WO2003054587A1 - Procede d'utilisation de mesures electriques et d'anisotropie acoustique pour l'identification de fracture - Google Patents

Procede d'utilisation de mesures electriques et d'anisotropie acoustique pour l'identification de fracture Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2003054587A1
WO2003054587A1 PCT/US2002/040019 US0240019W WO03054587A1 WO 2003054587 A1 WO2003054587 A1 WO 2003054587A1 US 0240019 W US0240019 W US 0240019W WO 03054587 A1 WO03054587 A1 WO 03054587A1
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Prior art keywords
measurements
fracture
resistivity
tool
anisotropy
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PCT/US2002/040019
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English (en)
Inventor
Berthold Kriegshauser
Otto N. Fanini
Richard A. Mollison
Liming Yu
Tsili Wang
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Baker Hughes Incorporated
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Application filed by Baker Hughes Incorporated filed Critical Baker Hughes Incorporated
Priority to EA200400754A priority Critical patent/EA007372B1/ru
Priority to AU2002361678A priority patent/AU2002361678A1/en
Priority to CA002470335A priority patent/CA2470335C/fr
Priority to EP02797317A priority patent/EP1461642B1/fr
Publication of WO2003054587A1 publication Critical patent/WO2003054587A1/fr
Priority to NO20042950A priority patent/NO20042950L/no

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V11/00—Prospecting or detecting by methods combining techniques covered by two or more of main groups G01V1/00 - G01V9/00
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V1/00—Seismology; Seismic or acoustic prospecting or detecting
    • G01V1/40—Seismology; Seismic or acoustic prospecting or detecting specially adapted for well-logging
    • G01V1/44—Seismology; Seismic or acoustic prospecting or detecting specially adapted for well-logging using generators and receivers in the same well
    • G01V1/48—Processing data

Definitions

  • the invention is related generally to the field of interpretation of measurements made by well logging instruments for the purpose of determining the properties of earth formations. More specifically, the invention is related to a method for identification of the extent and direction of fracturing in subsurface formations.
  • a significant number of hydrocarbon reservoirs comprise fractured rocks wherein the fracture porosity makes up a large portion of the fluid- filled space.
  • the fractures also contribute significantly to the permeability of the reservoir. Identification of the direction and extent of fracturing is important in reservoir development for two main reasons.
  • Fractures in the subsurface are to a large extent produced by stress fields. Specifically, fracture planes are oriented in a direction orthogonal to a direction of minimum principal stress in the subsurface.
  • the stress field in a fractured formation is anisotropic.
  • a commonly observed effect of an anisotropic stress field or of fracturing is the phenomenon of shear wave birefringence wherein the velocity of shear waves is dependent upon the direction of propagation and the polarization of the shear wave.
  • Becker (US Patent 4,832,148), the contents of which are fully incorporated herein by reference, teaches the use of an acoustic borehole logging method in which traveltimes of shear waves with two different polarizations are measured.
  • the principal directions may be determined.
  • the principal directions correspond to shear waves having polarization parallel to and perpendicular to the fracture strike, the former having a higher velocity than the latter. This strike direction is often the maximum in-situ stress direction.
  • Patent 6,098,021 to Tang et al. the contents of which are fully incorporated herein by reference, radially polarized monopole shear waves are used to determine the extent of anisotropy proximate to the borehole.
  • the birefringence of cross-dipole shear waves that have a lower frequency than the monopole waves are then used as an indication of shear wave anisotropy further away from the wellbore in the formation.
  • a logarithmic plot is made of measured resistivity versus water saturation for each of the azimuthal directions through the core sample for which resistivity was measured. If the same logarithmic plot is obtained for all measured azimuthal directions, the core sample is identified as being electrically isotropic. If different logarithmic plots are obtained for at least 2 azimuthal directions the core sample is identified as being electrically anisotropic.
  • Patent 6,191,586 to Bittar teaches an apparatus and method for implementing azimuthal capabilities on electromagnetic wave resistivity well logging tools.
  • the apparatus comprises a structurally simple antenna shield positioned around either the transmitting or receiving antennas, or both, positioned on the well logging tool on the drill string.
  • the shields partially surround the tool and provide an electromagnetic barrier for either the transmission or reception of electromagnetic waves, as the case may be.
  • Positioned on the shield are appropriately placed and sized windows through which electromagnetic waves may either be transmitted or received, depending upon the function of the antenna that the shield surrounds.
