WO2003075084A1 - Dispositif d'affichage a cristaux liquides comprenant une couche de compensation - Google Patents

Dispositif d'affichage a cristaux liquides comprenant une couche de compensation Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2003075084A1
WO2003075084A1 PCT/IB2003/000489 IB0300489W WO03075084A1 WO 2003075084 A1 WO2003075084 A1 WO 2003075084A1 IB 0300489 W IB0300489 W IB 0300489W WO 03075084 A1 WO03075084 A1 WO 03075084A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
layer
liquid crystal
compensation
domains
sub
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/IB2003/000489
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English (en)
Inventor
Gerardus P. Karman
Dirk K. G. De Boer
Armanda C. Nieuwkerk
Bianca M. I. Van Der Zande
Original Assignee
Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. filed Critical Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V.
Priority to AU2003202774A priority Critical patent/AU2003202774A1/en
Publication of WO2003075084A1 publication Critical patent/WO2003075084A1/fr

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
    • G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
    • G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
    • G02F1/1335—Structural association of cells with optical devices, e.g. polarisers or reflectors
    • G02F1/13363—Birefringent elements, e.g. for optical compensation
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
    • G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
    • G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
    • G02F1/1335—Structural association of cells with optical devices, e.g. polarisers or reflectors
    • G02F1/13356—Structural association of cells with optical devices, e.g. polarisers or reflectors characterised by the placement of the optical elements
    • G02F1/133565—Structural association of cells with optical devices, e.g. polarisers or reflectors characterised by the placement of the optical elements inside the LC elements, i.e. between the cell substrates
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
    • G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
    • G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
    • G02F1/1335—Structural association of cells with optical devices, e.g. polarisers or reflectors
    • G02F1/13363—Birefringent elements, e.g. for optical compensation
    • G02F1/133631—Birefringent elements, e.g. for optical compensation with a spatial distribution of the retardation value
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
    • G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
    • G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
    • G02F1/1337—Surface-induced orientation of the liquid crystal molecules, e.g. by alignment layers
    • G02F1/133753—Surface-induced orientation of the liquid crystal molecules, e.g. by alignment layers with different alignment orientations or pretilt angles on a same surface, e.g. for grey scale or improved viewing angle
    • G02F1/133757—Surface-induced orientation of the liquid crystal molecules, e.g. by alignment layers with different alignment orientations or pretilt angles on a same surface, e.g. for grey scale or improved viewing angle with different alignment orientations
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F2413/00—Indexing scheme related to G02F1/13363, i.e. to birefringent elements, e.g. for optical compensation, characterised by the number, position, orientation or value of the compensation plates
    • G02F2413/02—Number of plates being 2
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F2413/00—Indexing scheme related to G02F1/13363, i.e. to birefringent elements, e.g. for optical compensation, characterised by the number, position, orientation or value of the compensation plates
    • G02F2413/10—Indexing scheme related to G02F1/13363, i.e. to birefringent elements, e.g. for optical compensation, characterised by the number, position, orientation or value of the compensation plates with refractive index ellipsoid inclined, or tilted, relative to the LC-layer surface O plate

