WO2003024403A2 - Carbohydrate supplementation and rehydration composition - Google Patents
Carbohydrate supplementation and rehydration composition Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2003024403A2 WO2003024403A2 PCT/US2002/029594 US0229594W WO03024403A2 WO 2003024403 A2 WO2003024403 A2 WO 2003024403A2 US 0229594 W US0229594 W US 0229594W WO 03024403 A2 WO03024403 A2 WO 03024403A2
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- osmolality
- beverage
- fluid
- glucose
- rehydration
- Prior art date
Links
- 150000001720 carbohydrates Chemical class 0.000 title claims description 35
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims description 18
- 230000009469 supplementation Effects 0.000 title description 5
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N Glucose Natural products OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 239000008103 glucose Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 125000002791 glucosyl group Chemical group C1([C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O1)CO)* 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 235000014633 carbohydrates Nutrition 0.000 claims description 34
- 235000013361 beverage Nutrition 0.000 claims description 18
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 235000000346 sugar Nutrition 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000008163 sugars Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 240000008042 Zea mays Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000005824 Zea mays ssp. parviglumis Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000002017 Zea mays subsp mays Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000005822 corn Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000006188 syrup Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000020357 syrup Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000016127 added sugars Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 abstract description 48
- 235000021309 simple sugar Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 7
- 230000002496 gastric effect Effects 0.000 description 15
- 229920002527 Glycogen Polymers 0.000 description 11
- 229940096919 glycogen Drugs 0.000 description 11
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 10
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 8
- 230000036571 hydration Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000006703 hydration reaction Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 6
- 210000004185 liver Anatomy 0.000 description 6
- 210000003205 muscle Anatomy 0.000 description 6
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000000153 supplemental effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 229930091371 Fructose Natural products 0.000 description 4
- RFSUNEUAIZKAJO-ARQDHWQXSA-N Fructose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@](O)(CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O RFSUNEUAIZKAJO-ARQDHWQXSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000005715 Fructose Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000008280 blood Substances 0.000 description 4
- 210000004369 blood Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- 238000002637 fluid replacement therapy Methods 0.000 description 4
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N citric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 210000001035 gastrointestinal tract Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000003204 osmotic effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000005381 potential energy Methods 0.000 description 3
- 210000002784 stomach Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 230000035882 stress Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000013589 supplement Substances 0.000 description 3
- CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N Ascorbic acid Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1O CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N beta-D-glucose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RYYVLZVUVIJVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N caffeine Chemical compound CN1C(=O)N(C)C(=O)C2=C1N=CN2C RYYVLZVUVIJVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000009429 distress Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001965 increasing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000001356 surgical procedure Methods 0.000 description 2
- 208000024891 symptom Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 229930003231 vitamin Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 235000013343 vitamin Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000011782 vitamin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229940088594 vitamin Drugs 0.000 description 2
- ZZZCUOFIHGPKAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N D-erythro-ascorbic acid Natural products OCC1OC(=O)C(O)=C1O ZZZCUOFIHGPKAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HMFHBZSHGGEWLO-SOOFDHNKSA-N D-ribofuranose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H]1O HMFHBZSHGGEWLO-SOOFDHNKSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010012735 Diarrhoea Diseases 0.000 description 1
- LPHGQDQBBGAPDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isocaffeine Natural products CN1C(=O)N(C)C(=O)C2=C1N(C)C=N2 LPHGQDQBBGAPDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010028813 Nausea Diseases 0.000 description 1
- PYMYPHUHKUWMLA-LMVFSUKVSA-N Ribose Natural products OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)C=O PYMYPHUHKUWMLA-LMVFSUKVSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229930003268 Vitamin C Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- HMFHBZSHGGEWLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-D-Furanose-Ribose Natural products OCC1OC(O)C(O)C1O HMFHBZSHGGEWLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001413 amino acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000000386 athletic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000037147 athletic performance Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003925 brain function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229960001948 caffeine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- VJEONQKOZGKCAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N caffeine Natural products CN1C(=O)N(C)C(=O)C2=C1C=CN2C VJEONQKOZGKCAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019577 caloric intake Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000025938 carbohydrate utilization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000015165 citric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000036757 core body temperature Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000018044 dehydration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006297 dehydration reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000002249 digestive system Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- ZPWVASYFFYYZEW-UHFFFAOYSA-L dipotassium hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].OP([O-])([O-])=O ZPWVASYFFYYZEW-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 235000019797 dipotassium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910000396 dipotassium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 208000002173 dizziness Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000030136 gastric emptying Effects 0.000 description 1
- ZDXPYRJPNDTMRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N glutamine Natural products OC(=O)C(N)CCC(N)=O ZDXPYRJPNDTMRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002218 hypoglycaemic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001802 infusion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N iodine Chemical compound II PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000014666 liquid concentrate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000012669 liquid formulation Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000002538 magnesium citrate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229960005336 magnesium citrate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000004337 magnesium citrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008693 nausea Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000016709 nutrition Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- LWIHDJKSTIGBAC-UHFFFAOYSA-K potassium phosphate Substances [K+].[K+].[K+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O LWIHDJKSTIGBAC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006041 probiotic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000018291 probiotics Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000021580 ready-to-drink beverage Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000029058 respiratory gaseous exchange Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000979 retarding effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011496 sports drink Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000021 stimulant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000004243 sweat Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000008685 targeting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001225 therapeutic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- PLSARIKBYIPYPF-UHFFFAOYSA-H trimagnesium dicitrate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[Mg+2].[Mg+2].[O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O.[O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O PLSARIKBYIPYPF-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- 235000019154 vitamin C Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011718 vitamin C Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
- A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L29/00—Foods or foodstuffs containing additives; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L29/30—Foods or foodstuffs containing additives; Preparation or treatment thereof containing carbohydrate syrups; containing sugars; containing sugar alcohols, e.g. xylitol; containing starch hydrolysates, e.g. dextrin
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L2/00—Non-alcoholic beverages; Dry compositions or concentrates therefor; Their preparation
- A23L2/38—Other non-alcoholic beverages
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L33/10—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof using additives
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L5/00—Preparation or treatment of foods or foodstuffs, in general; Food or foodstuffs obtained thereby; Materials therefor
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
- A61K31/715—Polysaccharides, i.e. having more than five saccharide radicals attached to each other by glycosidic linkages; Derivatives thereof, e.g. ethers, esters
- A61K31/716—Glucans
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
- A23V2002/00—Food compositions, function of food ingredients or processes for food or foodstuffs
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a rehydration fluid, and more particularly to a rehydration fluid having improved osmolality and caloric properties.
- Carbohydrate delivery and fluid replacement have become important issues for all athletes in sports, especially in endurance sports and also to others interested in recovery and rehydration such as patients recovering from illness, diarrhea, or surgery.
- carbohydrates are needed for pre-event loading, during-event supplementation, and post-event recovery.
- Fluid replacement is also a primary concern for any endurance athlete during athletic events. During an event, a large amount of water is lost through sweat and respiration. If this water is not replaced, the core body temperature will rise and performance will decrease. Fluids are also needed pre-event and post-event to help with carbohydrate assimilation and storage.
- a carbohydrate source used during an event should provide sufficient energy to enhance performance or replace expended energy without retarding fluid replacement or causing gastrointestinal distress.
- Gastric transit time is the main concern for delivering water, beneficial electrolytes, supplements and carbohydrates to the athlete during an event. Solutions with high osmolalities can retard gastric transit time and therefore reduce or retard absorption of fluids, carbohydrates and electrolytes. Carbohydrates and electrolytes are better utilized in the intestinal tract versus the stomach. Shorter gastric transit times allow substances to quickly pass through the stomach and to be absorbed through the intestinal tract. Therefore, the effect of the osmolality of a fluid on the gastric transit time of the user impacts the absorption of carbohydrates, supplements and fluids before, during and after prolonged strenuous activity. Osmolality is a measurement of the number of particles, whether molecular or macroscopic, in a solvent.
- the total number of particles completely in solution dictates the osmolality of that solution.
