WO2003081253A2 - Plaque a multiples puits electrochimiques - Google Patents

Plaque a multiples puits electrochimiques

Info

Publication number
WO2003081253A2
WO2003081253A2 PCT/GB2003/001289 GB0301289W WO03081253A2 WO 2003081253 A2 WO2003081253 A2 WO 2003081253A2 GB 0301289 W GB0301289 W GB 0301289W WO 03081253 A2 WO03081253 A2 WO 03081253A2
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
well plate
sensing
plate according
electrode
electroconductive polymer
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/GB2003/001289
Other languages
English (en)
Other versions
WO2003081253A3 (fr
Inventor
Duncan Ross Purvis
Original Assignee
Sensor-Tech Limited
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Sensor-Tech Limited filed Critical Sensor-Tech Limited
Priority to AU2003217026A priority Critical patent/AU2003217026A1/en
Publication of WO2003081253A2 publication Critical patent/WO2003081253A2/fr
Publication of WO2003081253A3 publication Critical patent/WO2003081253A3/fr

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
    • B01L3/00—Containers or dishes for laboratory use, e.g. laboratory glassware; Droppers
    • B01L3/50—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes
    • B01L3/508—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes rigid containers not provided for above
    • B01L3/5085—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes rigid containers not provided for above for multiple samples, e.g. microtitration plates
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
    • B01L2300/00—Additional constructional details
    • B01L2300/06—Auxiliary integrated devices, integrated components
    • B01L2300/0627—Sensor or part of a sensor is integrated
    • B01L2300/0645—Electrodes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
    • B01L2300/00—Additional constructional details
    • B01L2300/08—Geometry, shape and general structure
    • B01L2300/0809—Geometry, shape and general structure rectangular shaped
    • B01L2300/0829—Multi-well plates; Microtitration plates
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
    • G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
    • G01N27/28—Electrolytic cell components
    • G01N27/30—Electrodes, e.g. test electrodes; Half-cells
    • G01N27/327—Biochemical electrodes, e.g. electrical or mechanical details for in vitro measurements
    • G01N27/3275—Sensing specific biomolecules, e.g. nucleic acid strands, based on an electrode surface reaction
    • G01N27/3276—Sensing specific biomolecules, e.g. nucleic acid strands, based on an electrode surface reaction being a hybridisation with immobilised receptors