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a liquid crystal display device, having a display pixel, comprising a layer of a liquid crystal material, being sandwiched between a first and second electrode, and first and second substrates, respectively, said display cell comprising a compensation layer.
  • twisted nematic (TN) liquid crystal displays suffer from two major viewing angle artefacts. Under oblique viewing angles, an image displayed on said display shows a lack of contrast as well as suffer from grey scale inversion (referred to as gsi). These two artefacts has prevented liquid crystal displays from gaining a broad market acceptance for certain demanding applications, such as television sets and computer monitors. Furthermore, the above- described problem do not only occur in standard twisted nematic displays, but are present in many configurations, for example in reflective and transflective liquid crystal displays, in twisted as well as non-twisted nematic displays and in VAN and TV AN displays.
  • a compensator foil in the display cell in order to provide a display having a reduced angle dependency.
  • a display is for example disclosed in the patent application document WO 97/44409, said display having at least two compensation foils of a liquid-crystalline material, exhibiting substantially complementary indicatrices, so that each one of the compensation foils brings about the compensation of approximately half of the display cell in a driven state.
  • this display still suffers from unsatisfactory characteristics regarding grey scale inversion, and it does not totally solve the problem of angular contrast dependency in a satisfactory manner.
  • an object of this invention is to provide a display device of the type indicated by way of introduction, overcoming the above-indicated problems, in which display the viewing angle dependency is greatly reduced.
  • Yet another object of the invention is to provide a display device exhibiting less artefacts, for example reduced grey scale inversion.
  • a liquid crystal display device as described by way of introduction, further characterized in that said compensation layer has a sub-pixel domain pattern, i.e. a pattern with different areas having different directions of the optical axes, either in the plane of the layer (different azimuthal angles) or outside this plane (different tilt angles).
  • Such a patterned compensation foil may be used with a multi-domain LCD, resulting in an improved contrast and a limited grey scale inversion. Therefore, such a display is suitable for use in demanding applications, such as television sets.
  • the liquid crystal layer is suitably sub-divided into two or more cell domains, each domain being associated with a corresponding compensation layer domain of said sub-cell domain pattern.
  • the display further comprises an additional compensation layer, said compensation layers being positioned on opposite sides of said liquid crystal layer.
  • said compensation layers being positioned on opposite sides of said liquid crystal layer.
  • said additional compensation layer is one of a homogenous compensation layer or a compensation layer having a sub-pixel domain pattern.
  • said liquid crystal layer is subdivided into two domains, and said display comprises at least one compensation layer being sub-divided into corresponding two domains.
  • This configuration provides for a good contrast and a good gsi suppression.
  • said liquid crystal layer is subdivided into four domains, and said display comprises two compensation layers each being sub-divided into corresponding domains.
  • This configuration offers an even better gsi suppression while also having good contrast properties.
  • said at least one compensation layer is constituted by two sub-layers, a first sub-layer having a planar optical axis, and a second sub-layer, having a tilted optical axis.
  • said display is preferably one of a reflective, transflective, transmissive, twisted nematic, non-twisted nematic, NAN or TV AN liquid crystal display, thereby stating that the invention is usable with a plurality of display types.
  • Fig 1 is a schematic cross section of a transmissive liquid crystal display device according to one embodiment of the invention.
  • Fig 2a and b shows the contrast as a function of the viewing angle for a) two- domain TN LC layer without foils for a) a v-v mixing case, and b) a h-v mixing case, in accordance with prior art.
  • Fig 3 a and b shows the contrast as a function of the viewing angle for a) two- domain TN LC layer (h-v mixing case) with a) a ID compensation foil and b) a ID compensation foil, as well as an additional 2D compensation foil in accordance with the invention.
  • Fig 4a and b shows the contrast as a function of the viewing angle for a) two- domain TN LC layer (v-v mixing case) with a) a 2D compensation foil and b) two 2D compensation foils in accordance with the invention.
  • Fig 5 shows the contrast as a function of the viewing angle for a 4D TN LC layer (twist of four domains in the LC layer is clockwise for all domains) according to the prior art.
  • Fig 6 a shows the contrast as a function of the viewing angle for a four-domain TN LC layer (clockwise case) with two 4D foils according to the invention.
  • Fig 6b shows the contrast as a function of the viewing angle for a four-domain TN LC layer (the twist in two domains being clockwise, in the remaining two anticlockwise) with two 4D foils (in principle two-domain) according to the invention.
  • the dotted cross shows the origin (viewing at normal incidence).
  • the dotted circle is located at a polar angle of 45°.
  • the grey scale show the contrast obtained between the transmission at driving voltages of 1.5V and 4.5V. All simulations were done assuming a standard LC material.
  • the configuration of the LCD is depicted as a schematic diagram. These diagrams include (from left to right, that is, the direction in which light emitted from a backlight of the transmissive display propagates) the polarization direction of a first polariser, the configuration of the first compensation layer (if any), the configuration/twist of the LC layer, the configuration of the second compensation layer (if any) and the polarization direction of the second polariser. It shall also be understood that where both the LC layer and the foil are sub-divided into domains, these domains are located more or less exactly on top of each other.
  • Fig 1 discloses a schematic cross-section of a part of a liquid crystal display pixel 1, comprising a liquid crystal layer 2, being sandwiched between a first and a second alignment layer 3, 4, a first and a second electrode 7,8 and a first and a second substrate 9,10. Moreover, the display device is placed between first and second polarizers 11,12, whose direction of polarization are mutually crossed.
  • first and second polarizers 11,12 By applying a variable electric field over said liquid crystal layer 2, by means of said electrodes 7,8 it is possible to change the optical transmission of the display cell, whereby an image may be displayed on said display.
  • the pixel is subdivided into several (in the examplatory fig 1 two (2D)) parts or domains having different optical properties.
  • the liquid crystal layer is subdivided into two domains 2', 2" having different properties or twists, being realised for example by utilizing patterned alignment layers on per se known manner.
  • the twists of the two domains of the liquid crystal layer may be such that the midplane directors of the respective parts make a 180°-angle (so called v-v mixing, as shown in fig 2a) or such that the midplane directors of the respective parts make a 90°-angle (so called h-v mixing, as shown in fig 2b).
