refined linseed oil o Long oil alkyd urethane modified resin containing linseed oil. The preferred oil length is greater than 80%o and the non volatile matter greater than 98%. • Treated rutile titanium dioxide.

• Calcium carbonate with a top cut of 30 microns.

• Driers comprising cobalt, manganese and zirconium naphthenates.

• Organically modified bentonite clay.

• A combination of Carbendazim, Diuron and Octyl Iso Thiazolone as the biocide.

The preferred linseed oil is preferably in such quantity as if to extend a glazing composition of the present invention to being only about 93 %> of the overall bedding and/or back bedding composition.

ALTERNATIVE SUBSTANCES Oils:

• Blown, stand, raw or boiled linseed

• Tung (China wood) • Cod liver

• Fish

• Coconut

• Cashew nut o Castor • Safflower

• Sunflower

• Tall

• Tall oil fatty acids • Cottonseed

• Rapeseed ® Perilla o Tobacco o Poppy seed

• Niger seed o Rubber seed o Stillingia

• Oiticica

• Palm

• Soya

• Soya stand oil

• Olive

The oils may contain glycerides of the following acids:

Linolenic

Linoleic

Oleic

Eleostearic • Palmitic

Stearic - Laurie

Myristic ^• Anacardic • Ricinoleic

Erucic

Licanic

Resins:

Long oil alkyd greater than 97% NVM containing Soya, Safflower, Sunflower, Castor, Tall, TOFA, Rape Seed, Tung, Coconut with or free of urethane modification • Long oil alkyd less than 97% NVM.

• Medium oil alkyd less than 100% NVM. © Urethane alkyd less than 97% NVM o Epoxy esters 5 o Phenolic modified alkyds less than 100% NVM

• Solution acrylics

White pigmentation:

• Zinc oxide

10 • Basic zinc / calcium molybdate

• White lead

• Lithopone

• Antimony oxide

15

Extender pigment:

• Talc

• Clay

• Barytes

20. • Nepheline syenite

• Silica

Driers:

• Octoates, Naphthenates and Cekanoates of lead, copper, zinc, strontium, tin, 25 calcium, iron, lithium.

Thixotropes:

• Silicon dioxide / Fumed silica

• Attapulgite clay

30 o Diatomaceous earth

• Montmorillonite clay

• Modified castor oil

• Titanium chelates • Smectite clay

• Hectorite clay o Polyamides o Glyceryl hydroxy stearate

Biocides: o Copper 8 hydroxyquinoleate o Parachlorometacresol

• Organomercury compound • Barium metaborate

• Organo tin compounds

• S triazine derivatives

• Benzothiazolone derivatives

• Zinc dithiocarbamate

EXAMPLE 3

12.04 mg of Long Oil Alkyd Urethane Modified Resin containing linseed oil. The oil length is greater than 80%> and the non volatile matter greater than 98% (e.g.; Megathane 1646/100™ from Nuplex Industries)

12.67 mg refined linseed oil

2.62 mg rutile titanium dioxide

67.95 mg calcium carbonate (top cut 30 microns)

0.19 mg naphthenate of cobalt 0.10 mg naphthenate of manganese

0.10 mg naphthenate of zirconium

4.22 mg of modified bentonite clay

0.03 mg of carbendazim

0.07 mg ofDiuron 0.01 mg ofOctyl lso Thiazolone

EXAMPLE 4 16.50 mg of Long Oil Alkyd Urethane Modified Resin containing linseed oil. The oil length is greater than 80%> and the non volatile matter greater than 98% (e.g.;

Megathane 1646/100™ from Nuplex Industries) 9.23 mg refined linseed oil

2.58 mg rutile titanium dioxide

67.03 mg calcium carbonate (top cut 30 microns) 0.19 mg naphthenate of cobalt

0.10 mg naphthenate of manganese 0.10 mg naphthenate of zirconium

4.16 mg of modified bentonite clay

0.03 mg of carbendazim

0.07 mg of Diuron

0.01 mg of Octyl Iso Thiazolone

MORE PREFERRED TO LOWER OIL CONTAINING FOMULATION OF EXAMPLE 4.

EXAMPLE 5 8.73 mg of Long Oil Alkyd Urethane Modified Resin containing linseed oil.