  • One of the teachings of Bittar is the use of the device for estimating the dip of the formation (viz., inclination of the tool axis to the normal to the bedding plane).
  • the effects of dip can be quite large given the differences noted in Fig. 1 between the vertical and horizontal resistivities.
  • the tool of Bittar uses transmitter antennas with the coil axis parallel to the tool and the borehole and is not designed to detect the smaller effects due to any oriented fracturing in the formation.
  • the present invention is a method for determination of subsurface fracturing directions and extent of fracturing.
  • An acoustic logging tool is used in a borehole within the formation and making a set of acoustic measurements.
  • the measurements from the cross-dipole tool are processed to obtain an estimate of a principal direction of azimuthal anisotropy of the subsurface formation relative to an axis of the borehole.
  • An electrical logging tool in the borehole makes measurements of the azimuthal variation of electrical resistivity.
  • the electrical measurements are rotated into the principal direction to give an indication of the electrical anisotropy in the principal direction.
  • the acoustic logging tool comprises two crossed-dipole shear transmitter and receiver systems generate two dipole shear waves with different polarization.
  • the estimate of the principal direction of anisotropy further comprises determining a velocity or travel time difference between said two dipole shear waves and determining the orientation of the fast shear-wave polarization with respect to the tool frame.
  • the electrical logging tool comprises a multicomponent induction logging tool (3DEX ), including transmitter and receiver antennas oriented orthogonal to the tool axis.
  • 3DEX multicomponent induction logging tool
  • Various combinations of H xx , H yy and H xy measurements are used in the method of the present invention.
  • the model includes various parameters, including resistivity of the unfractured rock, the fracture density, the fluid saturation in the fractures, and the resistivities of the fluids in the fractures.
  • the resistivities of the rock and the fluids is obtained by other measurements or known a priori. Based on modeling calculations, the observed electrical anisotropy is interpreted to give the fracture depth.
  • FIG. 1 shows the electrical anisotropy of a core sample.
  • FIG. 2 shows the arrangement of transmitter and receiver coils in a preferred embodiment of the present invention marketed under the name 3DEXTM
  • FIG. 3 shows a comparison between the anisotropy ratio for acoustic waves and the anisotropy ratio for resistivity measurements at 21kHz.
  • FIG. 4 shows a comparison between the anisotropy ratio for acoustic waves and the anisotropy ratio for resistivity measurements at 222kHz.
  • FIG. 5 shows multicomponent induction measurements at 220kHz (right panel) and a comparison of electrical and shear wave anisotropy (left panel)
  • FIG. 6 is similar to FIG. 5 with the induction measurements being made at 22kHz.
  • FIG. 7 shows examples of multicomponent induction measurements in an exemplary well at several frequencies over a depth interval having fractures
  • FIG. 8 shows the difference between XX and YY components of the data of Figure 4
  • FIG. 9 shows the difference between XX and YY components as a function of frequency for three difference selected depths of the exemplary well.
  • FIG. 10 shows acoustic waveforms of the Stoneley wave arrival in the exemplary well of Figure 7 over a depth interval along with an interpreted permeability.
  • FIG. 11 shows the fast and slow acoustic waveforms obtained with the cross-dipole logging tool along with an inte ⁇ reted anisotropy and a log of the fast shear wave velocity in the exemplary well.
  • FIG. 12a is a schematic illustration of a wing-like fracture from a borehole
  • FIG. 12b shows a plan view of the illustration of Figure 12a along with a formation based coordinate system and a tool-based coordinate system.
  • Fig. 13 shows differences displays of xx, yy and zz components of resistivity measurements corresponding to a model of a wing-like fracture
  • Fig. 14 shows a comparison between model outputs for different fracture lengths compared to measurements made in the exemplary well.
  • Fig. 15 shows displays of xx, yy and zz components for a wing-like fracture filled with a conductive fluid.
  • a cross-dipole logging tool is used to determine the propagation velocities of shear waves generated by transmitters with two different (preferably orthogonal) polarizations and recorded by at least two receivers with preferably orthogonal orientation.
  • the principal directions of azimuthal anisotropy for shear waves is determined along with the two shear velocities.
  • the borehole axis would be normal to the bedding plane.
  • the effects of dip would be small and the prior art rotation method would give reasonably good estimates of the principal directions of azimuthal anisotropy.
  • FIG. 2 the configuration of transmitter and receiver coils in a preferred embodiment of the 3DEX induction logging instrument of Baker Hughes is shown.