Definitions

  • the invention relates to multiwell plates containing integrated electrochemical sensors for use in methods of electrochemical analysis.
  • Electrochemical analysis of ELISAs, cell analysis, proteomics and other analytes by detection of various local or internal changes in pH (acidification) , ionic strength or redox potential is a promising and attractive method of instrument analysis .
  • the invention provides a multi- well plate for use in methods of electrochemical detection wherein at least one of the wells of the multi-well plate has associated therewith a sensing electrode and a reference electrode.
  • each of the wells of the multi-well plate will have an associated sensing electrode and reference electrode.
  • the invention provides A method of electrochemical analysis of the response of whole cells to a change in pH, ionic strength or chemical composition of an electrolyte solution, comprising the steps of:
  • Figure 1 is a schematic representation of a section of a multi-well plate according to the invention.
  • Figure 2(a) is an enlarged view of a single well of the multi-well plate of Figure 1
  • Figure 2(b) is an inverted view of the same well in which the underside of the well is visible;
  • Figure 3(a) is a plan view of an array of sensing and reference electrodes for incorporation into a multi- well plate according to the invention viewed from above
  • Figure 3 (b) is a plan view of the underside of the array of sensing and reference electrodes shown in Figure 3(a) ;
  • Figure 4 is a plan view of a further array of sensing and reference electrodes for incorporation into a multi-well plate according to the invention viewed from above;
  • Figure 5 is a plan view of the underside___ of a further array of sensing and reference electrodes for use in a multi-well plate according to the invention
  • Figure 6 is a plan view of a further array of sensing and reference electrodes for use in a multi-well plate according to the invention.
  • FIG. 1 a section of a multi- well plate having a plurality of wells 1.
  • the plate will preferably be of similar size, configuration and construction to a standard microtiter plate. Most preferably the plate will be formed of an electrically insulating plastic material. Multi-well plates with various numbers of wells, for example 6, 12, 24 96, 384, 1536 and above, could be made.
  • Each of the wells has associated therewith a sensing electrode 2 and a reference electrode 3.
  • the sensing electrode 2 is formed in a substantially circular spot positioned substantially centrally on the bottom of the well.
  • the reference electrode is formed as a ring surrounding the sensing electrode. This configuration is selected for convenience for use with round wells and other arrangements can be envisaged. For example, it is not essential for the reference electrode to be formed as a ring completely surrounding the sensing electrode (see Fig. 5) .
  • Figure 2 shows an enlarged view of a single well of the multi-well plate.
  • the sensing electrode and reference electrode are positioned on the bottom interior surface of the well (see Fig. 2(a)) such that they would be in contact with material (e.g. electrolyte) added to the well.
  • material e.g. electrolyte
  • the electrodes could be positioned in the side walls of the wells. Electrical contact to the sensing and reference electrodes is provided via connections 4 through to the underside of the plate (shown in Fig. 2(b)).
  • a third electrode could also be associated with each pair of sensing and reference electrodes in order to allow for selective polymerisation of working electrode or even amperometric sensing.
  • Multi-well plates according to the invention may be manufactured in a variety of ways, using single or double-sided circuits.
  • Arrays of reference and working electrodes may be assembled by screen printing, etching and gold plating, or using thin film technologies. Conveniently, the array may be manufactured on a flat sheet or substrate, which may then form the bottom surface of the plate. Electrical connections to the sensing and reference electrodes may be provided either on the same side of the substrate as the electrodes or through to the other side of the substrate (which will form the underside of the plate) for double sided circuits.
  • the reference electrode-working electrode loop needs to be kept as small as possible where required so no induction voltage is generated. If the circuit is single sided a ground plate can be added to the bottom to further reduce any induction voltage.
  • Figure 3(a) shows an array of sensing and reference electrodes formed on a flat substrate 6 as a double-sided circuit.
  • the sensing electrodes 2 and reference electrodes 3 are applied to one surface of the substrate (uppermost in Fig. 3(a)).
  • Independent electrical connections 4 are provided from each of the sensing and reference electrodes through to the other side of the substrate.
  • the connections 4 are protected and tracked to the edge of the plate via electrically conductive tracks 5 which run substantially parallel to each other.
  • the enlarged insert n Fig. 3(b) illustrates how the widths of parallel conductive tracks may be varied in order to provide equal resistance to all points on the plate.
  • the tracks can be connected to a single edge connection point/plug which enables the whole unit to be plugged into a detection instrument.
  • Figure 4 illustrates a further array of sensing and reference electrodes formed on a flat substrate 6 as a double-sided circuit.
  • the sensing electrodes 2 and reference electrodes 3 are applied to one surface of the substrate (uppermost in Fig. 4) .
  • Independent electrical connections 4 are again provided from each of the sensing and reference electrodes through to the other side of the substrate.
  • the connections 4 on the underside are designed to enable direct contact to a detection instrument, e.g. pin connectors.
  • sensing electrode and reference electrodes can be linked to the measuring instrument by means of a special holder equipped with electrical contacts for connection of the sensing electrode and reference electrode and connected to the measuring instrument by a cable or other means.
