WO2003040091A2 - Fat splitting process - Google Patents

Fat splitting process Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2003040091A2
WO2003040091A2 PCT/DK2002/000743 DK0200743W WO03040091A2 WO 2003040091 A2 WO2003040091 A2 WO 2003040091A2 DK 0200743 W DK0200743 W DK 0200743W WO 03040091 A2 WO03040091 A2 WO 03040091A2
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Prior art keywords
lipase
triglyceride
specific
water
lipases
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Application number
PCT/DK2002/000743
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French (fr)
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WO2003040091A3 (en
Inventor
Morten Würtz CHRISTENSEN
Hans Christian Holm
Kyoko Abe
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Novozymes A/S
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Priority to AU2002340786A priority Critical patent/AU2002340786A1/en
Publication of WO2003040091A2 publication Critical patent/WO2003040091A2/en
Publication of WO2003040091A3 publication Critical patent/WO2003040091A3/en

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
    • C12P7/00—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
    • C12P7/64—Fats; Fatty oils; Ester-type waxes; Higher fatty acids, i.e. having at least seven carbon atoms in an unbroken chain bound to a carboxyl group; Oxidised oils or fats
    • C12P7/6409—Fatty acids
    • C12P7/6418—Fatty acids by hydrolysis of fatty acid esters
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11C—FATTY ACIDS FROM FATS, OILS OR WAXES; CANDLES; FATS, OILS OR FATTY ACIDS BY CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF FATS, OILS, OR FATTY ACIDS OBTAINED THEREFROM
    • C11C1/00—Preparation of fatty acids from fats, fatty oils, or waxes; Refining the fatty acids
    • C11C1/02—Preparation of fatty acids from fats, fatty oils, or waxes; Refining the fatty acids from fats or fatty oils
    • C11C1/04—Preparation of fatty acids from fats, fatty oils, or waxes; Refining the fatty acids from fats or fatty oils by hydrolysis
    • C11C1/045—Preparation of fatty acids from fats, fatty oils, or waxes; Refining the fatty acids from fats or fatty oils by hydrolysis using enzymes or microorganisms, living or dead
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
    • C12P7/00—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
    • C12P7/02—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a hydroxy group
    • C12P7/04—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a hydroxy group acyclic
    • C12P7/18—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a hydroxy group acyclic polyhydric
    • C12P7/20—Glycerol

