WO2004034567A2 - Apparatus, methods and articles of manufacture for linear signal modification - Google Patents
Apparatus, methods and articles of manufacture for linear signal modification Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2004034567A2 WO2004034567A2 PCT/US2003/031936 US0331936W WO2004034567A2 WO 2004034567 A2 WO2004034567 A2 WO 2004034567A2 US 0331936 W US0331936 W US 0331936W WO 2004034567 A2 WO2004034567 A2 WO 2004034567A2
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- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- linear
- cunent
- input signal
- source
- sources
- Prior art date
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03F—AMPLIFIERS
- H03F1/00—Details of amplifiers with only discharge tubes, only semiconductor devices or only unspecified devices as amplifying elements
- H03F1/02—Modifications of amplifiers to raise the efficiency, e.g. gliding Class A stages, use of an auxiliary oscillation
- H03F1/0205—Modifications of amplifiers to raise the efficiency, e.g. gliding Class A stages, use of an auxiliary oscillation in transistor amplifiers
- H03F1/0261—Modifications of amplifiers to raise the efficiency, e.g. gliding Class A stages, use of an auxiliary oscillation in transistor amplifiers with control of the polarisation voltage or current, e.g. gliding Class A
- H03F1/0266—Modifications of amplifiers to raise the efficiency, e.g. gliding Class A stages, use of an auxiliary oscillation in transistor amplifiers with control of the polarisation voltage or current, e.g. gliding Class A by using a signal derived from the input signal
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03F—AMPLIFIERS
- H03F1/00—Details of amplifiers with only discharge tubes, only semiconductor devices or only unspecified devices as amplifying elements
- H03F1/02—Modifications of amplifiers to raise the efficiency, e.g. gliding Class A stages, use of an auxiliary oscillation
- H03F1/0205—Modifications of amplifiers to raise the efficiency, e.g. gliding Class A stages, use of an auxiliary oscillation in transistor amplifiers
- H03F1/0277—Selecting one or more amplifiers from a plurality of amplifiers
Definitions
- the invention relates generally to linear signal modification, and more particularly to linear signal amplification and attenuation.
- Modifying (amplifying or attenuating) electromagnetic signals is, generally speaking, a function of an electrical component or system. Modification may be useful in any number of systems, and is generally done by linear or non-linear techniques. Linear techniques generally provide an output signal with a relatively close resemblance, except for scale, to an input signal. Non-linear techniques generally provide an output signal, which does not have a relatively close resemblance to an input signal. Either non-linear or linear amplifiers may be useful. Non-linear amplifiers may be useful for on/off amplification - that is, where there is no need to produce an accurate amplification of an input signal, but merely amplify a signal. Linear amplifiers may be useful where an accurate, amplified reproduction is desirable.
- a linear amplifier When accurate reproduction is desired, therefore, a linear amplifier has been desirable.
- Efficiency refers to the ability of the amplifier to translate DC power input into power output.
- a linear amplifier is less efficient than a non-linear amplifier because it draws more power than a non-linear amplifier to output a signal with the same strength.
- a linear amplifier requires quiescent current, or current from a power source even when not amplifying. In applications with a limited power source, such as battery power, a non-linear amplifier may be desirable, as a non-linear amplifier typically requires very little or no quiescent current.
- linear amplifier techniques could be used in combination with non-linear techniques in order to provide effective amplification techniques.
- Embodiments of the present invention include apparatus, methods and articles of manufacture for linear signal modification.
- Preferred embodiments provide an amplifier that combines the relative precision of linear amplifiers with the relative efficiency and power draw of non-linear amplifiers.
- the amplifier of the preferred embodiments comprises one or more non- linear current sources.
- the current sources are enabled and/or disabled when desired by one or more characteristics of an input signal.
- the output from the one or more current sources is combined to drive a load. If more than one current source is used, the current sources may be weighted to contribute different amounts of current to the output. By combining the outputs from the current source or sources, a linear amplification of a signal is provided. Additionally, linear attenuation is also possible in various embodiments.
- FIGURE 1 shows a preferred embodiment.
- FIGURE 2 shows a schematic diagram of operation of the embodiment of Figure 1.
- FIGURE 3 shows a preferred embodiment.
- FIGURES 4A-B depict output characteristics for current sources with areas A and A/2, respectively.
- Embodiments of the present invention include apparatus, methods and articles of manufacture for linear signal modification.
