WO2003056502A1 - Method and apparatus for distinguishing forged fingerprint - Google Patents

Method and apparatus for distinguishing forged fingerprint Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2003056502A1
WO2003056502A1 PCT/KR2002/002435 KR0202435W WO03056502A1 WO 2003056502 A1 WO2003056502 A1 WO 2003056502A1 KR 0202435 W KR0202435 W KR 0202435W WO 03056502 A1 WO03056502 A1 WO 03056502A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
fingeφrint
forged
touching object
light
captured
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/KR2002/002435
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Sung-Hyu Shin
Kyoung-Il Min
Han-Min Ryu
Original Assignee
Nitgen Co., Ltd.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Nitgen Co., Ltd. filed Critical Nitgen Co., Ltd.
Priority to AU2002359982A priority Critical patent/AU2002359982A1/en
Publication of WO2003056502A1 publication Critical patent/WO2003056502A1/en

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F18/00—Pattern recognition
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06V—IMAGE OR VIDEO RECOGNITION OR UNDERSTANDING
    • G06V40/00—Recognition of biometric, human-related or animal-related patterns in image or video data
    • G06V40/40—Spoof detection, e.g. liveness detection
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06V—IMAGE OR VIDEO RECOGNITION OR UNDERSTANDING
    • G06V40/00—Recognition of biometric, human-related or animal-related patterns in image or video data
    • G06V40/10—Human or animal bodies, e.g. vehicle occupants or pedestrians; Body parts, e.g. hands
    • G06V40/14—Vascular patterns
    • G06V40/145—Sensors therefor

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to fingerprint recognition, and more particularly to a method and apparatus for distinguishing forged fingerprints using differences in characteristics of light reflection, transmission, and attenuation between authentic fingerprints and forged fingerprints.
  • a forged fingerprint is a general term used to describe a fingerprint obtained by copying an authentic fingerprint formed on a human body to have the same finge ⁇ rint pattern as that of the authentic finge ⁇ rint. Forged finge ⁇ rints cannot be easily distinguished from authentic finge ⁇ rints using conventional finge ⁇ rint recognition algorithms.
  • Japanese Patent Laid-open Publication No. 11-45338 discloses a method of detecting a bioelectric potential generated in a human body to recognize forged finge ⁇ rints.
  • Japanese Patent Laid-open Publication No. 10-290796 discloses a method of applying various stimulations to a human body and measuring types of reactions to the stimulations to distinguish forged finge ⁇ rints.
  • Japanese Patent Laid-open Publication No. 9-259272 discloses a method of detecting the existence of sweat glands and the number of them in a finge ⁇ rint image to distinguish forged finge ⁇ rints.
  • Japanese Patent Laid-open Publication No. 7-308308 discloses a method of emitting specific wavelengths of light and detecting variations of oxygen density and blood flow using the amount of transmitted light to distinguish forged finge ⁇ rints. This method is described in detail with reference to Fig. 1.
  • a light source control unit 12 operates a light emitting device 13 to emit light onto the finger 11.
  • Light transmitting the finger 11 is detected through a light receiving device 14.
  • a forged fmge ⁇ rint distinguishing unit 15 can obtain various biological information such as a blood flow in blood vessel, a degree of oxygen saturation, etc., by analyzing the detected light.
  • forged finge ⁇ rints do not include such biological information, it can be determined whether a corresponding finge ⁇ rint is a forged finge ⁇ rint.
  • the above methods are impractical. That is, in the first method, if only an electrode for potential detection is touched on a human body in a state of bringing a forged finge ⁇ rint into contact with a finge ⁇ rint input window, the forged finge ⁇ rint cannot be distinguished. Further, the first method requires additional hardware and operation processing units since it additionally needs a detection signal process and a frequency analysis procedure. The second method of analyzing biological reactions to external stimulations is too artificial, thus giving an unpleasant feeling to a user. Further, the second method is problematic in that it is difficult to formally quantify the types of reactions to stimulations.
  • the third method is impractical because even sweat glands can be copied as well as the patterns of a finge ⁇ rint according to current forged finge ⁇ rint producing techniques.
  • the fourth method is limited in that if a forged finge ⁇ rint is produced using a material enabling the frequency of light emitted from the light emitting device 13 to be easily transmitted therethrough and is put on a finger to be used, the forged finge ⁇ rint cannot be distinguished.
  • the fifth method is limited in that it cannot cope with other information similar to the pulsation.
  • an object of the present invention is to provide a forged finge ⁇ rint distinguishing method and apparatus, which is developed with consideration taken into the fact that the degree of attenuation of light transmitted through a forged finge ⁇ rint is much smaller than that of an authentic finge ⁇ rint (that is, since light attenuation rapidly occurs in the human bodies (finge ⁇ rints) when external light is inputted and transmitted, so images with large variations in their gray levels are obtained when finge ⁇ rint images are captured; while light attenuation rarely occurs in materials of forged finge ⁇ rints when light is transmitted therethrough, so the gray levels of finge ⁇ rint images are uniform overall) thereby distinguishing forged finge ⁇ rints from authentic finge ⁇ rints using the difference in characteristics of light transmission between forged and authentic finge ⁇ rints.
