WO2003019200A1 - Observation visuelle de l'ecoulement - Google Patents

Observation visuelle de l'ecoulement Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2003019200A1
WO2003019200A1 PCT/GB2002/003865 GB0203865W WO03019200A1 WO 2003019200 A1 WO2003019200 A1 WO 2003019200A1 GB 0203865 W GB0203865 W GB 0203865W WO 03019200 A1 WO03019200 A1 WO 03019200A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
liquid
model
flow space
flow
particles
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/GB2002/003865
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English (en)
Inventor
Ralph Wood
Laurent Stephane Pommier
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Ricardo UK Ltd
Ricardo PLC
Original Assignee
Ricardo Consulting Engineers Ltd
Ricardo UK Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Ricardo Consulting Engineers Ltd, Ricardo UK Ltd filed Critical Ricardo Consulting Engineers Ltd
Priority to EP02753147A priority Critical patent/EP1423711A1/fr
Priority to JP2003524015A priority patent/JP2005501259A/ja
Publication of WO2003019200A1 publication Critical patent/WO2003019200A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01F—MEASURING VOLUME, VOLUME FLOW, MASS FLOW OR LIQUID LEVEL; METERING BY VOLUME
    • G01F1/00—Measuring the volume flow or mass flow of fluid or fluent solid material wherein the fluid passes through a meter in a continuous flow
    • G01F1/66—Measuring the volume flow or mass flow of fluid or fluent solid material wherein the fluid passes through a meter in a continuous flow by measuring frequency, phase shift or propagation time of electromagnetic or other waves, e.g. using ultrasonic flowmeters
    • G01F1/661—Measuring the volume flow or mass flow of fluid or fluent solid material wherein the fluid passes through a meter in a continuous flow by measuring frequency, phase shift or propagation time of electromagnetic or other waves, e.g. using ultrasonic flowmeters using light
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01M—TESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01M9/00—Aerodynamic testing; Arrangements in or on wind tunnels
    • G01M9/06—Measuring arrangements specially adapted for aerodynamic testing
    • G01M9/065—Measuring arrangements specially adapted for aerodynamic testing dealing with flow
    • G01M9/067—Measuring arrangements specially adapted for aerodynamic testing dealing with flow visualisation
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01P—MEASURING LINEAR OR ANGULAR SPEED, ACCELERATION, DECELERATION, OR SHOCK; INDICATING PRESENCE, ABSENCE, OR DIRECTION, OF MOVEMENT
    • G01P5/00—Measuring speed of fluids, e.g. of air stream; Measuring speed of bodies relative to fluids, e.g. of ship, of aircraft
    • G01P5/001—Full-field flow measurement, e.g. determining flow velocity and direction in a whole region at the same time, flow visualisation

