WO2003103370A1 - Procede pour verdir une zone desertique sans travail aratoire et couche de substrat nutritif utilisee dans ce procede - Google Patents

Procede pour verdir une zone desertique sans travail aratoire et couche de substrat nutritif utilisee dans ce procede Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2003103370A1
WO2003103370A1 PCT/CN2003/000401 CN0300401W WO03103370A1 WO 2003103370 A1 WO2003103370 A1 WO 2003103370A1 CN 0300401 W CN0300401 W CN 0300401W WO 03103370 A1 WO03103370 A1 WO 03103370A1
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Prior art keywords
layer
matrix
nutrient
nutrient layer
water
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PCT/CN2003/000401
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Yang Shu
Jianlin Guan
Jinghang Wei
Fan Zeng
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Yang Shu
Jianlin Guan
Jinghang Wei
Fan Zeng
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Application filed by Yang Shu, Jianlin Guan, Jinghang Wei, Fan Zeng filed Critical Yang Shu
Priority to AU2003242178A priority Critical patent/AU2003242178A1/en
Priority to US10/604,380 priority patent/US7347150B2/en
Publication of WO2003103370A1 publication Critical patent/WO2003103370A1/zh

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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01GHORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G20/00Cultivation of turf, lawn or the like; Apparatus or methods therefor
    • A01G20/20Cultivation on mats
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02ATECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A40/00Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
    • Y02A40/10Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture
    • Y02A40/22Improving land use; Improving water use or availability; Controlling erosion
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02WCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
    • Y02W30/00Technologies for solid waste management
    • Y02W30/40Bio-organic fraction processing; Production of fertilisers from the organic fraction of waste or refuse
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10STECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S111/00Planting
    • Y10S111/90Methods of planting seeds and miscellaneous compositions

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a desert greening method and a substrate nutrient layer used by the same, and in particular, the present invention relates to a no-till method for forming artificial vegetation on desert and / or arid ground and a substrate used by the method Nutrition layer. Background technique
  • Land desertification is not only a major ecological and environmental problem, but also a very serious social and economic sustainable development problem facing humankind.
  • China is one of the countries most severely affected and affected by desertification.
  • the total area of potential desertification areas in China exceeds 3.3 million square kilometers, accounting for more than 27% of the country's land area.
  • the direct economic losses caused by this each year are 54 billion yuan.
  • it is still expanding at a rate of 3,140 square kilometers every year, and the area of desertified land is accelerating.
  • the Chinese government has invested huge amounts of money in desert control, planted trees, and improved the ecological environment.
  • due to the harsh desert conditions and poor tree planting methods the results were extremely unsatisfactory.
  • the survival rate is extremely low, and they cannot achieve the purpose of sand control and desertification; (3) digging,
  • the trenching planting method has high labor intensity and low work efficiency, and it is difficult to carry out large-scale desertification and greening work. With this method, desertification will never catch up with the speed of desertification.
  • the present invention provides a desert greening method with high survival rate, low labor intensity and no-tillage.
  • the object of the present invention can be achieved by adopting the following scheme:
  • a no-till method for carrying out greening on desert or arid land comprises: directly laying and covering a layer of a nutrient layer on a desert that needs to be greened, the nutrient layer containing water and plant nutrients required for plant growth; Before the substrate nutrient layer is laid, plant seeds are spread to the surface layer of the desert or arid land, or after the substrate nutrient layer is laid, the plant seeds are planted between the substrate nutrient layer or the plant seeds are mixed To the components of the matrix nutrient layer and laying together with the matrix nutrient layer; the plant seeds can be grown using water and nutrients in the matrix nutrient layer to form artificial Vegetation. This method will not damage the original surface of the desert or arid land.
  • the matrix nutrient layer can be laid manually or mechanically, and the original surface of the desert or arid land is basically maintained during the laying; the matrix nutrient layer can be compacted or fixed during the laying process, and made it to the desert Or in close contact with the surface of dry land.
  • the matrix nutrient layer is mainly composed of a biological material, that is, a biological material is used as a base material; the biological material is crop waste and / or animal manure and / or separated metals, plastics, silicate materials, and Domestic waste after other harmful substances;
  • the biological material can be subjected to fermentation treatment, such as pre-high temperature stacking layer fermentation treatment; the fermentation treatment can be naturally fermented after adding a starter, or can be directly performed without adding a starter Stacked fermentation treatment.
  • the matrix nutrient layer uses crop waste or domestic waste as basic raw materials, and is formed after being classified, piled up, pulverized and stirred, and rolled and spread, and plant seeds are added in the process of forming the matrix nutrient layer.
  • the particle size of the base material in the matrix nutrition layer has a great relationship with the bulk density, porosity, and air-water ratio of the matrix nutrition layer.
  • the finer the particles of the base material the more pores in the nutrient layer of the matrix, and the stronger the water retention performance.
  • the particles of the base material are too fine, the air permeability of the nutrient layer of the matrix is poor, and the plant root system is prone to lack of oxygen, which is not conducive to nutrient absorption.
  • the tests show that the fineness of the base material particles should be controlled between 3-100 meshes, preferably 5-30 meshes, and more preferably 10-20 meshes.
  • the bulk density of the matrix nutrition layer refers to the weight of the matrix nutrition layer in a certain volume, and is usually expressed in g / cm 3 (or kg / m 3 ).