  • the present invention provides a forged finge ⁇ rint distmguishing method of determining whether a frnge ⁇ rint captured from an object touching on a finge ⁇ rint input window (hereinafter, referred to as a "touching object”) is an authentic finge ⁇ rint or a forged finge ⁇ rint in a finge ⁇ rint recognition system for capturing a finge ⁇ rint image from the touching object and extracting minutiae from the captured image, the method comprising the steps of emitting light onto the touching object such that light is transmitted along a path just below a surface of the touching object; capturing a surface image of the touching object by detecting that light emitted onto the touching object is outputted to an outside of the touching object after passing through an inside of the touching object; and analyzing the surface image of the touching object and determining whether the finge ⁇ rint captured from the touching object is an authentic finge ⁇ rint or a forged finge ⁇ rint according to
  • the present invention further provides a forged finge ⁇ rint distinguishing apparatus in a finge ⁇ rint recognition system comprised of a finge ⁇ rint recognition part for capturing a finge ⁇ rint image from a touching object and extracting minutiae from the captured image, and the forged finge ⁇ rint distinguishing part for determining whether the finge ⁇ rint captured from the touching object is an authentic finge ⁇ rint or a forged finge ⁇ rint, the apparatus comprising light emitting means for emitting light onto the touching object such that light is transmitted along a path just below a surface of the touching object; surface image capturing means for capturing a surface image of the touching object by detecting light which is emitted from the light emitting means, transmitted through the inside of the touching object, and then outputted to the outside of the touching object; and forged finge ⁇ rint determining means for analyzing the surface image captured by the surface image capturing means and deterrrrining whether the finge
  • FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a conventional forged finge ⁇ rint distinguishing apparatus
  • Fig. 2 is a basic conceptual block diagram of the present invention
  • Figs. 3 and 4 are views respectively showing an image and its gray level distribution map for describing a principle of this invention
  • Fig. 5 is a block diagram of a forged finge ⁇ rint distinguishing apparatus according to a prefen-ed embodiment of the present invention
  • Fig. 6 is a graph showing a gray level distribution map for describing a forged finge ⁇ rint distinguishing method according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
  • Fig. 7 is a flowchart of the forged finge ⁇ rint distmguishing method according to the present invention.
  • the present invention relates to a finge ⁇ rint recognition method and system, which comprises a finge ⁇ rint recognition part for capturing a finge ⁇ rint image from an object touching on a finge ⁇ rint input window (hereinafter, referred to as a "touching object") and extract finge ⁇ rint minutiae, and a forged finge ⁇ rint distmgirishing part for determining whether a finge ⁇ rint captured from the touching object is an authentic finge ⁇ rint or a forged finge ⁇ rint.
  • a finge ⁇ rint recognition part for capturing a finge ⁇ rint image from an object touching on a finge ⁇ rint input window (hereinafter, referred to as a "touching object") and extract finge ⁇ rint minutiae
  • a forged finge ⁇ rint distmgirishing part for determining whether a finge ⁇ rint captured from the touching object is an authentic finge ⁇ rin
  • the finge ⁇ rint recognition part is the same as a conventional finge ⁇ rint recognition apparatus, and the forged finge ⁇ rint distmguishing part is added to the conventional finge ⁇ rint recognition apparatus to form the finge ⁇ rint recognition system.
  • a finge ⁇ rint recognition part 21 and a forged frnge ⁇ rint distmguishing part 22 are controlled by a controller 20 of a finge ⁇ rint recognition system.
  • a real finge ⁇ rint recognition operation can be performed after it is first determined whether or not the touching object is a forged finge ⁇ rint, under the control of the controller 20.
  • the forged finge ⁇ rint distinguishing method comprises the steps of emitting light onto the touching object such that light is transmitted along a path just below a surface of the touching object; capturing a surface image of the touching object by detecting that light emitted onto the touching object is outputted to an outside of the touching object after passing through an inside of the touching object; and analyzing the surface image of the touching object and determining whether the finge ⁇ rint captured from the touching object is an authentic finge ⁇ rint or a forged finge ⁇ rint according to an analyzed result.
  • the present invention uses a difference in a degree of light attenuation or light transmission in media of the authentic and forged finge ⁇ rints between the forged finge ⁇ rint and the authentic finge ⁇ rint. That is, since the inside of a human body is a dense medium, transmitted light rapidly attenuates and then disappears while progressing through the human body. However, most materials of forged finge ⁇ rints have a low degree of light attenuation, thus causing most light to be transmitted. That is, there is a small difference between the amounts of inputted light and transmitted light.
  • Such a difference in light transmission characteristics between the forged and authentic finge ⁇ rints is expressed as variations of an entire brightness and a local brightness of a captured image, wherein the brightnesses change according to the position of a light source, an intensity of output light, a frequency of a light source, etc.
