WO2004018780A2 - Improved biplanar net structure for fluid drainage, particularly for geotechnical use - Google Patents
Improved biplanar net structure for fluid drainage, particularly for geotechnical use Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2004018780A2 WO2004018780A2 PCT/US2003/026255 US0326255W WO2004018780A2 WO 2004018780 A2 WO2004018780 A2 WO 2004018780A2 US 0326255 W US0326255 W US 0326255W WO 2004018780 A2 WO2004018780 A2 WO 2004018780A2
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- strands
- section
- layer
- fluid drainage
- planes
- Prior art date
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Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D31/00—Protective arrangements for foundations or foundation structures; Ground foundation measures for protecting the soil or the subsoil water, e.g. preventing or counteracting oil pollution
Definitions
- the present invention generally relates to a biplanar net structure with improved fluid transmisivity for fluid drainage, particularly for geotechnical and civil engineering use.
- Known biplanar net structures have a first set of strands with spaces between them on one plane, which are rigidly associated with and at a particular angle to, a second set of similar strands on a parallel second plane.
- Such nets are manufactured, for example, by extruding plastic material through known counter-rotating co axial nozzle rings provided with slots or holes where the exiting plastic forms the strands.
- Known triplanar net structures have a midplane series of strands is configured to be aligned in the direction of desired drainage flow.
- the two outer planar series of strands are configured to be positive and negative angular displacement to the midplane strands.
- Such nets are manufactured, for example, by extruding plastic material through known extrusion dies consisting of three concentric rings in which the inner and outer rings counter-rotate and the ring between them is stationary.
- the resulting triplanar structure is described in US Patent No. 5,255,998 Inventor Mario Beretta.
- Triplanar nets typically have higher fluid transmisivity properties than equivalent biplanar nets.
- Such biplanar and triplanar nets are buried and inclined with respect to the horizontal plane, so as to allow the flow of fluid to be drained in the direction of the downward incline, or fall-line.
- Such nets are sometimes covered with and laminated to a filter fabric to prevent fines from entering the flow passages of the nets, and causing flow reduction or stoppage.
- a typical example of the use of such drainage nets is on the side slopes and bottom of a landfill to drain leachate fluid from the landfill into a collection sump for purification, thereby preventing potential ground water pollution by uncollected, untreated leachate.
- Other applications are to drain excess ground water from under concrete roadways and buildings.
- the invention provides for improved flow of fluid by providing a more direct down-slope line of flow than currently available biplanar net used for drainage.
- this can be achieved by reducing the speed, or briefly stopping, the rotation of the two concentric rings which make the biplanar net when the strands of both planes cross, associate, and bond with each other.
- the result is a net structure with extended sections where the strands cross each other and where these extended bonded double strand sections are at a lesser angle to the down-slope direction of fluid flow than the non-bonded strand portions.
- the fluid flow along the improved net therefore travels in a more direct down-slope, or fall-line, path for a certain percentage of it's time of passage, resulting in overall improved flow rates.
- FIG. 1 is an isometric depiction of a typical currently available prior art biplanar drainage net.
- FIG. 2 is the plan view of the prior art net of Figure 1.
- FIG. 3 is an isometric depiction of one typical embodiment of biplanar net according to the invention, in which each strand crossing is extended.
- FIG. 4 is the plan view of the improved net in FIGURE 3.
- FIG. 5 is an isometric depiction of a second typical embodiment of biplanar net according to the invention, in which each alternate strand crossing is extended.
- FIG. 6 is the plan view of the improved net in FIGURE 5.
- FIG. 1 shows a typical prior art biplanar net in which strands 3 are planar and together constitute one of the two planes of the net, and strands 4 are planar and together constitute the second plane.
- the down-slope, or fall-line direction is shown by1.
- the angle between the strands of each plane is shown as 6.
- Four of the crossover portions are circled and labeled 5, which is where the strands of both planes cross, associate, and bond with each other.
- the crossover sections 5 are also the load bearing columns, which transmit normal loads from above the net to the base below the net. Strands 3 and 4 are simply suspended between the crossover sections 5.
- FIG. 2 depict the zigzag path of fluid flow down-slope, and shows how the fluid must flow under one strand 3, make a turn and then flow over a strand 4, make a turn and then flow under a strand 3, and so on.