  • the bulk of the matrix nutrient layer is small in total porosity, poor in air permeability and water absorption, which is not conducive to plant root extension;
  • the bulk density of the matrix nutrient layer is too small, which will affect the fit between the vegetation and the ground, which is not conducive to the attachment of plant roots.
  • Tests show that less than 0.5 g / cm 3 is a low bulk density; 0.5-1 g / cm 3 is a medium bulk density; and more than 1 g / cm 3 is a high bulk density.
  • a suitable bulk density (wet bulk density) of the matrix nutrient layer is 0.30-1.30 g / cm 3 , preferably 0.40-0.90 g / cm 3 , and more preferably 0.55-0.65 g / cm 3 .
  • the total porosity of the matrix nutrient layer (1-bulk weight / density) x ⁇ %.
  • the total porosity is large, and it contains a lot of air and moisture, which is conducive to plant root extension.
  • the total porosity of the matrix nutrient layer is generally 30-80%, preferably 40-70%, and more preferably 55-60%.
  • the gas-water ratio of the matrix nutrient layer refers to the relative value of gas and water in the matrix nutrient layer, which is mainly expressed by the ratio of the number of large pores to the number of small pores, and the macroporosity value is taken as 1. Large pores are mainly used for gas storage, and small pores are mainly used for water storage.
  • the gas-water ratio of the matrix nutrient layer of the present invention is suitably 1: 2 to 1:10, and preferably 1: 4 to 1: 7. Such a gas-water ratio can not only keep the matrix layer with a strong water holding capacity, but also has a good Breathability.
  • the matrix nutrition layer may contain a binder so that the matrix nutrition layer basically exists as a whole after laying; the content of the binder and the kind of biological material used, the degree of fermentation treatment, and the size of the biological material particles It is related to other factors and generally accounts for 5-20% of the total weight of the matrix nutrient layer.
  • the binder There are no special requirements for the binder, as long as it can stick to biological materials, preferably starch, pregelatinized starch, modified starch or other polysaccharide types. Adhesive.
  • the matrix nutrition layer may contain a water-retaining agent;
  • the water-retaining agent is a water-absorbing composite resin material, such as a water-absorbing material formed by acrylic acid, acrylonitrile, and / or acrylamide grafted cellulose and / or starch, for example, according to Chinese patent Water-absorbing materials prepared by the methods described in application 85103771, Chinese patent application 90101692.6.
  • the nutrient layer of the substrate may contain plant nutrients required for plants such as nitrogen and / or phosphorus and / or potassium.
  • plant seeds may be added to the matrix nutrient layer after the biological material is fermented.
  • the present invention also provides a matrix nutrient layer for no-tillage greening of deserts or arid lands, the matrix nutrient layer contains (by weight percentage):
  • the biological materials are crop waste and / or animal manure and / or domestic garbage after separation of metals, plastics, silicate materials and harmful materials;
  • the binders are starch and pregelatinized starch. , Modified starch or other polysaccharide type binders;
  • the water-retaining agent is a water-absorbing composite resin material;
  • the plant nutrients include substances containing nitrogen and / or phosphorus and / potassium, such as urea, phosphate fertilizer or compound fertilizer .
  • the plant nutrition layer can be mixed with desired plant seeds.
  • the above-mentioned matrix nutrient layer may further contain a softener to increase the flexibility of the matrix nutrient layer after drying, especially the flexibility of the biological material in the matrix nutrient layer, so as to prevent its breakage during use.
  • a softener to increase the flexibility of the matrix nutrient layer after drying, especially the flexibility of the biological material in the matrix nutrient layer, so as to prevent its breakage during use. For example, add 1-10% di-n-butyl phthalate as a softener.
  • the matrix nutrient layer of the present invention contains (by weight percentage): biological material 70-80%
  • Material collection and classification It will include wheat straw, straw, corn stalks, sorghum stalks, bean stalks, vines, bark leaves, weeds and other crop waste, or human, livestock, poultry manure, or urban and rural domestic waste Collect them, sort the collected urban and rural domestic waste, and separate out the plastic, metal, and harmful substances in them for separate treatment;
  • the mixed plant seed material is laid in the desert by manual laying or mechanical methods to form a matrix nutrient.
  • the nutrient layer of the laid substrate must be thick and uniform, and compacted during the laying process to make the matrix nutritious.
  • the layer is in close contact with the ground.
  • the no-till desert greening method and the substrate nutrient layer of the present invention have the following outstanding advantages: a.
  • the present invention is to lay a substrate nutrient layer that can not only fix sand but also retain water and fertilizer in the desert.
  • the seeds are mixed or implanted in the matrix nutrient layer. Under the action of the matrix nutrient layer, the plant seeds automatically take root, germinate and grow.
  • This greening method doesn't matter if you plant trees
  • One end is movably connected to the outside of the sprocket 29 through a pin 30.
  • the handlebar 5 is held in hand, the pedals are placed on the pedals 20, and the hips are seated on the saddle 19.
  • the three forces cooperate to move the frame 1 and the frame 2 relative to the hinge axis 6, and drive the chain through the link 31.
  • the wheel 29 rotates, and the flywheel 7 is driven by the chain 28, so that the rear wheel 4 rotates forward.
  • a bicycle pedal can also be installed on the other end of the central shaft of the sprocket 29 and the outer pin 30 of the sprocket 29, and the pedals can be alternately used to provide power for bicycle use.