  • the touching object is an authentic finge ⁇ rint
  • the gray levels of a captured surface image of the touching object are gradually decreased as a captured position becomes further from the light source, as shown in Fig. 3.
  • the touching object is a forged finge ⁇ rint
  • tiie gray levels of a captured surface image of the touching object are uniform everywhere, as shown in Fig. 4. Therefore, the present invention can determine whether a touching object is an authentic finge ⁇ rint or a forged finge ⁇ rint by analyzing the difference in qualities between the surface images of touching objects.
  • the forged finge ⁇ rint determining step can be variously realized.
  • a finge ⁇ rint can be determined as an authentic finge ⁇ rint by checking whether the gray levels according to sections of the surface image of the touching object are within respective predetermined ranges.
  • each section can be set at a predetermined interval in a direction of light transmission from a light inputted point in the touching object with reference to Fig. 6.
  • gray levels very differ according to respective sections.
  • each standard range with respect to each gray level is preset according to each section, if each real gray level is distributed within a standard range at each section of the captured surface image of a touching object, the touching object can be determined as an authentic finge ⁇ rint. Contrary to this, if each real gray level of the captured surface image of a touching object at each section is outside of a standard range, the touching object can be determined as a forged finge ⁇ rint. As another forged finge ⁇ rint distinguishing policy, there is a method using the following properties.
  • the gray levels are gradually decreased as a captured position becomes further from the light inputted point in the touching object, while, for forged finge ⁇ rints, the gray levels are almost uniform at all sections. That is, authentic finge ⁇ rints can be distinguished using a property that the gray levels are gradually decreased as the captured position becomes further from the light inputted point, as shown in Fig. 3b. Further, forged finge ⁇ rints can be distinguished using a property that the gray levels are almost uniform regardless of the captured position in the surface image of the touching object, as shown in Fig. 4b.
  • the forged finge ⁇ rint distinguishing part comprises light emitting means for emitting light onto the touching object such that light is transmitted along a path just below a surface of the touching object; surface image capturing means for capturing a surface image of the touching object by detecting light which is emitted from the light emitting means, transmitted through the inside of the touching object and then outputted to the outside of the touching object; and forged finge ⁇ rint determining means for analyzing the surface image captured by the surface image capturing means and determining whether the finge ⁇ rint captured from the touching object is an authentic finge ⁇ rint or a forged finge ⁇ rint according to an analyzed result.
  • the light emitting means includes an invisible ray light entitling device, wherein an infrared ray LED is preferably used as the invisible ray light emitting device. Further, the light ernitting means is preferably installed in a concealed place such that it cannot be found by a user who desires to input his finge ⁇ rint.
  • the forged finge ⁇ rint determining means can determine whether the finge ⁇ rint is an authentic finge ⁇ rint by checking whether gray levels of the captured surface image according to sections are within respective predetermined ranges. Further, the forged finge ⁇ rint determining means can determine whether the finge ⁇ rint is an authentic finge ⁇ rint if maximum values of gray levels of the captured surface image according to sections are gradually decreased as a captured position becomes further from a light inputted point. Preferred embodiments
  • Fig. 5 is a block diagram of a forged finge ⁇ rint distinguishing part according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. Further, Fig. 5 shows a situation in which a finger 51 wearing a forged finge ⁇ rint 52 is touched on a finge ⁇ rint input window 50.
  • a finger 51 wearing a forged finge ⁇ rint 52 is touched on a finge ⁇ rint input window 50.
  • an object touching on the finge ⁇ rint input window 50 is referred to as a "touching object 52" regardless of whether the touching object is an authentic frnge ⁇ rint or a forged finge ⁇ rint.
  • the forged finge ⁇ rint distinguishing apparatus of this invention comprises an infrared ray light emitting diode (LED) 54, a light emission control unit 53, a touching object surface image capturing unit 56 and a forged finge ⁇ rint determining unit 58.
  • the infrared ray LED 54 emits light onto the touching object 52 touching on the finge ⁇ rint input window 50 such that light is transmitted along a path just below the surface of the touching object 52.
  • the light emission control unit 53 controls the infrared ray LED 54 to be turned on/off.
  • the surface image capturing unit 56 captures a surface image of the touching object 52 by detecting light which is inputted from the LED 54, transmitted through the inside of the touching object 52, and outputted to an outside of the touching object 52, using an image sensor 55.
  • the forged finge ⁇ rint dete ⁇ nining unit 58 determines whether the finge ⁇ rint captured from the touching object 52 is an authentic finge ⁇ rint or a forged finge ⁇ rint according to an image analyzed result outputted from an .image analyzing unit 57 which analyzes the image captured by the surface image capturing unit 56.
  • the image sensor 55 only captures the image of the touching object 52, such that a charge coupled device (CCD) or a CMOS image sensor used in the conventional finge ⁇ rint recognition apparatus can be employed as the image sensor 55 without requiring an additional image sensor.