- the levels of carbohydrate and other beneficial materials incorporated into a rehydration fluid directly impact the osmolality of the rehydration fluid, and thus affect the gastric transit time. Solutions with high osmolality retard the gastric transit time and thereby retard fluid absorption and carbohydrate utilization. Slower gastric emptying also leads to larger gastric residues, which can cause gastrointestinal distress. When residues exist within the stomach, cramping and gastric upset are common.
- the higher the levels of carbohydrate in the rehydration fluid the higher the osmolality, the greater the retardation of the gastric transit time, and the greater the retardation of fluid absorption.
- lowering the levels of carbohydrate may result in undesirable taste and/or insufficient energy supplies being delivered to the individual.
- the osmolality of a solution is inversely proportional to the chemical potential (energy) of that solution.
- the difference in chemical potential (energy) between two solutions separated by a semipermeable membrane is called the osmotic pressure.
- Osmosis is the term used to explain the fact that solutions with a higher potential energy flow towards the solutions of lower potential energy when separated by a semipermeable membrane.
- Pure deionized water has an osmolality of zero and a chemical potential of 1 by definition.
- Water with dissolved particles has an osmolality greater than zero and a chemical potential less than 1. If a semi-permeable membrane, such as the lining in a digestive tract, separated these two solutions, there would be an osmotic pressure pushing towards the solution with the dissolved particles.
- This pressure differential is caused by the fact that the pure water has a higher chemical potential (energy) than the solution with dissolved particles.
- Osmotic pressure drives water from areas of low osmolality to areas of high osmolality or from areas of high to low potential energy.
- a solution with a large amount of material in it (high osmolality) has diluted the energy (chemical potential). The more particulate you add, the higher the osmolality, and the more dilute the energy, the lower the chemical potential.
- Recovery is the consumption of carbohydrate and liquids to replace glycogen and fluids lost during exercise or stress. Fructose is important for recovery in that it primarily replenishes liver glycogen stores whereas glucose polymers primarily replace muscle glycogen.
- Glycogen is the main source of energy for athletes competing in endurance events. Muscle glycogen is used to support muscle activity whereas liver glycogen is used to maintain blood glucose levels. Blood glucose supports brain function and also supplements the energy muscle glycogen provides to the muscles. Fructose is a beneficial carbohydrate due to its ability to provide carbohydrate to the liver for liver glycogen building. Liver glycogen is the main endogenous source of glucose used to maintain blood glucose levels. If blood glucose levels drop, hypoglycemic symptoms, including nausea, dizziness and confusion, may occur. These symptoms can cause decreased athletic performance.
- the present invention therefore provides an aqueous beverage comprising water, a long chain glucose polymer having at least five repeating glucose units , natural sugars, and electrolytes. It is preferred that the aqueous beverage have an osmolality of less than 250 mSOm/kg.
- the invention can also be supplied in the form of a mix containing the foregoing ingredients without water. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
- the present invention utilizes long chain glucose polymers to offer improvements over the prior art solutions for rehydration and carbohydrate supplementation.
- Glucose polymers allow a solution to have a lower osmolality than similar solutions containing the same amount of glucose units in simple, shorter chain sugars; i.e., there are fewer actual particles for the same caloric content.
- the longer chain glucose polymers break down in the plasma as they are metabolized into simple sugars, providing more energy to the body over a longer period of time.
- the present invention provides a rehydration fluid which has a combination of lower osmolality and higher calories per serving than provided for in the prior art.
- the present invention provides a rehydration fluid having low osmolality, which results in minimizing gastric transit times, thereby providing quicker fluid absorption, more efficient fluid utilization by the body, reducing gastric upset, and improving utilization of the available carbohydrates.
- the present invention also delivers sufficient carbohydrates to replenish the calories used from strenuous activity which either alleviates or prolongs the user's time to exhaustion.
- the rehydration fluid of the present invention provides a substantial amount of carbohydrate without increasing gastric transit time and provides a balance between osmolality and available energy stores.