  • one end of the connecting rod 31 can be connected to the connecting buckle 32.
  • a rotation directional device as shown in FIG. 6 can be used for implementation.
  • An oval cam 45 is installed on the central axis of the sprocket 29, and a lever sleeve 48 is installed on the frame.
  • the lever sleeve is provided with a lever 47 and a lever spring 49.
  • the lever 47 has a pulley 46, and the pulley 46 is always When leaning against the cam 45, when the connecting rod 31 is in a horizontal position and a transmission dead angle occurs, the large diameter extension line of the cam 45 is about 45 degrees with the link. At this time, the pressure lever 47 passes under the action of the pressure lever spring 49.
  • the pulley 46 presses down the cam 45 to drive the sprocket 29 to rotate, thereby avoiding the dead angle of the transmission.
  • Example 4 Example 4:
  • the frame is divided into two parts, frame 1 and frame 2.
  • the frame 1 and the frame 2 are hinged with a hinge shaft 6.
  • a handlebar 5, a front wheel 3, a pedal 20, and a chain hook 33 are installed on the frame 1.
  • the handlebar 5 is linked with the front wheel 3 and can grasp the direction of movement.
  • the saddle 19, the rear wheels 4, the guide wheels 34, 35 and the flywheels 38, 39 are mounted on the frame 2.
  • the chain 36 is connected to the guide wheels 34 and the flywheel 38, and the chain 37 is connected to the guide wheels 35 and the flywheel 39.
  • Chain hooks 33 and chains 2) spray the starter in the step (1) and pile it in stacks, and let it ferment naturally until the crop straws become black and soft, and the manure and garbage are rotten;
  • the bulk density (wet bulk density) of the obtained matrix nutrient layer is 0.55-0.65 g / cm 3 , and the total porosity is 55-60%; the air-water ratio is 1: 4-1: 7; N.RK content: all N -0.28, all P-0.12, all K-0.74; PH value is 6.5-7; usually water holding capacity is 70%, saturated water holding capacity is 120%; water holding time is 20-50 days; water consumption for laying the nutrient layer of the substrate 25T / mu;
  • the above-mentioned substrate nutrient layer is suitable for arid and semi-arid areas and desertified areas with an annual rainfall of more than 100 mm.
  • the applicable plant species are drought-tolerant and cold-tolerant shrubs.
  • Example 2 The same method and steps as in Example 1 were used to prepare the matrix nutrient layer, but the crushing fineness of the biological material was 15-35 mesh, 15% modified starch was added as a binder, 9% urea, and 4% phosphate fertilizer were added. As a nutrient, add 1.5% water-retaining agent; after testing, the obtained The bulk density (wet bulk density) of the matrix nutrition layer is 0.70-0.85 g / cm 3 , the total porosity is 40-55%, and the air-water ratio is 1: 5-1: 8.
  • Example 2 The same method and steps as in Example 1 were used to prepare the matrix nutrient layer, but the crushing fineness of the biological material was 5-15 mesh, 8% pregelatinized starch was added as a binder, and 5% urea and 2% were added. Phosphate fertilizer was used as a nutrient, and 1.0% of a water-retaining agent was added. After testing, the bulk density (wet bulk density) of the obtained matrix nutrient layer was 0.45-0.60 g / cm 3 , the total porosity was 30-45%, and the air-water ratio was 1: 3- 1: 6.
  • the test was performed using the matrix nutrient layer described in Example 1.
  • the Huangyangtan test area can be described as no day and no wind.
  • Levels 3 and 4 winds are continuous, level 5 and 6 winds are in succession, and winds above level 8 are patronized. Due to the dry climate, the sand body flows, and visibility is less than 100 meters in strong winds.
  • the matrix nutrient layer is laid on the flowing sand, With the covering effect, the sand body is covered strictly, no matter how windy it is, no dust is raised, and the flow of sand is effectively avoided.
  • Tests show that under local climate conditions, artificial vegetation and Caragana korshinskii are covered in the desert.
  • the matrix nutrient layer test was from July 6 to July 25, 2001;
  • the bare sand dune test was conducted from May 3, 2002 to May 28, 2002 by Guangzhou Green Energy The National Institute of Science and Technology conducted experiments in Huangyangtan. Seeds were sown 5 centimeters under the sand. At that time, the sand was wet. After 10 days of testing, it was found that about 20% of the seeds had broken buds. By May 28, none of the seeds had survived.
  • Table 2 and Table 3 give the soil analysis data and plant growth data: Table 2.
  • Soil composition comparison test data (January 11, 2002-February 5, 2002):
  • the annual average rainfall in Yanchi area of Gansu province is less than 300 mm, and the drought and sandstorm are heavy.
  • the test land belongs to the arid Gobi Desert. Except for a very small amount of camel wormwood on the ground, almost no grass is grown. Local farmers have planted trees and grass in the area and have been unable to survive due to non-diversion irrigation.
  • the test was performed using the matrix nutrient layer described in Example 1. Tests show that under local climate conditions, the Gobi Desert is covered with a matrix nutrient layer. Alfalfa germinates in 5-7 days, and the germination rate is about 95%. Red Salix will germinate in 8-10 days, and the germination rate is about 93%. Hippophae rhamnoides 10-12 It germinated, and the germination rate was about 94%.