  • CCD charge coupled device
  • CMOS image sensor used in the conventional finge ⁇ rint recognition apparatus
  • the image analyzing unit 57 and the forged finge ⁇ rint detemiining unit 58 distinguish authentic finge ⁇ rints from forged finge ⁇ rints using the same method as described in the above ⁇ Outline of the invention>.
  • the infrared ray LED 54 is preferably installed in a concealed place such that it cannot be found by a user who desires to input his finge ⁇ rint. This is to minimize a possibility that an unauthorized person finds another means to overcome the infrared ray LED 54 if it is disclosed that the LED 54 is the device to distinguish forged finge ⁇ rints. Therefore, for this object, the overall forged f ⁇ nge ⁇ rints distinguishing apparatus of the present invention as well as the infrared ray LED 54 is preferably installed so as not to be found by a user.
  • Figs. 6 and 7 are views showing a method of distinguishing forged finge ⁇ rints according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
  • This embodiment relates to the step of analyzing an image captured at the surface image capturing step and determining whether a finge ⁇ rint captured from a touching object is an authentic finge ⁇ rint or a forged finge ⁇ rint according to the image analyzed result, of the processing steps described in the above ⁇ Outline of the inventions That is, the embodiment shows a method of confirming that the maximum values of gray levels according to respective sections are gradually decreased, as a captured position becomes further from a point where light is inputted to the touching object.
  • predetermined sections are set in a direction of the x-axis from a point (0) where light is inputted to the touching object 52. Further, it can be seen that there are maximum values Pi, P 2 , P 3 , ..., P ⁇ of the gray levels at respective sections. Referring to Fig.
  • a forged finge ⁇ rint distinguishing step starts at step 70, and the forged finge ⁇ rint distinguishing step comprises the steps of: detecting maximum values Pi, P 2 , P , ..., P n of the gray levels at respective sections 1, 2,..., n of the captured surface image of the touching object at steps 71 to 73; checking whether a relation of P
  • this embodiment can accomplish the above object of distinguishing forged finge ⁇ rints by detecting only gray levels in a direction where a captured position becomes further from a light inputted point in the touching object. Accordingly, a single line in a direction of each arrow in the drawings is sufficient as an analyzing direction according to sections.
  • the present invention can be applied to all finge ⁇ rint recognition systems for capturing finge ⁇ rint images, because the forged finge ⁇ rint ⁇ stmgi shing method uses differences in characteristics of light transmission, light reflection and internal light attenuation between authentic finge ⁇ rints and forged finge ⁇ rints.
  • the forged finge ⁇ rint distmguishing method and apparatus can distinguish forged finge ⁇ rints made of materials which cannot be distinguished by using conventional methods, such that a detecting range for forged finge ⁇ rints is wide. For example, even forged finge ⁇ rints made of materials having electric conductivity similar to authentic finge ⁇ rints can be distinguished.
  • the present invention is simple in its hardware construction. That is, the present invention employs a conventional image sensor for capturing finge ⁇ rints, without requiring an additional light receiving device to detect light characteristics of a touching object, thus simplifying the construction and reducing the cost of the present invention.
  • the present invention employs a simple algorithm to distinguish forged finge ⁇ rints.
  • the present invention can sufficiently accomplish the object of this invention by detecting variations of entire brightness and local brightness according to sections in a surface image of the touching object.
  • the present invention is highly reliable in terms of security. That is, it does not require an additional equipment, it uses an invisible ray such as an infrared ray as a light source and is installed in a concealed place so as not to be seen from outside, thus preventing a user from knowing of tiie existence of the forged finge ⁇ rint distingiiishing apparatus and whether its operation is performed.
  • an invisible ray such as an infrared ray

Abstract

Disclosed herein is a forged fingerprint distinguishing method and apparatus using differences in characteristics of light reflection, transmission and attenuation between authentic fingerprints and forged fingerprints in fingerprint recognition. In the forged fingerprint distinguishing method, light is emitted onto the touching object such that light is transmitted along a path just below a surface of the touching object. A surface image of the touching object is captured by detecting that light emitted onto the touching object is outputted to an outside of the touching object after passing through an inside of the touching object. The surface image of the touching object is analyzed and it is determined whether the fingerprint captured from the touching object is an authentic fingerprint or a forged fingerprint according to an analyzed result.

Description

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR DISTINGUISHING FORGED FINGERPRINT
Technical Field The present invention relates generally to fingerprint recognition, and more particularly to a method and apparatus for distinguishing forged fingerprints using differences in characteristics of light reflection, transmission, and attenuation between authentic fingerprints and forged fingerprints.
Background Art
As fingerprint recognition apparatuses are broadly popularized in personal authentication fields such as access and settlement authentication, it is required to tighten security. Although various fingerprint recognition algorithms are developed to enhance the accuracy of the fingerprint recognition, algorithms for preventing false authentication based on forged fingerprints are limitedly developed. A forged fingerprint is a general term used to describe a fingerprint obtained by copying an authentic fingerprint formed on a human body to have the same fingeφrint pattern as that of the authentic fingeφrint. Forged fingeφrints cannot be easily distinguished from authentic fingeφrints using conventional fingeφrint recognition algorithms.