- signal as used herein should be broadly construed to include any manner of conveying data from one place to another, such as, for example, an electric current or electromagnetic field, including without limitation, a direct current that is switched on and off or an alternating-current or electromagnetic carrier that contains one or more data streams. Data, for example, may be superimposed on a carrier current or wave by means of modulation, which may be accomplished in analog or digital form.
- data as used herein should also be broadly construed to comprise any type of intelligence or other information, such as, for example and without limitation, audio, such as voice, text and/or video, etc.
- FIG. 1 shows a preferred embodiment.
- An input signal a is provided to a Digital Signal Processor 10.
- Digital Signal Processor 10 comprises an Analog to Digital Converter 11, which digitizes the signal, for example, by the use of rectangular coordinates or I,Q data.
- Rectangular to Polar Converter 12 then receives the I,Q data and translates it into polar coordinates.
- a digitized representation of a signal may be provided to a rectangular to polar converter if desired.
- the digitized representation may be generated in any of a number of ways as is known in the art.
- this embodiment is described as used in connection with a digitized signal and I,Q and polar data, those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that other embodiments are not limited thereto and may use any digital or analog wave form, or combination thereof.
- Rectangular to Polar Converter 12 outputs a digitized signal in polar coordinates, which takes the form R, P(sin) and P(cos) for example.
- the R coordinate represents the amplitude characteristic of the signal.
- the P(sin) and P(cos) coordinates represent the phase characteristic of the signal.
- characteristic refers to electromagnetic signal characteristics, such as frequency, voltage, amplitude (including magnitude and envelope), phase, current, wave shape, or pulse. Other embodiments may derive one or more signal characteristics from the input signal as desired.
- FIG 2 a schematic diagram of a signal that has been translated according to the embodiment of Figure 1 is shown.
- Input signal a has been translated into magnitude component m comprising magnitude characteristics of the input signal over period ti and phase component p comprising phase characteristics on a carrier wave over the same period.
- Output signal b is shown after amplification by a preferred embodiment.
- the time period in this and other embodiments is as desired.
- embodiments may derive magnitude and phase characteristics of a signal using various sampling rates in order to maximize resolution of the signal, maximize speed of operation, etc. These sampling rates may be dynamically determined as well in various embodiments so that they change during operation.
- the division of an input signal is synchronized, in order to maximize accuracy of output and minimize any distortion.
- amplitude and phase characteristics are then transmitted through separate paths.
- the amplitude characteristics of the input signal are converted, via converter 13, along path a m , into digital pulses comprising a digital word quantized into bits Bo to Bn-i, with a Most Significant Bit ("MSB") to Least Significant Bit (“LSB").
- MSB Most Significant Bit
- LSB Least Significant Bit
- the digital word may be of varying lengths in various embodiments. In general, the longer the word the greater the accuracy of reproduction of the input signal.
- the digital word provides instruction signals or controls for attenuation and/or amplification, in manner to be described further below. Of course, as is described further below, in other embodiments, a differently composed digital word may be used, as well as other types of derivation and/or provision of amplitude or other signal characteristics.
- control component lines a m 1 - a m 7 are shown leading away from the converter 13.
- the number of these control component lines depends, in the preferred embodiments, upon the resolution of the word. In this preferred embodiment, the word has a seven bit resolution.
- the control component lines are consolidated into a single path a m leading into control components 22a-g. However, in the embodiment, and as further described below, the control component lines are not consolidated and instead feed into the control components individually.
- the phase characteristic travels along path a p .
- the phase characteristic is first modulated onto a wave by way of Digital to Analog Converter 18 and Synthesizer 20 (which is a Voltage Controlled Oscillator in an especially preferred embodiment.)
- Synthesizer 20 provides an output wave, which is comprised of the phase information.
- This output wave has a constant envelope, i.e., it has no amplitude variations, yet it has phase characteristics of the original input wave, and passes to driver 24, and in turn driver lines a p 1 - a p 7.
- the wave, which has been split among the driver lines, is then fed into current sources 25a- 25g, and will serve to potentially drive current sources 25a- 25g, as is further described below.
- other sources of other wave characteristics i.e., besides the phase characteristic, may be used.
- transistors may be used as current sources 25a- 25g. Additionally, in other embodiments, one or more transistors segmented appropriately may be used as current sources 25a- 25g.
- the current sources 25a- 25g must not be configured to behave like voltage sources; for example, by saturating transistors, which will interfere with the desired current combining of the sources.