  • the growth height of red sand willow was 22-25cm; the growth height of sea buckthorn was 20-23cm; the growth height of alfalfa was 23-62cm. All three plants are growing well and alfalfa has fully grown. The roots of the three plants developed well. During the test period, the roots of Salix psammense were inserted into the topsoil layer approximately 31-35cm; the roots of sea buckthorn were inserted into the topsoil layer approximately 28-32cm; and the roots of alfalfa grass were inserted into the topsoil layer approximately 15cm. Biomass observations of the three plants are listed in Table 4 below. Observation data of three plant biomass
  • the moisture content of the soil nutrient layer and the sand layer 10 cm below the vegetation were tested twice.
  • the first time was at the beginning of the test (July 6, 2001, sunny).
  • the moisture content of the artificial vegetation was 80. %,
  • the moisture content of the sand below the nutrient layer of the substrate is 15%;
  • the second time is the end of the test (September 8, 2001, cloudy),
  • the moisture content of the nutrient layer of the substrate is 45%, and the moisture content of the sand layer below the nutrient layer of the substrate It is 10%, and the moisture content of the sandy soil layer without the matrix nutrient layer is 0.05%.
  • the natural decay rate of the matrix nutrient layer within 30 days is 0-5%, 60-15 days is 10-15%, and 100 days is 30%.
  • the present invention collects and pulverizes various waste organic matters (including domestic garbage), stirs them with adhesive, water, nutrients, plant seeds, etc., and then lays them on the sand by manual or mechanical equipment.
  • the plant seeds mixed in the material will automatically germinate, take root, and grow green after a certain period of time to achieve the purpose of greening. Because this waste itself has more plant fibers and rich nutrients, laying it on the ground can form a good matrix nutrient layer.
  • the nutrient layer can fully and effectively absorb natural precipitation and underground evaporated water, nourish the plants, and also provide plants with sufficient fertilizer to ensure the growth of the plants.
  • After the waste is fully stirred with the binder it has extremely With strong adhesive force, it is laid on the sand by mechanical equipment to form a protective layer on the sand, which plays a good role in preventing wind and sand.

