Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
  • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
  • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
  • C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
  • C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
  • C12N15/82—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for plant cells, e.g. plant artificial chromosomes (PACs)
  • C12N15/8241—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology
  • C12N15/8242—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with non-agronomic quality (output) traits, e.g. for industrial processing; Value added, non-agronomic traits
  • C12N15/8243—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with non-agronomic quality (output) traits, e.g. for industrial processing; Value added, non-agronomic traits involving biosynthetic or metabolic pathways, i.e. metabolic engineering, e.g. nicotine, caffeine
  • C12N15/8247—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with non-agronomic quality (output) traits, e.g. for industrial processing; Value added, non-agronomic traits involving biosynthetic or metabolic pathways, i.e. metabolic engineering, e.g. nicotine, caffeine involving modified lipid metabolism, e.g. seed oil composition

Definitions

• This invention relates to a method for the modification of plants, more specifically to a process for increasing the level of certain isoprenoid compounds, specifically sterols, in plants.
• Plant sterols can be grouped by the presence or absence of one or more functionalities. For example they can be divided into three groups based on methylation levels at C4 as follows: 4-desmethylsterols or end product sterols, 4- mono ethylsterols and 4, 4-dimethylsterols .
• Naturally occurring 4-desmethylsterols include sitosterol, stigmasterol, brassicasterol, ⁇ 7-avenosterol and campesterol.
• the 4,4-dimethyl sterols include cycloartol and 24-methylene cycloartanol and the 4-monomethyl sterols include 24-methylene lophenol and 24-ethylidene lophenol .
• sterols with a free 3-hydroxyl group are the major end products.
• sterols also occur as conjugates, for example, where the 3- hydroxy group is esterified by a fatty acid chain, phenolic acids or sugar moieties to give sterol esters .
• the term sterol refers both to free sterols and conjugated sterols.
• references to levels, amounts or percentages of sterol refer to the total weight of sterol groups whereby the weight of the conjugating groups such as fatty acid, phenolic acid or sugar groups is excluded.
• WO 98/45457 describes the modulation of phytosterol compositions to confer resistance to insects, nematodes, fungi and/or environmental stresses, and/or to improve the nutritional value of plants by using a double stranded DNA molecule comprising a promoter, a DNA sequence encoding a first enzyme which binds a first sterol and produces a second sterol and a 3 ' non-translated region which causes polyadenylation at the 3' end of the RNA.
• the enzyme is selected from the group consisting of S-adenosyl- L-methionine- ⁇ 2 (25) -sterol methyl transferase, a C-4 demethylase, a cycloeucalenol to obtusifoliol-isomerase, a 14- ⁇ -demethylase, a ⁇ 8 to ⁇ 7 - iso erase, a ⁇ 7 -C-5-desaturase and a 24 , 25-reductase .
• S-adenosyl- L-methionine- ⁇ 2 (25) -sterol methyl transferase a C-4 demethylase
• a cycloeucalenol to obtusifoliol-isomerase a 14- ⁇ -demethylase
• a ⁇ 8 to ⁇ 7 - iso erase a ⁇ 7 -C-5-desaturase
• US 5,306,862 describes a method of increasing sterol accumulation in a plant by increasing the copy number of a gene encoding a polypeptide having HMG-CoA reductase activity to increase the resistance of plants to pests.
• US 5,349,126 discloses a process to increase the squalene and sterol accumulation in transgenic plants by increasing the amount of a gene encoding a polypeptide having HMG-CoA reductase activity to increase the pest resistance of transgenic plants .
• HMG 1 Arabidopsis thaliana HMG CoA reductase
• WO 01/31027 discloses the use of non-feedback regulated HMGR genes in sterol production.
• WO 01/79513 describes the use of SMTl genes in sterol production.
• a sterol over-producing tobacco mutant has been shown to over-accumulate cycloartol (CA) , 24-methylenecycloartanol (24MCA) and 24-ethylidene lophenol (24Eloph) (Maillot- Vernier et al. Mol. Biol . Genet. 231: 33-40, 1991).
• CA cycloartol
• 24MCA 24-methylenecycloartanol
• 24Eloph 24-ethylidene lophenol
• the carboxyl group is removed by a C4 decarboxylase (ERG26) resulting in a keto group at the C3 position (Gachotte et al . , Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 96: 12655-12660, 1999) .
• a C3-keto reductase (ERG27) reduces the keto group to give an alcohol group at the C3 position (Gachotte et al . , Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 96: 1810 1999) .
• These catalytic steps are repeated to remove the C4 ⁇ methyl group on the sterol backbone.
• WO 02/42477 discloses that expressing genes encoding specific HMG-reductase enzymes (HMGR) in combination with those encoding sterol methyltransferasel can advantageously be used to further increase the nutritional value of plants especially in the seeds thereof.
• HMGR HMG-reductase enzymes
• the use of non-feedback regulated HMGR in combination with overexpression of sterol methyltransferasel leads to the further enhancement of nutritionally beneficial sterol for example in the seeds of said plants compared to plants where only one of the above genes has been expressed.