- Control components 22a-g terminates in control components 22a-g.
- these are switching transistors, and are preferably current sources, although, as further described below, in other embodiments, other sources of other wave characteristics may be used, as well as other regulation schemes.
- Control components 22a-g are switched by bits of the digital word output from the amplitude component and so regulated by the digital word output from the amplitude component. If a bit is "1" or "high,” the corresponding control component is switched on, and so current flows from that control component to appropriate current source 25a-g along bias control lines 23a-g.
- the length of the digital word may vary, and so the number of bits, control components, control component lines, driver lines, bias control lines, current sources, etc. may vary accordingly in various embodiments. Moreover, there does not have to be a one to one correspondence among digital word resolution, components, lines and current sources in various embodiments.
- Current sources 25a-g receive current from a control component if the control component is on, and thus each current source is regulated according to that component.
- an appropriate control component provides bias current to the current sources, as is described further below, and so the control component may be referred to as a bias control circuit, and a number of them as a bias network.
- it may be desired to statically or dynamically allocate one or more bias control circuits to one or more current sources using a switching network if desired.
- each current source serves as a potential current source, and is capable of generating a current, which is output to current source lines 26a-g respectively.
- Each current source may or may not act as a current source, and so may or may not generate a current, because it is regulated via the appropriate instruction signal, or digital word value regulating a control component. Activation of any segment, and generation of current from that segment, is dependant upon the value of the appropriate bit from the digital representation of the amplitude component regulating the appropriate control component.
- the current sources are not an amplifier or amplifiers, in the preferred embodiments, rather the plurality of current sources function as an amplifier, as is described herein. Indeed, amplification and/or attenuation may be considered in the preferred embodiments as functions of those embodiments, and so may an amplifier and/or attenuator be considered to be an electrical component or system that amplifies and/or attenuates.
- the combined current i.e. the sum of any current output from current sources 25a-g, is the current sources output.
- the embodiment may act as an attenuator and/or amplifier No further circuitry or components are necessary between current sources to combine current from each current source and so provide a useful output current. Therefore, the combined current, which is output on line 27, and shown as b, may be used as desired, e.g., as an amplifier, as an attentuator, to drive a load, etc.
- the current sources vary in current output and size. This provides various weighting to the currents that are potentially supplied by those current sources. For example, in one preferred embodiment, a first current source is twice the size of a next current source, which in turn is twice the size of a next current source, and so on until . final current source.
- the number of current sources may be matched to the number of bits of the digital control word, so that the largest current source is controlled by the MSB of the amplitude word, the next bit of the word controls the next largest current source, etc., until th ⁇ LSB, which is sent to the smallest current source.
- other embodiments may have a different pattern of matching bit to current source, including use of a switching network.
- duplicate current sources - of the same size - are provided, as well as current sources that vary in size.
- other wave characteristics may be provided to other current sources and so regulate those sources.
- the current sources are biased non- linearly.
- any current source operates efficiently. In the preferred embodiments, therefore, power consumption is reduced.
- the resultant output signal has a relatively accurate linearity and proportionality with the input signal.
- an amplifier may be provided in the preferred embodiments with the relative precision of linear operation combined with the relative efficiency and power consumption of nonlinear operation. For example, returning to the embodiment of Figure 1, if one of current sources 25a-g is switched on, it will act as a non-linear current source with attendant relative efficiency. If the current source is off, the source draws little or no power. Linear characteristics are seen a well because each current source that is on provides current contribution in similar proportions to the amplitude characteristic of the input signal, and so a relatively precise reproduction of the input signal is provided.
- the current sources 25a-g comprise, in the prefened embodiment of Figure 1, one or more HBT transistors. Other transistors may be used as well, such as FETs, etc., as well as other current sources. Other components may be interposed as well, e.g., a variable gain amplifier or attenuator to reduce the drive current to the transistor segments, non-linear components along the amplitude path, etc.
- FIG. 3 depicts another embodiment, such as might be used in a transmitter, in accordance with the present invention.
- Driver 516 introduces gain to a carrier signal.
- Driver 516 is coupled to one or more, and preferably, a plurality of current sources 508, optionally using capacitors 518.
- Current sources 508 are enabled or disabled according to bias current supplied by control components 520 in bias network B 0 - B n - ⁇ .
- control components 520 are conventional switched cunent sources and current sources 508 are transistors.