  • the transmitters 101, 103 and 105 are associated receivers 107, 109 and 111, referred to as the R x , R ⁇ , and R z receivers, for measuring the corresponding magnetic fields.
  • the H ⁇ , H ⁇ , H zz , H ⁇ y, and H ⁇ components are measured, though other components may also be used, e.g., H xx , H m H zx , or H z ⁇ .
  • the convention used in this application is to use upper case symbols for a tool based tool-based coordinate systems and lower case for earth based coordinate system. The differences are discussed later.
  • Fig. 3 shows an example of data from a borehole.
  • a total depth interval as measured along the borehole of approximately 450 ft ( ⁇ 140 m) is shown.
  • the curve 201 shows the tool rotation angle
  • the curve 203 shows the borehole inclination to vertical
  • the curve 205 shows the borehole azimuth.
  • These measurements were obtained using conventional sensing devices.
  • Corresponding resistivity and acoustic parameters measured over the same interval are shown in Fig. 4.
  • the curve 303 is the result of processing the cross- dipole acoustic data: shown is the determined anisotropy between the two shear modes propagating parallel to the borehole axis.
  • the curve 305 is a normalized ratio of the H xx and H ⁇ measurements made with the 3DEX logging tool at a logging frequency of 222kHz. Not shown in Figs. 3-4 are the gamma ray measurements obtained over the same interval. The gamma ray logs indicate that the interval shown is predominantly shaly with sands present between 150-200 ft and 220-250 ft (indicated as SI and S2 in Fig. 4).
  • the depth interval indicated as 301 in Fig. 4 shows that the measured difference between the two shear wave modes is less than 1% in the interval 301 that is known from gamma ray measurements to be entirely shale.
  • the borehole deviation from vertical over entire interval shown in Fig. 4 is between 25° and 30° .
  • the small shear wave anisotropy in the interval 301 is an indication that there is no intrinsic transverse isotropy (TI) in the acoustic velocities of shales within the well (transverse isotropy being defined as the difference between wave velocities parallel to the bedding and pe ⁇ endicular to bedding).
  • TI transverse isotropy
  • One of the parameters of interest in hydrocarbon reservoir development is the identification of fractures.
  • the fractures provide a conduit for hydrocarbon flow, so that permeability parallel to the fractures is much higher than permeability in a direction pe ⁇ endicular to the fracture planes.
  • One effect of aligned fractures is to produce an azimuthal anisotropy. Strictly speaking, aligned fractures in an isotropic medium also result in transverse isotropy, but for the pu ⁇ oses of this invention, we refer to it as azimuthal anisotropy and reserve the term TI for anisotropy caused by bedding.
  • the cross-dipole logging tool has a logging frequency of 2kHz.
  • the shear velocity in the shales and the sands ranges between 180 ⁇ s/ft and 200 ⁇ s/ft (approximately 1600m/s). Accordingly, the wavelength of the shear waves is approximately 1.2m. This means that the cross-dipole tool does not see deep into the formation. It would therefore be desirable to have some other measurements that would be diagnostic of the depth of the fracturing. This may be done using the 3DEX measurements as discussed next.
  • H xx , H yy and H z2 components in a vertical borehole are responsive to a combination of the vertical resistivity and the horizontal resistivities in the - and x- directions respectively, hi theory, in a vertical borehole the principal components H xx , H yy and H z2 components may be inverted to give three resistivity values (the vertical resistivity and two horizontal resistivities) in an azimuthally anisotropic medium.
  • H xx and H yy will be different and sensitive to tool rotation.
  • Additional information such as borehole dip and azimuth are required to derive the formation resistivities, or additional magnetic field data, such as Hxy, Hxz, etc., have to be inco ⁇ orated in the inverse process.
  • the cross components should be able to improve the accuracy of an inversion, depending on the signal-to-noise ratio.
  • the present invention shows that a combination of 3DEX data and cross-dipole measurements may be used for inte ⁇ retation of fractures in the subsurface.
  • Fig. 4 it can be seen that the curve 305 over the depth interval from
  • the acoustic measurements are indicative of fracturing in the interval. While there is some tool rotation within this interval (see 202 in Fig. 3), the rotation generally lies within a range of 45°.
  • the differences between the H ⁇ and H ⁇ measurements are indicative of the depth extent (radial extent) of fractures into the formation, as is shown next.