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to enzymatic fat hydrolysis (fat splitting), i.e. the hydrolysis of triglycerides (fat or oil) into glycerol and fatty acid.
  • JP 1-291798 A, JP 2-13389 A and 3898130 disclose the use of two lipases for hydrolysis of oil.
  • US 5061498 discloses treatment of fats and oils with two lipases in the presence of a small amount of water to convert mono- and diglycerides included in the fats and oils into triglycerides.
  • the invention provides a process for hydrolyzing a triglyceride into glycerol and fatty acid, comprising contacting the triglyceride and water consecutively or simultaneously with a positionally specific microbial lipase and a position- ally non-specific lipase.
  • a high degree of hydrolysis of the triglycerides can be obtained.
  • the process of the invention can be applied to any oil or fat consisting largely of triglycerides (triacylglycerol), e.g. vegetable oils and animal fat, typically containing more than 90 % (e.g. more than 95 %) by weight of triglycerides.
  • the acyl groups in the triglyceride may be linear fatty acyl groups, typically with 4-24 carbon atoms, particularly 12-22 carbon atoms. They may be saturated or unsaturated containing one or more double bonds.
  • the triglyceride may particularly be a triglyceride of unsubstituted acyl groups, i.e. acyl groups of the general formula R-CO where R is a hydrocarbyl group.
  • the process can be conducted at moderate temperatures, and advantageously it can even be applied to thermolabile triglycerides, e.g. triglycerides with polyunsaturated acyl groups.
  • the process leads to a high yield of glycerol and fatty acid which can be separated and purified by conventional methods.
  • odor or off-flavor formation can largely be avoided because high temperatures are not used, making the fatty acid suitable for use in the food industry.
  • the invention uses two lipases (triacylglycerol lipase), i.e. enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of ester bonds in triglycerides (triacylglycerol). They are classified as EC 3.1.1.3 according to Enzyme Nomenclature.
  • the two lipases are characterized by their positional specificity, i.e. the specificity for acyl groups in the 3 positions of a triglyceride.
  • the microbial positionally specific (or 1 ,3- specific) lipase hydrolyzes acyl groups in the 1- and 3-positions with little or no activity in the 2-position, whereas the positionally non-specific lipase hydrolyzes acyl groups in all three positions at comparable rates.
  • the positional specificity of a lipase may be determined as described in WO
  • the present invention uses a positionally non-specific lipase and a specific microbial lipase. Each lipase may be used in native (soluble) form or in immobilized form.
  • the non-specific lipase may be microbial, e.g. fungal or bacterial, particularly one derived from the following genera and species as described in the indicated publications: Candida, C. rugosa (also called C. cylindracea), C. antarctica lipase A or B (WO 8802775), Pseudomonas, P. cepacia (WO 8901032), Streptomyces (WO 9414940). It may also be a variant obtained by substitution, deletion or insertion of one or more amino acids in of one of the indi- cated lipases, e.g. as described in WO 9401541.
  • the specific microbial lipase may be fungal or bacterial, e.g. derived from the following genera and species as described in the indicated publications: Thermomyces, T. lanugi- nosus (also known as Humicola lanuginosa, EP 305216, US 5869438), Rhizomucor, R. mie- hei, Fusarium, F. oxysporum (WO 9826057), or a lipase variant, e.g. as described in WO 9707202.
  • the specific microbial lipase may also be a cutinase, i.e. an enzyme which also has cutinase activity (EC 3.1.1.74), e.g. a cutinase from Humicola, H. insolens (WO 9613580) or a cutinase variant, e.g. as described in WO 00/34450 or WO 0192502.
  • the lipase may be immobilized, e.g., by adsorption on particulate silica, by covalent linkage with glutaraldehyde to particulate silica, by adsorption on a particulate macroporous weakly basic anion exchange resin, by adsorption on polypropylene or by cross-linking, particularly with glutaraldehyde, e.g. with addition of MgSO 4 .
  • the immobilization may be carried out as described in EP 140452, WO 8902916, WO 9005778, WO 9015868, EP 232933 or US 4665028.
  • the two lipases may be mixed before immobilization, or they may be immobilized separately. In the latter case, the two immobilized lipases may be mixed, or they may be used separately in consecutive steps.
  • the process may be carried out by contacting the triglyceride and water in a stirred tank with the two lipases in native (soluble) form or in immobilized form, or by continuously passing the triglyceride and water through one or more columns with a fixed bed of the li- pases in immobilized form.
  • the stirred tank may be used batchwise or continuously.
  • the effluent from the stirred tank (whether batchwise or continuous) may be separated into an oily phase containing triglyceride and fatty acid, and an aqueous phase containing glycerol and lipase.
  • Water and lipase from the aqueous phase may be recycled, optionally after separation of glycerol, for better utilization of the lipase.
  • Typical conditions for stirred-tank operation are 30-60°C, particularly 40-55°C, and a reaction time from 6 to 72 hours, particularly 12 to 48 hours.
  • the oil/water ratio from 1 :2 to 3:1 (weight/weight) may be above 1 :2, particularly above 1 :1 , and may be below 5:1 , particularly below 3:1 or below 2:1.
  • the triglyceride and water may pass through a column containing the two lipases in immobilized form or through a series of two or more columns each containing a lipase in immobilized form.
  • the triglyceride and water may pass through a first column with immobilized specific microbial lipase and a second column with immobilized nonspecific lipase.
  • the triglyceride and water may be subjected to high-shear mixing before en- tering the column or fed to the column from two separate substrate lines (co-current or coun- tercurrent).
  • Typical conditions for column operation are 30-80°C, particularly 40-70°C.
  • the oil/water ratio from 1 :2 to 3:1 (weight/weight) may be above 1 :2, particularly above 1 :1 , and may be below 5:1 , particularly below 3:1 or below 2:1.
  • Enzyme bed Height/Diameter ratios of column can be from 2-10, particularly 5-8. Residence times, which insures that linear velocity flow is greater than the critical linear velocity flow, can be used.
  • Oil and water were treated in a tank with stirring with a combination of two lipases according to the invention.
  • each lipase was tested alone at double dosage.
  • the positionally non-specific lipase was Candida antarctica lipase A, and the positionally specific microbial lipase was the lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus or a cutinase variant disclosed in WO 00/34450.
  • the enzyme combination included each enzyme at a dosage of 0.1 mg enzyme protein per g oil, and reference experiments were made with single enzymes at a dosage of 0.2 mg/g.
  • the conditions were 55°C, 450 rpm stirring, reaction time 24 hours, oil/water ratio 1 :1 w/w.
  • Oil was hydrolyzed with a lipase combination as in Example 1 , except that the nonspecific lipase was Candida rugosa lipase, different lipase dosages were used given in % by weight), and the temperature was 40°C.
  • the results were:

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Zoology (AREA)
  • Microbiology (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • Biotechnology (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Genetics & Genomics (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Preparation Of Compounds By Using Micro-Organisms (AREA)
  • Fats And Perfumes (AREA)

Abstract

A process for hydrolyzing a triglyceride into glycerol and fatty acid comprises contacting the triglyceride and water consecutively or simultaneously with a positionally specific microbial lipase and a positionally non-specific lipase. The combination of lipases has a synergistic effect on the hydrolysis of triglycerides, so that a high degree of hydrolysis of the triglycerides can be obtained.

Description

FAT SPLITTING PROCESS
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to enzymatic fat hydrolysis (fat splitting), i.e. the hydrolysis of triglycerides (fat or oil) into glycerol and fatty acid.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
It is known to hydrolyze triglycerides by use of a lipase. JP 1-291798 A, JP 2-13389 A and 3898130 disclose the use of two lipases for hydrolysis of oil. US 5061498 discloses treatment of fats and oils with two lipases in the presence of a small amount of water to convert mono- and diglycerides included in the fats and oils into triglycerides.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The inventors have found that a certain combination of lipases has a synergistic effect on the hydrolysis of triglycerides. Accordingly, the invention provides a process for hydrolyzing a triglyceride into glycerol and fatty acid, comprising contacting the triglyceride and water consecutively or simultaneously with a positionally specific microbial lipase and a position- ally non-specific lipase. Advantageously, a high degree of hydrolysis of the triglycerides can be obtained.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Triglyceride and reaction products
The process of the invention can be applied to any oil or fat consisting largely of triglycerides (triacylglycerol), e.g. vegetable oils and animal fat, typically containing more than 90 % (e.g. more than 95 %) by weight of triglycerides. The acyl groups in the triglyceride may be linear fatty acyl groups, typically with 4-24 carbon atoms, particularly 12-22 carbon atoms. They may be saturated or unsaturated containing one or more double bonds. The triglyceride may particularly be a triglyceride of unsubstituted acyl groups, i.e. acyl groups of the general formula R-CO where R is a hydrocarbyl group.
The process can be conducted at moderate temperatures, and advantageously it can even be applied to thermolabile triglycerides, e.g. triglycerides with polyunsaturated acyl groups. The process leads to a high yield of glycerol and fatty acid which can be separated and purified by conventional methods. Advantageously, odor or off-flavor formation can largely be avoided because high temperatures are not used, making the fatty acid suitable for use in the food industry. Lipases
The invention uses two lipases (triacylglycerol lipase), i.e. enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of ester bonds in triglycerides (triacylglycerol). They are classified as EC 3.1.1.3 according to Enzyme Nomenclature. The two lipases are characterized by their positional specificity, i.e. the specificity for acyl groups in the 3 positions of a triglyceride. Thus, the microbial positionally specific (or 1 ,3- specific) lipase hydrolyzes acyl groups in the 1- and 3-positions with little or no activity in the 2-position, whereas the positionally non-specific lipase hydrolyzes acyl groups in all three positions at comparable rates. The positional specificity of a lipase may be determined as described in WO
8802775, in WO 8901032 or in Example 8 of WO 9414940. The present invention uses a positionally non-specific lipase and a specific microbial lipase. Each lipase may be used in native (soluble) form or in immobilized form.
Positionally non-specific lipase The non-specific lipase may be microbial, e.g. fungal or bacterial, particularly one derived from the following genera and species as described in the indicated publications: Candida, C. rugosa (also called C. cylindracea), C. antarctica lipase A or B (WO 8802775), Pseudomonas, P. cepacia (WO 8901032), Streptomyces (WO 9414940). It may also be a variant obtained by substitution, deletion or insertion of one or more amino acids in of one of the indi- cated lipases, e.g. as described in WO 9401541.
Positionally specific microbial lipase
The specific microbial lipase may be fungal or bacterial, e.g. derived from the following genera and species as described in the indicated publications: Thermomyces, T. lanugi- nosus (also known as Humicola lanuginosa, EP 305216, US 5869438), Rhizomucor, R. mie- hei, Fusarium, F. oxysporum (WO 9826057), or a lipase variant, e.g. as described in WO 9707202. The specific microbial lipase may also be a cutinase, i.e. an enzyme which also has cutinase activity (EC 3.1.1.74), e.g. a cutinase from Humicola, H. insolens (WO 9613580) or a cutinase variant, e.g. as described in WO 00/34450 or WO 0192502.
