WO2002100012A1 - Procede et appareil de reduction de l'impact de la reselection de cellules sur les debits binaires gprs/edge - Google Patents

Procede et appareil de reduction de l'impact de la reselection de cellules sur les debits binaires gprs/edge Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2002100012A1
WO2002100012A1 PCT/US2002/015891 US0215891W WO02100012A1 WO 2002100012 A1 WO2002100012 A1 WO 2002100012A1 US 0215891 W US0215891 W US 0215891W WO 02100012 A1 WO02100012 A1 WO 02100012A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
cell
mobile station
reselection
data
link control
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2002/015891
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Marcia Jean Otting
Mark Edward Pecen
Stephen Andrew Howell
Original Assignee
Motorola Inc.,
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Motorola Inc., filed Critical Motorola Inc.,
Priority to MXPA03001018A priority Critical patent/MXPA03001018A/es
Priority to AU2002303809A priority patent/AU2002303809B2/en
Priority to BR0205526-0A priority patent/BR0205526A/pt
Priority to JP2003501863A priority patent/JP4180503B2/ja
Priority to HU0301270A priority patent/HUP0301270A3/hu
Priority to KR1020037001724A priority patent/KR100549765B1/ko
Priority to CA002418460A priority patent/CA2418460C/fr
Publication of WO2002100012A1 publication Critical patent/WO2002100012A1/fr

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W36/00—Hand-off or reselection arrangements
    • H04W36/08—Reselecting an access point
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
    • H04L1/0001—Systems modifying transmission characteristics according to link quality, e.g. power backoff
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W28/00—Network traffic management; Network resource management
    • H04W28/02—Traffic management, e.g. flow control or congestion control
    • H04W28/06—Optimizing the usage of the radio link, e.g. header compression, information sizing, discarding information