Description

沙漠绿化免耕法及所使用的基质营养层 技术领域
本发明涉及一种沙漠绿化方法及其所采用的基质营养层,具体地 讲, 本发明涉及一种免耕式的、 在沙漠和 /或干旱地面上形成人工植 被的方法及其所采用的基质营养层。 背景技术
土地沙漠化不仅是一个重大的生态环境问题,也是人类所面临的 非常严峻的社会经济可持续发展的问题。中国是受沙漠化危害和影响 最为严重的国家之一。 据中国国家林业局 2000年 6月发布的一项调 查报告显示,中国荒漠化潜在发生区域范围总面积超过 330万平方公 里, 占国土面积的 27%还多, 每年因此造成的直接经济损失达 540 亿元。 而现在每年仍以 3140平方公里的速度在扩展, 沙漠化的土地 面积呈加速扩大之势。 近几十年来, 中国政府为治理沙漠投入巨资, 大兴植树造林, 改善生态环境。 然而, 由于沙漠条件恶劣, 加上植树 方法落后, 效果极不理想, 年年种树年年不见树, 事倍功半。
不仅中国面临沙漠化的侵害, 世界上许多地区都面临同样问题。 抑制沙漠化的趋势, 改造沙漠化土地和人类生存环境, 是全人类共同 的奋斗目标。
现有的沙漠绿化方法几乎全是传统的人工种树种草的方法,这类 方法毫无例外地都要在地上挖坑或开沟,然后在坑里或沟里栽下树苗 或播种。 这种挖坑或开沟种树、 种草的方法, 存在如下缺点: (1 )挖 坑或者开沟都会破坏原有的地表,使本已很脆弱的沙地表面变得更加 不堪一击,原来地表经过长期的积累而形成的相对固定或半固定的沙 地在人为的作用下, 变得活跃起来, 变成漂移不定的流沙, 加速沙化 的扩展速度; (2)这种挖坑、 开沟的种植方法, 不能防风固沙, 不能 保水, 所种的树苗不是被旱死就是被沙埋死, 成活率极低, 起不到防 沙治沙和绿化沙漠的目的; (3)挖坑、开沟的种植方法,劳动强度大, 工作效率低,难以大面积地开展治沙绿化工作,用这种方法治理沙漠, 治沙的速度永远赶不上沙化的速度。 技术内容
为了克服在沙漠中挖坑或开沟种草、种树成活率低且劳动强度大 的缺点, 本发明提供一种绿化成活率高、 劳动强度低、 免耕式的沙漠 绿化方法。
本发明的目的可以通过采取如下方案予以实现:
一种在沙漠或干旱土地上进行绿化的免耕式方法, 该方法包括: 在需要绿化的沙漠上直接铺设覆盖一层基质营养层,该基质营养层含 有植物生长所需要的水分和植物养分; 在所述基质营养层铺设之前, 将植物种子撒播到沙漠或干旱土地的表层,或者在所述基质营养层铺 设之后将植物种子播种到所述基质营养层之间,或者将植物种子是混 拌到所述基质营养层的组分中与所述基质营养层一起铺设;所述的植 物种子可以利用所述基质营养层中的水分和养分得以生长,形成人工 植被。 这种方法不会破坏沙漠或干旱土地的表层原貌。
上述方法中, 基质营养层可以釆用人工或机械的方式进行铺设, 而且铺设时基本保持沙漠或干旱土地的表层原貌;基质营养层在铺设 过程中可以进行压实或固定,并使之与沙漠或干旱土地的表层紧密接 触。
上述方法中,基质营养层主要由生物性物料组成, 即采用生物性 物料作为基料; 该生物性物料为农作物废弃物和 /或动物粪便和 /或分 离出金属、 塑料、硅酸盐物质以及其他有害物质后的生活垃圾; 所述 的生物性物料可以进行发酵处理, 如预高温堆放层发酵处理; 所述发 酵处理可以是在添加发酵剂后自然发酵的,也可以不添加发酵剂直接 进行堆放发酵处理。
例如,所述基质营养层采用农作物废弃物或生活垃圾作为基本原 料, 经分类处理、 堆放沤制、 粉碎搅拌、 压延摊铺而形成, 并在形成 基质营养层的过程中加入植物种子。
上述方法中, 基质营养层中基料的颗粒大小与基质营养层的容 重、 孔隙度、 气水比等关系极大。 基料颗粒愈细, 则基质营养层的孔 隙愈多,保水性能愈强。但基料颗粒过细,则基质营养层的透气性差, 植物根系易缺氧, 不利于养分的吸收。 试验表明, 基料颗粒细度应控 制在 3-100目之间, 优选为 5-30目, 更优选为 10-20目。
上述方法中,基质营养层的容重是指在一定容积中基质营养层的 重量, 通常以 g/cm3 (或 kg/m3) 表示。 在通常情况下, 基质营养层 的容重大则其总孔隙度小、透气性和吸水性差,不利于植物根系伸展; 基质营养层的容重过小, 又会影响植被与地表的贴合性, 不利于植物 根系的附着。 试验表明, 小于 0.5g/cm3属低容重; 0.5-1 g/cm3属中容 重; 大于 1 g/cm3属高容重。 适宜的基质营养层的容重 (湿容重) 0.30-1.30 g/cm3, 优选为 0.40-0.90 g/cm3, 更优选为 0.55-0.65 g/cm3
上述方法中, 基质营养层的总孔隙度 = ( 1-容重 /密度) χ ιοο%。 总孔隙度大, 容纳空气和水分多, 有利于植物根系伸展。 基质营养层 的总孔隙度一般为 30-80%, 优选为 40-70%, 更优选为 55-60%。
上述方法中,基质营养层的气水比是指基质营养层中气和水的相 对比值, 主要以大孔隙数和小孔隙数值之比来表示, 并且以大孔隙值 作为 1。 大孔隙主要起储气作用, 小孔隙主要起储水作用。 本发明基 质营养层的气水比在 1 : 2- 1: 10比较适宜, 优选为 1 : 4 - 1: 7, 这 样的气水比既能使基质层保有强大的持水力, 又有很好的透气性。
