WO2004014727A1 - Rim for aircraft landing gear wheels - Google Patents

Rim for aircraft landing gear wheels Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2004014727A1
WO2004014727A1 PCT/ES2003/000387 ES0300387W WO2004014727A1 WO 2004014727 A1 WO2004014727 A1 WO 2004014727A1 ES 0300387 W ES0300387 W ES 0300387W WO 2004014727 A1 WO2004014727 A1 WO 2004014727A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
landing gear
rim
aircraft landing
wheel
wheels
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/ES2003/000387
Other languages
Spanish (es)
French (fr)
Inventor
Martin Huete Jane
Original Assignee
Martin Huete Jane
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Martin Huete Jane filed Critical Martin Huete Jane
Priority to AU2003254505A priority Critical patent/AU2003254505A1/en
Publication of WO2004014727A1 publication Critical patent/WO2004014727A1/en

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
    • B64C—AEROPLANES; HELICOPTERS
    • B64C25/00—Alighting gear
    • B64C25/32—Alighting gear characterised by elements which contact the ground or similar surface 
    • B64C25/40—Alighting gear characterised by elements which contact the ground or similar surface  the elements being rotated before touch-down

Definitions

  • the present invention is intended to disclose a tire for aircraft landing gear that presents original features of novelty and inventive activity.
  • the tire object of the present invention is intended to solve a problem that currently occurs in all airplanes at the time of grounding, which consists in that initially the landing gear wheels are stationary, so that When these wheels are in contact with the ground at the still very high speed that the plane is carrying, a very strong dynamic action is produced on the wheels, which must be accelerated sharply between the zero speed due to its resting position and the speed corresponding to the linear travel speed of the plane on the runway. This causes high efforts on the wheel that result in high wear and warming and ultimately high costs due to the frequent renewal of the landing gear wheels.
  • the present invention aims at the realization of means that allow the wheels of the landing gear to acquire the speed corresponding to that of the landing before touching the ground, so that at the time of establishing contact with the ground, the wheels already have the corresponding speed for Avoid the great braking efforts of the wheel and the wear mentioned above.
  • auxiliary motors for driving the wheels driven by electric or other energy that would allow the wheels to rotate before landing, this would report major complications in the wheel drive which, apart from the consequent cost increase, could lead to a source of mechanical inconvenience, breakdowns, etc.
  • the objective of the present invention is to provide means for automatically producing the rotation of the wheels, without mechanical drive means, so that the dynamic effect of extraordinary friction can be reduced or canceled. the moment of contact of the wheels with the runway.
  • the present invention is based on integrating several deflectors into the tire, for example, conical parts, preferably in number of three, with the cone base open, being located near the outer edges thereof, forming said cones on each of the wheels a regular distribution, for example, in the form of an equilateral triangle.
  • the cone-shaped pieces are placed so that when, by the position of the wheel it is closer to the ground, its base is oriented frontally to the air. This will cause from the descent of the landing gear and due to air resistance, the angular acceleration of the wheels putting us at a speed that can correspond practically to the linear speed of the plane, which translates into that at the time of the ground the wear of the wheels will be minimal and the temperature increase will also be very reduced.
  • the mentioned conical parts may be made independently of the tires being joined, for example, by welding to the desired points thereof.
  • the triangular shapes may be made by drawing into the tires themselves at the time of manufacture, which will report an eventual greater simplicity of the tire.
  • the general structure and effect will be the same. They could also be made in the form of baffles similar to the blades of a paddle wheel or the blades of a windmill.
  • Figure 1 shows a perspective view of an airplane tire in which three pieces of substantially triangular conical shape have been incorporated.
  • Figure 2 shows a view similar to that of Figure 1 in a variant embodiment.
  • Figures 3 and 4 show paths in front elevation with section of the triangular pieces and in schematic cross-section of the rim of Figure 1.
  • Figures 5 and 6 show views similar to those of Figures 3 and 4 corresponding to the tire of Figure 2
  • FIGS 7, 8 and 9 show detailed views of a version in which the drive parts have been made by drawing on the tire itself.
  • Figure 10 shows a schematic view showing the positioning and effect of the tires object of the present invention in an airplane.
  • the present invention provides for the incorporation of several parts in the form of dynamic deflectors capable of receiving the action of air for the automatic rotation of the wheel at the time that the landing gear is deployed to initiate the landing maneuver, in a particular case represented in the figures, in a substantially conical manner with the base open, such as those indicated with numerals -2-, -3- and -4 - distributed regularly along the outer flange -5- of the rim and presenting openings such as -6- and -7- in its frontal part, so that the action of the air can produce its rotation, as it has been depicted in figure 10, in which the plane -8- is observed in a grounding position on the runway -9-, observing that the object of the present invention is to make the different wheelsets, such as -10 -, -11- and -12- acquire a deter mined speed of rotation due to the effect of air that minimizes the dynamic effect when the wheels contact the ground.
  • Figure 2 shows a variant in which the rim -13- has three parts -14-, -15- and -16- similar in structure to those of figure 1, with the exception that its smaller end, opposite the main opening -17-, has been shown, forming a smaller opening -18-.
  • the means generally provided for in the present invention essentially lie in the constitution of air deflector zones near the outer edge of the periphery of the rim so that, although parts of substantially shaped parts have been represented as a preferred version triangular open on one side, the same effect could also be obtained by means of baffles in the form of vanes or blades that could resemble the blades of a turbine or similar element driven by the kinetic energy of a fluid directed in a certain direction, that is to say , similar to the blades of a windmill, or others.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Aviation & Aerospace Engineering (AREA)
  • Tires In General (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a rim for aircraft landing gear wheels. The outer face of the inventive rim comprises dynamic baffles which, under the force of the air, cause the wheel to rotate automatically when the landing gear is deployed in order to commence the landing manoeuvre.