- One or more of the output currents of current sources 508 may be combined and input to a load 506, thus providing an amplified signal.
- any current output from the current sources 508 is combined and input to load 506. If the combined load power is less than the input power, of course, the combined current sources act as an attenuator.
- a voltage source 530 in this embodiment maintains a substantially constant DC potential at a node 509.
- An inductor 532 is included for inhibiting, and preferably, preventing instantaneous current changes in the circuit path containing voltage source 530, thereby allowing load 506 to be driven by the flow of current from current sources 508.
- Capacitor 534 can be provided as a DC block.
- the phase characteristic is modulated by a carrier signal, preferably an RF signal.
- Current sources 508 are driven, preferably simultaneously, with the modulated carrier signal.
- a non-linear driver may be used in this embodiment, because the carrier signal does not contain amplitude information.
- the output currents from the current sources are then added to obtain a substantially linear output signal, because, as had been described above, any currents can be directly combined at node 509, thus providing an amplified and/or attenuated signal, to drive load 506.
- the added currents, or output from the current sources can be inpu directly to the load without the need for additional components, such as transformers or quarter-wave transmission lines.
- each enabled current source contributes a binary- weighted cunent to the modified output signal and so to the load, so that current source 508 A/2 contributes twice the cunent when on as cunent source 508 A/4, cunent source 508 A/4 contributes twice the current when on as cunent source 508 A/8, etc., although, as should be understood, other suitable types of weighting may also be used where desired.
- current sources 508 A/2 - A/N are enabled or disabled by biasing the cunent to each device and the control mechanism to select current sources for enablement uses the digital code created from the magnitude characteristic which are represented by digital control bits B 0 through B n - ⁇ .
- instruction signals are input to cunent sources 508 A/2 - A/N, thereby enabling or disabling each cunent source.
- the control mechanism for a cunent source may be a biasing cunent developed by a corresponding switched cunent source that is supplied to a control terminal of a cunent source, such as, for example, the base of a transistor.
- the amplitude characteristic is preferably digitized.
- the peak amplitude is set equal to the full scale of the digitization (i.e. when all bits are set high) to improve linearity.
- the peak amplitude may be set to other than the full scale (i.e. greater or lesser) of the digitization. If the peak amplitude is set lesser than the full scale, an increase in gain may exist because the average output power level is increased for a given power level of the phase modulated carrier signal.
- inventions may provide a capability for wide band amplitude modification in an associated transmitter because it makes possible linear amplification and/or attenuation across a relatively large frequency spectrum, due to the relatively low input capacitance.
- embodiments may be used for cellular and other transmitters, as is described further herein.
- embodiments of the present invention may improve efficiency over conventional power amplification, because linearity of the transmission is not dependent on the linearity of the amplifier, but instead depends only on how linearly the cunents add to the load. Accordingly, each current source can be biased as a non-linear current source, such as Class B or C, to maximize the efficiency. Efficiency may further be improved because there is little or no quiescent cunent draw for disabled cunent sources.
- power control may readily be achieved because the output current is dependent primarily on the signal drive level. Increasing or decreasing the signal drive level, for example, with a variable gain amplifier or attenuator, causes a conesponding increase or decrease in the output cunent. In addition, an increase or decrease of the bias to the drive controller, also causes a respective increase or decrease in the output cunent.
- any suitable types of cunent sources for example, other transistor segments and/or formats as well as other devices or methods, may be used with any of the embodiments of the present invention where desired.
- weighting may be achieved by providing segments having different semiconductor areas.
- Figures 4A-B depict output characteristics (i.e. load lines) for two segments having areas A and A/2 respectively.
- the cunent supplied by the segment to the load is also reduced in half. This is because the smaller segment has half the current density of the larger segment.
- Amplifiers according to embodiments of the invention can provide a direct digital interface for baseband DSP functions.
- the amplifiers also may be dynamically programmed to accommodate multiple modulation formats and wireless network standards.
- An advantage is that cost and size of devices using an amplifier based on this aspect of the invention can be reduced.
- the output cunent combines into the load to develop a voltage that can be an analog representation of the amplitude characteristic, so that the amplifier also performs a digital-to-analog conversion.
- embodiments of the invention may be entirely comprised of hardware, software or may be a combination of software and hardware.
- the embodiments or various components may also be provided on a semiconductor device where desired, such as an integrated circuit or an application-specific integrated circuit composition; some examples include silicon (Si), silicon germanium (SiGe) or gallium arsenide (GaAs) substrates.