  • a holder integral with the measuring instrument could also be used, making it possible to miniaturise the measuring system in terms of its overall dimensions.
  • Figure 5 illustrates a further array of sensing and reference electrodes formed on a flat substrate 6 as a double-sided circuit.
  • the sensing electrodes 2 and reference electrodes 3 are applied to one surface of the substrate (below the plane of Figure 5) .
  • Independent electrical connections 4 are provided from each of the sensing and reference electrodes through to the other side of the substrate. In this embodiment the connections 4 are protected (?) and tracked to the edges of the plate via electrically conductive tracks 5.
  • Figure 6 shows a further array of sensing and reference electrodes which may be formed on a flat substrate as a single-sided circuit.
  • the sensing electrode 2 is again formed as a substantially circular spot and the reference electrode is formed as an open ring around the sensing electrode.
  • Independent connections 4 are provided to each of the sensing and reference electrodes on the same side of the substrate. The connections are tracked to the edge of the substrate via electrically conductive tracks 5, also formed on the same side of the substrate.
  • a substrate bearing an array of sensing and reference electrodes may be affixed to the bottom of an open tube array, with the side bearing the sensing and reference electrodes facing uppermost towards the open tube array, in order to form a multiwell plate.
  • the uppermost surface of the substrate, bearing the array of sensing and reference electrodes forms the bottom interior surface of the wells. Most usually one pair of sensing and reference electrodes will be positioned in each well.
  • each pair of sensing and reference electrodes may have associated therewith a third counter-electrode.
  • a third electrode enables selective polymerisation or other forms of electrochemical analysis to be carried out, for example amperometry.
  • the third counter-electrode and sensing electrode may be formed as interdigitating electrodes, or as closely separated parallel lines in a variety of shapes. Such arrangements enable alternative forms of electrochemical analysis to be carried out, for example amperometry, impedance, voltammetry, polarography, chronoamperometry, chronocoulometry and chronopotentiometry.
  • the " sensing electrodes may be essentially any suitable electrode comprising a conductive or semi- conductive layer. Suitable electrodes include standard potentiometric electrodes possessing metallic or quasi-metallic conductivity which are stable in aqueous media, e.g. gold and other noble metal electrodes.
  • the sensing electrode may comprise a plastic support or substrate with a conductive layer (preferably gold or other noble metals) electrochemically plated or directly screen-printed onto the plastic support.
  • a conductive connection layer e.g. silver, carbon or copper
  • the active conductive layer working and reference electrode
  • Sensing electrodes can be used without any further processing, or they can be electrochemically coated with a layer of electroconductive polymer, e.g. polypyrrole.
  • the regular Ag/AgCl or calomel electrode can serve as a reference electrode.
  • a thin film is deposited onto the surface of an electrically conductive electrode by electrochemical synthesis from a monomer solution.
  • the electrically conductive electrode is preferably a standard potentiometric electrode possessing metallic or quasi-metallic conductivity which is stable in aqueous media.
  • electrodeposition of the electroconductive polymer film is carried out using a solution containing monomers, a polar solvent and a background electrolyte. Pyrrole is the preferred monomer, but thiophene, furan or aniline could also be used.
  • Combinations of two or more of these monomers may also be used, leading to the production of conductive co- polymers .
  • the preferred supporting electrolyte is sodium dodecylsulphate but other electrolytes may be used.
  • the electrolyte also serves as a doping agent.
  • Deionised water is preferably used as the polar solvent .
  • the electrochemical polymerisation solution generally consists of an aqueous solution of monomers and supporting electrolyte.
  • other components may be added to the polymerisation solution such as, for example, components which provide specific functional groups which can be used as linkers for bioreceptors or for chemical modification of the sensor surface (see WO 00/11473 and WO 98/37409) .
  • Electrochemical polymerisation is typically carried out in a three-electrode cell comprising of sensor electrode (s) to be coated, the auxiliary electrode and the reference electrode. Suitable assemblies have been described in the prior art (see WO 00/11473 and references contained therein) . Multiple sensor electrodes can be combined in a block with one electrical contact. An entire array of sensing electrodes may be coated in a single polymerisation reaction. This may use either a single auxiliary electrode or one auxiliary electrode per pair of sensing and reference electrodes. For example, arrays which include a third counter- electrode associated with each pair of sensing and reference electrodes (e.g. for amperometric analysis) may be coated using the third counter-electrode as the auxiliary electrode. In a further arrangement, the reference electrodes may be used as the auxiliary
  • the reference electrode may be manipulated to function as an auxiliary electrode for polymerisation, for example with Ag/AgCl electrodes the ratio of Ag/AgCl may be temporarily altered such that it functions as an auxiliary electrode for polymerisation, and then restored to function as a reference electrode after polymerisation .
  • electroconductive polymers are often doped at the electrochemical synthesis stage in order to modify the structure and/or conduction properties of the polymer.
  • the ease with which ion exchange takes place and the rapidity with which ion equilibrium is attained for electroconductive polymers immersed in a solution are essentially dependent on the size of the anti-ion introduced at the electrodeposition stage: the larger the ionic radius of the anti-ion, the more readily ion-exchange reactions take place and the more rapidly a state of equilibrium is reached.