  • Fig. 5 a larger depth interval is shown
  • the curve 401 shows the anisotropy for shear waves along the axis of the borehole. Measurements were also made in the same well over the same depth interval with the 3DEX SM transverse induction logging tool of Baker Hughes at a frequency of 222kHz.
  • the normalized ratio of the curves 503 and 505 (the H xx and H ⁇ measurements) is shown by the curve 507.
  • Fig. 6 shows similar plots for a logging frequency of 21kHz. 405 and 403 are the H ⁇ -and H ⁇ measurements while 407 is their normalized ratio.
  • the differences in observed azimuthal electrical anisotropy between Figs. 5 and 6 can provide information about the how much the fracture has propagated and developed into the formation. Specifically, in the intervals indicated by 211a, 211b, 211c, the electrical anisotropy (as seen in differences between H ⁇ -and H ⁇ measurements) is less at the lower frequencies. Lower frequency measurements see further into the formation than higher frequency measurements. Therefore this data can be utilized jointly with cross-dipole acoustic measurements to better characterize fractures. This also should be applicable to galvanic lateral array instrument measurements which provides measurements with different depth of investigation. ⁇ DIL tools with different spacings and/or frequencies may also be used for the pu ⁇ ose.
  • Borehole image tool measurements can provide additional information for the characterization of fractures.
  • the image data provides fracture information at smaller scale the other measurements discussed about such as the aperture of the fracture and some indications of the resistivity within the fracture.
  • Analysis of the borehole image data can also provide the relative dip of the fracture intersecting the well or induced by drilling.
  • United States Patent 5,502,686 to Dory et al, and United States Patent Application Ser. No. 09/754,431 (now United States Patent 6,348,796) to Evans et al, the contents of which are fully inco ⁇ orated here by reference, disclose suitable devices for resistivity imaging. The methods for inte ⁇ retation of resistivity images and acoustic images of borehole walls for determination of relative strike and dip directions of fractures would be known to those versed in the art.
  • Track 601 Shown in track 601 are the gamma ray 621 and caliper log 623. Shown in track 603 are the density 631 and neutron porosity log 633.
  • Track 605 shows the XX and YY apparent conductivity logs for a frequency of 21 kHz. Tracks 607 and 609 show XX and YY apparent conductivity logs for frequencies of 62kHz and 222 kHz respectively.
  • track 611 shows the ZZ apparent conductivity log for frequencies of 21kHz, 62kHz and 222 kHz.
  • the tool configuration used for obtaining the conductivity logs has been discussed above with reference to Fig. 2.
  • the upper part section (above X460 ft) of the interval contains sands and sand/shale lamination.
  • the lower part section consists mainly of shales. Note that above X460 ft, the XX and YY logs are almost identical values. Below X470 ft, the two logs read differently over much of the interval. The maximum differences take place between X510 and X560 ft. In contrast, the ZZ log in that interval shows little variation. Meanwhile, around X530 ft the caliper reads about 2 in. larger. The density drops by about 0.18 gm/cc between X510-540 ft, and the neutron porosity increases from about 24 pu to about 44-48 pu around X525 ft.
  • Fig. 8 includes a plot of the differences between these two. Shown in 701 are the gamma ray and caliper logs (same as in 601). Tracks 703, 705, and 707 show the difference between the XX and YY measurements for 21kHz, 62kHz and 222 kHz respectively. Also shown in 709 is the azimuthal shear-wave velocity anisotropy ratio derived from the cross-dipole log data, as will be discussed later. Notice the remarkable correspondence between the induction log difference and the shear velocity anisotropy ratio over the log interval.
  • the difference between the XX and YY logs in the interval of X510-560 ft reaches about 250 mS/m in magnitude, depending on frequency. This difference value first increases as frequency increases from the low end of the measurement frequency spectrum and then drops as frequency further increases to the high end of the spectrum. This feature is clearly seen in Fig. 9 for three depths within the log interval. As discussed above, in the well for which the logs are shown, the most likely cause for the difference between the XX and YY induction logs are fractures, either naturally occurring or drilling induced.
  • the Stoneley wave being an interface wave borne in borehole fluid, is sensitive to fluid-flow conduits (e.g., fractures) at the borehole and can be used to measure the hydraulic conductivity (i.e., permeability) of the conduits.
  • Fig. 10 shows in track 801 the gamma ray and caliper logs. Shown in track 803 are the waveforms of Stoneley waves recorded in the borehole.