- FIG. 2 is a plan view of Fig. 1 added for clarity.
- FIG. 3 shows a preferred embodiment of the invention in which strands 23 are planar and together constitute one of the two planes of the net, and strands 24 are planar and together constitute the second plane.
- the down-slope, or fall line, direction is shown by 1. (The angle between the strands other than when crossing over each other is shown as 26 on Fig. 4).
- crossover portions 25 Four of the crossover portions are circled and labeled 25, which is where the strands of both planes cross, associate, and bond with each other.
- the cross-over portions are extended in the direction of the fall line by a distance 27 and as a result fluid flowing past the sections 25 will be able to flow directly in the direction of the fall-line for approximately distance 27. This results in, on average, a more direct flow path for the flowing fluid and an increased flow rate compared to that obtained with prior art biplanar net.
- the crossover sections 25 are also the load bearing columns, which transmit normal loads from above the net to the base below the net, and they have a greater cross- sectional area than prior art cross-over sections because of their extended length 27 which increases their load bearing capacity.
- FIG. 4 is the plan view of Fig. 3 added for clarity and to show angle 26 clearly.
- Figures 3 and 4 show the extended crossover portions aligned with the down slope or fall-line for clarity, however according to the invention this is not an absolute requirement. According to the invention it is only necessary for the crossover angle to be less than angle 26 for some of the claimed advantages to be realized.
- the length 27 of the crossover section is not prescribed. For greater flow 27 can be increased and a practical balance will be selected between strand separation and length 27.
- FIG. 5 shows another embodiment of the invention in which strands 33 are planar and together constitute one of the two planes of the net, and strands 34 are planar and together constitute the second plane.
- the down-slope, or fall line, direction is shown by 1.
- crossover extension is made only once out of every two crossovers.
- Two of the crossover portions with such extensions are circled and labeled 35.
- Two unextended crossover sections are circled and labeled 36.
- the crossover sections 35 are extended in the direction of the fall line and as a result fluid flowing past the sections 35 will be able to flow directly in the direction of the fall-line. This results in, on average, a more direct flow path for the flowing fluid and an increased flow rate compared to that obtained with prior art biplanar net.
- the crossover sections 36 are the same as those in prior art biplanar net.
- FIG. 6 is the plan view of Fig. 3 added for clarity.
- Figures 5 and 6 show the extended crossover portions aligned with the down slope or fall-line for clarity, however according to the invention this is not an absolute requirement. According to the invention it is only necessary for the crossover angle to be less than angle between strand when not crossing over each other for some of the claimed advantages to be realized. Likewise the length of the crossover section is not prescribed. For greater flow this length can be increased and a practical balance will be selected between strand separation and crossover length.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Paleontology (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Revetment (AREA)
- Biological Treatment Of Waste Water (AREA)
Abstract
The biplanar net structure has a first set of strands with spaces between them on one plane, which are rigidly associated with a second set of similar strands on a parallel second plane. The first set and second set of strands are inclined at a particular angle with respect to each other except where they cross and rigidly associate with each other where they are inclined at a lesser angle to each other.
Description
IMPROVED BIPLANAR NET STRUCTURE FOR FLUID DRAINAGE, PARTICULARLY FOR GEOTECHNICAL USE
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to a biplanar net structure with improved fluid transmisivity for fluid drainage, particularly for geotechnical and civil engineering use.
2. Description of the Prior Art Drainage of fluids in civil engineering, geotechnical, and other applications has historically been accomplished by including a layer of gravel or stone in the plane of required drainage. The fluid being able to pass along the drainage plane by flowing in the spaces between the gravel or stone particles.
Innovative use of modern synthetic materials has led to the development of biplanar and triplanar nets for use as drainage layers used as more efficient drainage layers than traditional natural materials
Known biplanar net structures have a first set of strands with spaces between them on one plane, which are rigidly associated with and at a particular angle to, a second set of similar strands on a parallel second plane. Such nets are manufactured, for example, by extruding plastic material through known counter-rotating co axial nozzle rings provided with slots or holes where the exiting plastic forms the strands.