• HMGR and HMGR/SMTl results in the accumulation of not only end-product sterols but also certain sterol intermediates.
• these intermediates are of the C4 di-methyl or mono-methyl type (e.g. 24-methylene cycloartanol, 24-methylene lophenol and 24-ethylidene lophenol) . It would therefore be valuable if such sterol intermediates could be converted to end product sterols (4-desmethyl sterols) .
• C4 di- or mono-methyl sterol is demethylated in a three-step reaction catalysed by three separate enzymes (C4-sterol methyl oxidase, C4- sterol decarboxylase and C3-sterol ketoreductase) .
• the present invention aims to modify sterol levels in plants, especially the seeds of plants whereby this modification can either involve an increase of the level of (beneficial) sterols or a decrease of the level of (less- desired) sterols such as cholesterol .
• the present invention also aims to increase sterol levels in plants, whereby the sterols are preferably nutritionally attractive 4-desmethylsterols such as sitosterols, stig asterols, brassicasterol, ⁇ 7-avenosterol or campesterols and whereby the sterols are preferably expressed in the seeds . It is a further aim of the present invention to increase the level of 4-desmethylsterols in plants that are modified compared to the corresponding wild type plant by over- expression of HMGR and/or SMTl.
• 4-desmethylsterols such as sitosterols, stig asterols, brassicasterol, ⁇ 7-avenosterol or campesterols
• a method for increasing the level of 4-desmethyl sterols in a plant which comprises increasing the enzymatic demethylation of 4-monomethyl and 4,4-dimethyl sterols.
• the invention in another aspect, relates to a plant having increased levels of 4-desmethyl sterols compared to the wild type plant in which the levels are increased according to the method of the invention. Also provided by the invention in another aspect is plant material obtainable from the plant of the invention.
• a further aspect of the invention is a method of transforming a plant which comprises :
• Another aspect of the invention is a process for producing an oil comprising a 4-desmethyl sterol which comprises extracting sterols from a plant of the invention.
• the invention provides a product comprising an oil produced by a process according to the invention.
• a yet further aspect of the invention is the use of a gene expressing a C4SMO to increase the level of sterols in a plant .
• Isoprenoids are a large family of compounds which are present in higher plants and which have diverse roles . They include sterols, the plant hormones gibberellins and abscisic acid, components of photosynthetic pigments, phytoalexins and a variety of other specialised terpenoids.
• Sterols especially 4-desmethylsterols are of interest because they contribute to the nutritional quality, flavour and colour of fruits and vegetable oils.
• compounds of nutritional benefit such as fat- soluble sterols. These may be efficacious in reducing coronary heart disease, for example, some phytosterols have been shown to lower serum cholesterol levels when increased in the diet and vitamin E reduces atherosclerotic plaques via decreased oxidation of LDL.
• Preferred sterols are 4-desmethylsterols and their mixtures, most preferred are betasitosterol, sitostanol, stigmasterol, brassicasterol, campestanol, isofucosterol, campesterol, episterol and even more preferred sterols are sitosterol, stigmasterol, brassicasterol, avenosterol and campesterol . Also preferably, at least part of the sterols, for example at least 70 wt% based on the total weight of the sterols in the seed are esters of sterols with C10-24 fatty acids.
• Increasing the enzymatic demethylation of 4-monomethyl and 4,4-dimethyl sterols in the invention can be carried out by treatment and/or modification of the plant in a number of ways that result in increased demethylation compared to plants not so treated and/or modified.
• the method may involve, for example, an increase in the expression and/or activity of the homologous enzyme responsible for the demethylation and/or the expression of an heterologous gene encoding a demethylase enzyme .
• the enzymatic demethylation is increased by increasing the activity of C-4 sterol methyl oxidase (C4SMO) in the plant. It is particularly preferred that the activity of C4SMO in the plant is increased by increased expression of a gene coding for C4SMO.
• C4SMO C-4 sterol methyl oxidase
• C4SMO and related terms refers to any polypeptide, including enzymes, fragments or variants of the enzymes (eg, allelic variants or mutants obtainable by insertion, deletion or substitution of one or more (eg, 1 to 5) amino acid residues) , or precursors for the enzymes, in which the polypeptide has C-4 sterol methyl oxidase activity.
• enzymes, fragments or variants of the enzymes eg, allelic variants or mutants obtainable by insertion, deletion or substitution of one or more (eg, 1 to 5) amino acid residues
• precursors for the enzymes in which the polypeptide has C-4 sterol methyl oxidase activity.
• the determination of whether a polypeptide exhibits C-4 sterol methyl oxidase activity can be readily carried out by the skilled person.
• the method of the invention involves increased expression of a C4SMO gene which is naturally present in the plant (ie, a homologous gene)
• the parameters and other factors controlling expression are then altered such that increased expression of C4SMO, preferably in the seed region of the plant, will take place.
• a suitable method involves the upregulation of facilitating molecules, such as transcription factors.
• a specific promoter can be inserted into the plant genome to ensure that the C4SMO gene is upregulated.
• a further example of a suitable method involves -increasing the copy number of the "homologous" C4SM0 gene to increase the expression thereof.