Immobilized lipase The lipase may be immobilized, e.g., by adsorption on particulate silica, by covalent linkage with glutaraldehyde to particulate silica, by adsorption on a particulate macroporous weakly basic anion exchange resin, by adsorption on polypropylene or by cross-linking, particularly with glutaraldehyde, e.g. with addition of MgSO4. The immobilization may be carried out as described in EP 140452, WO 8902916, WO 9005778, WO 9015868, EP 232933 or US 4665028.
The two lipases may be mixed before immobilization, or they may be immobilized separately. In the latter case, the two immobilized lipases may be mixed, or they may be used separately in consecutive steps.
Hydrolysis process
The process may be carried out by contacting the triglyceride and water in a stirred tank with the two lipases in native (soluble) form or in immobilized form, or by continuously passing the triglyceride and water through one or more columns with a fixed bed of the li- pases in immobilized form.
The stirred tank may be used batchwise or continuously. The effluent from the stirred tank (whether batchwise or continuous) may be separated into an oily phase containing triglyceride and fatty acid, and an aqueous phase containing glycerol and lipase. Water and lipase from the aqueous phase may be recycled, optionally after separation of glycerol, for better utilization of the lipase.
Typical conditions for stirred-tank operation are 30-60°C, particularly 40-55°C, and a reaction time from 6 to 72 hours, particularly 12 to 48 hours. The oil/water ratio from 1 :2 to 3:1 (weight/weight) may be above 1 :2, particularly above 1 :1 , and may be below 5:1 , particularly below 3:1 or below 2:1. In a column process, the triglyceride and water may pass through a column containing the two lipases in immobilized form or through a series of two or more columns each containing a lipase in immobilized form. Thus, the triglyceride and water may pass through a first column with immobilized specific microbial lipase and a second column with immobilized nonspecific lipase. The triglyceride and water may be subjected to high-shear mixing before en- tering the column or fed to the column from two separate substrate lines (co-current or coun- tercurrent). Typical conditions for column operation are 30-80°C, particularly 40-70°C. The oil/water ratio from 1 :2 to 3:1 (weight/weight) may be above 1 :2, particularly above 1 :1 , and may be below 5:1 , particularly below 3:1 or below 2:1. Enzyme bed Height/Diameter ratios of column can be from 2-10, particularly 5-8. Residence times, which insures that linear velocity flow is greater than the critical linear velocity flow, can be used.
Advantageously, the process does not require the addition of a bile salt or other surfactant. EXAMPLES
Example 1
Oil and water were treated in a tank with stirring with a combination of two lipases according to the invention. For reference, each lipase was tested alone at double dosage.
The positionally non-specific lipase was Candida antarctica lipase A, and the positionally specific microbial lipase was the lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus or a cutinase variant disclosed in WO 00/34450. The enzyme combination included each enzyme at a dosage of 0.1 mg enzyme protein per g oil, and reference experiments were made with single enzymes at a dosage of 0.2 mg/g.
The conditions were 55°C, 450 rpm stirring, reaction time 24 hours, oil/water ratio 1 :1 w/w. The degree of hydrolysis (DH) was determined from the acid value (AV) and saponifica- tion value (SV). % DH = (AV/SV) * 100 %. The results were:
Figure imgf000005_0001
The results clearly show synergy, i.e. a higher degree of hydrolysis with the lipase combination compared to each lipase alone at double dosage.
Example 2
Oil was hydrolyzed with a lipase combination as in Example 1 , except that the nonspecific lipase was Candida rugosa lipase, different lipase dosages were used given in % by weight), and the temperature was 40°C. The results were:
Figure imgf000006_0001
These results also show clear synergy, i.e. a higher degree of hydrolysis with the lipase combination compared to each lipase alone at double dosage.
Example 3
20 g of soy bean oil and 20 g of water were filled into a shake flask together with a positionally specific microbial lipase (Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase) and a non-specific lipase (C. antarctica lipase A) at dosages of 0.1 mg enzyme protein per g oil for each lipase. Reference tests were made separately with each lipase at double dosage. The flasks were shaken at 200 rpm and 50°C, and the degree of triglyceride hydrolysis was analyzed after 24 hours by titration with NaOH. The results were:
Figure imgf000006_0002
These results also show clear synergy, i.e. a higher degree of hydrolysis with the li- pase combination compared to each lipase alone at double dosage.