  • Track 805 shows the formation permeability derived from the Stoneley waves using a prior art method discussed in (Tang et al, 1998). The solid line in track 805 is the determined permeability while the dashed and dotted lines are the error bounds on the determined permeability.
  • the permeability at around X525 ft depth is about two orders of magnitude higher than that found in the upper portion of the depth interval containing porous sands.
  • the Stoneley wave is delayed and much attenuated.
  • Such an anomalously high permeability in a shale zone indicates good positive fluid flow conduits such as fractures.
  • Fig. 11 shows in track 901 the gamma ray and caliper logs.
  • the cross-dipole acoustic log data in track 903 show significant shear wave splitting below X450 ft with the maximum level of splitting occurring between X500 ft and X550 ft.
  • the azimuthal anisotropy ratio derived from the fast and slow shear waves reaches a maximum value of 14% around the X525 ft depth.
  • the fast shear wave polarization direction (for which the traveltimes are given in the last track of Fig. 11,) defines the strike direction of the fracture.
  • this angle was determined to be 30° to the X- direction of the logging tool using a method such as that given in Becker, the contents of which are fully inco ⁇ orated herein by reference As noted above, it is important to determine the depth or radial extent of the fracturing. In particular, shallow fractures produced by the drilling process must be identified as such.
  • Figs. 12a and 12b show such a fracture with "wings" 1001a and 1001b radiating from a wellbore 1003.
  • Fig. 12a is an isometric view while Fig. 12b is a projection on a plane orthogonal to the borehole axis.
  • Fig. 12b is a (x- y) formation based coordinate system defined by the fracture, and a tool having axes T x and T y making an angle ⁇ with the (x-y) coordinate system
  • the sensitivities of the xx, yy, and zz logs to parameters of a fracture filled with oil-based mud were analyzed.
  • An inversion of the resistivity logs shows that the shale zone of interest has quite a uniform resistivity of 1 ⁇ -m.
  • the mud resistivity is assumed to be 1000 ⁇ -m.
  • the borehole diameter is 12" (30cm) and a fracture aperture is taken to be 1" (2.5cm), For an actual borehole, the diameter would be known from caliper measurements.
  • the fracture aperture may be determined by using a suitable borehole imaging tool, such as a resistivity imaging tool, an acoustic imaging tool, or a density imaging tool.
  • Suitable resistivity imaging tools that is disclosed in US Patent 5,502,686 to Dory et al offset or US patent 6,348,796 to Evans et al, having the same assignee as the present invention and the contents of which are fully inco ⁇ orated herein by reference.
  • the invention of Dory also includes an acoustic imaging capability.
  • Co-pending US patent application Ser. No. 09/836,980 of Evans et al having the same assignee as the present application and the contents of which are fully inco ⁇ orated herein by reference, teaches a resistivity imaging tool suitable for use with non-conducting borehole fluids.
  • a suitable tool for obtaining density images is described in US Patent Application Ser. No. 10/004,650 ofKurkoski, having the same assignee as the present invention and the contents of which are fully inco ⁇ orated herein by reference.
  • Fig. 13 shows the xx , yy , and zz values for fracture lengths in the range of 0-5 ft. (0 - 1.5m) It can be seen that zz, xx , and yy all have different sensitivities to the variation in the fracture length. Curves are shown for frequencies of 20kHz, 62kHz and 222 kHz.
  • the zz response is almost insensitive to a fracture less than 2 ft in length. Beyond that point, the zz response decreases as the fracture length increases. The magnitude of the variation is about 200 mS/m for fractures up to 5 ft long.
  • the length of a drilling-induced fracture is a factor of the mud pressure, the rock strength, and the strength of the in-situ formation stress. For a given mud weight and rock type, the stronger the in-situ formation stress, the longer the induced fracture will be.
  • the drilling-induced fracture length yields information of about the formation stress strength.
  • the fracture lengths may be estimated from the multicomponent induction logs because of their relatively large depths of investigation.
  • the tool may be arbitrarily rotated in the borehole. Assume the x-transmitter is at an angle ⁇ to the x-axis as shown in Fig. 12b. Then the XX and YY responses can be calculated from those shown in Fig. 13 as
  • H ⁇ H ra cos£+ H yy sin#
  • H n H ⁇ sin ⁇ - H yy sin ⁇
  • the fracture length in the interval of X510-560 ft (where the XX and YY logs have the largest difference) are estimated.