上述方法中,基质营养层可以含有黏合剂, 以使得基质营养层在 铺设后基本上以整体存在; 黏合剂的含量与所用的生物性物料的种 类、 发酵处理的程度、 生物性物料颗粒的大小等因素有关, 一般占基 质营养层总重量的 5-20%; 黏合剂没有特殊的要求, 只要可以粘和生 物性物料即可, 优选为淀粉、预糊化淀粉、 改性淀粉或其它多糖类型 的黏合剂。
上述方法中, 基质营养层中可以含有保水剂; 保水剂为吸水性复 合树脂类材料, 例如丙烯酸、 丙烯腈和 /或丙烯酰胺接枝纤维素和 /或 淀粉形成的吸水材料, 如按中国专利申请 85103771、 中国专利申请 90101692.6中所述方法制备的吸水材料。 上述方法中, 基质营养层中可以含有氮和 /或磷和 /钾等植物所需 的植物养分。
上述方法中,植物种子可以在所述生物性物料发酵后而加入到所 述基质营养层中的。
另一方面,本发明还提供了一种用于免耕法绿化沙漠或干旱土地 的基质营养层, 该基质营养层含有 (以重量百分含量计):
生物性物料 60-90%
黏合剂 5-20%
保水剂 0.1-5%
植物养分 2-15%
其中, 所述的生物性物料为农作物废弃物和 /或动物粪便和 /或分 离出金属、 塑料、 硅酸盐物质以及有害物质后的生活垃圾; 所述的黏 合剂为淀粉、 预糊化淀粉、 改性淀粉或其它多糖类型的黏合剂; 所述 的保水剂为吸水性复合树脂类材料; 所述的植物养分为含有氮和 /或 磷和 /钾的物质, 如尿素、 磷肥或复合肥。 另外, 基质营养层中还可 以混拌有所需的植物种子。
上述基质营养层还可以含有软化剂, 以增加干燥后基质营养层的 柔韧性, 尤其是基质营养层中生物性物料的柔韧性, 从而防止其在使 用时的破裂。 如, 加入 1-10%的邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯作软化剂。
更为优选地, 本发明的基质营养层含有 (以重量百分含量计): 生物性物料 70-80%
黏合剂 6-10% 保水剂 0.3-2%
植物养分 4-10%。
制备本发明基质营养层时可采用如下的方法和步骤,但也可以采 用其他的方法和步骤:
( 1 ) 物料收集、 分类: 将包括麦秸杆、 稻草、 玉米杆、 高粱杆、 豆 杆、 藤蔓、 树皮树叶、 杂草等农作物废弃物, 或人、 畜、 禽粪 便, 或城乡生活垃圾收集起来, 将收集到的城乡生活垃圾进行 分类处理, 将其中的塑料、金属、有害物质分检出来另行处理;
(2) 堆放沤制: 将第(1 )步收集分类过的物料喷洒发酵剂后成垛堆 放, 让其自然发酵, 直至农作物秸杆变黑变软、 粪便和垃圾腐 熟为止;
(3) 粉碎搅拌: 将沤制过的物料按需要的规格进行粉碎加工, 添加 粘合剂、 养料、 水, 放进搅拌机进行搅拌, 把种子放进搅拌机 拌勾;
(4) 摊铺铺设: 采用人工铺设或机械方式将混合了植物种子物料在 沙漠中铺设、 形成基质营养质, 所铺设基质营养层要求厚薄均 匀,在铺设过程中作压实处理,使基质营养层与地面紧密接触。 采用本发明的免耕式沙漠绿化方法及其基质营养层,具有如下突 出的优点- a. 本发明是在沙漠中铺设覆盖一种既能固沙、 又能保水保肥的 基质营养层, 把植物种子混拌在或植入基质营养层中,在基质营养层 的作用下, 植物种子自动生根、 发芽、 成长。 这种绿化方法无论种树 一端通过销轴 30活动连接在链轮 29的外侧。使用时, 手握车把 5, 脚 踏在脚蹬 20上, 臀部坐在鞍座 19上, 三者配合用力使车架 1与车架 2 绕铰轴 6相对运动, 通过连杆 31驱动链轮 29转动, 再由链条 28带动 飞轮 7, 使后轮 4转动向前行驶。
另外, 还可以在链轮 29的中心轴的另一端和链轮 29外侧销轴 30 上各装一个自行车踏板, 用双脚交替下踏踏板提供动力当作自行车使 用。 要将车架 1与车架 2相对固定, 可以将连杆 31的一端连接在连接 扣 32上。
为了解决用连杆 31传动存在传动死角的问题, 可以采用如图 6所 示的转动定向装置来实现。在链轮 29的中心轴上安装一个椭圆形凸轮 45, 在车架上安装压杆套 48, 压杆套内装有压杆 47和压杆弹簧 49, 压杆 47上有滑轮 46, 滑轮 46始终靠在凸轮 45上滚动, 当连杆 31位 于水平位置出现传动死角时,凸轮 45的大直径的延长线与联杆约成 45 度, 此时, 压杆 47在压杆弹簧 49的作用下通过滑轮 46下压凸轮 45, 带动链轮 29转动, 从而避开传动死角。 实施例 4:
如图 7、 图 8所示。 车架分为车架 1和车架 2两部分, 车架 1与车 架 2用铰轴 6铰接。 车架 1上安装有车把 5、 前轮 3、 脚蹬 20和链钩 33 , 车把 5与前轮 3是连动的, 可以掌握运动方向。 车架 2上安装有 鞍座 19、 后轮 4、 导轮 34、 35和飞轮 38、 39, 链条 36连接在导轮 34 和飞轮 38上, 链条 37连接在导轮 35和飞轮 39上。 链钩 33分别与链 2)将第(1 )步收集分类过的物料喷洒发酵剂后成垛堆放, 让其 自然发酵, 直至农作物秸杆变黑变软、 粪便和垃圾腐熟为止;
3 ) 将上述沤制过的生物性物料按需要的规格进行粉碎, 加工为 10-20目的粉碎细度, 添加 6%的淀粉作为粘合剂, 添加 4%的尿素作 为养料, 添加 0.5%的保水剂, 并加入水, 放进搅拌机进行搅拌, 把 种子放进搅拌机拌匀;
4) 采用人工铺设或机械方式将混合了植物种子物料在沙漠中铺 设、 形成基质营养层, 采用机械铺设时要求速度适当, 所形成的基质 营养层要求厚薄均匀, 铺设层厚度为 2-5cm, 并对铺设的基质层作压 实处理, 使物料与地面更加紧密地贴和在一起;