  • v-v mixing the midplane directors of the respective parts make a 180°-angle
  • h-v mixing as shown in fig 2b
  • the directors closest to the first alignment layer 3 have the same orientation in both domains, i.e. the bottom part of the liquid crystal layer 2 may be considered as being homogeneous for both domains.
  • the display further comprises a first compensation layer 5, in the present case being positioned between said first alignment layer 3 and said first electrode 7.
  • This first compensation layer greatly improves the contrast in the horizontal direction, as seen in fig 3 a (for the h-v mixing case) and fig 4a (for the v-v mixing case).
  • said first compensation layer 5 is a homogenous layer, but in the v-v mixing case of fig 4a, a patterned compensation layer must be used, having 2 domains, corresponding to the domains of the LC layer, i.e.
  • the domains of the second compensation layer 6 should match those of the underlying liquid crystal layer 2.Different domains are arranged to have different orientations of the respective optical axis.
  • this first compensation layer do not really affect the grey scale inversion properties of the display, as may be seen by comparing fig 3 a and fig 2b.
  • the display comprises a second compensation layer 6, being positioned between the second alignment layer 4 and the second electrode 8.
  • the second compensation layer 6 is further sub-divided into two domains, corresponding with the domains of the liquid crystal layer, i.e. the domains of the second compensation layer 6 should match those of the underlying liquid crystal layer 2.
  • different domains are arranged to have different orientations of the respective optical axis.
  • one of the patterned 2D compensation layers may be replaced by a homogenous compensation layer.
  • One of the compensation layers enlarges the contrast in one direction, and the inclusion of a second compensation layer also improves the contrast in the orthogonal direction.
  • Each of the above mentioned compensation layers may either be a standard single layer, such as a discotic foil (made of a negative birefringent material), or may be a combination of two layers or plates (each made of a positive birefringent material), a first so called O-plate (having a tilted optical axis) and a second so called A-plate (having a planar optical axis), said plates having mutually crossed optical axes and said A-plate facing the liquid crystal layer 2.
  • the cumulative birefringent properties of these two configurations of the compensation layer/sub-layers are opposite to those of the liquid crystal layer 2, and it is a static layer being arranged to transform an incoming fixed polarization state into an outgoing other fixed polarization state.
  • the desired directions and properties of the Polaris 's, the compensation layers and the LC layer is disclosed in fig 2-6, respectively.
  • This embodiment comprises a 4-domain (4D) liquid crystal layer.
  • the twists of the four domains may either be arranged (counter) clockwise (as indicated in fig 6a) or two domains clockwise and two domains counter clockwise (as indicated in fig 6b).
  • Fig 5 shows the results for a standard 4D display, without compensation foils. As may be seen by comparing fig 5 with fig 2, it may be seen that increasing the number of domains in the liquid crystal layer reduces the contrast but improves the gsi.
  • both compensation layers are 4D layers, the domains of which being properly matched with the domains of the 4D LC layer.
  • fig 6a a LC layer in which all domains has a clockwise twist is used.
  • fig 6b a LC layer having two domains with clockwise twist and two with counter clockwise twist is used.
  • This configuration is essentially the one shown in fig 3b, but doubled. Therefore, although the LC layer contains four different domains, the compensation layers need only have two domains, since the director patterns in the domains of the LC layer are partly similar. Compared with fig 6a, the contrast properties of the configuration are further improved, in particular near the origin.
  • the present invention is based on the realization that compensation foils, having two ore more domains may be used with a LC layer, having the corresponding number of domains, in order to improve gsi and contrast of a liquid crystal display device.
  • more domains in the liquid crystal layer lead to a reduced contrast, but improves gsi.
  • the above reduction of the contrast may be counteracted, while the good gsi properties are maintained.
  • two compensation layers, on opposite sides of the LC layer must be used.
  • one compensation layer maybe sufficient if improvement of the contrast and gsi is only desired in one direction, i.e. the horizontal direction of the display. Moreover, the domains of the LC layer and the compensation layers must be properly matched in order to achieve the desired effect.
  • 2D TN LC display + 2D compensation layers has good contrast together with an improved gsi suppression.
  • 4D TN LC display + 2D/4D compensation layers further improves the gsi, and also has good contrast properties.
  • the invention is equally applicable with other display configurations.
  • the invention may for example be used with reflective, transflective and transmissive displays, with twisted nematic and non-twisted nematic displays and with NAN and TV AN displays.
  • the configurations described above may be further optimized by optimizing the precise values of the retardations of the compensation layers (the A- and O-plates) and optimizing the tilt angle of the O-plate (or the spread in tilt angles in case of a layer with splay).
  • the position of the layers in the display stack may be somewhat varied.
  • the compensation layers should however preferably be positioned between the substrates in order to avoid parallax.
  • the essential feature of this invention is the use of domains in the compensation layer, domains having mutually different orientations of their optical axes.
  • the number of compensation layers used is not per se essential, although as a general rule, two layers will give a larger improvement than one layer. In the case of one layer, this layer may be positioned on any side of the liquid crystal layer, given that the orientation of the optical axis is properly matched with the orientation of the liquid crystal molecules in the adjacent area of the liquid crystal layer.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Nonlinear Science (AREA)
  • Mathematical Physics (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Liquid Crystal (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un dispositif d'affichage à cristaux liquides qui comporte un pixel d'affichage (1) comprenant une couche (2) de cristal liquide disposée en sandwich entre une première et une seconde électrode (7, 8), elles-mêmes disposées entre un premier et un second substrat (9, 10). Ce dispositif d'affichage comprend en outre une couche de compensation (6). Selon l'invention, cette couche de compensation (6) possède une configuration en domaines de sous-pixels, différents domaines de cette configuration présentant différentes directions des axes optiques.
PCT/IB2003/000489 2002-03-06 2003-02-07 Dispositif d'affichage a cristaux liquides comprenant une couche de compensation WO2003075084A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU2003202774A AU2003202774A1 (en) 2002-03-06 2003-02-07 Liquid crystal display device with compensation layer