• the C4SMO gene can be a heterologous gene, for example derived from other plant, animal or microbial sources.
• the C4SM0 gene may be derived from Arabidopsis, tobacco or yeast.
• the gene coding for C4SMO is preferably derived from Arabidopsis such as, for example, Arabidopsis thaliana .
• DNA segments encoding C4SMO for use according to the present invention may suitably be obtained from animals, microbial sources or plants.
• equivalent genes could be isolated from gene libraries, for example by hybridisation techniques with DNA probes.
• An example of C4SMO and the gene coding for C4SMO is given in Figure 2.
• the gene sequences coding for C4SMO will be operably linked (that is, positioned to ensure the functioning of) to one or more suitable promoters which allow the DNA to be transcribed.
• suitable promoters which may be homologous or heterologous to the gene, useful for expression in plants are well known in art, as described, for example, in Weising et al, (1988), Ann. Rev. Genetics, 22, 421-477). Promoters for use according to the invention may be inducible, constitutive or tissue-specific or have various combinations of such characteristics.
• Useful promoters include, but are not limited to constitutive promoters such as carnation etched ring virus (CERV) , cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter, or more particularly the double enhanced cauliflower mosaic virus promoter, comprising two CaMV 35S promoters in tandem (referred to as a "Double 35S" promoter) .
• constitutive promoters such as carnation etched ring virus (CERV) , cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter, or more particularly the double enhanced cauliflower mosaic virus promoter, comprising two CaMV 35S promoters in tandem (referred to as a "Double 35S" promoter) .
• tissue-specific or developmentally regulated promoter may be desirable to use a tissue-specific or developmentally regulated promoter instead of a constitutive promoter in certain circumstances.
• a tissue-specific promoter allows for overexpression in certain tissues without affecting expression in other tissues.
• a preferred promoter used in overexpression of enzymes in seed tissue is an ACP promoter as described in WO 92/18634.
• the promoter and termination regulatory regions will be functional in the host plant cell and may be heterologous (that is, not naturally occurring) or homologous (derived from the plant host species) to the plant cell and the gene. Suitable promoters which may be used are described above.
• the termination regulatory region may be derived from the 3' region of the gene from which the promoter was obtained or from another gene. Suitable termination regions which may be used are well known in the art and include Agrobacterium tumefaciens nopaline synthase terminator (Tnos) , Agrobacterium tumefaciens mannopine synthase terminator (Tmas) and the CaMV 35S terminator (T35S) . Particularly preferred termination regions for use according to the invention include the pea ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase small subunit termination region (TrbcS) or the Tnos termination region. Such gene constructs may suitably be screened for activity by transformation into a host plant via Agrobacterium and screening for increased 4-desmethyl sterol levels.
• Tnos Agrobacterium tumefaciens nopaline synthase terminator
• Tmas Agrobacterium tumefaciens mannopine synthase terminator
• T35S CaMV 35S
• the nucleotide sequences for the genes may be extracted from the Genbank nucleotide database and searched for restriction enzymes that do not cut. These restriction sites may be added to the genes by conventional methods such as incorporating these sites in PCR primers or by sub- cloning.
• the DNA construct which may be used in the invention is comprised within a vector, most suitably an expression vector adapted for expression in an appropriate host (plant) cell. It will be appreciated that any vector which is capable of producing a plant comprising the introduced DNA sequence will be sufficient.
• Suitable vectors are well known to those skilled in the art and are described in general technical references such as Pouwels et al, Cloning Vectors. A laboratory manual, Elsevier, Amsterdam (1986) . Particularly suitable vectors include the Ti plasmid vectors.
• Transformation techniques for introducing the DNA constructs according to the invention into host cells are well known in the art and include such methods as Agrobacterium-mediated transfer, micro-injection, using polyethylene glycol, electroporation, or high velocity ballistic penetration.
• those plant cells or plants into which the desired DNA has been incorporated may be selected by such methods as antibiotic resistance, herbicide resistance, tolerance to amino-acid analogues or using phenotypic markers .
• RNA samples may be used to determine whether the plant cell shows an increase in gene expression, for example, Northern blotting or quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) .
• RT-PCR quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR
• Whole transgenic plants may be regenerated from the transformed cell by conventional methods.
• Such transgenic plants having improved isoprenoid levels may be propagated and self-pollinated to produce homozygous lines.
• Such plants produce seeds containing the genes for the introduced trait and can be grown to produce plants that will produce the selected phenotype.
• the levels of 4-monomethyl sterols and 4,4- dimethyl sterols in the plant are reduced.
• the proportion of 4-desmethyl sterols relative to 4-monomethyl and 4,4-dimethyl sterols is preferably increased in the method of the invention, compared to plants not having increased enzymatic demethylation.
• the level of 4-desmethyl sterols is at least 5wt% more than the level in corresponding plants without increased enzymatic demethylation based on the total weight of sterols, more preferably more than 7wt% more.
• the level of 4-monomethyl sterols for example in the seeds of the plants, is preferably less than 75 wt% of the level in corresponding plants without increased enzymatic demethylation based on the total weight of sterols, more preferably less than 50 wt%.