There are several preceding patents relating to methods of distinguishing forged fingeφrints. First, Japanese Patent Laid-open Publication No. 11-45338 discloses a method of detecting a bioelectric potential generated in a human body to recognize forged fingeφrints. Second, Japanese Patent Laid-open Publication No. 10-290796 discloses a method of applying various stimulations to a human body and measuring types of reactions to the stimulations to distinguish forged fingeφrints. Third, Japanese Patent Laid-open Publication No. 9-259272 discloses a method of detecting the existence of sweat glands and the number of them in a fingeφrint image to distinguish forged fingeφrints. Fourth, Japanese Patent Laid-open Publication No. 7-308308 discloses a method of emitting specific wavelengths of light and detecting variations of oxygen density and blood flow using the amount of transmitted light to distinguish forged fingeφrints. This method is described in detail with reference to Fig. 1. When a finger 1 1 is touched on a fingeφrint touch face 10, a light source control unit 12 operates a light emitting device 13 to emit light onto the finger 11. Light transmitting the finger 11 , of the total amount of emitted light, is detected through a light receiving device 14. A forged fmgeφrint distinguishing unit 15 can obtain various biological information such as a blood flow in blood vessel, a degree of oxygen saturation, etc., by analyzing the detected light. Since forged fingeφrints do not include such biological information, it can be determined whether a corresponding fingeφrint is a forged fingeφrint. Fifth, there has been also developed a technology to distinguish forged fingeφrints by a method which recognizes pulsation of a fingertip using a pressure sensor.
However, since forged fingeφrint producing techniques are also developed currently, the above methods are impractical. That is, in the first method, if only an electrode for potential detection is touched on a human body in a state of bringing a forged fingeφrint into contact with a fingeφrint input window, the forged fingeφrint cannot be distinguished. Further, the first method requires additional hardware and operation processing units since it additionally needs a detection signal process and a frequency analysis procedure. The second method of analyzing biological reactions to external stimulations is too artificial, thus giving an unpleasant feeling to a user. Further, the second method is problematic in that it is difficult to formally quantify the types of reactions to stimulations. The third method is impractical because even sweat glands can be copied as well as the patterns of a fingeφrint according to current forged fingeφrint producing techniques. The fourth method is limited in that if a forged fingeφrint is produced using a material enabling the frequency of light emitted from the light emitting device 13 to be easily transmitted therethrough and is put on a finger to be used, the forged fingeφrint cannot be distinguished. The fifth method is limited in that it cannot cope with other information similar to the pulsation.
In addition to the above problems, there are recently developed technologies of thinly producing forged fingeφrints using materials such as silicon or films. Accordingly, if such forged fingeφrints are directly put on human bodies, it is very difficult to distinguish forged fingeφrints from authentic fingeφrints even though any of the above methods is employed.
Disclosure of Invention Accordingly, the present invention has been made keeping in mind the above problems occiirring in the prior art, and an object of the present invention is to provide a forged fingeφrint distinguishing method and apparatus, which is developed with consideration taken into the fact that the degree of attenuation of light transmitted through a forged fingeφrint is much smaller than that of an authentic fingeφrint (that is, since light attenuation rapidly occurs in the human bodies (fingeφrints) when external light is inputted and transmitted, so images with large variations in their gray levels are obtained when fingeφrint images are captured; while light attenuation rarely occurs in materials of forged fingeφrints when light is transmitted therethrough, so the gray levels of fingeφrint images are uniform overall) thereby distinguishing forged fingeφrints from authentic fingeφrints using the difference in characteristics of light transmission between forged and authentic fingeφrints.
In order to accomplish the above object, the present invention provides a forged fingeφrint distmguishing method of determining whether a frngeφrint captured from an object touching on a fingeφrint input window (hereinafter, referred to as a "touching object") is an authentic fingeφrint or a forged fingeφrint in a fingeφrint recognition system for capturing a fingeφrint image from the touching object and extracting minutiae from the captured image, the method comprising the steps of emitting light onto the touching object such that light is transmitted along a path just below a surface of the touching object; capturing a surface image of the touching object by detecting that light emitted onto the touching object is outputted to an outside of the touching object after passing through an inside of the touching object; and analyzing the surface image of the touching object and determining whether the fingeφrint captured from the touching object is an authentic fingeφrint or a forged fingeφrint according to an analyzed result.
In order to accomplish the above object, the present invention further provides a forged fingeφrint distinguishing apparatus in a fingeφrint recognition system comprised of a fingeφrint recognition part for capturing a fingeφrint image from a touching object and extracting minutiae from the captured image, and the forged fingeφrint distinguishing part for determining whether the fingeφrint captured from the touching object is an authentic fingeφrint or a forged fingeφrint, the apparatus comprising light emitting means for emitting light onto the touching object such that light is transmitted along a path just below a surface of the touching object; surface image capturing means for capturing a surface image of the touching object by detecting light which is emitted from the light emitting means, transmitted through the inside of the touching object, and then outputted to the outside of the touching object; and forged fingeφrint determining means for analyzing the surface image captured by the surface image capturing means and deterrrrining whether the fingeφrint captured from the touching object is an authentic fingeφrint or a forged fingeφrint according to an analyzed result.