Description

LLANTA PARA RUEDAS DE TRENES DE ATERRIZAJE DE AVIONESRIM FOR AIRCRAFT LANDING TRAIN WHEELS
MEMORIA DESCRIPTIVADESCRIPTIVE MEMORY
La presente invención está destinada a dar a conocer una llanta para trenes de aterrizaje de aviones que presenta originales características de novedad y de actividad inventiva.The present invention is intended to disclose a tire for aircraft landing gear that presents original features of novelty and inventive activity.
En particular, la llanta objeto de la presente invención está destinada a solucionar un problema que actualmente se presenta en todos los aviones en el momento de tomar tierra, que consiste en que inicialmente las ruedas del tren de aterrizaje se hallan estacionarias, por lo que en el momento de establecer contacto dichas ruedas con el suelo a la velocidad todavía muy elevada que lleva el avión, se produce una acción dinámica muy fuerte sobre las ruedas, que se deben acelerar de manera brusca entre la velocidad nula por su posición de reposo y la velocidad que corresponde a la velocidad lineal de desplazamiento del avión sobre la pista de aterrizaje. Ello provoca unos elevados esfuerzos sobre la rueda que se traducen en elevados desgastes y calentamiento y a fin de cuentas en elevados costes por la necesaria renovación frecuente de las ruedas de los trenes de aterrizaje.In particular, the tire object of the present invention is intended to solve a problem that currently occurs in all airplanes at the time of grounding, which consists in that initially the landing gear wheels are stationary, so that When these wheels are in contact with the ground at the still very high speed that the plane is carrying, a very strong dynamic action is produced on the wheels, which must be accelerated sharply between the zero speed due to its resting position and the speed corresponding to the linear travel speed of the plane on the runway. This causes high efforts on the wheel that result in high wear and warming and ultimately high costs due to the frequent renewal of the landing gear wheels.
La presente invención tiene como objetivo la realización de medios que permitan que las ruedas del tren de aterrizaje adquieran la velocidad correspondiente a la del aterrizaje antes de tocar al suelo, de manera que en el momento de establecer contacto con el suelo, las ruedas tengan ya la velocidad correspondiente para evitar los grandes esfuerzos de frenado de la rueda y los desgastes antes citados. A este respecto, cabe indicar que, si bien resultaría teóricamente posible el montaje de motores auxiliares para el accionamiento de las ruedas, accionados por energía eléctrica o de otro tipo que permitieran poner en giro las ruedas antes del aterrizaje, ello reportaría grandes complicaciones en el accionamiento de las ruedas que, aparte del aumento de costes consiguiente, podría comportar una fuente de inconvenientes mecánicos, averías, etc.The present invention aims at the realization of means that allow the wheels of the landing gear to acquire the speed corresponding to that of the landing before touching the ground, so that at the time of establishing contact with the ground, the wheels already have the corresponding speed for Avoid the great braking efforts of the wheel and the wear mentioned above. In this regard, it should be noted that, although it would theoretically be possible to mount auxiliary motors for driving the wheels, driven by electric or other energy that would allow the wheels to rotate before landing, this would report major complications in the wheel drive which, apart from the consequent cost increase, could lead to a source of mechanical inconvenience, breakdowns, etc.
Por las razones anteriores, el objetivo de la presente invención estriba en dar a conocer medios para producir de manera automática la puesta en giro de las ruedas, sin medios mecánicos de impulsión, para que se pueda reducir o anular el efecto dinámico de extraordinario rozamiento en el momento de la toma de contacto de las ruedas con la pista de aterrizaje.For the above reasons, the objective of the present invention is to provide means for automatically producing the rotation of the wheels, without mechanical drive means, so that the dynamic effect of extraordinary friction can be reduced or canceled. the moment of contact of the wheels with the runway.