The oil length is greater than 80%> and the non volatile matter greater than 98%>

(e.g.;

Megathane 1646/100™ from Nuplex Industries)

17.00 mg refined linseed oil

2.58 mg rutile titanium dioxide 67.03 mg calcium carbonate (top cut 30 microns)

0.19 mg naphthenate of cobalt

0.10 mg naphthenate of manganese

0.10 mg naphthenate of zirconium

4.16 mg of modified bentonite clay 0.03 mg of carbendazim

0.07 mg of Diuron

0.01 mg of Octyl Iso Thiazolone

An even greater oil containing formulation to that of Example 4. EXAMPLE 6

The formulation of Example 5 without the Long Oil Alkyd Urethane Modified Resin i.e can instead of both the resin and the linseed oil can have simply 24.73 mg of linseed oil with other components the same.

USE:

Figures 1 through 7 shows the use of the back bedding composition of the present invention in a single layer glazing procedure but it has application whether for single or multiple glazing. The steps taken by reference to the drawings are as follows: a) FRAME PREPARATION: Preparation of frames b) APPLICATION OF COMPOSITION: Application of the back bedding composition c) GLASS INSTALLATION: Installation of the glass into the frame rebate. For example the glass panel is supported by two setting blocks (wood, plastic, etc.) installed at the "quarter points" underneath the glass.

Distant pieces can additionally be placed between the glass edge and the frame rebate on the two vertical sides (and the top) to ensure the glass panel remains centred within the rebate. Once the glaze panel is correctly positioned it is pressed into the back bedding material so that the back bedding material wets out against the glass surface and the excess is displaced and can be knifed away from the inside face. d) SPRIGGING: Once the glass is properly pressed into the back bedding composition and correctly positioned within the frame rebate and supported by the setting blocks, the glass is fixed in place using glazing sprigs or tacks which retain against the external glass face and are fixed into the frame rebate. e) PUTTYING: When the glass has been sprigged or tacked in place the external "putty" facing can be completed preferably using a glazing composition of the present invention. Putty is buttered into the crevasse between the glass face and the frame rebate. Excess putty is applied and the putty is then faced using a putty knife. The facing forms a triangular fillet between the glass and the frame with excess putty being removed. f) FINISHING: o A soft wide brush is used to brush off the putty faces removing any finger marks and slight imperfections. • Excess back bedding material is knifed off the internal glass face. g) PAINTING:

° The external putty surfaces are then painted with paint lapping 1-2 mm over the glass face to give the final glazing weather seal.

ADVANTAGES OF SUCH BEDDING and/or BACK BEDDING COMPOSITIONS include:

• Compatibility with glazing compositions of the invention of the aforesaid application. • The frame preparation does not make paint priming of the frame rebate mandatory although it is optional and recommended.

• The back bedding composition (without silicone or substantially free of silicone) can be supplied in a caulking gun cartridge. The material consistency can be characterised as "flowable" allowing easy application and minimal effort when gunning and/or pressing in the glass panel subsequently.

• The back bedding composition consistency is such that pressing in of the glass panel to the rebate not only requires minimal effort but also ensures a more . consistent sealing bead remains behind the glass providing better long term weather resistance. • The knifing of the putty face with its easy toolability as disclosed in the aforesaid patent specification (unpublished but herein included by way of reference) is such that the putty tools easily leave a firmer smoother surface.

• No whiting powder is required in the finishing and the putty is firmer so fewer imperfections arise. • With the putty choice being a glazing composition as aforesaid and with the back bedding composition painting can be carried out within the first 24 hours after glazing without having to wait 10 to 14 days as with many traditional putties. Painting ensures a weather seal only and is not required to protect the putty from weathering.

Claims

CLAIMS:

1. A glazing composition or a composition having characteristics or a characteristic of a glazing composition, said composition comprising or including a particulate filler of one or more material, and a polymeric organic liquid capable of polymerising (at least over time when, for example, exposed to the ambient air), optionally an oil and/or glyceride , and optionally a drier, wherein the composition has one or more of the following characteristics (i) is toolable,

(ii) is, or becomes upon manipulation and/or application to a suitable substrate to be encountered when used as a glazing composition, tacky, (iii) skin forms,

(iv) by polymerisation skin forms, (v) by polymerisation hardens from a toolable state, and/or

(vi) hardens from a toolable state.

2. A glazing composition comprising or including at least one particulate material, and a synthetic or other resin, and optionally at least one oil and/or glyceride, optionally a drier, optionally a thixotroping agent, and optionally a film biocide.

3. A glazing composition comprising or including 50 to 95%) by weight - particulate material(s) as bulking and/or pigmentation agent(s). 3 to 50%) by weight - polymeric material as a binder of the particulate material(s) capable of providing tack and of polymerising (e.g.; at least to an extent to skin form and/or harden sufficiently to allow painting); 0 to 30%) by weight - oil(s) and/or glyceride(s) as tack reducing and/or toolability agent(s); 0 to 5% by weight - drier as an oxidation catalyst and/or an agent to speed skin forming and/or hardening; 0 to 20% by weight - thixotroping agent(s);

0 to 5% by weight - biocide(s).