• the total level of 4-desmethyl sterols in the seeds of the plants is preferably at least 80 wt%, more preferably at least 85 wt% based on the total weight of sterols .
• the levels of sterol intermediates in the plants can be altered compared to wild type plants.
• the weight ratio of cycloartol (CA) to 24-methylenecycloartanol (24MCA) in plants of the invention, for example in the leaves, is preferably at least 3:1, more preferably at least 4:1, even more preferably at least 5:1, most preferably in the range 6:1 to 20:1.
• the invention also contemplates seeds obtained from plants having increased enzymatic demethylation of 4-monomethyl and 4,4-dimethyl sterols.
• oilseeds are tobacco seeds, canola seeds, rapeseed, sunflower seeds and soybean seeds . Any suitable method can be used to extract oil from these seeds.
• the plant of the invention is preferably tobacco, canola, sunflower, rape or soy.
• the method of the invention is preferably used for the enhancement of 4-desmethyl sterol levels in plants in which the plant has been modified to increase the production of 4-monomethyl and/or 4,4-dimethyl sterols compared to the wild type plant.
• the plant may have increased HMGR activity compared to the wild type plant.
• the plant may have increased SMTl activity compared to the wild type plant .
• the plant may have been modified so as to incorporate a non-feedback inhibited HMGR gene in combination with sterol methyltransferasel.
• the use of such a combination of genes, together with the method of the invention is especially advantageous to enhance the levels of 4-desmethylsterols, since the proportion in the end product of intermediate compounds relative to the desired 4-desmethylsterols can be reduced.
• the non-feedback inhibited HMG reductase may be an enzyme which is expressed by a truncated non-plant HMGR gene, said truncation preferably leading to an enzyme lacking the membrane binding domain, but whereby the HMGR functionality of the gene is preferably maintained.
• HMGR truncated non-plant HMGR gene
• examples of such genes are the truncated hamster or yeast HMGR genes .
• a second example of a non-feedback inhibited HMG reductase is an enzyme expressed by HMGR genes from high isoprenoid producing plants such as Hevea brasiliensis .
• HMGR genes from high isoprenoid producing plants such as Hevea brasiliensis .
• truncated versions of HMGR produced by genes from high isoprenoid producing plants such as Hevea brasiliensis, most preferred truncated versions are used whereby said HMGR lacks the membrane binding domain.
• the intact HMGR enzyme comprises three regions: a catalytic region, containing the active site of the enzyme, a membrane binding region, anchoring the enzyme to the endoplasmic reticulum and a linker region joining the catalytic and membrane binding regions of the enzyme.
• the membrane-binding domain occupies the N-terminal region of the enzyme, whereas the catalytic region occupies the C- terminal region. It is believed that feedback inhibition in most plants generally requires the presence of the membrane-binding region of the enzyme. Therefore it is preferred to use an HMGR gene expressing an enzyme with an inactivated or without a membrane binding domain, whereby said gene is preferably used to increase the level of 4- desmethylsterols in plant tissue such as the seeds of plants.
• HMGR genes are described in WO 01/31027, the contents of which are incorporated by reference herein.
• the HMGR gene is isolated from Hevea brasiliensis . Especially preferably truncated versions of such plant genes may be used.
• a specific promoter can be inserted into the plant genome to ensure that the HMGR gene is upregulated, preferably within the seed tissue of the plant .
• the plants may have been modified so as to have increased SMTl activity. Plants having increased SMTl activity are disclosed in WO 01/79513, the contents of which are incorporated by reference herein.
• the SMTl gene can be naturally present in the plant .
• the circumstances are then altered such that increased expression of SMTl, preferably in the seed region of the plant will take place.
• Possible ways to do this may be to upregulate facilitating molecules e.g. such as transcription factors.
• a specific promoter can be inserted into the plant genome to ensure that the SMTl gene is upregulated.
• the copy number of the "homologous" SMTl gene may be increased to increase the expression thereof .
• the SMTl gene can be a heterologous gene, for example derived from other plant or microbial sources .
• the SMTl gene may be derived from Arabidopsis, tobacco or yeast .
• HMGR HMG- reductase enzymes
• Cholesterol is a less desired component of food products because consumers have a desire to reduce their cholesterol consumption. It is believed that reduced serum cholesterol levels lead to a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease. Therefore, the invention preferably results in a reduction of the cholesterol level in plant tissue, especially the seeds of plants, in particular oilseeds containing more than 10 wt% based on dry weight of triacylglycerols.
• Plants of the invention have increased levels of 4- desmethyl sterols compared to the wild type plant.
• the plants Preferably, the plants have an increased proportion of 4- desmethyl sterols relative to 4-monomethyl and 4,4-dimethyl sterols compared to the wild type plant. More preferably, the increased levels and proportions are in the leaves . and/or the seeds, particularly the seeds.
• the process for producing an oil according to the invention comprises extracting sterols from a plant according to the invention.
• Methods for extracting oils from plants are well known to those skilled in the art .
• the oil is extracted from the seeds of the plant .