- the carbohydrate component of the present invention is derived from both relatively high molecular weight (long chain) glucose polymers and simple sugars, e.g., fructose, glucose and others, to accelerate hydration and recovery after exercise.
- long chain glucose polymers e.g., glucose and others
- simple sugars e.g., fructose, glucose and others
- the added glucose polymer and simple sugars comprise from about 50% by weight to 80% by weight of the total carbohydrates added to the formulation.
- glucose polymers can be used for the present invention, high molecular weight glucose polymers derived from corn syrup are preferred.
- One such polymer is sold under the trademark Clintose CR-24 by Archer-Daniels-Midland Company of Decatur, Illinois. The total concentration of carbohydrates used depends upon the desired effect.
- the concentration of carbohydrate used is dependent upon the degree of dehydration. If fluid replacement were paramount, a rehydration fluid containing 7% carbohydrates would be preferred. A rehydration fluid containing from 15-25% carbohydrates would be preferred for replacing lost glycogen when rehydration is not a significant factor.
- the present invention provides a rehydration fluid having a concentration of carbohydrates that results in an osmolality conducive for optimizing rehydration. Where it is desired to have a fluid designed to deliver high levels of carbohydrates, the rehydration fluid of the present invention provides the similar calories per serving with lower osmolality than products on the market, thereby enhancing fluid delivery.
- the rehydration fluid of the present invention provides an osmolality from 0 - 500 mOSm/kg in order to ensure shorter gastric transit times and rapid infusion of the available liquids. More preferably, the osmolality may range from 80 to 250, and most preferably from 120 to 180 mOSm/kg. In order to carbo- load before or after activity, when rehydration is not as paramount, the rehydration fluid of the present invention provides an osmolality range from 150 to 250 mOSm/kg to accommodate a higher volume of carbohydrates and thus increased caloric intake.
- the rehydration fluid of the present invention can include beneficial electrolytes for replacement of excreted salts.
- the present invention maintains an exceptionally low osmolality and offers rehydration and carbohydrate delivery performance that is superior to sports drinks in the market.
- additional supplemental materials can be added to the fluid of the present invention for further supplementation without grossly affecting the performance of the fluid.
- the osmolality and caloric properties of the rehydration fluid of the present invention allows further ingredients to be added to the rehydration fluid for the formulation for a variety of needs.
- various supplemental materials may be added to the rehydration fluid of the present invention for rapid rehydration during strenuous activity, pre- and post-activity carbohydrate delivery, a higher osmolality solution for lower stress activities, and kid friendly formulations.
- additional nutritional and therapeutic formulations are possible.
- the rehydration fluid of the present invention could be modified with supplemental materials for a formulation for recovery from stress or a medical event such as surgery.
- supplemental materials such as additional nutrients and/or sources of energy may be added to the rehydration fluid of the present invention while maintaining a low osmolality for improved absorption and utilization of the supplemental material in the digestive system of the user.
- supplemental materials may include, but are not limited to, simple sugars, soluble fibers, electrolytes, vitamins, minerals, amino acids, probiotics, iodine, glutamine sources, and caffeine or other stimulants.
- the rehydration fluid of the present invention may be customized for a variety of specific and general needs.
- the present invention can be formulated as a granulated powder for constitution in pure water, can be prepared as a liquid concentrate, or can be prepared as a ready-to- drink beverage.
- a typical liquid formulation will include high molecular weight glucose polymers in the amount of 5 to 25 g/500 ml and simple sugars from 5 to 15 g/500 ml.
- Other additives such as magnesium citrate, citric acid, dipotassium phosphate, vitamins such as vitamin C, sodium chloride, xanthenum gum and flavoring can be added in amounts ranging from 0 to 2 g/500 ml.
- a ready-to-drink solution of low osmolality, high carbohydrate ready-to-drink fluid was prepared by adding the following ingredients to 500 ml of distilled water.
- the hydration liquid thus prepared has an osmolality on the order of 144 to 161.
- a second hydration fluid was prepared with the following ingredients.
- a third hydration fluid was prepared containing the following ingredients.
- Another hydration fluid was prepared having the following ingredients.