  • the angle ⁇ is obtained from the XMAC data (Fig 11) and is estimated to be about 30°.
  • Fig. 14 shows the (Hxx-Hyy) values superimposed on the numerically simulated data.
  • the real logs are selected from depths between X535 and X550 ft, which correspond to the maximum differences between the XX and YY logs. Given the uncertainties in the numerical model used, we can conclude that the fracture length is of the order of 1.5-2 ft. This estimation is consistent with the observation that no massive lost circulation was observed prior to logging.
  • any fracture is not expected to reach far into the formation.
  • two independent measurements are needed.
  • the XX and YY measurements are the most convenient, but the method described above could also be used with either the XX and YY measurements in combination with the XY measurement.
  • the ZZ measurement is relatively insensitive to fractures.
  • the modeling and inte ⁇ retation example given above is for a resistive mud in the borehole.
  • the methodology described above may also be used with a conducting mud in the borehole.
  • Fig. 15 shows an illustrative example at frequencies of 56kHz and 111 kHz.
  • the mud resistivity was taken to be 0.1 ⁇ -m.
  • Comparison of Fig. 15 with Fig. 13 shows several important features. First, regardless of the frequency, the zz and the xx (1101a,

Abstract

L'invention concerne le traitement des mesures réalisées au moyen d'un outil de diagraphie acoustique à cadres croisés dans un forage afin de déterminer les directions principales d'anisotropie azimutale d'une formation souterraine. Des mesures, telles que sur des pistes de données (601, 603), sont aussi réalisées aux fins de corrélation et de comparaison de diagraphie de rayons gamma (621), de diagraphie de densité (631) et de diagraphie neutronique de porosité (611). Des mesures, indicatrices de variations diagraphiques de résistivité azimutale et de conductivité, sont aussi réalisées au moyen d'un outil de diagraphie d'induction à composantes multiples permettant de réaliser des mesures électriques à un certain nombre de fréquences différentes couvrant aussi un domaine de profondeurs différentes de forages. Ces mesures électriques sont traitées au moyen de la direction principale, déterminée à partir des mesures acoustiques, afin d'obtenir une estimation des variations de résistivité azimutale. Reposant sur des résultats de modélisation, les variations de résistivité azimutale sont interprétées afin d'estimer une profondeur et une largeur de fracture dans la roche pour des fluides connus contenus à l'intérieur.
PCT/US2002/040019 2001-12-13 2002-12-13 Procede d'utilisation de mesures electriques et d'anisotropie acoustique pour l'identification de fracture WO2003054587A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EA200400754A EA007372B1 (ru) 2001-12-13 2002-12-13 Способ применения электрических и акустических измерений анизотропии для выявления трещин
AU2002361678A AU2002361678A1 (en) 2001-12-13 2002-12-13 Method of using electrical and acoustic anisotropy measurements for fracture identification
CA002470335A CA2470335C (fr) 2001-12-13 2002-12-13 Procede d'utilisation de mesures electriques et d'anisotropie acoustique pour l'identification de fracture
EP02797317A EP1461642B1 (fr) 2001-12-13 2002-12-13 Procede d'utilisation de mesures electriques et acoustiques d'anisotropie pour l'identification de fracture
NO20042950A NO20042950L (no) 2001-12-13 2004-07-12 Fremgangsmate for a bruke elektriske og akustiske anisotropi-malinger til identifisering av sprekkdannelser

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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US34159501P 2001-12-13 2001-12-13
US60/341,595 2001-12-13

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EP (1) EP1461642B1 (fr)
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NO (1) NO20042950L (fr)
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WO2008074970A2 (fr) * 2006-12-20 2008-06-26 Schlumberger Technology B.V. Procédé de surveillance d'événements microsismiques
WO2008086352A1 (fr) * 2007-01-09 2008-07-17 Schlumberger Canada Limited Cartographie de groupe de fractures géologiques
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RU2722431C1 (ru) * 2019-12-11 2020-05-29 Публичное акционерное общество «Татнефть» имени В.Д. Шашина Способ определения ориентации естественной трещиноватости горной породы
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US7471591B2 (en) * 2005-12-21 2008-12-30 Precision Energy Services, Inc. Method and apparatus for azimuthal logging of shear waves in boreholes using optionally rotatable transmitter and receiver assemblies
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EA007372B1 (ru) 2006-10-27
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AU2002361678A1 (en) 2003-07-09
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US20040001388A1 (en) 2004-01-01
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