• the seeds are typically obtained by cultivating the plant for one or more generations and harvesting the seeds .
• the oil may comprise, in addition to sterols, other compounds that are typically present in the plant, such as triglycerides .
• the oil may be subjected to one or more purification steps in order to increase the amount of sterols, and particularly 4-desmethyl sterols, in the oil.
• Plant material obtainable from a plant of the invention may take the form of any part of the plant, including roots, leaves, stems and seeds.
• the plant material is a leaf or seed, more preferably a seed.
• the plant material may be the leaves or seeds as obtained directly from the plant or may have undergone one or more further processing steps such as, for example one or more of washing, drying, milling, grinding and heat treating.
• the product comprising an oil of the invention may be suitable for use in one or more of a number of different applications.
• the product may be a food product, an oil for use in food preparation, a lubricating oil, a fuel oil or a feedstock for use in the production of hydrocarbons .
• the product may comprise additives suitable for the intended application of the product eg, food preservatives and/or stabilisers when the product is a food product.
• the product may comprise the oil as a single phase or the oil can be dispersed, suspended or emulsified in another liquid eg, as a water-in-oil or oil-in-water emulsion.
• Figure 1 shows the sterol biosynthesis pathway post cycloartol highlighting C4-demethylation steps. Solid lines indicate a single, and the dashed lines more than one, catalytic conversion.
• Figure 2 shows the putative open reading frame of AtC4SMO and the corresponding translated protein.
• the histidine rich motives are underlined.
• Figure 3 shows real time PCR analysis of the AtC4SMO transcription levels in leaf tissue of representatively selected NH65 lines.
• Figure 4 shows the CA : 24MCA, CA : 24Mloph and CA : 24Eloph ratios in mature seed of selected NH65 lines.
• the error bars correspond to the standard deviation.
• Figure 5 shows the real time PCR analysis of the AtC4SMO transcription levels in leaf tissue of NH65 and MH7xNH65 lines .
• Figure 6A shows the CA/24MCA, CA/24Mloph and CA/24Eloph ratios in mature leaf tissue of selected MH7xNH65 lines.
• Figure 6B shows the CA/24MCA, CA/24Mloph and CA/24Eloph ratios in mature seed tissue of selected MH7xNH65 lines.
• the error bars correspond to the standard deviation
• E. coli strain DH5 ⁇ (Gibco BRL) was used as the host strain in all cloning procedures.
• E. coli were cultivated in LB medium (10 g/L tryptone, 5g/L yeast extract, 5 g/L NaCl) supplemented with the appropriate selection pressure (ampicillin 100 ⁇ g/mL or kanamycin 50 ⁇ g/mL) on a rotary shaker (210 rpm) at 37°C.
• PCR cloning vector pGEM-T easy was obtained from Promega.
• Binary vector pSJ35 was created by filling in the BamHI restriction site of the pGPTV-HYG with the Klenow enzyme
• Plasmid pNH2 harbouring the carnation etched ring virus
• Tobacco SRI Pane Havana
• MS-medium or a compost/perlite mixture (2:1) (Murashige and Skoog, Physiol Plant 15, 473-497, 1962)
• the temperature in the growth rooms was kept at 22°C, and a day/night cycle of 16h / 8h was used.
• the light intensity was 40 ⁇ ol m "2 s "x .
• C4S02 tag ggc ctt aag ttt tct gt clC4S01 ⁇ ' b c cca agcjtc aaa ATGATG GAG TAC CTT GTT ACG clC4S02 c ss aat TCA GGT TTC TTT TAG GGC CTTAAG TTT TCT G clC4SOpl d cc cacATG tTG CAG TAC CTT GTT ACG clC4SOp2 e c tea tag agc TCA GGT TTC TTT TAG GGC CTTAAG
• C4S03 act gga tgg atg gtg tea a
• the primary sequence of the ERG25 protein from yeast was used as the query sequence in a BLAST search of all non- redundant proteins in the Arabidopsis database (located at Stanford) . This approach rendered a putative Arabidopsis thaliana C4SMO with the accession number At2g29390.
• RNA from 12 day old Arabidopsis thaliana (eco- type Columbia) seedlings was isolated using the Pharmacia QuickPrep micro mRNA purification kit according to the supplier's recommendations. The mRNA was isolated based on affinity to oligo(dT) coated cellulose.
• First strand DNA was synthesised by mixing Poly-A RNA (1 ⁇ g) with primer RoRidT17 (10 pmol) in 11.34 ⁇ L DEPC treated water. The mixture was incubated at 70°C for 10 min and thereafter placed in wet ice for 2 min.
• the putative AtC4SMO gene was amplified from a pool of Arabidopsis cDNA or genomic DNA using PCR and gene specific primers C4S01 and C4S02 (Table 1) .
• the following amplification program was used: 1 cycle 94°C (2 min) , 5 cycles 94°C (30 s) , 40°C (30 s) , 72°C (2 min) , 30 cycles 94°C (30 s) , 40°C (30 s) , 72°C (90 s) and 1 cycle 72°C (7 min) , 4°C (Hold) .
• Proof reading enzyme Pfu Turbo DNA polymerase was used to minimise the number of errors introduced.