Known triplanar net structures have a midplane series of strands is configured to be aligned in the direction of desired drainage flow. The two outer planar series of strands are configured to be positive and negative angular displacement to the midplane strands. Such nets are manufactured, for example, by extruding plastic material through known extrusion dies consisting of three concentric rings in which the inner and outer rings counter-rotate and the ring between them is stationary. The resulting triplanar structure is described in US Patent No. 5,255,998 Inventor Mario Beretta. Triplanar nets typically have higher fluid transmisivity properties than equivalent biplanar nets. Such biplanar and triplanar nets are buried and inclined with respect to the horizontal plane, so as to allow the flow of fluid to be drained in the direction of the downward incline, or fall-line. Such nets are sometimes covered with and laminated to a filter fabric to prevent fines from entering the flow passages of the nets, and causing flow reduction or stoppage. A typical example of the use of such drainage nets is on the side slopes and bottom of a landfill to drain leachate fluid from the landfill into a collection sump for purification, thereby preventing potential ground water pollution by uncollected, untreated leachate. Other applications are to drain excess ground water from under concrete roadways and buildings.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In a primary embodiment, the invention provides for improved flow of fluid by providing a more direct down-slope line of flow than currently available biplanar net used for drainage. In net manufacture this can be achieved by reducing the speed, or briefly stopping, the rotation of the two concentric rings which make the biplanar net when the strands of both planes cross, associate, and bond with each other. The result is a net structure with extended sections where the strands cross each other and where these extended bonded double strand sections are at a lesser angle to the down-slope direction of fluid flow than the non-bonded strand portions. The fluid flow along the improved net therefore travels in a more direct down-slope, or fall-line, path for a certain percentage of it's time of passage, resulting in overall improved flow rates.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Further details of the invention are explained below with the help of the examples illustrated in the attached drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is an isometric depiction of a typical currently available prior art biplanar drainage net.
FIG. 2 is the plan view of the prior art net of Figure 1.
FIG. 3 is an isometric depiction of one typical embodiment of biplanar net according to the invention, in which each strand crossing is extended.
FIG. 4 is the plan view of the improved net in FIGURE 3.
FIG. 5 is an isometric depiction of a second typical embodiment of biplanar net according to the invention, in which each alternate strand crossing is extended.
FIG. 6 is the plan view of the improved net in FIGURE 5.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERED EMBODIMENTS
FIG. 1 shows a typical prior art biplanar net in which strands 3 are planar and together constitute one of the two planes of the net, and strands 4 are planar and together constitute the second plane. The down-slope, or fall-line direction is shown by1. The angle between the strands of each plane is shown as 6. Four of the crossover portions are circled and labeled 5, which is where the strands of both planes cross, associate, and bond with each other. The crossover sections 5 are also the load bearing columns, which transmit normal loads from above the net to the base below the net. Strands 3 and 4 are simply suspended between the crossover sections 5. 2 depict the zigzag path of fluid flow down-slope, and shows how the fluid must flow under one strand 3, make a turn and then flow over a strand 4, make a turn and then flow under a strand 3, and so on. FIG. 2 is a plan view of Fig. 1 added for clarity. FIG. 3 shows a preferred embodiment of the invention in which strands 23 are planar and together constitute one of the two planes of the net, and strands 24 are planar and together constitute the second plane. The down-slope, or fall line, direction is shown by 1. (The angle between the strands other than when crossing over each other is shown as 26 on Fig. 4). Four of the crossover portions are circled and labeled 25, which is where the strands of both planes cross, associate, and bond with each other. The cross-over portions are extended in the direction of the fall line by a distance 27 and as a result fluid flowing past the sections 25 will be able to flow directly in the direction of the fall-line for approximately distance 27. This results in, on average, a more direct flow path for the flowing fluid and an increased flow rate compared to that obtained with prior art biplanar net. The crossover sections 25 are also the load bearing columns, which transmit normal loads from above the net to the base below the net, and they have a greater cross- sectional area than prior art cross-over sections because of their extended length 27 which increases their load bearing capacity. This increased load bearing capacity allows biplanar net of the invention to withstand relatively greater normal loads, than prior art biplanar net, before collapsing and reducing fluid flow. Strands 23 and 24 are simply suspended between the crossover sections 25. 22 depicts the path of fluid flow down- slope, and shows how the fluid must flow under one strand 23, make a turn, flow parallel to 25 which is straight down the fall-line, make a turn and then flow over a strand 24, make a turn and then flow under a strand 23, and so on.