Brief Description of Drawings
The above and other objects, features and other advantages of the present invention will be more clearly understood from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: Fig. 1 is a block diagram of a conventional forged fingeφrint distinguishing apparatus;
Fig. 2 is a basic conceptual block diagram of the present invention;
Figs. 3 and 4 are views respectively showing an image and its gray level distribution map for describing a principle of this invention; Fig. 5 is a block diagram of a forged fingeφrint distinguishing apparatus according to a prefen-ed embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 6 is a graph showing a gray level distribution map for describing a forged fingeφrint distinguishing method according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention; and
Fig. 7 is a flowchart of the forged fingeφrint distmguishing method according to the present invention.
Preferred embodiment for Carrying out the Invention
Outline of the invention The present invention relates to a fingeφrint recognition method and system, which comprises a fingeφrint recognition part for capturing a fingeφrint image from an object touching on a fingeφrint input window (hereinafter, referred to as a "touching object") and extract fingeφrint minutiae, and a forged fingeφrint distmgirishing part for determining whether a fingeφrint captured from the touching object is an authentic fingeφrint or a forged fingeφrint. In the present invention, the fingeφrint recognition part is the same as a conventional fingeφrint recognition apparatus, and the forged fingeφrint distmguishing part is added to the conventional fingeφrint recognition apparatus to form the fingeφrint recognition system.
Referring to Fig. 2, a fingeφrint recognition part 21 and a forged frngeφrint distmguishing part 22 are controlled by a controller 20 of a fingeφrint recognition system. First, a real fingeφrint recognition operation can be performed after it is first determined whether or not the touching object is a forged fingeφrint, under the control of the controller 20. Alternatively, it can be determined whether or not the touching object is a forged fingeφrint after the fingeφrint recognition operation is first performed under the control of the controller 20 to grant a final access authority to a user. The forged fingeφrint distinguishing method according to the present invention comprises the steps of emitting light onto the touching object such that light is transmitted along a path just below a surface of the touching object; capturing a surface image of the touching object by detecting that light emitted onto the touching object is outputted to an outside of the touching object after passing through an inside of the touching object; and analyzing the surface image of the touching object and determining whether the fingeφrint captured from the touching object is an authentic fingeφrint or a forged fingeφrint according to an analyzed result.
The principle of the forged fingeφrint deteπxiining step of the above steps is described in detail with reference to Figs. 3 and 4. Fundamentally, the present invention uses a difference in a degree of light attenuation or light transmission in media of the authentic and forged fingeφrints between the forged fingeφrint and the authentic fingeφrint. That is, since the inside of a human body is a dense medium, transmitted light rapidly attenuates and then disappears while progressing through the human body. However, most materials of forged fingeφrints have a low degree of light attenuation, thus causing most light to be transmitted. That is, there is a small difference between the amounts of inputted light and transmitted light. Such a difference in light transmission characteristics between the forged and authentic fingeφrints is expressed as variations of an entire brightness and a local brightness of a captured image, wherein the brightnesses change according to the position of a light source, an intensity of output light, a frequency of a light source, etc.
Summarily, if the touching object is an authentic fingeφrint, since light inputted to the touching object is transmitted while rapidly attenuating, the gray levels of a captured surface image of the touching object are gradually decreased as a captured position becomes further from the light source, as shown in Fig. 3. While, if the touching object is a forged fingeφrint, since light inputted to the touching object is transmitted uniformly in the forged fingeφrint, tiie gray levels of a captured surface image of the touching object are uniform everywhere, as shown in Fig. 4. Therefore, the present invention can determine whether a touching object is an authentic fingeφrint or a forged fingeφrint by analyzing the difference in qualities between the surface images of touching objects.
In the present invention, the forged fingeφrint determining step can be variously realized. First, a fingeφrint can be determined as an authentic fingeφrint by checking whether the gray levels according to sections of the surface image of the touching object are within respective predetermined ranges. Here, each section can be set at a predetermined interval in a direction of light transmission from a light inputted point in the touching object with reference to Fig. 6. In this case, for an authentic fingeφrint, gray levels very differ according to respective sections. Therefore, when each standard range with respect to each gray level is preset according to each section, if each real gray level is distributed within a standard range at each section of the captured surface image of a touching object, the touching object can be determined as an authentic fingeφrint. Contrary to this, if each real gray level of the captured surface image of a touching object at each section is outside of a standard range, the touching object can be determined as a forged fingeφrint. As another forged fingeφrint distinguishing policy, there is a method using the following properties. For authentic fingeφrints, the gray levels are gradually decreased as a captured position becomes further from the light inputted point in the touching object, while, for forged fingeφrints, the gray levels are almost uniform at all sections. That is, authentic fingeφrints can be distinguished using a property that the gray levels are gradually decreased as the captured position becomes further from the light inputted point, as shown in Fig. 3b. Further, forged fingeφrints can be distinguished using a property that the gray levels are almost uniform regardless of the captured position in the surface image of the touching object, as shown in Fig. 4b.