• the amplified fragments (from cDNA or genomic DNA) were cloned into PCR product cloning vector pGEM-T Easy according to the supplier's instructions (Promega) . Clones containing either putative AtC4SMO CDNA or genomic AtC4SMO fragments were selected and sequenced using primers M13/pUC universal forward and reverse primers, and C4S01 and C4S02.
• AtC4SMO was amplified by PCR using primer pair clC4SOpl / clC4SOp2 to introduce restriction enzyme sites Afllll and Sad in the 5 1 and 3' end of the gene, respectively.
• the amplification reaction was performed under standard conditions using the proof reading enzyme Pfu turbo DNA polymerase to minimise errors.
• the resulting amplification product was purified, digested by Afllll and Sad and inserted into pNH2 , downstream of the constitutive carnation etched ring virus (CERV) promoter and upstream of the nopaline synthase (NOS) terminator, yielding pNH64.
• CERV constitutive carnation etched ring virus
• the expression cassette from pNH64 was excised by digestion (HindiII and EcoRI) and inserted into the corresponding sites in pSJ35 giving pNH65.
• Vector pNH64 was sequenced using primers CERV1S, clC4SOpl, clC4Sp2, and NosAs, and pNH65 was sequenced using primers CERV1S and NosAs to confirm their authenticity.
• Mature leaf and seed tissues were freeze-dried and extracted in chloroform / methanol 2:1 (v/v) at 80 °C. After filtration and removal of solvent, the lipid residue was dissolved in toluene followed by sodium methoxide to a concentration of 0.33M. The mixture was heated for 30 min at 80 °C followed by a further 10 min at 80 °C in the presence of 5.6% (w/v) boron trifluoride. Following diethyl ether extraction and washing with water, the ether was evaporated and the free sterols were silylated by addition of trimethylchlorosilane / N, O-bis (trimethylsilyl) acetamide (5:95) and heating for 10 minutes at 50 °C.
• GC analysis was carried out using a Perkin Elmer 8420 GC equipped with a BPX5 column.
• the temperature programme was 80-230°C at 45°C / minute, followed by 230-280°C at 4°C / minute and 355°C for 6 minutes. Peak areas were calculated automatically using Turbochrom software. Identity of sterols was confirmed by GC-MS, using a Hewlett Packard 5890 GC coupled to a Quadrapole 5972A MSD.
• C4SMO The primary sequence of C4SMO from yeast (ERG25) was used as a probe to search the Arabidopsis thaliana proteome to identify homologous proteins.
• a putative C4SMO (At2g29390) was found which exhibited 37% identity with ERG25.
• PCR primers were designed to amplify the corresponding AtC4SMO gene from pools of Arabidopsis cDNAs or genomic DNA.
• the cDNA clone comprised a 762 bp open reading frame (ORF) , which encoded a 253 amino acid protein ( Figure 2) .
• the predicted molecular weight of AtC4SMO was 29.5-kDa.
• AtC4SMO is a plant homologue of ERG25.
• the genomic sequence was aligned with the putative AtC4SMO ORF revealing a splicing-pattern, which comprised 6 exons and 5 introns.
• the primary sequence of AtC4SMO was analysed for the presence of a signal peptide and transmembrane spanning domains using the SeqWeb software package (Genetic Computer Group Ine) .
• AtC4SMO was shown to have a possible amino-terminal signal peptide, which may direct translocation of the polypeptide to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) .
• the carboxy-terminus does not contain the characteristic KDEL motif required for retention in the ER lumen.
• AtC4SMO is an integral membrane protein located to the ER membrane. This is consistent with the localisation of other enzymes involved in sterol biosynthesis, such as HMGR (Bach et al . , Crit . Rev. Biochem. Mol . Biol . 34: 107-122, 1999).
• AtC4SMO was placed under control of the constitutive carnation etched ring virus (CERV) promoter upstream of the nopaline synthase (NOS) terminator, giving binary vector pNH65. Wild type tobacco was transformed with this vector using the leaf disc method and transformants selected on hygromycin (25mg / L) . Thirty transgenic plants were selected by PCR. The transcription of AtC4SMO in selected transgenic lines was analysed using real time PCR. As shown in Figure 3 all NH65 lines analysed exhibited elevated AtC4SMO expression. The highest expressing line, NH65:16, displayed transcript levels that were 23-fold higher than the average of the wild type controls.
• CERV constitutive carnation etched ring virus
• NOS nopaline synthase
• the sterol content in leaf and seed tissue of the NH65 lines was analysed.
• the ratio of cyloartol (CA) to 24- methylene cycloartanol (24MCA) , 24-methylene lophenol (24Mloph) or 24-ethlidene lophenol (24Eloph) was calculated.
• Sterol accumulation in leaf is highly dependent on the age of the tissue (Chappell et al, Plant Physiol. 109, 1337-1343, 1995; Schaller et al, Plant Physiol. 118: 461-469, 1995) , which is clearly reflected in the varying amount of total sterol found in maturing tobacco leaves but calculation of ratios overcomes this issue.