4. A glazing composition comprising or including 50 to 95%o by weight - particulate material(s) as bulking and/or pigmentation agent(s). 3 to 50% by weight - resin selected from one or more of

• Long oil alkyd (with or without urethane modification) • Medium oil alkyd

• Urethane alkyd

• Epoxy esters

• Phenolic modified alkyds

• Solution acrylics 0 to 30%) by weight - oil(s) and/or glyceride(s) as tack reducing and/or toolability agent(s); 0 to 5% by weight - drier as an oxidation catalyst and/or an agent to speed skin forming and/or hardening; 0 to 20%) by weight - thixotroping agent(s);

0 to 5% by weight - biocide(s).

5. A composition of claim 3 or 4 wherein the resin comprises at least 5% by weight of the overall composition.

6. A composition of claim 5 the oil(s) and/or glyceride(s) comprises from 5 to 15 % by weight of the overall composition.

7. A composition of claim 6 wherein the oil(s) and/or glyceride(s) is oil at about 9.5% w/w of the overall composition.

8. A composition of any one of claims 4 to 7 wherein said at least one particulate material comprises at least 30% by weight of the overall composition.

9. A composition of claim 8 said at least one particulate material comprises at least 40%) by weight of the overall composition.

10. A composition of claim 9 said at least one particulate material comprises at least 50%) by weight of the overall composition.

11. A composition of claim 10 said at least one particulate material comprises at least 60%) by weight of the overall composition.

12. A composition of claim 11 said at least one particulate material comprises at least 70% by weight of the overall composition.

13. A composition of claim 12 said at least one particulate material comprises at least 80% by weight of the overall composition.

14. A composition of claim 4 said at least one particulate material comprises at least 90% by weight of the overall composition.

15. A composition of any one of claims 8 to 14 wherein said at least one particulate material is a mixture of particulate materials.

16. A composition of claim 15 at least one of the particulate materials is a pigment.

17. A composition of claim 16 that pigment is white.

18. A composition of claim 17 at least one of the particulate materials is calcium carbonate or other chalk, calcite or whiting type material ("calcium carbonate et al").

19. A composition of any one of claim 18 wherein pigments include (in addition to or instead of calcium carbonate et al) an extender pigment such as one or more of the following-

• Talc • Clay

• Barytes

• Nepheline syenite

• Silica.

20. A composition of claim 17 wherein the white pigment is one or more of:- • Titanium dioxide o Zinc oxide

• Basic zinc / calcium molybdate

• White lead • Lithopone

• Antimony oxide.

21. A composition of any one of claims 4 to 20 wherein an extender pigment or pigments selected from talc, clay, barytes, nepheline syenite and silica can or can also form part of the particulate material(s) .

22. A composition of claim 18 or 19 the particulate materials have a proportion of the calcium carbonate et al. material(s) to other pigmentation material(s) in the weight to weight range of from 70%> to 95%>.

23. A composition of claim any one of the preceding claims wherein said resin comprises at least 5% by weight of the overall composition.

24. A composition of claim 23 wherein the resin comprises by weight no more than 30%) of the overall composition.

25. A composition of claim 23 or 24 said resin is selected from the group -

• Long oil alkyd (with or without urethane modification) • Medium oil alkyd

• Urethane alkyd

• Epoxy esters

• Phenolic modified alkyds

• Solution acrylics.

26. A composition of claim 23 or 24 wherein the resin is selected from the group consisting of-

• Long oil alkyd greater than 97% NVM containing Soya, Safflower, Sunflower, Castor, Tall, TOFA, Rape Seed, Tung, Coconut with or free of urethane modification • Long oil alkyd less than 97% NVM.

• Medium oil alkyd less than 100%> NVM.

• Urethane alkyd less than 97% NVM

• Epoxy esters o Phenolic modified alkyds less than 100%) NVM • Solution acrylics

27. A composition of claim 23 or 24 wherein said resin is a urethane.

28. A composition of claim 27 wherein said urethane is a urethane alkyd.

29. A composition of any one of the preceding claims wherein said polymeric liquid is or includes or said resin is or includes, or there is included in the composition, at least one oil and/or glyceride (e.g.; temporarily to reduce tack).

30. A composition of claim 29 wherein an oil is present selected from the group consisting of- o Blown, stand, raw or boiled linseed o Tung (China wood) o Cod liver

• Fish • Coconut

Cashew nut

Castor

Safflower

Sunflower • Tall

Tall oil fatty acids

Cottonseed

Rapeseed

Perilla • Tobacco

Poppy seed

Niger seed

Rubber seed

Stillingia • Oiticica

Palm

• Soya

• Soya stand oil

• Olive.