- Another hydration fluid was prepared containing the following ingredients.
- This fluid had an osmolality of 172.
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Nutrition Science (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
- Epidemiology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
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- Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
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Abstract
A rehydration fluid comprising long chain glucose polymers having at least 5 repeating glucose units, simple sugars and electrolytes, and having an osmolality of less than about 250 mOSm/kg.
Description
CARBOHYDRATE SUPPLEMENTATION AND REHYDRATION COMPOSITION
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
This application is a continuation in part of prior copending application Serial Number 60/323,192, filed September 17, 2001, the benefit of the filing date of which is hereby claimed under 35 USC 119.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a rehydration fluid, and more particularly to a rehydration fluid having improved osmolality and caloric properties. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Carbohydrate delivery and fluid replacement have become important issues for all athletes in sports, especially in endurance sports and also to others interested in recovery and rehydration such as patients recovering from illness, diarrhea, or surgery. In the case of athletes, carbohydrates are needed for pre-event loading, during-event supplementation, and post-event recovery. Fluid replacement is also a primary concern for any endurance athlete during athletic events. During an event, a large amount of water is lost through sweat and respiration. If this water is not replaced, the core body temperature will rise and performance will decrease. Fluids are also needed pre-event and post-event to help with carbohydrate assimilation and storage. Thus, a carbohydrate source used during an event should provide sufficient energy to enhance performance or replace expended energy without retarding fluid replacement or causing gastrointestinal distress.
Gastric transit time is the main concern for delivering water, beneficial electrolytes, supplements and carbohydrates to the athlete during an event. Solutions with high osmolalities can retard gastric transit time and therefore reduce or retard absorption of fluids, carbohydrates and electrolytes. Carbohydrates and electrolytes are better utilized in the intestinal tract versus the stomach. Shorter gastric transit times allow substances to quickly pass through the stomach and to be absorbed through the intestinal tract. Therefore, the effect of the osmolality of a fluid on the gastric transit time of the user impacts the absorption of carbohydrates, supplements and fluids before, during and after prolonged strenuous activity.
Osmolality is a measurement of the number of particles, whether molecular or macroscopic, in a solvent. The total number of particles completely in solution dictates the osmolality of that solution. The levels of carbohydrate and other beneficial materials incorporated into a rehydration fluid directly impact the osmolality of the rehydration fluid, and thus affect the gastric transit time. Solutions with high osmolality retard the gastric transit time and thereby retard fluid absorption and carbohydrate utilization. Slower gastric emptying also leads to larger gastric residues, which can cause gastrointestinal distress. When residues exist within the stomach, cramping and gastric upset are common. In general, the higher the levels of carbohydrate in the rehydration fluid, the higher the osmolality, the greater the retardation of the gastric transit time, and the greater the retardation of fluid absorption. However, lowering the levels of carbohydrate may result in undesirable taste and/or insufficient energy supplies being delivered to the individual.