  • a typical dopant anion is sulphate (S0 4 2 ⁇ ) which is incorporated during the polymerisation process, neutralising the positive charge on the polymer backbone. Sulphate is not readily released by ion exchange and thus helps to maintain the structure of the polymer.
  • a salt whose anions have a large ionic radius as the background electrolyte when preparing the electrochemical polymerisation solution.
  • ion response is minimised and redox or pH response predominate, potentiometric response is provided by electron exchange between the polymer film and surrounding solution.
  • Suitable salts whose anions have large ionic radius include sodium dodecyl sulphate and dextran sulphate.
  • concentration of these salts in the electrochemical polymerisation solution is varied according to the type of test within the range 0.0001 - 0.05 M.
  • Redox response can be increased by incorporating into the polymer dopant ions, which can change their redox state due to the changes in the surrounding solution giving the sensor the additional change in redox state.
  • the dopant should be in reduced form if one of the solution components is oxidized and vice versa.
  • K 3 [Fe (CN) 6 ] /K 4 [Fe (CN) 6 ] can be given as an example for both cases.
  • the concentration of these electrolytes in the electrochemical polymerisation solution can be varied within the range 0.001 - 0.1 M to meet specific requirements of the test.
  • the surfaces of electroconductive polymer-coated electrodes can be further modified by coating with biomolecules or other functional groups which can be used as linkers for bio molecules or for chemical modification of the sensor surface (see WO 00/11473, WO 98/37409 and WO 96/02001) .
  • Bio molecules for example bioreceptors
  • Biological molecules can be immobilised onto a sensor using well known techniques for solid phase coating.
  • Biological molecules may be incorporated into the electroconductive polymer during the polymerisation reaction, or they may be adsorbed onto the surface of the coated sensing electrode in a separate modification step after the polymer coating step, or they may be covalently linked to the polymer coating.
  • the biological molecules may be "adaptor molecules" which enable the attachment of further molecules, or even whole cells to the surface of the sensor via a specific binding interaction.
  • adaptor molecules enable the attachment of further molecules, or even whole cells to the surface of the sensor via a specific binding interaction.
  • adaptor molecules With the selection of appropriate adaptor molecules it is also possible to manufacture "universal" sensing electrodes containing adaptor molecules capable of binding to a whole range of different receptor molecules. Specificity for the analyte under test is conferred on the "universal" sensing electrode simply by binding to the adaptor molecules receptors of the appropriate specificity.
  • the proteins avidin and streptavidin are preferred for use as adaptor molecules. Investigations carried out by the authors of the declared invention have shown that avidin and streptavidin immobilised in an electroconductive polymer film, retain their native properties for an extended period of time (at least one year and possibly longer) and can be used throughout this period to link with biotin conjugated receptors.
  • sensing electrodes with immobilised avidin or streptavidin can easily made specific for a given analyte merely by binding of the appropriate biotinylated receptors via biotin/avidin or biotin/streptavidin binding interactions.
  • adaptor molecules for example protein A, protein G, lectins and FITC.
  • the incorporation of adaptor molecules enables other biomolecules or whole cells to be attached to the surface of the sensing electrode, for example via protein A/antibody, protein G/antibody, FITC/anti-FITC or lectin/sugar binding interactions. Biomolecules or whole cells may alternatively be absorbed directly or covalently bound to the sensor surface.
  • Multi-well plates according to the invention can be used in all areas and instruments currently designed for multi-well plates, especially fluidic handling robotics.
  • the electrochemical prepared multi-well plates can be used in the same manner as unmodified multi- well plates are used.
  • assays, cell analysis, drug discovery immobilisation protocols and fluidic regimes can all remain the same or very similar to that already used in standard multi-well or microtiter plates.
  • the only difference is in the mode of detection of result, being electrochemical (e.g. potentiometric, or amperometric if a three electrode array format is employed) with associated increased sensitivity and reduced time to result.
  • the multi-well plates of the invention are inexpensive to manufacture and so for convenience can be produced in a disposable format, intended to be used for a single electrochemical detection experiment or a series of detection experiments and then thrown away.
  • Electrochemical multi-well plates according to the invention may be used in methods of electrochemical analysis of analytes, such as, for example the methods described in the applicant's published International patent application WO 00 / 11473 .
  • the multi- well plate can be used in the analysis of whole cells, for example in monitoring the response of whole cells to analytes or to changes in conditions of pH, ionic strength or chemical composition of an electrolyte solution.
  • whole cells may be adsorbed directly onto the surface of sensing electrodes coated with electroconductive polymer.
  • whole cells may be attached to the sensing electrode indirectly via binding to a biomolecule immobilised in or adsorbed to the electroconductive polymer coating.
  • the multi-well plates of the invention may be advantageously used in the following applications: ELISA, cell analysis, drug discovery/toxicity, Ultra High-throughput screening, analysis of chemical and biological reactions, study of biological interactions, electrochemical assays of all descriptions, etc. This list is intended to be illustrative rather than limiting to the invention.