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method of flow visualisation, that is to say a method of visualising and optionally measuring and/or recording the flow pattern of a fluid flowing through a flow space within an apparatus.
  • the fluid flowing within the space is illuminated, typically by a laser, and the flow pattern of the fluid may then be viewed with reference to the position and distribution of the seed particles in the fluid.
  • the flow pattern is normally viewed by means of a camera which records the instantaneous position and distribution of the seed particles and permits them to be viewed and analysed at length at a later time.
  • One example of apparatus in which the fluid flow pattern is of considerable importance is throttling and shut-off valves for use with high throughputs of water, chemicals or other liquids. Small changes in the design of the valve can have a major effect on the liquid flow pattern and this can in turn have a major effect on the efficiency of the valve and on its service life, particularly when the valve is subject to erosion or corrosion by the liquid flowing through it.
  • a further important example of apparatus in which the fluid flow pattern is crucial is internal combustion engines. The pattern and intensity of the swirl, tumble or other turbulence in the combustion chamber of such an engine has a crucial impact on the degree of mixing of the fuel and air in the combustion chamber and on the spatial distribution of the fuel at the moment ignition occurs.
  • the swirling liquid and entrained seed particles are illuminated as described above transverse to the cylinder axis and viewed through the piston, which is transparent, because swirl patterns may only be seen properly when viewed in the axial direction.
  • the piston is invariably of varying thickness and its refractive index differs from that of the liquid. The difference in refractive index leads to a perceived positional displacement of certain of the seed particles with respect to others and thus to corruption of the recorded flow pattern.
  • the cylinder In order to eliminate problems arising from the difference in refractive index of the glass and the liquid, the cylinder is normally positioned in a glass container fill ed with the same liquid.
  • a very limited number of sizes of glass cylinder are commercially available and delivery times are very long.
  • the glass containers tend to leak after a period of storage.
  • the preferred liquid is traditionally water, because it is cheap and has no injurious effects, but its refractive index is so very different to that of glass, perspex and polyester that any flow visualisation results obtained using water are seriously flawed.
  • the object of the invention to provide a method of flow visualisation of the type described above in which the model may be made from a material which is readily available and may be easily machined so that a model may be rapidly produced and the result is not degraded by differences in refractive index and does not require the use of a liquid which is potentially harmful or in any other way disadvantageous.
  • a method of visualising the flow in use, in a fluid flow space in an apparatus which comprises providing a model of at least that portion of the apparatus which defines the flow space, the model being made of transparent material or including a transparent portion which at least partially defines the flow space, introducing seeding particles into a liquid and causing the liquid to flow through the flow space, illuminating the flowing liquid in the flow space and viewing the distribution of the particles, the liquid comprising a mixture of benzyl alcohol and benzyl benzoate.
  • the model or the transparent portion thereof preferably comprises polyester material, e.g. an acrylic, or epoxy resin material, both of which have a high refractive index of between about 1.25 and 1.60.
  • the liquid comprises an aqueous solution of sodium benzoate.
  • a suitable material for the model with such a solution is transparent silicone rubber, such as that manufactured by MG Chemicals Limited and sold under the Trade Mark RTV 615.
  • the method of the present invention is substantially similar to the known method, the crucial difference being the composition of the liquid.
  • the refractive index of a mixture of benzyl alcohol and benzyl benzoate varies between about 1.3 to 1.58, depending on its composition.
  • the refractive index of sodium benzoate solution at a concentration of about 35% by wt. is between 1.40 and 1.41, typically 1.405.
  • the refractive index of the liquid may be adjusted by varying the precise composition of the liquid to be precisely equal to that of the model or its transparent portion. This will result in no relative positional displacement of any of the seed particles and thus in the observed flow pattern, as indicated by the positions and distribution of these seed particles, corresponding precisely to the actual flow pattern.
  • the mixture of benzyl benzoate and benzyl alcohol and also the aqueous sodium benzoate solution are not toxic or inflammable and nor does their refractive index vary substantially with temperature. Accordingly, the use of these liquids substantially overcomes all the problems referred to above.
  • polyester epoxy resin material or silicone rubber for the model means that it may be produced rapidly and cheaply because such material may be readily machined.
  • the seeding particles are inert to and insoluble in the liquid and it is desirable that they also have high reflectivity to enable them to be easily seen. It is also highly desirable that the density of these particles closely, or more preferably, precisely matches that of the liquid, that is to say that the particles have neutral buoyancy, so that they are not displaced by buoyancy forces. It is preferred that the particles comprise titanium dioxide coated with plastic material and nylon has proved to be particularly effective for this purpose. It is preferred that the particles have a diameter in the range of 50 ⁇ to 150 ⁇ .
  • the method of the present invention is applicable to a wide range of different types of apparatus but in the preferred embodiment the apparatus is an internal combustion engine and the model comprises a transparent piston movable in a transparent cylinder which communicates with an inlet duct via an inlet valve, the method comprising illuminating the liquid flowing in the cylinder by means of a laser constructed and arranged to emit a substantially planar beam of light perpendicular or parallel to the axis of the cylinder and viewing the particles in a direction perpendicular to the plane.
  • the viewing is effected by means of a camera which records the position and distribution of the particles.
  • the camera is preferably arranged to make a plurality of sequential pictures to enable the change in distribution of the particles over time to be visualised.
  • the rig includes a model simulating a single cylinder in an internal combustion engine and comprising a transparent piston 2 made of polyester, such as acrylic material, in this case polymethylmethacrylate, or epoxy resin reciprocably mounted in a cylinder 4 formed in a transparent block of similar material.
  • a transparent piston 2 made of polyester, such as acrylic material, in this case polymethylmethacrylate, or epoxy resin reciprocably mounted in a cylinder 4 formed in a transparent block of similar material.
  • the ports and piston and all other constructional features of the model were made to correspond precisely to those of the engine in which the flow is to be visualised.
  • the piston is connected to be reciprocated by an actuator 8 and the inlet valve was arranged to be opened and closed in synchronism therewith in the conventional manner.
  • the timing of the exhaust valve differed from that of a conventional engine.
  • the exhaust valve was arranged to be closed during the entire intake stroke of the piston and open during the exhaust stroke. Alternatively, the exhaust valve may be disabled and the fluid returned via the inlet valve on the exhaust stroke.
  • Connected to the inlet port was an inlet duct which was in turn connected to a liquid supply reservoir 10.
  • the exhaust port was connected to an exhaust duct arranged to return liquid to the reservoir.
  • a laser illumination device 12 of known type, in this case of argon ion type connected via an optical shutter 14 to a fibre optical system 16 constructed to emit a substantially planar beam of light to illuminate a plane within the cylinder.
  • a video camera 18 Situated with its viewing direction perpendicular to this plane is a video camera 18 arranged to take a plurality of sequential still pictures at predetermined time intervals.
  • the orientation of the plane is selected in accordance with requirements and will be perpendicular to the axis of the cylinder if swirl of the fluid is to be viewed and parallel to the axis if tumble is to be viewed.
  • the reservoir was initially filled with a mixture comprising 73% by weight benzyl benzoate and 27% benzyl alcohol.
  • the refractive index of this mixture was then adjusted by selective tuning of the mixing ratio until it precisely corresponded to that of the material of which the cylinder and piston were made.
  • this final mixture would have a refractive index of around 1.4893.
  • a large number of seeding particles comprising nylon coated titanium dioxide with a diameter of the order of lOO ⁇ was introduced into the reservoir and maintained in a distributed suspended state by means of a stirrer or agitator (not shown).
  • the piston was reciprocated and induced the liquid with seeding particles entrained therein to flow into the cylinder during the expansion stroke and to flow out through the exhaust valve or the inlet valve, as the case may be, back into the reservoir during the compression stroke.
  • the camera was operated to S