经测试, 所得基质营养层的容重 (湿容重) 为 0.55-0.65 g/cm3, 总孔隙度为 55-60%; 气水比为 1 : 4-1: 7; N.RK含量: 全 N-0.28, 全 P-0.12, 全 K-0.74; PH值为 6.5-7; 通常持水量为 70%, 饱和持水 量为 120%;保水的时间为 20-50天;铺设基质营养层的用水量为 25T/ 亩;
上述的基质营养层适用于干旱半干旱地区、年降雨量在 100毫米 以上的沙化地区, 适用的植物种类为耐旱耐寒灌草类沙生植物。 实施例 2
采用与实施例 1相同的方法和步骤制备基质营养层,但生物性物 料的粉碎细度为 15-35 目, 添加 15%的改性淀粉作为粘合剂, 添加 9%的尿素和 4%磷肥作为养料, 添加 1.5%的保水剂; 经测试, 所得 基质营养层的容重(湿容重)为 0.70-0.85 g/cm3,总孔隙度为 40-55%, 气水比为 1 : 5-1: 8。
实施例 3
采用与实施例 1相同的方法和步骤制备基质营养层,但生物性物 料的粉碎细度为 5-15 目, 添加 8%的预糊化淀粉作为粘合剂, 添加 5%的尿素和 2%磷肥作为养料, 添加 1.0%的保水剂; 经测试, 所得 基质营养层的容重(湿容重)为 0.45-0.60 g/cm3,总孔隙度为 30-45%, 气水比为 1 : 3-1: 6。
实施例 4 免耕式沙漠绿化方法的试验使用
- 中国河北省宣化县黄羊滩 100亩田间试验 黄羊滩属中国河北省张家口市坝下地区的宣化县,位于北京西北 部, 距北京 166公里, 总面积 15万亩, 年均降雨量 340-400毫米之 间。 气候干旱, 蒸发量大, 据 1961-1988年的资料统计, 全县年平均 蒸发量 1939.5毫米。 试验区内土壤属风沙土亚类, 单体沙粒, 发育 层次不明显, 系风积而成, 植被极其稀少, 甚至寸草不生。 此前, 当 地林业局每年都设法治理, 但收效甚微。
采用实施例 1所述的基质营养层进行试验。试验期内, 黄羊滩试 验区可谓无日无风。三四级风连续不断, 五六级风接二连三, 八级以 上大风时有光顾。 由于气候干旱, 沙体流动, 在强风天气, 能见度不 足百米。 当在流动的沙面上铺设基质营养层以后, 由于基质营养层的 覆盖作用,沙体被严严实实地盖住,无论怎样刮风,都没有扬起沙尘, 有效地避免了沙土的流动。
植物发芽情况
试验表明, 在当地气候条件下, 在沙漠地上覆盖人工植被, 柠条
8-10天发芽, 发芽率 68%, 沙蒿、 蒺藜和沙打旺 5-7天发芽, 沙蒿发 芽率 71%, 沙打旺发芽率 76%。 有关黄羊滩试验基地的数据见表 1 : 表 1. 植物发芽率、 成活率对比试验数据
Figure imgf000011_0001
表 1中所示试验的试验时间与方法:
基质营养层试验是 2001年 7月 6日 -7月 25日;
草方格试验是 2001年 11月,由宣化县林业局在黄羊滩进行, 2002 年 6月 5日, 发现播下的沙蒿种开始发芽, 至 7月中旬, 长高 5-7公 分。 由于干旱、 气温高, 至 8月上旬全部干死。 2002年 12月 24日 检测, 所有的种子已经霉烂;
裸沙丘试验, 是 2002年 5月 3日至 5月 28日, 由广州绿能达生 态科技研究所在黄羊滩进行试验,种子播在沙下 5厘米, 当时沙下湿 润, 10天后检测, 发现约有 20%的种子破芽, 至 5月 28日检测, 无 一发芽成活。
表 2和表 3则给出了土壤分析数据和植物生长数据: 表 2.土壤成分对比试验数据(2002年 1月 11日 - 2002年 2月 5日):
Figure imgf000012_0001
表 3. 人工植被植物生长对比试验数据 (2002年 10月 15日):
Figure imgf000012_0002
实施例 5 免耕式沙漠绿化方法的试验使用
- -甘肃省高台县盐池乡 100m2戈壁滩试验
甘肃省盐池地区年平均降雨量不足 300毫米, 干旱、 风沙大。试 验用地属干旱戈壁滩, 地上除了极少量的骆驼蒿外, 几乎寸草不生。 当地农民曾在该地区种树种草, 因无引水灌溉, 几乎无法成活。
采用实施例 1所述的基质营养层进行试验。试验表明, 在当地气 候条件下, 在戈壁滩上覆盖基质营养层, 苜蓿 5-7天发芽, 发芽率约 95%; 红沙柳 8-10天发芽, 发芽率约 93%; 沙棘 10-12天发芽, 发芽 率约 94%。
在试验期内,红沙柳生长高度 22-25cm;沙棘生长高度 20-23cm; 苜蓿草生长高度 23-62cm。 三种植物长势良好, 苜蓿草已完全长成。 三种植物根部发育良好, 试验期内, 红沙柳根部插入表土层约 31-35cm; 沙棘根部插入表土层约 28-32cm; 苜蓿草根部插入表土层 约 15cm。 三种植物的生物量观测数据列于下表 4。 . 三种植物生物量观测数据
Figure imgf000013_0001
试验期后, 从 1999年 9月 10日至 2000年 9月 20日, 红沙柳平 均生长高度为 83cm, 沙棘平均生长高度为 75cm, 冬天落叶, 春末夏 初重新抽芽、 长绿; 苜蓿草冬季枯萎, 春夏复生, 长势与试验期内相 仿, 平均生长高度为 50cm。 田间还有相当数量的杂草生长。
水份涵养情况