The osmolality of a solution is inversely proportional to the chemical potential (energy) of that solution. The difference in chemical potential (energy) between two solutions separated by a semipermeable membrane is called the osmotic pressure. Osmosis is the term used to explain the fact that solutions with a higher potential energy flow towards the solutions of lower potential energy when separated by a semipermeable membrane. Pure deionized water has an osmolality of zero and a chemical potential of 1 by definition. Water with dissolved particles has an osmolality greater than zero and a chemical potential less than 1. If a semi-permeable membrane, such as the lining in a digestive tract, separated these two solutions, there would be an osmotic pressure pushing towards the solution with the dissolved particles. This pressure differential is caused by the fact that the pure water has a higher chemical potential (energy) than the solution with dissolved particles. Osmotic pressure drives water from areas of low osmolality to areas of high osmolality or from areas of high to low potential energy. A solution with a large amount of material in it (high osmolality) has diluted the energy (chemical potential). The more particulate you add, the higher the osmolality, and the more dilute the energy, the lower the chemical potential. Recovery is the consumption of carbohydrate and liquids to replace glycogen and fluids lost during exercise or stress. Fructose is important for recovery in that it primarily replenishes liver glycogen stores whereas glucose polymers primarily replace muscle glycogen. Glycogen is the main source of energy for athletes competing in endurance
events. Muscle glycogen is used to support muscle activity whereas liver glycogen is used to maintain blood glucose levels. Blood glucose supports brain function and also supplements the energy muscle glycogen provides to the muscles. Fructose is a beneficial carbohydrate due to its ability to provide carbohydrate to the liver for liver glycogen building. Liver glycogen is the main endogenous source of glucose used to maintain blood glucose levels. If blood glucose levels drop, hypoglycemic symptoms, including nausea, dizziness and confusion, may occur. These symptoms can cause decreased athletic performance.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention therefore provides an aqueous beverage comprising water, a long chain glucose polymer having at least five repeating glucose units , natural sugars, and electrolytes. It is preferred that the aqueous beverage have an osmolality of less than 250 mSOm/kg. The invention can also be supplied in the form of a mix containing the foregoing ingredients without water. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
The present invention utilizes long chain glucose polymers to offer improvements over the prior art solutions for rehydration and carbohydrate supplementation. Glucose polymers allow a solution to have a lower osmolality than similar solutions containing the same amount of glucose units in simple, shorter chain sugars; i.e., there are fewer actual particles for the same caloric content. The longer chain glucose polymers break down in the plasma as they are metabolized into simple sugars, providing more energy to the body over a longer period of time. The present invention provides a rehydration fluid which has a combination of lower osmolality and higher calories per serving than provided for in the prior art. The present invention provides a rehydration fluid having low osmolality, which results in minimizing gastric transit times, thereby providing quicker fluid absorption, more efficient fluid utilization by the body, reducing gastric upset, and improving utilization of the available carbohydrates. The present invention also delivers sufficient carbohydrates to replenish the calories used from strenuous activity which either alleviates or prolongs the user's time to exhaustion. Thus, the rehydration fluid of the present invention provides a substantial amount of carbohydrate without increasing gastric transit time and provides a balance between osmolality and available energy stores.
The carbohydrate component of the present invention is derived from both relatively high molecular weight (long chain) glucose polymers and simple sugars, e.g., fructose, glucose and others, to accelerate hydration and recovery after exercise. By selecting state of the art long chain glucose polymers and combining them with simple sugars like fructose, glucose or ribose the rehydration fluid of the present invention can achieve effective loading of muscles and liver with glycogen. The long chain glucose polymers preferably have repeating glucose units (n) from n=5 to n=20, more preferably n=10 to n=20. In a typical formulation at least 30 % by weight of the added glucose polymer will have glucose units n=10 or greater. Moreover it is preferred that the added glucose polymer and simple sugars comprise from about 50% by weight to 80% by weight of the total carbohydrates added to the formulation. While any of a variety of glucose polymers can be used for the present invention, high molecular weight glucose polymers derived from corn syrup are preferred. One such polymer is sold under the trademark Clintose CR-24 by Archer-Daniels-Midland Company of Decatur, Illinois. The total concentration of carbohydrates used depends upon the desired effect.
The concentration of carbohydrate used is dependent upon the degree of dehydration. If fluid replacement were paramount, a rehydration fluid containing 7% carbohydrates would be preferred. A rehydration fluid containing from 15-25% carbohydrates would be preferred for replacing lost glycogen when rehydration is not a significant factor. To primarily replace lost fluids, the present invention provides a rehydration fluid having a concentration of carbohydrates that results in an osmolality conducive for optimizing rehydration. Where it is desired to have a fluid designed to deliver high levels of carbohydrates, the rehydration fluid of the present invention provides the similar calories per serving with lower osmolality than products on the market, thereby enhancing fluid delivery. When rehydration is paramount, the rehydration fluid of the present invention provides an osmolality from 0 - 500 mOSm/kg in order to ensure shorter gastric transit times and rapid infusion of the available liquids. More preferably, the osmolality may range from 80 to 250, and most preferably from 120 to 180 mOSm/kg. In order to carbo- load before or after activity, when rehydration is not as paramount, the rehydration fluid of the present invention provides an osmolality range from 150 to 250 mOSm/kg to accommodate a higher volume of carbohydrates and thus increased caloric intake.