FIG. 4 is the plan view of Fig. 3 added for clarity and to show angle 26 clearly. Figures 3 and 4 show the extended crossover portions aligned with the down slope or fall-line for clarity, however according to the invention this is not an absolute requirement. According to the invention it is only necessary for the crossover angle to be less than angle 26 for some of the claimed advantages to be realized. Likewise the length 27 of the crossover section is not prescribed. For greater flow 27 can be increased and a practical balance will be selected between strand separation and length 27.
FIG. 5 shows another embodiment of the invention in which strands 33 are planar and together constitute one of the two planes of the net, and strands 34 are planar and together constitute the second plane. The down-slope, or fall line, direction is shown by 1. (The angle between the strands other than when crossing over each other is shown as 36 on Fig. 4). In the embodiment shown in Figures 5 and 6 the crossover extension according to the invention is made only once out of every two crossovers. Two of the crossover portions with such extensions are circled and labeled 35. Two unextended crossover sections are circled and labeled 36. The crossover sections 35 are extended in the direction of the fall line and as a result fluid flowing past the sections 35 will be able to flow directly in the direction of the fall-line. This results in, on average, a more direct flow path for the flowing fluid and an increased flow rate compared to that obtained with prior art biplanar net. The crossover sections 36 are the same as those in prior art biplanar net. In this embodiment only one half the benefit accruing to the net of Figs. 3 and 4 can be realized. Likewise only one half of the increase in load bearing capacity possible with the net in Figs. 3 and 4 can be achieved. Strands 33 and 34 are simply suspended between the crossover sections 35 and 36. 32 depicts the path of fluid flow down-slope, and shows how the fluid must flow over strand 34, make a turn, flow parallel to 36 which is straight down the fall-line, make a turn and then flow under a strand 33, make a turn and then flow over a strand 34, and so on. FIG. 6 is the plan view of Fig. 3 added for clarity. Figures 5 and 6 show the extended crossover portions aligned with the down slope or fall-line for clarity, however according to the invention this is not an absolute requirement. According to the invention it is only necessary for the crossover angle to be less than angle between strand when not crossing over each other for some of the claimed advantages to be realized. Likewise the length of the crossover section is not prescribed. For greater flow this length can be increased and a practical balance will be selected between strand separation and crossover length.
It is to be understood that the forms of the invention herein shown and described are to be taken as preferred examples of the same and that various changes in the shape, size, arrangement of parts, or materials used may be made without departing from the spirit of the invention or the scope of the claims.
Claims
1. Fluid drainage net for geotechnical use comprising: - a) a first layer of strands aligned with, and separated from, each other in a regular repeating pattern which defines a plane of lay, said strands being shaped in a repeating two part zigzag pattern with a first section at a positive angle to an axis on the plane of lay and a second section essentially parallel to said axis; b) a second layer of strands aligned with, and separated from, each other in a regular repeating pattern, said strands being shaped in a repeating two part zigzag pattern with a first section at a negative angle to said axis and a second section essentially parallel with said axis, which defines a second plane which is superimposed on top of said first layer of strands, said second layer of strands being oriented such that the second section of the zigzags on both planes substantially align with each other and are connected forming a plurality of intersection nodes, and said intersection nodes extending substantially perpendicular to said plane of lay
2. Fluid drainage net for geotechnical use according to claim 1 , wherein said first layer of strands and said second layer of strands are formed monolithically.
3. Fluid drainage net for geotechnical use according to claim 1 , further comprising a membrane connected to one of said layers of strands.
4. Fluid drainage net for geotechnical use according to claim 1 , further comprising a membrane connected to one layer of said layers of strands and a second membrane connected to the second layer of said strands.
5. Fluid drainage net for geotechnical use according to claim 1 wherein the length of the first section of said zigzag pattern of both layers is such that when the two planes are superimposed on each other, every location where the strands from the two planes cross over each other coincides with the second section of said zigzags.
6. Fluid drainage net for geotechnical use according to claim 1 wherein the length of the first section of said zigzag pattern of both layers is sufficiently long such that when the two planes are superimposed on each other, not every location where the strands from the two planes cross over each other coincides with the second section of said zigzags.