Claims

1. A process for hydrolyzing a triglyceride, comprising contacting the triglyceride and water consecutively or simultaneously with a positionally specific microbial lipase and a positionally non-specific lipase.
2. The process of claim 1 wherein the triglyceride and water are contacted simultaneously with the two lipases under stirring.
3. The process of claim 1 or 2 comprising passing the triglyceride and water continuously through a column holding the two lipases in immobilized form.
4. The process of any of claims 1-3 comprising passing the triglyceride and water con- secutively through a first column holding the specific microbial lipase in immobilized form and a second column holding the non-specific lipase in immobilized form.
PCT/DK2002/000743 2001-11-05 2002-11-05 Fat splitting process WO2003040091A2 (en)

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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1978102A1 (en) 2007-04-02 2008-10-08 Cognis IP Management GmbH A mixture containing fatty acid glycerides

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US6936289B2 (en) 1995-06-07 2005-08-30 Danisco A/S Method of improving the properties of a flour dough, a flour dough improving composition and improved food products
AU2002339115B2 (en) 2001-05-18 2007-03-15 Dupont Nutrition Biosciences Aps Method of preparing a dough with an enzyme
KR101226156B1 (en) 2004-07-16 2013-01-24 듀폰 뉴트리션 바이오사이언시즈 에이피에스 Enzymatic oil-degumming method

Citations (2)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3898130A (en) * 1974-03-18 1975-08-05 American Hospital Supply Corp Rapid enzymatic hydrolysis of triglycerides
US5061498A (en) * 1988-06-14 1991-10-29 The Japanese Research & Development Association For Bioreactor System In Food Industry Method for reforming fats and oils with enzymes

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JP2678915B2 (en) * 1988-05-20 1997-11-19 曽田香料株式会社 Production method of fatty acid
JPH0213389A (en) * 1988-06-30 1990-01-17 Ito Seiyu Kk High hydrolysis of castor oil

Patent Citations (2)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3898130A (en) * 1974-03-18 1975-08-05 American Hospital Supply Corp Rapid enzymatic hydrolysis of triglycerides
US5061498A (en) * 1988-06-14 1991-10-29 The Japanese Research & Development Association For Bioreactor System In Food Industry Method for reforming fats and oils with enzymes

Non-Patent Citations (3)

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Title
DATABASE WPI Section Ch, Week 199002 Derwent Publications Ltd., London, GB; Class D16, AN 1990-011574 XP002211895 & JP 01 291798 A (SODA PERFUME CO LTD), 24 November 1989 (1989-11-24) cited in the application *
DATABASE WPI Section Ch, Week 199009 Derwent Publications Ltd., London, GB; Class D16, AN 1990-062212 XP002211896 & JP 02 013389 A (CHIYODA CHEM ENG CONSTR CO), 17 January 1990 (1990-01-17) cited in the application *
PARK Y K ET AL: "HYDROLYSIS OF SOYBEAN OIL BY A COMBINED LIPASE SYSTEM" JAOCS (JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS' SOCIETY), vol. 65, no. 2, 1988, pages 252-254, XP002251704 *

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1978102A1 (en) 2007-04-02 2008-10-08 Cognis IP Management GmbH A mixture containing fatty acid glycerides

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