Landscapes

  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Aviation & Aerospace Engineering (AREA)
  • Aerodynamic Tests, Hydrodynamic Tests, Wind Tunnels, And Water Tanks (AREA)
  • Indicating Or Recording The Presence, Absence, Or Direction Of Movement (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé de visualisation de l'écoulement dans un espace d'écoulement de fluide d'un appareil, tel qu'un moteur à combustion interne, consistant à produire un modèle (2, 4) d'au moins cette partie de l'appareil qui définit l'espace d'écoulement, le modèle étant fabriqué à partir de matériaux transparents ou comprenant une partie transparente définissant au moins partiellement l'espace d'écoulement, à introduire des particules d'alimentation dans un liquide et à entraîner l'écoulement du liquide à travers l'espace d'écoulement, à éclairer le liquide d'écoulement dans l'espace d'écoulement et à observer la répartition des particules. Le liquide peut contenir un mélange d'alcool benzylique et de benzoate de benzyle dont l'indice de réfraction est identique à celui du matériau transparent, p.ex., un matériau acrylique ou époxy. Dans un autre mode de réalisation, le liquide peut consister en une solution aqueuse de benzoate de sodium et le matériau transparent peut être du caoutchouc de silicone.
PCT/GB2002/003865 2001-08-22 2002-08-22 Observation visuelle de l'ecoulement Ceased WO2003019200A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP02753147A EP1423711A1 (fr) 2001-08-22 2002-08-22 Observation visuelle de l'ecoulement
JP2003524015A JP2005501259A (ja) 2001-08-22 2002-08-22 流動可視化