On the other hand, the forged fingeφrint distinguishing part according to the present invention comprises light emitting means for emitting light onto the touching object such that light is transmitted along a path just below a surface of the touching object; surface image capturing means for capturing a surface image of the touching object by detecting light which is emitted from the light emitting means, transmitted through the inside of the touching object and then outputted to the outside of the touching object; and forged fingeφrint determining means for analyzing the surface image captured by the surface image capturing means and determining whether the fingeφrint captured from the touching object is an authentic fingeφrint or a forged fingeφrint according to an analyzed result.
The light emitting means includes an invisible ray light entitling device, wherein an infrared ray LED is preferably used as the invisible ray light emitting device. Further, the light ernitting means is preferably installed in a concealed place such that it cannot be found by a user who desires to input his fingeφrint.
In the above construction, the forged fingeφrint determining means can determine whether the fingeφrint is an authentic fingeφrint by checking whether gray levels of the captured surface image according to sections are within respective predetermined ranges. Further, the forged fingeφrint determining means can determine whether the fingeφrint is an authentic fingeφrint if maximum values of gray levels of the captured surface image according to sections are gradually decreased as a captured position becomes further from a light inputted point. Preferred embodiments
Fig. 5 is a block diagram of a forged fingeφrint distinguishing part according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. Further, Fig. 5 shows a situation in which a finger 51 wearing a forged fingeφrint 52 is touched on a fingeφrint input window 50. Hereinafter, an object touching on the fingeφrint input window 50 is referred to as a "touching object 52" regardless of whether the touching object is an authentic frngeφrint or a forged fingeφrint.
As described above, the forged fingeφrint distinguishing apparatus of this invention comprises an infrared ray light emitting diode (LED) 54, a light emission control unit 53, a touching object surface image capturing unit 56 and a forged fingeφrint determining unit 58. The infrared ray LED 54 emits light onto the touching object 52 touching on the fingeφrint input window 50 such that light is transmitted along a path just below the surface of the touching object 52. The light emission control unit 53 controls the infrared ray LED 54 to be turned on/off. The surface image capturing unit 56 captures a surface image of the touching object 52 by detecting light which is inputted from the LED 54, transmitted through the inside of the touching object 52, and outputted to an outside of the touching object 52, using an image sensor 55. The forged fingeφrint deteπnining unit 58 determines whether the fingeφrint captured from the touching object 52 is an authentic fingeφrint or a forged fingeφrint according to an image analyzed result outputted from an .image analyzing unit 57 which analyzes the image captured by the surface image capturing unit 56. In this case, the image sensor 55 only captures the image of the touching object 52, such that a charge coupled device (CCD) or a CMOS image sensor used in the conventional fingeφrint recognition apparatus can be employed as the image sensor 55 without requiring an additional image sensor.
In this preferred embodiment, the image analyzing unit 57 and the forged fingeφrint detemiining unit 58 distinguish authentic fingeφrints from forged fingeφrints using the same method as described in the above <Outline of the invention>.
Meanwhile, the infrared ray LED 54 is preferably installed in a concealed place such that it cannot be found by a user who desires to input his fingeφrint. This is to minimize a possibility that an unauthorized person finds another means to overcome the infrared ray LED 54 if it is disclosed that the LED 54 is the device to distinguish forged fingeφrints. Therefore, for this object, the overall forged fϊngeφrints distinguishing apparatus of the present invention as well as the infrared ray LED 54 is preferably installed so as not to be found by a user.
Figs. 6 and 7 are views showing a method of distinguishing forged fingeφrints according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. This embodiment relates to the step of analyzing an image captured at the surface image capturing step and determining whether a fingeφrint captured from a touching object is an authentic fingeφrint or a forged fingeφrint according to the image analyzed result, of the processing steps described in the above <Outline of the inventions That is, the embodiment shows a method of confirming that the maximum values of gray levels according to respective sections are gradually decreased, as a captured position becomes further from a point where light is inputted to the touching object.
Referring Figs. 3 to 6, it can be seen that predetermined sections are set in a direction of the x-axis from a point (0) where light is inputted to the touching object 52. Further, it can be seen that there are maximum values Pi, P2, P3, ..., Pπ of the gray levels at respective sections. Referring to Fig. 7, a forged fingeφrint distinguishing step starts at step 70, and the forged fingeφrint distinguishing step comprises the steps of: detecting maximum values Pi, P2, P , ..., Pn of the gray levels at respective sections 1, 2,..., n of the captured surface image of the touching object at steps 71 to 73; checking whether a relation of P|>P2>P > ...,>Pn exists among the detected maximum values of the gray levels at step 74; and deterrxrining that the fingeφrint is an authentic fingeφrint if the relation of Pι>P2>P >, ...,>Pn exists at step 75, otherwise, determining that the fingeφrint is a forged fingeφrint at step 76. As shown in Figs. 3a and 4a, this embodiment can accomplish the above object of distinguishing forged fingeφrints by detecting only gray levels in a direction where a captured position becomes further from a light inputted point in the touching object. Accordingly, a single line in a direction of each arrow in the drawings is sufficient as an analyzing direction according to sections.