Esencialmente, la presente invención se basa en integrar en la llanta de modo indesmontable varios deflectores, por ejemplo, piezas cónicas, preferentemente en número de tres, con la base de cono abierta, quedando situadas cerca de los bordes externos de las mismas, formando dichos conos en cada una de las ruedas un reparto regular, por ejemplo, en forma de triángulo equilátero. Las piezas en forma de cono están colocadas de manera que cuando, por la posición de la rueda se encuentre más cerca de tierra, su base quede orientada frontalmente al aire. Ello provocará desde la bajada del tren de aterrizaje y por resistencia al aire, la aceleración angular de las ruedas poniéndonos a una velocidad que puede corresponder prácticamente a la velocidad lineal del avión, lo cual se traduce en que en el momento de la toma de tierra el desgaste de las ruedas será mínimo y el aumento de temperatura será también muy reducido.Essentially, the present invention is based on integrating several deflectors into the tire, for example, conical parts, preferably in number of three, with the cone base open, being located near the outer edges thereof, forming said cones on each of the wheels a regular distribution, for example, in the form of an equilateral triangle. The cone-shaped pieces are placed so that when, by the position of the wheel it is closer to the ground, its base is oriented frontally to the air. This will cause from the descent of the landing gear and due to air resistance, the angular acceleration of the wheels putting us at a speed that can correspond practically to the linear speed of the plane, which translates into that at the time of the ground the wear of the wheels will be minimal and the temperature increase will also be very reduced.
Las piezas cónicas mencionadas podrán quedar realizadas independientemente de las llantas siendo unidas, por ejemplo, por soldadura a los puntos deseados de las mismas. En otras versiones, las formas triangulares podrán quedar realizadas por embutición en las propias llantas en el momento de fabricarlas, lo cual reportará una eventual mayor simplicidad de la llanta. Sin embargo, en todos los casos la estructura general y efecto será el mismo. También se podrían realizar en forma de deflectores similares a los alabes de una rueda de paletas o a las palas de un molino de viento.The mentioned conical parts may be made independently of the tires being joined, for example, by welding to the desired points thereof. In other versions, the triangular shapes may be made by drawing into the tires themselves at the time of manufacture, which will report an eventual greater simplicity of the tire. However, in all cases the general structure and effect will be the same. They could also be made in the form of baffles similar to the blades of a paddle wheel or the blades of a windmill.
Para su mejor comprensión se adjuntan, a título de ejemplo explicativo y no limitativo, unos dibujos de varias realizaciones de la presente invención.For better understanding, some drawings of various embodiments of the present invention are attached by way of explanatory and non-limiting example.
La figura 1 muestra una vista en perspectiva de una llanta de avión en la que se han incorporado tres piezas de forma sensiblemente cónica triangular.Figure 1 shows a perspective view of an airplane tire in which three pieces of substantially triangular conical shape have been incorporated.
La figura 2 muestra una vista semejante a la de la figura 1 en una variante de realización.Figure 2 shows a view similar to that of Figure 1 in a variant embodiment.
Las figuras 3 y 4 muestran sendas vistas en alzado frontal con sección de las piezas triangulares y en sección transversal esquemática de la llanta de la figura 1.Figures 3 and 4 show paths in front elevation with section of the triangular pieces and in schematic cross-section of the rim of Figure 1.
Las figuras 5 y 6 muestran vistas semejantes a las de las figuras 3 y 4 correspondientes a la llanta de la figura 2.Figures 5 and 6 show views similar to those of Figures 3 and 4 corresponding to the tire of Figure 2
Las figuras 7, 8 y 9 muestran vistas en detalle de una versión en la que las piezas de impulsión han sido realizadas por embutición en la propia llanta.Figures 7, 8 and 9 show detailed views of a version in which the drive parts have been made by drawing on the tire itself.
La figura 10 muestra una vista esquemática en la que se representa el posicionado y efecto de las llantas objeto de la presente invención en un avión.Figure 10 shows a schematic view showing the positioning and effect of the tires object of the present invention in an airplane.