7. Fluid drainage net for geotechnical use comprising: a) a first layer of strands aligned with, and separated from, each other in a regular repeating pattern which defines a plane of lay, said strands being shaped in a repeating two part zigzag pattern with a first section at a positive angle to an axis on the plane of lay and a second section at lesser angle to said axis; b) a second layer of strands aligned with, and separated from, each other in a regular repeating pattern, said strands being shaped in a repeating two part zigzag pattern with a first section at a negative angle to said axis and a second section with a lesser negative angle to said axis, which defines a second plane which is superimposed on top of said first layer of strands, said second layer of strands being oriented such that the second section of the zigzags on both planes substantially cross over each other and are connected forming a plurality of intersection nodes, and said intersection nodes extending substantially perpendicular to said plane of lay
8. Fluid drainage net for geotechnical use according to claim 7, wherein said first layer of strands and said second layer of strands are formed monolithically.
9. Fluid drainage net for geotechnical use according to claim 7, further comprising a membrane connected to one of said layers of strands.
10. Fluid drainage net for geotechnical use according to claim 7, further comprising a membrane connected to one layer of said layers of strands and a second membrane connected to the second layer of said strands.
11. Fluid drainage net for geotechnical use according to claim 7 wherein the length of the first section of said zigzag pattern of both layers is such that when the two planes are superimposed on each other, every location where the strands from the two planes cross over each other occurs within the second section of said zigzags.
12. Fluid drainage net for geotechnical use according to claim 7 wherein the length of the first section of said zigzag pattern of both layers is sufficiently long such that when the two planes are superimposed on each other, not every location where the strands from the two planes cross over each other occurs within the second section of said zigzags.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| AU2003262775A AU2003262775A1 (en) | 2002-08-26 | 2003-08-22 | Improved biplanar net structure for fluid drainage, particularly for geotechnical use |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US22798102A | 2002-08-26 | 2002-08-26 | |
| US10/227,981 | 2002-08-26 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2004018780A2 true WO2004018780A2 (en) | 2004-03-04 |
| WO2004018780A3 WO2004018780A3 (en) | 2004-05-21 |
Family
ID=31946343
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/US2003/026255 WO2004018780A2 (en) | 2002-08-26 | 2003-08-22 | Improved biplanar net structure for fluid drainage, particularly for geotechnical use |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| AU (1) | AU2003262775A1 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2004018780A2 (en) |
Citations (19)
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3384530A (en) * | 1964-07-31 | 1968-05-21 | Plastic Textile Access Ltd | Extruded plastic net, method of making the same and sack made of said net |
| US3505157A (en) * | 1966-05-23 | 1970-04-07 | Du Pont | Integrally molded net |
| US3632463A (en) * | 1967-08-23 | 1972-01-04 | Emerson Electric Co | Apparatus for making electric resistance heating mats |
| US3825465A (en) * | 1972-03-24 | 1974-07-23 | R Stock | Three dimensional reticulated structure |
| US4105724A (en) * | 1974-11-13 | 1978-08-08 | Ruckluft Patent Ag. | Contact packing |
| US4259385A (en) * | 1979-02-09 | 1981-03-31 | National Steel Corporation | Expanded reinforcing sheet material, its method of manufacture, and sheet material reinforced therewith |
| US4297154A (en) * | 1979-02-09 | 1981-10-27 | National Steel Corporation | Method of manufacturing expanded reinforcing sheet material |
| US4303714A (en) * | 1978-10-16 | 1981-12-01 | P.L.G. Research Limited | Plastics material mesh structure |
| US4662946A (en) * | 1982-10-05 | 1987-05-05 | Mercer Frank B | Strengthening a matrix |
| US4778309A (en) * | 1987-03-30 | 1988-10-18 | Presto Products, Incorporated | Stackable grid material for soil confinement |