Although preferred embodiments of this invention are described above, the present invention can be applied to all fingeφrint recognition systems for capturing fingeφrint images, because the forged fingeφrint ώstmgi shing method uses differences in characteristics of light transmission, light reflection and internal light attenuation between authentic fingeφrints and forged fingeφrints.
According to the present invention, the forged fingeφrint distmguishing method and apparatus can distinguish forged fingeφrints made of materials which cannot be distinguished by using conventional methods, such that a detecting range for forged fingeφrints is wide. For example, even forged fingeφrints made of materials having electric conductivity similar to authentic fingeφrints can be distinguished.
Further, the present invention is simple in its hardware construction. That is, the present invention employs a conventional image sensor for capturing fingeφrints, without requiring an additional light receiving device to detect light characteristics of a touching object, thus simplifying the construction and reducing the cost of the present invention. The present invention employs a simple algorithm to distinguish forged fingeφrints.
That is, the present invention can sufficiently accomplish the object of this invention by detecting variations of entire brightness and local brightness according to sections in a surface image of the touching object.
Further, the present invention is highly reliable in terms of security. That is, it does not require an additional equipment, it uses an invisible ray such as an infrared ray as a light source and is installed in a concealed place so as not to be seen from outside, thus preventing a user from knowing of tiie existence of the forged fingeφrint distingiiishing apparatus and whether its operation is performed.
Although the preferred embodiments of the present invention have been disclosed for illustrative puφoses, those skilled in the art will appreciate that various modifications, additions and substitutions are possible, without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention as disclosed in the accompanying claims.

Claims

What Is Claimed Is :
1. A forged fingeφrint distinguishing method of determining whether a fingeφrint captured from an object touching on a fingeφrint input window (hereinafter, referred to as a ''touching object") is an autiientic fingeφrint or a forged fingeφrint in a fingeφrint recognition system for capturing a fingeφrint image from the touching object and extracting minutiae from the captured image, the method comprising the steps of: emitting light onto the touching object such that light is transmitted along a path just below a surface of the touching object; capturing a surface image of the touching object by detecting that light emitted onto the touching object is outputted to an outside of the touching object after passing through an inside of the touching object; and analyzing the surface image of the touching object and determixring whether the fingeφrint captured from the touching object is an authentic fingeφrint or a forged fingeφrint according to an analyzed result.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the light at the light emitting step is an invisible ray.
3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the forged fingeφrint determining step is performed such that the fingeφrint is determined as an authentic fingeφrint by checking whether gray levels of the captured surface image according to sections are within respective predetermined ranges.
4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the forged frngeφrint deterniining step is performed such that the fingeφrint is determined as an authentic fingeφrint if maximum values of gray levels of the captured surface image according to sections are gradually decreased as a captured position becomes further from a point where light is inputted to the touching object.
5. A forged fingeφrint αtistingmshing apparatus in a fingeφrint recognition system comprised of a fingeφrint recognition part for capturing a fingeφrint image from an object touching on a fingeφrint input window (hereinafter, referred to as a 'touching object") and extracting minutiae from tiie captured image, and the forged fingeφrint distinguishing part for determining whether the fingeφrint captured from the touching object is an authentic fingeφrint or a forged fingeφrint, the apparatus comprising: light emitting means for emitting light onto the touching object such that light is transmitted along a path just below a surface of the touching object; surface image capturing means for capturing a surface image of the touching object by detecting light which is emitted from the light emitting means, transmitted through the inside of the touching obj ect, and then outputted to the outside of the touching obj ect; and forged fingeφrint deterniining means for analyzing the surface image captured by the surface image capturing means and determining whether the fingeφrint captured from the touching object is an authentic fingeφrint or a forged fingeφrint according to an analyzed result.
6. The apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the light entitting means includes an invisible ray light emitting device.
7. The apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the light emitting means is installed in a concealed place such that it cannot be found by a user who desires to input his fingeφrint.
8. The apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the forged fingeφrint determining means determines whetiier the fingeφrint is an autiientic fingeφrint by checking whether gray levels of the captured surface image according to sections are within respective predetermined ranges.
9. The apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the forged fingeφrint determining means determines whether the fingeφrint is an authentic fingeφrint if maximum values of gray levels of the captured surface image according to sections are gradually decreased as a captured position becomes further from a point where light is inputted to the touching object from the light emitting means.
PCT/KR2002/002435 2002-01-02 2002-12-26 Method and apparatus for distinguishing forged fingerprint WO2003056502A1 (en)

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