在试验期内, 对基质营养层和植被以下 10cm厚度的沙土层进行 过两次含水量检测, 第一次是试验初始时 (2001年 7月 6日, 晴), 人工植被的含水率为 80%, 基质营养层以下的沙土含水率为 15%; 第二次是试验结束时 (2001年 9月 8日, 多云), 基质营养层含水率 为 45%, 基质营养层以下的沙土层含水率为 10%, 而此时没有基质 营养层覆盖的沙土层含水率为 0.05%。
基质营养层腐化状况
30天内基质营养层自然腐化率为 0-5%, 60天为 10-15%,100天 内为 30%。 本发明是将各种废弃有机物(包括生活垃圾)收集粉碎,.加上粘 和剂、 水、 养料、 植物种子等进行搅拌, 然后通过人工或机械设备铺 设在沙地上即可。混拌在物料中的植物种子, 经过一定时间以后, 自 动发芽、 生根、 长绿, 达到绿化的目的。 由于这此废弃物本身带有较 多的植物纤维和丰富的养分, 把它铺设在地了, 就能形成一个良好的 基质营养层。 该营养层能够充分有效地吸收自然降水和地下蒸发水, 滋养植物, 而且还能为植物提供充足的肥料, 保证植物的茁壮成长; 同时, 这些废弃物加上粘合剂充分搅拌以后, 具有极强的粘合力, 通 过机械设备铺设在沙地上, 给沙地形成一个保护层,起到良好的防风 固沙作用。

Claims

权利要求
1、 一种绿化沙漠或干旱土地的免耕式方法, 其特征在于, 在需 要绿化的沙漠上直接铺设覆盖一层基质营养层,该基质营养层含有植 物生长所需要的水分和植物养分,并采用人工或机械的方式进行铺设 的, 而且铺设时基本保持沙漠或干旱土地的表层原貌 ·; 所述的基质营 养层在铺设过程中进行压实或固定,并与沙漠或干旱土地的表层紧密 接触;植物种子是在所述基质营养层铺设之前撒播到沙漠或干旱土地 的表层,或者植物种子是在所述基质营养层铺设之后播种到所述基质 营养层之上,或者植物种子是混合到所述基质营养层的组分中与所述 基质营养层一起铺设;所述的植物种子利用所述基质营养层中的水分 和养分得以生长, 形成人工植被。
2、 如权利要求 1所述的方法, 其特征在于, 所述的基质营养层 中以生物性物料作为基料。
3、 如权利要求 2所述的方法, 其特征在于, 所述的生物性物料 为农作物废弃物和 /或动物粪便和 /或分离出金属、 塑料、 硅酸盐物质 以及有害物质的生活垃圾。
4、 如权利要求 2所述的方法, 其特征在于, 所述的生物性物料 进行了发酵处理。
5、 如权利要求 2所述的方法, 其特征在于, 所述基料的颗粒粒 度为 3-100目, 优选为 5-30目, 更优选为 10-20目。
6、 如权利要求 4所述的方法, 其特征在于, 所述生物性物料的 发酵处理是在发酵剂存在下自然发酵的。
7、 如权利要求 1所述的方法, 其特征在于, 所述的基质营养层 中含有黏合剂, 使得所述基质营养层铺设后基本上以整体的方式存 在。
8、 如权利要求 7所述的方法, 其特征在于, 所述的黏合剂为淀 粉、 预糊化淀粉、 改性淀粉和 /或其它多糖类的物质。
9、 如权利要求 1所述的方法, 其特征在于, 所述的基质营养层 中含有保水剂。
10、如权利要求 9所述的方法, 其特征在于, 所述的保水剂为吸 水性复合树脂类材料。
11、如权利要求 1所述的方法, 其特征在于, 所述的基质营养层 中含有氮和 /或磷和 /钾等植物所需的植物养分。
12、如权利要求 4所述的方法, 其特征在于, 所述的植物种子是 在所述生物性物料发酵后而加入到所述基质营养层中的。
13、一种用于免耕法绿化沙漠或干旱土地的基质营养层,该基质 营养层含有- 生物性物料 60-90%
黏合剂 5-20%
保水剂 0.1-5%
植物养分 2-15%
其中, 所述生物性物料的颗粒粒度为 3-100 目, 优选为 5-30 目, 更 优选为 10-20目。
14、 一种如权利要求 13所述的基质营养层, 其特征在于, 所述 的生物性物料为农作物废弃物和 /或动物粪便和 /或分离出金属、塑料、 硅酸盐物质以及有害物质的生活垃圾。
15、 一种如权利要求 13所述的基质营养层, 其特征在于, 所述 的黏合剂为淀粉、 预糊化淀粉、 改性淀粉和 /或其它多糖类的物质。
16、 一种如权利要求 13所述的基质营养层, 其特征在于, 所述 的保水剂为吸水性复合树脂类材料。 -
17、 一种如权利要求 13所述的基质营养层, 其特征在于, 所述 的植物养分为含有氮和 /或磷和 /钾的物质。
18、 一种如权利要求 13所述的基质营养层, 其特征在于, 所述 的基质营养层还含有所需的植物种子。
19、 一种如权利要求 13所述的基质营养层, 其特征在于, 所述 基质营养层的容重为 0.30-1.30 g/cm3, 优选为 0.40-0.90 g/cm3, 更优 选为 0.55-0.65 g/cm3;所述基质营养层的总孔隙度为 30-80%,优选为 40-70%, 更优选为 55-60%。
20、 一种如权利要求 13所述的基质营养层, 其特征在于, 所述 基质营养层含有- 生物性物料 70-80%
黏合剂 6-10%
保水剂 0.3-2%
植物养分 4-10%
其中, 所述生物性物料的颗粒度为 5-30目, 优选为 10-20目。
PCT/CN2003/000401 2002-06-06 2003-06-02 Procede pour verdir une zone desertique sans travail aratoire et couche de substrat nutritif utilisee dans ce procede WO2003103370A1 (fr)

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