In addition to the carbohydrate sources, the rehydration fluid of the present invention can include beneficial electrolytes for replacement of excreted salts. By using a
blend of glucose polymers, natural sugars and electrolytes, the present invention maintains an exceptionally low osmolality and offers rehydration and carbohydrate delivery performance that is superior to sports drinks in the market.
With the advantage of the present invention's ability to deliver high levels of calories per serving at low osmolalities, additional supplemental materials can be added to the fluid of the present invention for further supplementation without grossly affecting the performance of the fluid. The osmolality and caloric properties of the rehydration fluid of the present invention allows further ingredients to be added to the rehydration fluid for the formulation for a variety of needs. For instance, various supplemental materials may be added to the rehydration fluid of the present invention for rapid rehydration during strenuous activity, pre- and post-activity carbohydrate delivery, a higher osmolality solution for lower stress activities, and kid friendly formulations. In addition to the sports and fitness categories, additional nutritional and therapeutic formulations are possible. For instance, the rehydration fluid of the present invention could be modified with supplemental materials for a formulation for recovery from stress or a medical event such as surgery. To use the rehydration fluid of the present invention for these various purposes, supplemental materials such as additional nutrients and/or sources of energy may be added to the rehydration fluid of the present invention while maintaining a low osmolality for improved absorption and utilization of the supplemental material in the digestive system of the user. Such supplemental materials may include, but are not limited to, simple sugars, soluble fibers, electrolytes, vitamins, minerals, amino acids, probiotics, iodine, glutamine sources, and caffeine or other stimulants.
By targeting the osmolality for rapid rehydration, or slightly higher to ensure beneficial delivery of available carbohydrates, or even adding additional nutrients for the preferred effect, the rehydration fluid of the present invention may be customized for a variety of specific and general needs.
The present invention can be formulated as a granulated powder for constitution in pure water, can be prepared as a liquid concentrate, or can be prepared as a ready-to- drink beverage. A typical liquid formulation will include high molecular weight glucose polymers in the amount of 5 to 25 g/500 ml and simple sugars from 5 to 15 g/500 ml. Other additives such as magnesium citrate, citric acid, dipotassium phosphate, vitamins such as vitamin C, sodium chloride, xanthenum gum and flavoring can be added in amounts ranging from 0 to 2 g/500 ml.
EXAMPLES
The following examples are intended to be illustrative of the invention and are not intended in any way to limit the scope thereof. The procedure for raising the osmolality is set forth in Pesce, A., and Kaplan, L., Methods in Clinical Chemistry, First Edition, Bircher, S., Ed., pages 18-21, C.V. Mosby Co., St. Louis, Missouri (1987). EXAMPLE 1
A ready-to-drink solution of low osmolality, high carbohydrate ready-to-drink fluid was prepared by adding the following ingredients to 500 ml of distilled water.
The hydration liquid thus prepared has an osmolality on the order of 144 to 161. EXAMPLE 2
A second hydration fluid was prepared with the following ingredients.
This hydration fluid had an osmolality of 157. EXAMPLE 3
A third hydration fluid was prepared containing the following ingredients.
This fluid had an osmolality of 160. EXAMPLE 4
Another hydration fluid was prepared having the following ingredients.
This fluid had an osmolality of 168. EXAMPLE 5
This fluid had an osmolality of 183. EXAMPLE 6
Another hydration fluid was prepared containing the following ingredients.
This fluid had an osmolality of 172.