Tal como se representa en las figuras, en una llanta de aviación -1-, la presente invención prevé la incorporación de varias piezas en forma de deflectores dinámicos susceptibles de recibir la acción del aire para la puesta en giro automática de la rueda en el momento de que el tren de aterrizaje es desplegado para iniciar la maniobra de aterrizaje, en un caso particular representado en las figuras, de forma sensiblemente cónica con la base abierta, tales como las indicadas con los numerales -2-, -3- y -4- repartidas de manera regular a lo largo del reborde externo -5- de la llanta y presentando aberturas tales como -6- y -7- en su parte frontal, de manera que la acción del aire pueda producir su giro, tal como se ha representado en la figura 10, en la que se observa el avión -8- en posición de toma de tierra sobre la pista -9-, observándose que el objeto de la presente invención es hacer que los diferentes juegos de ruedas, tales como -10-, -11- y -12- adquieran una determinada velocidad de rotación por el efecto del aire que minimice el efecto dinámico al establecer contacto las ruedas con el suelo.As shown in the figures, in an aviation rim -1-, the present invention provides for the incorporation of several parts in the form of dynamic deflectors capable of receiving the action of air for the automatic rotation of the wheel at the time that the landing gear is deployed to initiate the landing maneuver, in a particular case represented in the figures, in a substantially conical manner with the base open, such as those indicated with numerals -2-, -3- and -4 - distributed regularly along the outer flange -5- of the rim and presenting openings such as -6- and -7- in its frontal part, so that the action of the air can produce its rotation, as it has been depicted in figure 10, in which the plane -8- is observed in a grounding position on the runway -9-, observing that the object of the present invention is to make the different wheelsets, such as -10 -, -11- and -12- acquire a deter mined speed of rotation due to the effect of air that minimizes the dynamic effect when the wheels contact the ground.
En la figura 2 se muestra una variante en la que la llanta -13- presenta tres piezas -14-, -15- y -16- de estructura similar a las de la figura 1 , con la salvedad de que se ha representado su extremo menor, opuesto a la abertura principal -17-, abierto formando una abertura más reducida -18-.Figure 2 shows a variant in which the rim -13- has three parts -14-, -15- and -16- similar in structure to those of figure 1, with the exception that its smaller end, opposite the main opening -17-, has been shown, forming a smaller opening -18-.
En las figuras 7 a 9 se ha representado una versión en la que la llanta -19- presenta en su periferia unas embuticiones tales como -20-, -21- y -22- cuya forma puede ser muy parecida a la representada en las figuras anteriores y que en el caso de los dibujos se ha representado esquemáticamente en forma ligeramente distinta, pudiéndose comprender que dicha forma podrá variar dentro de amplios límites, pudiendo adoptar una estructura sensiblemente triangular tal como se ha representado en las figuras anteriores. La realización de los perfiles deflectores embutidos directamente de la llanta puede representar una mayor simplicidad de fabricación y la desaparición de cualesquiera problemas de solidez .In figures 7 to 9 a version is shown in which the rim -19- has on its periphery some embossments such as -20-, -21- and -22- whose shape can be very similar to that represented in the figures above and that in the case of the drawings it has been schematically represented in a slightly different way, it being understood that said shape may vary within wide limits, being able to adopt a substantially triangular structure as represented in the previous figures. The realization of the deflector profiles embedded directly from the tire can represent a greater simplicity of manufacture and the disappearance of any solidity problems.
Como se comprende, los medios que en general prevé la presente invención estriban esencialmente en la constitución de zonas deflectoras de aire cerca del borde externo de la periferia de la llanta de manera que, si bien se han representado como una versión preferente piezas de forma sensiblemente triangular abiertas por una cara, también se podría obtener el mismo efecto mediante deflectores en forma de paletas o aspas que se pudieran asemejar a los alabes de una turbina o elemento similar accionada por la energía cinética de un fluido dirigido en una determinada dirección, es decir, de forma semejante a las aspas de un molino de viento, u otros. As it is understood, the means generally provided for in the present invention essentially lie in the constitution of air deflector zones near the outer edge of the periphery of the rim so that, although parts of substantially shaped parts have been represented as a preferred version triangular open on one side, the same effect could also be obtained by means of baffles in the form of vanes or blades that could resemble the blades of a turbine or similar element driven by the kinetic energy of a fluid directed in a certain direction, that is to say , similar to the blades of a windmill, or others.