31. A composition of claim 29 or 30 wherein the oils can contain glycerides of the following acids -

• Linolenic • Linoleic

• Oleic

® Eleostearic o Palmitic ^β Stearic

• Laurie o Myristic o Anacardic

• Ricinoleic • Erucic

• Licanic.

32. A composition of any one of the preceding claims wherein at least one drier is present and the drier(s) is (are) selected from the group

33. A composition of any one of claims 2 to 32 wherein a thixotroping or the thixotroping agent ("thixotrope") is present in the range of from 0.5 to 15 weight per cent.

34. A composition of claim 33 wherein the thixotrope is one or more of the following -

• Silicon dioxide / Fumed silica

• Attapulgite clay

• Diatomaceous earth

• Montmorillonite clay • Modified castor oil

• Titanium chelates

• Smectite clay

• Hectorite clay

• Polyamides o Glyceryl hydroxy stearate.

35. A composition of claim any one of the preceding claims wherein at least one biocide is present;

36. A composition of claim 35 wherein said biocide(s) is (are) selected from - • Carbendazim

• Diuron

® Octyl Iso Thiazolone o Copper 8 hydroxyquinoleate ® Parachlorometacresol

• Organomercury compound ° Barium metaborate o Organo tin compounds

• S triazine derivatives • Benzothiazolone derivatives

• Zinc dithiocarbamate.

37. A composition of claim 35 or 36 wherein the biocide is biocidal system of several compounds.

38. A gunable back bedding composition, said composition being characterised in that it is a modified gunable version of a composition as claimed in any one of the preceding claims.

39. A bedding and/or back bedding composition, said composition comprising or including a particulate filler of one or more material, (optionally) a polymeric organic liquid capable of polymerising (at least over time when, for example, exposed to the ambient air), and an oil and/or glyceride , and optionally a drier, wherein the composition is extrudable.

40. A bedding and/or back bedding composition (as herein defined) comprising or including at least one particulate material, and

(optionally) a synthetic or other resin, and at least one oil and/or glyceride, and optionally a drier, optionally a thixotroping agent, and optionally a film biocide.

41. A bedding and/or back bedding composition comprising or including 50 to 95% by weight particulate material(s) as bulking and/or pigmentation agent(s).

0 to 50% by weight polymeric material as a binder of the particulate material(s) capable of providing tack and of polymerising,

0 to 30%) by weight oil(s) and/or glyceride(s) 0 to 5% by weight drier as an oxidation catalyst and/or an agent to speed skin forming and/or hardening;

0 to 20% by weight thixotroping agent(s); 0 to 5% by weight biocide(s).

42. A composition of claim 41 wherein the polymeric material is at least 5% by weight.

43. A composition of claim 41 or 42 wherein the oil(s) and/or glyceride(s) is (are) at least 5%> by weight.

44. A bedding and/or back bedding composition comprising or including

0 to 50%) by weight resin selected from one or more of

• Long oil alkyd (with or without urethane modification)

Medium oil alkyd

Urethane alkyd

Epoxy esters

Phenolic modified alkyds

Solution acrylics

0 to 30% by weight oil(s) and/or glyceride(s) as tack reducing and/or toolability agent(s);

0 to 5% by weight drier as an oxidation catalyst and/or an agent to speed skin forming and/or hardening;

0 to 20% by weight thixotroping agent(s); 0 to 5% by weight biocide(s).

45. A composition of claim 43 or 44 wherein the oil(s) and/or glyceride(s) is (are) at least 5%> by weight.

46. A composition of claim 45 wherein the resin comprises from 5 to 10% by weight of the overall composition.

47. A composition of claim 46 wherein the resin is about 9.5% by weight.

48. A composition of claim 47 wherein the oil and/or glyceride comprises from 5 to 15%) by weight of the overall composition.

49. A composition of claim 48 wherein the oil and/or glyceride is about 9.5 by weight and at least includes an oil.

50. A composition of any one of claims 39 to 49 wherein said at least one particulate material comprises at least 30%> by weight of the overall composition.

51. A composition of claim 50 wherein said at least one particulate material comprises at least 40% by weight of the overall composition. ^■

52. A composition of claim 51 wherein said at least one particulate material comprises at least 50%o by weight of the overall composition.

53. A composition of claim 52 wherein said at least one particulate material comprises at least 60% by weight of the overall composition.

54. A composition of claim 53 wherein said at least one particulate material comprises at least 70%> by weight of the overall composition.