- the length of the digital word may be longer or shorter in various embodiments, which may provide a more or less precise digitization of the wave.
- the number of bits, control components, control component lines, driver lines, bias control lines, current sources, etc. may all be varied as desired.
- prefened embodiments may include amplifiers that are specialized for particular input signals, carrier waves and output signals e.g. embodiments may be used in various RF, microprocessor, microcontroller and/or computer devices, e.g. cell phones, such as CDMA, CDMA2000, W-CDMA, GSM, TDMA, as well as other wired and wireless devices, e.g.
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Abstract
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Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP03808183A EP1552604A2 (en) | 2002-10-08 | 2003-10-08 | Apparatus, methods and articles of manufacture for linear signal modification |
AU2003299252A AU2003299252A1 (en) | 2002-10-08 | 2003-10-08 | Apparatus, methods and articles of manufacture for linear signal modification |
JP2004543560A JP2006502667A (en) | 2002-10-08 | 2003-10-08 | Apparatus, method, and article of manufacture for linear signal modification |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US41731302P | 2002-10-08 | 2002-10-08 | |
US60/417,313 | 2002-10-08 | ||
US10/294,358 | 2002-11-14 | ||
US10/294,358 US7526260B2 (en) | 2002-11-14 | 2002-11-14 | Apparatus, methods and articles of manufacture for linear signal modification |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO2004034567A2 true WO2004034567A2 (en) | 2004-04-22 |
WO2004034567A3 WO2004034567A3 (en) | 2004-06-24 |
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Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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PCT/US2003/031936 WO2004034567A2 (en) | 2002-10-08 | 2003-10-08 | Apparatus, methods and articles of manufacture for linear signal modification |
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EP (1) | EP1552604A2 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2006502667A (en) |
AU (1) | AU2003299252A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2004034567A2 (en) |
Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6255906B1 (en) * | 1999-09-30 | 2001-07-03 | Conexant Systems, Inc. | Power amplifier operated as an envelope digital to analog converter with digital pre-distortion |
US6411655B1 (en) * | 1998-12-18 | 2002-06-25 | Ericsson Inc. | Systems and methods for converting a stream of complex numbers into an amplitude and phase-modulated radio power signal |
US20020132652A1 (en) * | 2001-03-16 | 2002-09-19 | Steel Victor E. | Segmented power amplifier and method of control |
US20020136325A1 (en) * | 2001-03-21 | 2002-09-26 | Pehlke David R. | System and methodfor RF signal amplification |
Family Cites Families (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH04321305A (en) * | 1991-04-20 | 1992-11-11 | Nec Corp | Amplitude modulation transmitter |
JP2885660B2 (en) * | 1995-01-31 | 1999-04-26 | 日本無線株式会社 | Amplitude modulation circuit |
GB2359206B (en) * | 2000-02-08 | 2004-06-23 | Wireless Systems Int Ltd | Amplifier arrangement |
JP2001274633A (en) * | 2000-03-24 | 2001-10-05 | Denso Corp | Power amplifier |
-
2003
- 2003-10-08 EP EP03808183A patent/EP1552604A2/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2003-10-08 AU AU2003299252A patent/AU2003299252A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-10-08 JP JP2004543560A patent/JP2006502667A/en active Pending
- 2003-10-08 WO PCT/US2003/031936 patent/WO2004034567A2/en active Application Filing
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6411655B1 (en) * | 1998-12-18 | 2002-06-25 | Ericsson Inc. | Systems and methods for converting a stream of complex numbers into an amplitude and phase-modulated radio power signal |
US6255906B1 (en) * | 1999-09-30 | 2001-07-03 | Conexant Systems, Inc. | Power amplifier operated as an envelope digital to analog converter with digital pre-distortion |
US20020132652A1 (en) * | 2001-03-16 | 2002-09-19 | Steel Victor E. | Segmented power amplifier and method of control |
US20020136325A1 (en) * | 2001-03-21 | 2002-09-26 | Pehlke David R. | System and methodfor RF signal amplification |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO2004034567A3 (en) | 2004-06-24 |
AU2003299252A1 (en) | 2004-05-04 |
AU2003299252A8 (en) | 2004-05-04 |
JP2006502667A (en) | 2006-01-19 |
EP1552604A2 (en) | 2005-07-13 |
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