Claims

REIVINDICACIONES
1. Llanta para ruedas de trenes de aterrizaje de aviones, caracterizada por la disposición en su cara externa de deflectores dinámicos susceptibles de recibir la acción del aire para la puesta en giro automática de la rueda en el momento de que el tren de aterrizaje es desplegado para iniciar la maniobra de aterrizaje.1. Wheel rim for aircraft landing gear, characterized by the provision on its external face of dynamic deflectors capable of receiving air action for automatic wheel rotation at the time the landing gear is deployed to start the landing maneuver.
2. Llanta para ruedas de trenes de aterrizaje de aviones, según la reivindicación 1, caracterizada porque los deflectores aerodinámicos adoptan forma sensiblemente cónica con una base abierta dirigida hacia la dirección contraria a la del aterrizaje.2. Wheel rim for aircraft landing gear according to claim 1, characterized in that the aerodynamic baffles adopt a substantially conical shape with an open base directed towards the direction opposite to that of the landing.
3. Llanta para ruedas de trenes de aterrizaje de aviones, según la reivindicación 1, caracterizada porque la llanta presenta múltiples embuticiones en forma sensiblemente de alabes cerca de su borde externo para permitir la acción dinámica del aire produciendo el giro de la rueda.3. Tire for aircraft landing gear wheels, according to claim 1, characterized in that the tire has multiple embossments in the shape of blades near its outer edge to allow the dynamic action of the air causing the wheel to rotate.
4. Llanta para ruedas de trenes de aterrizaje de aviones, según la reivindicación 1, caracterizada por comportar deflectores en forma sensible de palas de un molino, incorporadas en la cara externa de la rueda cerca de su borde exterior. 4. Wheel rim for aircraft landing gear, according to claim 1, characterized in that there are sensitive baffles in the form of blades of a mill, incorporated in the outer face of the wheel near its outer edge.
PCT/ES2003/000387 2002-08-05 2003-07-25 Rim for aircraft landing gear wheels WO2004014727A1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU2003254505A AU2003254505A1 (en) 2002-08-05 2003-07-25 Rim for aircraft landing gear wheels

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
ES200201843 2002-08-05
ES200201843A ES2246607B1 (en) 2002-08-05 2002-08-05 RIM FOR WHEELS OF AIRCRAFT LANDING TRAINS.