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Hematology (AREA)
  • Clinical Laboratory Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Apparatus Associated With Microorganisms And Enzymes (AREA)
  • Hybrid Cells (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne une plaque à multiples puits, prévue pour être utilisée dans des procédés de détection électrochimique. En particulier, au moins un des puits de cette plaque est associé à une électrode de détection et une électrode de référence.
PCT/GB2003/001289 2002-03-26 2003-03-25 Plaque a multiples puits electrochimiques WO2003081253A2 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU2003217026A AU2003217026A1 (en) 2002-03-26 2003-03-25 Electrochemical multi-well plate

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB0207114A GB2386949A (en) 2002-03-26 2002-03-26 A multiwell plate for electrochemical detection
GB0207114.0 2002-03-26

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2003081253A2 true WO2003081253A2 (fr) 2003-10-02
WO2003081253A3 WO2003081253A3 (fr) 2004-04-01

Family

ID=9933739

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/GB2003/001289 WO2003081253A2 (fr) 2002-03-26 2003-03-25 Plaque a multiples puits electrochimiques

Country Status (3)

Country Link
AU (1) AU2003217026A1 (fr)
GB (1) GB2386949A (fr)
WO (1) WO2003081253A2 (fr)

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN101652657A (zh) * 2007-07-04 2010-02-17 博奥生物有限公司 一种自动定位与传感的微电极阵列
US9028662B2 (en) 2012-07-10 2015-05-12 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. Electrochemical sensing arrays
US9857367B2 (en) 2009-07-29 2018-01-02 Dynex Technologies, Inc. Sample plate systems and methods
EP3384987A3 (fr) * 2017-04-03 2018-10-24 CSEM Centre Suisse d'Electronique et de Microtechnique SA - Recherche et Développement Récipient servant à effectuer des mesures électrochimiques et procédé de fabrication d'un tel récipient
US10207268B2 (en) 2009-07-29 2019-02-19 Dynex Technologies, Inc. Sample plate systems and methods