55. A composition of claim 54 wherein said at least one particulate material is a mixture of particulate materials.

56. A composition of claim 50 wherein at least one of the particulate materials is a pigment.

57. A composition of claim 56 wherein that pigment is white.

58. A composition of claim 56 or 57 wherein at least one of the particulate materials is calcium carbonate or other chalk, calcite or whiting type material ("calcium carbonate et al").

59. A composition of any one of claims 58 wherein pigments include (in addition to or instead of calcium carbonate et al) an extender pigment such as one or more of the following-

• Talc

• Clay • Barytes

• Nepheline syenite ° Silica

60. A composition of claim 57 wherein the white pigment is one or more of - o Titanium dioxide ^β Zinc oxide o Basic zinc / calcium molybdate o White lead

• Lithopone • Antimony oxide

61. A composition of any one of claims 39 to 60 wherein an extender pigment or pigments selected from talc, clay, barytes, nepheline syenite and silica can or can also form part of the particulate material(s).

62. A composition of claim 59 wherein the particulate materials have a proportion of the calcium carbonate et al. material(s) to other pigmentation material(s) in the weight to weight range of from 70% to 95%.

63. A composition of claim 44 wherein said resin comprises from 5 to 30%» by weight of the overall composition.

64. A composition of claim 63 wherein the resin comprises from 5 to 15% w/w.

65. A composition of claim 63 or 64 wherein said resin is selected from the group

• Long oil alkyd (with or without urethane modification)

• Medium oil alkyd

• Urethane alkyd • Epoxy esters

• Phenolic modified alkyds

• Solution acrylics

66. A composition of claim 63 or 64 wherein the resin is selected from the group consisting of- • Long oil alkyd greater than 97%> NVM containing Soya, Safflower, Sunflower,

• Long oil alkyd less than 97% NVM. • Medium oil alkyd less than 100%> NVM.

° Phenolic modified alkyds less than 100% NVM ® Solution acrylics

67. A composition of claim 63 or 64 wherein said resin is a urethane.

68. A composition of claim 67 wherein said urethane is a urethane alkyd.

69. A composition of any one of claims 39 to 68 wherein said polymeric liquid is or includes or said resin is or includes, or there is included in the composition, at least one oil and/or glyceride (e.g. temporarily to reduce tack).

70. A composition of claim 69 wherein an oil is present selected from the group consisting of -

Blown, stand, raw or boiled linseed

Tung (China wood) • Cod liver

Fish

Coconut

Cashew nut

Castor • Safflower

Sunflower

Tall

Tall oil fatty acids

Cottonseed • Rapeseed

Perilla

Tobacco

• Poppy seed o Niger seed • Rubber seed

• Stillingia

• Oiticica • Palm

• Soya o Soya stand oil o Olive.

71. A composition of claim 69 or 70 wherein at least one glyceride of one of the following acids is present:

• Linolenic o Linoleic

• Oleic • Eleostearic

• Palmitic

• Stearic

• Laurie

• Myristic • Anacardic

• Ricinoleic

• Erucic

• Licanic.

72. A composition of any one of claims 39 to 70 wherein a drier or driers is (are) present and is (are) selected from the group

73. A composition of claim any one of claims 39 to 72 wherein a thixotrope is present in the range of from 0.5 to 15 weight per cent.

74. A composition of claim 73 wherein the thixotrope is one or more of the following -

• Silicon dioxide / Fumed silica

• Attapulgite clay o Diatomaceous earth • Montmorillonite clay

• Modified castor oil

• Titanium chelates

• Smectite clay • Hectorite clay

• Polyamides o Glyceryl hydroxy stearate.

75. A composition of any one of claims 39 to 74 wherein at least one biocide is present.

76. A composition of claim 75 wherein said biocide(s) is (are)selected from -

• Carbendazim o Diuron

• Octyl Iso Thiazolone • Copper 8 hydroxyquinoleate

• Parachlorometacresol

• Organomercury compound

• Barium metaborate

• Organo tin compounds • S triazine derivatives

• Benzothiazolone derivatives

• Zinc dithiocarbamate.

77. A composition of claim 75 or 76 wherein the biocide is biocidal system of several compounds.

78. The use of a composition of any one of the preceding claims.

79. A methods of glazing and/or bedding and/or back bedding which involves the use of a composition in accordance with any one of claims 1 to 77.

80. A method of formulating a composition of any of the kinds of the present invention when performed substantially as hereinafter described.

81. A method glazing reliant on both

(i) a bedding or back bedding composition of any one of claims 38 to 77, and

(ii) a glazing composition of any one of claim 1 to 37.