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2004014727A1 true WO2004014727A1 (en) 2004-02-19

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PCT/ES2003/000387 WO2004014727A1 (en) 2002-08-05 2003-07-25 Rim for aircraft landing gear wheels

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AU (1) AU2003254505A1 (en)
ES (1) ES2246607B1 (en)
WO (1) WO2004014727A1 (en)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2012153351A (en) * 2011-01-25 2012-08-16 Shinji Kobayashi Wear/accident prevention system of airplane tire
ES2529512A1 (en) * 2013-08-20 2015-02-20 Joaquín ALONSO CERQUEIRA Aerodynamic turning accelerator set for aircraft wheels (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding)
DE102013020547A1 (en) * 2013-12-12 2015-06-18 Henryk Bastian Profile element for a landing gear of an aircraft

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
ES2916749A1 (en) * 2021-01-04 2022-07-05 Sisini Cristian Miguel Alonso Covers and automatic turn tires for aircraft (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding)
ES2969821A1 (en) * 2023-09-07 2024-05-22 Sanchez Antonio Carballo AUTO ROTATIONAL TIRE FOR AIRCRAFT LANDING GEAR

Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1829500A (en) * 1929-08-02 1931-10-27 Brown William Landing wheel
GB516738A (en) * 1938-07-06 1940-01-10 Vickers Aviat Ltd Improvements in landing wheels for aircraft
US3233849A (en) * 1964-07-13 1966-02-08 Rubin Res Inc B Aircraft wheel accelerating means
ES359142A1 (en) * 1968-10-14 1970-05-16 Somme Procedure to avoid the efforts produced by the reaction of the inertia of the wheels of the aircraft. (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding)
WO1992015483A1 (en) * 1991-03-05 1992-09-17 Julian Pasqua Aircraft wheel prerotation apparatus
ES1032378U (en) * 1995-10-30 1996-04-16 Pascual Laureano Medina Device promoter wheelspin landing gear for aircraft. (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding)
ES2183672A1 (en) * 2000-02-02 2003-03-16 3 14 Era S L System for adjusting the speed of aircraft landing wheels

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1829500A (en) * 1929-08-02 1931-10-27 Brown William Landing wheel
GB516738A (en) * 1938-07-06 1940-01-10 Vickers Aviat Ltd Improvements in landing wheels for aircraft
US3233849A (en) * 1964-07-13 1966-02-08 Rubin Res Inc B Aircraft wheel accelerating means
ES359142A1 (en) * 1968-10-14 1970-05-16 Somme Procedure to avoid the efforts produced by the reaction of the inertia of the wheels of the aircraft. (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding)
WO1992015483A1 (en) * 1991-03-05 1992-09-17 Julian Pasqua Aircraft wheel prerotation apparatus
ES1032378U (en) * 1995-10-30 1996-04-16 Pascual Laureano Medina Device promoter wheelspin landing gear for aircraft. (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding)
ES2183672A1 (en) * 2000-02-02 2003-03-16 3 14 Era S L System for adjusting the speed of aircraft landing wheels

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2012153351A (en) * 2011-01-25 2012-08-16 Shinji Kobayashi Wear/accident prevention system of airplane tire
ES2529512A1 (en) * 2013-08-20 2015-02-20 Joaquín ALONSO CERQUEIRA Aerodynamic turning accelerator set for aircraft wheels (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding)
DE102013020547A1 (en) * 2013-12-12 2015-06-18 Henryk Bastian Profile element for a landing gear of an aircraft
DE102013020547B4 (en) * 2013-12-12 2017-09-28 Heinrich Henryk Bastian Profile element for a wheel or a tire of a landing gear of an aircraft

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ES2246607B1 (en) 2007-04-01
AU2003254505A1 (en) 2004-02-25
ES2246607A1 (en) 2006-02-16

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