• CA is the first sterol-intermediate
• the amount of CA reflects the flux of carbon partitioned into sterol biosynthesis.
• the ratio of CA to 24MCA, 24Mloph or 24Eloph will hence increase if the relative levels of any of the C4SM0 substrates have been reduced.
• CA cycloartanol
• 24MCA 24-methyl cycloartanol
• 24Eloph 24-ethylidene lophenol
• the average and standard deviation is calculated based on five independent SRI plants, b, % of dry weight, c, The detection limit is ⁇ 0.001 % of dry weight, d, The ratios of CA : 24MCA and CA : 24Eloph are calculated using a value of 0.001% of dry weight.
• the levels of 24Mloph were below the detection limit ( ⁇ 0.001% of dry weight) and were therefore excluded.
• the three NH65 lines were chosen on the basis of high AtC4SMO transcript levels ( Figure 3) .
• the absolute amount of 24MCA was reduced in all NH65 lines analysed (Table 2) .
• the CA : 24MCA ratio of the NH65 lines spanned between 4.5 (NH65:18) and 10.3 (NH65:7), which is considerably higher than the wild type (SRI) value (2.6). This suggests that the putative AtC4SM0 is able to convert 24MCA into downstream products.
• the sterol compositions of seed tissue of ten independent NH65 lines were also analysed. As shown in Table 3 the levels of 24MCA and 24Eloph were significantly reduced in all ten NH65 lines, whilst the level of 24Mloph was not significantly altered. Calculating the ratios of CA : C4SM0 substrate also reflected these changes. The CA : 24MCA ratio was more than doubled in the top five NH65 lines and the CA : 24Eloph ratio was up to 4-fold higher in the top NH65 line compared to the wild type tobacco ( Figure 4) . However, the CA : 24Mloph ratio remained unchanged in the NH65 lines compared to the control.
• the average and standard deviation is calculated based on five independent SRI plants, b, % of dry weight.
• AtC4SMO preferentially catalyses conversion of 24MCA and 24Eloph with 24Mloph levels being unchanged.
• leaf AtC4SMO also catalyses conversion of 24MCA and 24Eloph into downstream sterols, but since 24Mloph is not present in detectable levels in this tissue it was not possible to determine if conversion of 24Mloph occurs.
• the relative distributions of the most abundant di-, mono- and des-methyl sterols in seed tissue were calculated for wild type (SRI and SJ35) and NH65 lines.
• the 4,4-dimethyl sterols include cycloartol and 24-methylene cycloartanol, the 4-monomethyl sterols include 24-methylene lophenol and 24-ethylidene lophenol, whilst the 4-desmethyl sterols include ⁇ 7-avenasterol, isofucosterol, sitosterol, stigmasterol, campesterol and cholesterol.
• Table 4 the relative level of 4,4-dimethyl sterols is not significantly different in the seed of the NH65 lines as compared to the wild type controls.
• NH65:16 9.8 4.3 85.9 a, The average and standard deviation of is calculated based on five independent SRI and SJ35 lines, b, Dimethyl sterols include cycloartol and 24-methylene cycloartanol, c, Monomethyl sterols include 24-methylene lophenol and 24 ethylidene lophenol. d, Desmethyl sterols include ⁇ 7- avenasterol, isofucosterol, sitosterol, stigmasterol, campesterol and cholesterol, e, Calculated as % of total sterols.
• Example 2 Co-expression of C4SMO, tHMGR and SMTl in transgenic tobacco
• a tobacco plant co-expressing of a truncated form of Hevea brasiliensis hmgl and Nicotiana tabacum SMTl was obtained as described in WO 02/42477.
• Hevea brasiliensis hmgl A truncated form of Hevea HMGR, lacking the N-terminal membrane-binding domain, was cloned using the Hevea brasiliensis hmgl as template.
• the reverse primer 5'- CATTTTACATTGCTAGCACCAGATTC-3' contains a Nhe I restriction site (underlined) for downstream sub-cloning purposes.
• the plasmid pNH8 was used as the template DNA in the PCR (30 cycles) using Pfu polymerase under standard conditions and produced a fragment of the expected size ⁇ 1.3 kb.
• the resulting thmgl gene codes for amino acids 153-575 of the full-length (575) hmgl sequence (Fig. lib of PCT/EP/00/09374) .
• the thmgl PCR product was cloned into the pGEM-T vector (Promega) according to the manufacturers' instructions and sequenced to confirm fidelity.
• the H. brasiliensis tHMGl was inserted into pNH4 (see PCT/EP/OO/009374) between the Nco I and Nhe I sites of the polylinker, which lie between the CaMV 35S double promoter and nos terminator, giving pMH3 (see PCT/EP/00/09374) .
• This chimaeric gene was isolated by digestion with Xma CI and Sal I, purified and cloned into the corresponding polylinker sites in pNH9, after removal of the chimaeric full length hmgl gene which previously occupied these sites, and subsequent purification of the binary vector.
• the binary vector pNH9 was derived by firstly inserting the Cerv promoter and nos terminator cassette from pNH2 into EcoRI and Xmal digested pSJ34, and subsequently placing the Nicotiana tabacum sterol methyl tramsferase type 1 (Ntsmtl - 1) gene under transcriptional control of the Cerv promoter.