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP02075869 2002-03-06
EP02075869.4 2002-03-06

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2003075084A1 true WO2003075084A1 (fr) 2003-09-12

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AU (1) AU2003202774A1 (fr)
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Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1996010771A1 (fr) * 1994-09-30 1996-04-11 Rockwell International Corporation Compensateur a orientation differente de la plaque o au sein de chaque pixel entre les deux domaines d'inclinaison pour afficheurs a cristaux liquides nematiques en helice
US5926241A (en) * 1997-02-24 1999-07-20 Rockwell International Corporation Photo-patterned compensator with thin film having optically birefringent and isotropic regions and method of manufacturing for a liquid crystal display
EP0949533A2 (fr) * 1998-04-09 1999-10-13 OIS Optical Imaging Systems, Inc. Dispositif d'affichage à cristaux liquides à domaines multiples et son procédé de fabrication
WO2001063349A1 (fr) * 2000-02-23 2001-08-30 Planar System, Inc. Dispositif a cristaux liquides a contraste ameliore
US20010033352A1 (en) * 2000-02-15 2001-10-25 Park Ku Hyun Multi-domain liquid crystal display and method of fabricating the same

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1996010771A1 (fr) * 1994-09-30 1996-04-11 Rockwell International Corporation Compensateur a orientation differente de la plaque o au sein de chaque pixel entre les deux domaines d'inclinaison pour afficheurs a cristaux liquides nematiques en helice
US5589963A (en) * 1994-09-30 1996-12-31 Gunning, Iii; William J. Pixelated compensators for twisted nematic liquid crystal displays
US5589963C1 (en) * 1994-09-30 2001-06-26 Rockwell International Corp Pixelated compensators for twisted nematic liquid crystal displays
US5926241A (en) * 1997-02-24 1999-07-20 Rockwell International Corporation Photo-patterned compensator with thin film having optically birefringent and isotropic regions and method of manufacturing for a liquid crystal display
EP0949533A2 (fr) * 1998-04-09 1999-10-13 OIS Optical Imaging Systems, Inc. Dispositif d'affichage à cristaux liquides à domaines multiples et son procédé de fabrication
US20010033352A1 (en) * 2000-02-15 2001-10-25 Park Ku Hyun Multi-domain liquid crystal display and method of fabricating the same
WO2001063349A1 (fr) * 2000-02-23 2001-08-30 Planar System, Inc. Dispositif a cristaux liquides a contraste ameliore

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
CHEN J ET AL: "FOUR-DOMAIN TN-LCD FABRICATED BY REVERSE RUBBING OR DOUBLE EVAPORATION", 1995 SID INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM DIGEST OF TECHNICAL PAPERS. ORLANDO, MAY 23 - 25, 1995, SID INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM DIGEST OF TECHNICAL PAPERS, SANTA ANA, SID, US, vol. 26, 1995, pages 865 - 868, XP000606829, ISSN: 0097-966X *

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