| US4804293A (en) * | 1986-01-28 | 1989-02-14 | Comporgan Rendszerhaz K.V. | Flexible layer structure for protecting earthworks, bed walls and for delimiting embedding layers |
| US5053264A (en) * | 1988-12-20 | 1991-10-01 | Rdb Plastotecnica S.P.A. | Plastic material net structure |
| US5207020A (en) * | 1991-10-04 | 1993-05-04 | Research Products Corporation | Biodegradable slit and expanded erosion control cover |
| US5252111A (en) * | 1992-09-01 | 1993-10-12 | Spencer Victor V | Expandable multi-ply obliquely oriented honeycomb filter media |
| US5255998A (en) * | 1991-11-12 | 1993-10-26 | Rdb Plastotecnica S.P.A. | Multiple-layer net structure for fluid drainage, particularly for geotechnical use |
| US5500271A (en) * | 1994-08-09 | 1996-03-19 | Research Products Corporation | Paint arrestor formed from slit sheet material |
| US5840411A (en) * | 1994-06-02 | 1998-11-24 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Multiple layer papermaking belt providing improved fiber support for cellulosic fibrous structures, and cellulosic fibrous structures produced thereby |
| US5851089A (en) * | 1996-10-07 | 1998-12-22 | Tenax Spa | Composite reinforced structure including an integrated multi-layer geogrid and method of constructing the same |
| US6135672A (en) * | 1995-01-05 | 2000-10-24 | Jimboomba Turf Company Pty. Limited | Method of and turf product for erosion control |
-
2003
- 2003-08-22 WO PCT/US2003/026255 patent/WO2004018780A2/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2003-08-22 AU AU2003262775A patent/AU2003262775A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (19)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3384530A (en) * | 1964-07-31 | 1968-05-21 | Plastic Textile Access Ltd | Extruded plastic net, method of making the same and sack made of said net |
| US3505157A (en) * | 1966-05-23 | 1970-04-07 | Du Pont | Integrally molded net |
| US3632463A (en) * | 1967-08-23 | 1972-01-04 | Emerson Electric Co | Apparatus for making electric resistance heating mats |
| US3825465A (en) * | 1972-03-24 | 1974-07-23 | R Stock | Three dimensional reticulated structure |
| US4105724A (en) * | 1974-11-13 | 1978-08-08 | Ruckluft Patent Ag. | Contact packing |
| US4303714A (en) * | 1978-10-16 | 1981-12-01 | P.L.G. Research Limited | Plastics material mesh structure |
| US4259385A (en) * | 1979-02-09 | 1981-03-31 | National Steel Corporation | Expanded reinforcing sheet material, its method of manufacture, and sheet material reinforced therewith |
| US4297154A (en) * | 1979-02-09 | 1981-10-27 | National Steel Corporation | Method of manufacturing expanded reinforcing sheet material |
| US4662946A (en) * | 1982-10-05 | 1987-05-05 | Mercer Frank B | Strengthening a matrix |
| US4804293A (en) * | 1986-01-28 | 1989-02-14 | Comporgan Rendszerhaz K.V. | Flexible layer structure for protecting earthworks, bed walls and for delimiting embedding layers |
| US4778309A (en) * | 1987-03-30 | 1988-10-18 | Presto Products, Incorporated | Stackable grid material for soil confinement |
| US5053264A (en) * | 1988-12-20 | 1991-10-01 | Rdb Plastotecnica S.P.A. | Plastic material net structure |
| US5207020A (en) * | 1991-10-04 | 1993-05-04 | Research Products Corporation | Biodegradable slit and expanded erosion control cover |
| US5255998A (en) * | 1991-11-12 | 1993-10-26 | Rdb Plastotecnica S.P.A. | Multiple-layer net structure for fluid drainage, particularly for geotechnical use |
| US5252111A (en) * | 1992-09-01 | 1993-10-12 | Spencer Victor V | Expandable multi-ply obliquely oriented honeycomb filter media |
| US5840411A (en) * | 1994-06-02 | 1998-11-24 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Multiple layer papermaking belt providing improved fiber support for cellulosic fibrous structures, and cellulosic fibrous structures produced thereby |
| US5500271A (en) * | 1994-08-09 | 1996-03-19 | Research Products Corporation | Paint arrestor formed from slit sheet material |
| US6135672A (en) * | 1995-01-05 | 2000-10-24 | Jimboomba Turf Company Pty. Limited | Method of and turf product for erosion control |
| US5851089A (en) * | 1996-10-07 | 1998-12-22 | Tenax Spa | Composite reinforced structure including an integrated multi-layer geogrid and method of constructing the same |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO2004018780A3 (en) | 2004-05-21 |
| AU2003262775A1 (en) | 2004-03-11 |
| AU2003262775A8 (en) | 2004-03-11 |
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