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB0120422.1 2001-08-22
GB0120422A GB0120422D0 (en) 2001-08-22 2001-08-22 Flow visualisation

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2003019200A1 true WO2003019200A1 (fr) 2003-03-06

Family

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/GB2002/003865 Ceased WO2003019200A1 (fr) 2001-08-22 2002-08-22 Observation visuelle de l'ecoulement

Country Status (4)

Country Link
EP (1) EP1423711A1 (fr)
JP (1) JP2005501259A (fr)
GB (1) GB0120422D0 (fr)
WO (1) WO2003019200A1 (fr)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
ES2316309A1 (es) * 2008-05-12 2009-04-01 Universidad Politecnica De Madrid Equipo para la regulacion y visualizacion de transicion entre regimenes laminar y tubulento de un fluido.
CN102313641A (zh) * 2010-07-07 2012-01-11 中国核动力研究设计院 用于单相和两相立体可视化矩形窄缝实验装置
CN114755232A (zh) * 2022-04-20 2022-07-15 中国科学技术大学 一种流动液体颗粒物控制的方法及装置

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN105675256B (zh) * 2016-03-28 2019-03-29 山东大学 基于止回阀内波动信号的气液两相流辨识系统及方法
CN106323591B (zh) * 2016-09-12 2019-01-22 山东大学 不同水流速度下充填物变化过程观测装置及方法
CN109612683B (zh) * 2018-11-20 2020-04-10 西安交通大学 一种耐高温高压可视化矩形窄缝通道实验装置
CN112014064B (zh) * 2020-10-27 2021-01-05 中国空气动力研究与发展中心高速空气动力研究所 一种风洞复杂流动彩色荧光油流试验方法

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4264330A (en) * 1977-05-16 1981-04-28 Dieter Schmidt Method of visualizing the flow pattern of a fluid using optically active, radioactive or chemically active particles of desired density
US4554832A (en) * 1982-11-10 1985-11-26 Nippon Furnace Kogyo Kaisha, Ltd. Simulator of fluid flow in field of flow entailing combustion or reaction
JPS61148340A (ja) * 1984-12-21 1986-07-07 Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd 流動試験装置

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4264330A (en) * 1977-05-16 1981-04-28 Dieter Schmidt Method of visualizing the flow pattern of a fluid using optically active, radioactive or chemically active particles of desired density
US4554832A (en) * 1982-11-10 1985-11-26 Nippon Furnace Kogyo Kaisha, Ltd. Simulator of fluid flow in field of flow entailing combustion or reaction
JPS61148340A (ja) * 1984-12-21 1986-07-07 Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd 流動試験装置

Non-Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
BUDWIG R: "REFRACTIVE INDEX MATCHING METHODS FOR LIQUID FLOW INVESTIGATIONS", EXPERIMENTS IN FLUIDS, SPRINGER VERLAG. BERLIN, DT, vol. 17, no. 5, 1 September 1994 (1994-09-01), pages 350 - 355, XP000477667, ISSN: 0723-4864 *
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 010, no. 348 (P - 519) 22 November 1986 (1986-11-22) *

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
ES2316309A1 (es) * 2008-05-12 2009-04-01 Universidad Politecnica De Madrid Equipo para la regulacion y visualizacion de transicion entre regimenes laminar y tubulento de un fluido.
ES2316309B2 (es) * 2008-05-12 2010-02-25 Universidad Politecnica De Madrid Equipo para regulacion y visualizacion de transicion entre regimenes laminar y turbulento de un fluido.
CN102313641A (zh) * 2010-07-07 2012-01-11 中国核动力研究设计院 用于单相和两相立体可视化矩形窄缝实验装置
CN114755232A (zh) * 2022-04-20 2022-07-15 中国科学技术大学 一种流动液体颗粒物控制的方法及装置

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JP2005501259A (ja) 2005-01-13
GB0120422D0 (en) 2001-10-17
EP1423711A1 (fr) 2004-06-02

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