While the preferred embodiment of the invention has been illustrated and described, it will be appreciated that various changes can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
Claims
1. An aqueous beverage comprising: water a long chain glucose polymer having at least 5 repeating glucose units.
2. The beverage of Claim 1 further comprising natural sugar and electrolytes.
3. The beverage of Claim 2 wherein said glucose polymer has from 5 to 20 repeating glucose units.
4. The aqueous beverage of Claim 3 wherein said glucose polymer has at least 10 repeating glucose units.
5. The aqueous beverage of Claim 1 wherein said aqueous beverage has an osmolality of from 0 to 250.
6. The aqueous beverage of the previous claim wherein said osmolality ranges from 80 to 250.
7. The aqueous beverage of the previous claim wherein said osmolality ranges from 120 to 180 mOSm/kg.
8. The aqueous beverage of Claim 1 wherein said glucose polymer is derived from corn syrup.
9. A mix for preparing an aqueous beverage comprising a long chain glucose polymer having at least 5 repeating glucose units, and a natural sugar.
10. The beverage mix of Claim 9 further comprising electrolytes.
11. The beverage mix of Claim 9 wherein said glucose polymer has at least 10 repeating glucose units.
12. The beverage mix of Claim 9 wherein said glucose polymer has from 5 to 20 repeating glucose units.
13. The beverage mix of Claim 9, when mixed with water having an osmolality of less than 250 mOSm/kg.
14. The beverage mix of Claim 12 wherein at least 30% by weight of the added sugars is glucose polymer having at least 10 repeating glucose units.
15. The beverage of Claim 14 wherein the total sugars added to the mix comprise from a bout 50% to about 80% of the total carbohydrates added to the mix.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| AU2002336596A AU2002336596A1 (en) | 2001-09-17 | 2002-09-17 | Carbohydrate supplementation and rehydration composition |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US32319201P | 2001-09-17 | 2001-09-17 | |
| US60/323,192 | 2001-09-17 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2003024403A2 true WO2003024403A2 (en) | 2003-03-27 |
| WO2003024403A3 WO2003024403A3 (en) | 2003-11-20 |
Family
ID=23258115
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/US2002/029594 WO2003024403A2 (en) | 2001-09-17 | 2002-09-17 | Carbohydrate supplementation and rehydration composition |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| AU (1) | AU2002336596A1 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2003024403A2 (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2913338A1 (en) * | 2007-03-06 | 2008-09-12 | Aditec Soc Par Actions Simplif | REHYDRATION COMPOSITION. |
| US7566463B2 (en) | 2006-05-03 | 2009-07-28 | C. B. Fleet Company | Oral rehydration compositions |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4853237A (en) * | 1986-10-16 | 1989-08-01 | Oy Sinebrychoff Ab | Fitness drink powder |
| US5980968A (en) * | 1996-10-09 | 1999-11-09 | Booth; Garcia Paul | Controlled-release formula for performance drinks |
| US6162471A (en) * | 1998-03-13 | 2000-12-19 | Hormel Foods Corporation | Thickened hydrolyte isotonic beverage |
-
2002
- 2002-09-17 WO PCT/US2002/029594 patent/WO2003024403A2/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2002-09-17 AU AU2002336596A patent/AU2002336596A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4853237A (en) * | 1986-10-16 | 1989-08-01 | Oy Sinebrychoff Ab | Fitness drink powder |
| US5980968A (en) * | 1996-10-09 | 1999-11-09 | Booth; Garcia Paul | Controlled-release formula for performance drinks |
| US6162471A (en) * | 1998-03-13 | 2000-12-19 | Hormel Foods Corporation | Thickened hydrolyte isotonic beverage |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US7566463B2 (en) | 2006-05-03 | 2009-07-28 | C. B. Fleet Company | Oral rehydration compositions |
| FR2913338A1 (en) * | 2007-03-06 | 2008-09-12 | Aditec Soc Par Actions Simplif | REHYDRATION COMPOSITION. |
| WO2008125778A2 (en) * | 2007-03-06 | 2008-10-23 | Laboratoires Aditec | Rehydration composition for preparing a solute by reconstitution in water |
| WO2008125778A3 (en) * | 2007-03-06 | 2008-12-18 | Aditec Lab | Rehydration composition for preparing a solute by reconstitution in water |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO2003024403A3 (en) | 2003-11-20 |
| AU2002336596A1 (en) | 2003-04-01 |
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