• the binary vector pNH9 also contains the s tl gene cloned from Nicotiana tabacum, which is under transcriptional control of the CERV viral promoter.
• the binary construct was named pMH7.
• Electrocompetent Agrobacterium tumefaciens cells (strain LBA4404) were defrosted on ice and 5ng of vector plasmid added. Cells plus plasmid were then placed into a pre- chilled electroporation cuvette and electroporated in a Bio Rad Gene Pulser at a capacitance of 25 ⁇ F and at 600 ohms. Immediately after electroporation 950 ⁇ l of 2X TY broth was added, the cells mixed gently and placed in a sterile vial.
• the cells were shaken at 28 C for 2 hours and 25 ⁇ l aliquots plated on solid Lennox media containing rifampicin 50 ⁇ g/ml and kanamycin 50 ⁇ g/ml and incubated at 28 C for 3 days. Single colonies were used to inoculate lO ⁇ l of water (for PCR confirmation) and 500 ⁇ l of Lennox media containing rifampicin 50 ⁇ g/ml and kanamycin 50 ⁇ g/ml.
• PCR positive cultures were used to inoculate a 10 ml of Lennox media broth containing rifampicin 50 ⁇ g/ml and kanamycin 50 ⁇ g/ml. The overnight culture was spun down at 3000g and resuspended in an equal volume of MS media (3% sucrose) .
• Leaf segments were cut from young tobacco leaves from plants grown in tissue culture. Segments were placed directly into the agrobacterium solution and left for 10 minutes. The segments were then removed and placed upper surface down on feeder plates (10 per plate) and left for 2 days in low light at 22 °C.
• the leaf segments were placed, upper surface up, on tobacco shooting media with hormones containing cefotaxime 500 ⁇ g/ml and kanamycin 50 ⁇ g/ml and placed in a growth room at 24 °C with a l ⁇ hrs light / 8 hrs dark regime. Three weeks later, the callusing segments were transferred to Magenta tubs containing tobacco shooting media. Once formed, shoots were excised and placed on tobacco shooting media containing cefotaxime 500 ⁇ g/ml and kanamycin 50 ⁇ g/ml without hormones, to root. Rooted plants were then potted up into a 50% perlite / 50% compost mixture and placed in a propagator. After 1 week the plants were removed from the propagator and subsequently potted up into 5 inch pots. Once flowering had begun paper bags were placed over the flowers to prevent cross pollination. When flowering had finished and pods formed the bags were removed and mature pods harvested. Mature leaves and seed from dry pods were harvested and stored for subsequent analysis .
• the resulting transgenic tobacco line MH7:53 co-expresses truncated H. brasiliensis HMGR and N. tabacum SMTl. It consequently over-accumulates intermediates that serve as substrates for sterol methyl oxidases (C4SM0s) , i.e. 2- methylene cycloartanol (24MCA) , 24-methylene lophenol (24Mloph) and 24-ethylidene lophenol (24Eloph) (Table 5) .
• C4SM0s sterol methyl oxidases
• 24MCA 2- methylene cycloartanol
• 24Mloph 24-methylene lophenol
• 24Eloph 24-ethylidene lophenol
• MH7:53 leaf discs were re-transformed with NH65, expressing At C4SMO, as described above and transformants were selected by resistance to hygromycin (25mg/L) .
• Twenty transgenic MH7xNH65 plants were selected by PCR.
• the levels of AtC4SM0 transcription in selected MH7xNH65 lines were analysed using real time PCR. As shown in Figure 5 all MH7xNH65 lines analysed exhibited elevated AtC4SMO expression.
• the average and standard deviation is calculated based on five independent SRI lines and four independent MH7:53 lines, b, % of dry weight, c, the detection limit is ⁇ 0.001% of dry weight.
• the CA : 24MCA ratios of MH7xNH65:10 and :28 were significantly higher than the MH7:53 background ( Figure 6A) .
• the levels of 24Mloph were significantly lower in line MH7xNH65:10 but not in line MH7xNH65:28 (Table 5).
• the average and standard deviation is calculated based on five independent SRI lines and four independent MH7xSJ35 lines, b, % of dry weight.
• AtC4SMO catalyses the conversion of 24MCA and 24Eloph into downstream phytosterols. Furthermore, AtC4SMO also catalysed the conversion of 24Mloph in leaf but not seed tissue, which may be explained by differences in substrate specificity or the fact that the overall carbon flux in the sterol biosynthesis pathway is higher in leaf than seed.
• the relative distributions of the most abundant di-, mono- and des-methyl sterols were calculated for wild type (SRI) , MH7 and two MH7xNH65 lines (:10 and :28).
• the 4,4-dimethyl sterols include cycloartol and 24-methylene cycloartol
• the 4-monomethyl sterols include 24-methylene lophenol and 24-ethylidene cycloartol
• the 4-desmethyl sterols include ⁇ 7-avenasterol, isofucosterol, sitosterol, stigmasterol, campesterol and cholesterol.

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