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US6758951B2 (en) * 2001-10-11 2004-07-06 Symyx Technologies, Inc. Synthesis and characterization of materials for electrochemical cells
DK1577378T3 (da) 2004-03-15 2009-12-07 Lonza Cologne Ag Beholder og indretning til generering af elektriske felter i særskilte reaktionsrum
WO2005105292A1 (fr) * 2004-04-30 2005-11-10 Gatlik Gmbh Plate-forme de criblage et de stockage-recuperation a haut rendement pour applications de recherche reposant sur des capteurs electroniques ou acoustiques
US20060216203A1 (en) * 2005-03-28 2006-09-28 Mds Sciex (Us) A Division Of Mds Pharma Services (Us) Inc. Multiwell sample plate with integrated impedance electrodes and connection scheme
DE102005017364B4 (de) * 2005-04-14 2007-02-01 Roche Diagnostics Gmbh Analysegerät mit auswechselbarem Testfeldträger
GB2432217A (en) 2005-11-09 2007-05-16 Seiko Epson Corp Application of biosensor chips
WO2012059701A2 (fr) * 2010-11-05 2012-05-10 Cybio France Sarl Dispositif et procede de gestion de microplaques dans un systeme de traitement automatise, et procede de traitement de ces microplaques.
GB201522323D0 (en) 2015-12-17 2016-02-03 Vrije Universiteit Brussel And Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Systems and methods for conducting electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
WO2017154801A1 (fr) * 2016-03-11 2017-09-14 パナソニックＩｐマネジメント株式会社 Système de mesure électrochimique, dispositif de mesure électrochimique, et procédé de mesure électrochimique

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WO1996002001A1 (fr) * 1994-07-07 1996-01-25 Leaver, Jonathan Dosage immunologique par procede electrochimique
US20020025573A1 (en) * 2000-07-10 2002-02-28 Maher Michael P. Multi-well plate and electrode assemblies for ion channel assays

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US5643742A (en) * 1990-04-03 1997-07-01 Cellstat Technologies, Inc. System for electronically monitoring and recording cell cultures
DE19646505A1 (de) * 1996-11-12 1998-05-14 Itt Ind Gmbh Deutsche Vorrichtung zur Durchführung von Untersuchungen an Zellproben und dergleichen
EP0864860A1 (fr) * 1997-03-10 1998-09-16 Japan Science and Technology Corporation Plaque d'échantillons et appareil d'électrophorèse multicapillaire
FR2781886B1 (fr) * 1998-07-31 2001-02-16 Commissariat Energie Atomique Micro-systeme a multiple points d'analyse chimique ou biologique

Patent Citations (2)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1996002001A1 (fr) * 1994-07-07 1996-01-25 Leaver, Jonathan Dosage immunologique par procede electrochimique
US20020025573A1 (en) * 2000-07-10 2002-02-28 Maher Michael P. Multi-well plate and electrode assemblies for ion channel assays

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN101652657A (zh) * 2007-07-04 2010-02-17 博奥生物有限公司 一种自动定位与传感的微电极阵列
US9857367B2 (en) 2009-07-29 2018-01-02 Dynex Technologies, Inc. Sample plate systems and methods
US10207268B2 (en) 2009-07-29 2019-02-19 Dynex Technologies, Inc. Sample plate systems and methods
US10969386B2 (en) 2009-07-29 2021-04-06 Dynex Technologies, Inc. Sample plate systems and methods
US9028662B2 (en) 2012-07-10 2015-05-12 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. Electrochemical sensing arrays
EP3384987A3 (fr) * 2017-04-03 2018-10-24 CSEM Centre Suisse d'Electronique et de Microtechnique SA - Recherche et Développement Récipient servant à effectuer des mesures électrochimiques et procédé de fabrication d'un tel récipient

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
AU2003217026A1 (en) 2003-10-08
GB2386949A (en) 2003-10-01
GB0207114D0 (en) 2002-05-08
WO2003081253A3 (fr) 2004-04-01
AU2003217026A8 (en) 2003-10-08

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