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to cellular packet data networks, and in particular, the present invention relates to a method and apparatus for maximizing data throughput during reselection between adjacent cells of a cellular packet data network.
  • GSM Global System for Mobile Communications
  • GPRS General Packet Radio Service
  • EDGE Enhanced Data for Global Evolution
  • 3G packet radio services permit the efficient use of radio and network resources when data transmission characteristics are i) packet based, ii) intermittent and non-periodic, iii) possibly frequent, with small transfers of data, e.g. less than 500 octets, or iv) possibly infrequent, with large transfers of data, e.g. more than several hundred kilobytes.
  • User applications may include Internet browsers, electronic mail and so on.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a typical cellular communication system for use in explaining the operation of the present invention.
  • a cellular communication system 100 includes a number of cells 102-116, each defining a radio coverage area established by a fixed site base station located within each cell.
  • cell 102 defines the radio coverage area established by a base station 118 located in cell 102, and similarly, each of the remaining cells 104-116 define an associated radio coverage area established by a corresponding base station (not shown) located within each of cells 104-116.
  • a mobile station such as a cellular telephone device, for example, travels with a user from position x to position y in cellular communication system 100
  • the mobile station continuously monitors the signal characteristics from the base stations of cells 102-116 and, based on certain selection criteria, selects a cell from which to receive and transmit packet data with a network 120 through the associated base station. For example, while the mobile station is positioned in cell 114, if the signal characteristics from cell 114 are such that, based on the selection criteria, cell 114 is selected as the "best" coverage area, cell 114 is considered to be the "serving cell", or cell from which the mobile station transmits and receives packet data.
  • the mobile station continues to monitor the signal characteristics from cells 102-116, and, as illustrated in FIG. 1, as the mobile station subsequently moves along the marked path from position x to position y, the mobile station moves from the coverage area associated with cell 114 into the coverage area associated with other cells, such as cells 116 and 106 for example.
  • the mobile station reselects cell 116 as the serving cell, until the signal characteristics from another cell, cell 106 for example, are such that cell 106 is considered the best cell, and the mobile station reselects cell 106 as the serving cell, and so on.
  • GSM 04.60 Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+); General Packet Radio Service (GPRS); Mobile Station (MS) - Base Station System (BSS) interface; Radio Link Control/Medium Access Control (RLC/MAC) protocol", (European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), European Standard (Telecommunications Series), is incorporated into packet data services to ensure the ordinal integrity of data flow when a mobile station leaves the coverage area of one cell and enters a new cell.
  • GPRS General Packet Radio Service
  • MS Mobile Station
  • BSS Base Station System
  • RLC/MAC Radio Link Control/Medium Access Control
  • ETSI European Standard
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a partial representation of a data plane for GPRS/EDGE.
  • both a mobile station 200 and a network 202 include equivalent hierarchically related control layers, such as a logical link control (LLC) layer 204, a radio link control (RLC) layer 206, a medium access control layer 208 and a physical layer 210.
  • LLC logical link control
  • RLC radio link control
  • Packet data that is transmitted between mobile station 200 and network 202 is organized at logical link control layer 204 for transmission within logical link control frames, with each logical link control frame varying in size up to 1530 octets.
  • each radio link control data block is 22 to 54 octets.
  • Each radio link control data block is in turn interleaved over four physical layer bursts with added redundancy.
  • FIGS. 1 and 2 if mobile station 202 is located at position x and is sending GPRS/EDGE data to network 202 via the serving cell, i.e., cell 114, cell 114 receives and acknowledges all of the radio link control data blocks that comprise the logical link control frames corresponding to the GPRS/EDGE data transmitted to network 202.
  • serving cell 114 is receiving a logical link control frame from mobile station 202, riiobile station 202 reselects to a new serving cell, serving cell 116 for example, mobile station 202 reselects to cell 116, aborting the current temporary block flow on cell 114 and re-establishing the temporary block flow on cell 116, which now becomes the serving cell.
  • mobile station 200 reorganizes its radio link control data block transmission window and begins by sending the first radio link control data block in the last unacknowledged logical link control frame.
  • all of the radio link control blocks corresponding to the last logical link control frame being transmitted while cell 114 was the serving cell would have to be re-transmitted, despite the fact that some of those radio link control blocks may have been correctly received in serving cell 114.
  • radio link control blocks 1-50 would be discarded and would therefore have to be retransmitted to the new selected cell to continue transmission of the logical link control frame.
  • the known ordinal integrity mechanism produces a severe reduction in data throughput because of the periodic discarding of properly received information upon each reselection to a new serving cell.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a typical cellular communication system for use in explaining the operation of the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a-schematic diagram of a partial representation of a data plane for GPRS/EDGE.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of an apparatus for maximizing data throughput during cell reselection in a communication system according to the present invention.
  • FIG. 4 is a data flow diagram of data throughput during cell reselection in a communication system according to the present invention.
  • FIGS. 5 and 6 are flowcharts illustrating a method for dynamically adjusting a logical link control frame size, according to the present invention.
  • FIG. 7 is a graphical view of the effect on real user data throughput of varying the length of the logical link control frame, according to the present invention.
  • the present invention is a method and apparatus for reducing the effects of cell reselection on user data throughput rates.
  • Packet data is then transmitted using the predetermined logical link control frame size unt ⁇ aireselection complete signal, indicating that the reselection to the other-cell is complete, or a reselection abort signal, indicating that the reselection to the other cell has been aborted, is received by the adjustment module.
  • a reselection complete signal is received, packet data is transmitted to the other cell using the previously stored logical link control frame size.
  • the reselection aborted signal is received, transmission of packet data to the current selected cell continues using the stored logical link control frame size.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of an apparatus for maximizing data throughput during cell reselection in a communication system according to the present invention.
  • a communication system includes a mobile station 300, such as a cellular telephone, paging device, personal digital assistant (PDA), or similar wireless device, sending data to and receiving data from a network 302.
  • Mobile station 300 and network 302 include an equivalent logical link control adjustment unit 304, along with a control layer 305 having equivalent hierarchically related control layers, such as a logical link control (LLC) layer 306, a radio link control (RLC) layer 308, a medium access control (MAC) layer 310 and a physical layer 312.
  • Logical link control adjustment unit 304 includes a corresponding adjustment module 324 for adjusting the length of the logical link control frame, along with a corresponding memory 328, which is described in detail below.
  • Packet data that is transmitted between mobile station 300 and network 302 via a serving cell is organized at logical link control layer 306 for transmission within logical link control frames, with each logical link control frame varying in size up to 1530 octets.
  • the logical link control frame As a logical link control frame logically propagates downward through the data plane, the logical link control frame is divided into multiple radio link control data blocks, with each radio link control data block being 22 to 54 octets in length. Each radio link control data block is in turn interleaved over four physical layer bursts with added redundancy.
  • Radio link control layer 308 is primarily involved with error correction at the radio layer to absorb the periodic errors which result from the fading channel, in addition to handling certain aspects of GPRS/EDGE data transfer setup and teardown.
  • GPRS/EDGE data frames are directed from radio link control layer 308 to respective medium access control (MAC) layer 310, which organizes the transmission and reception of packet-based information onto and from respective physical layer 312, primarily including logic by which mobile station 300 is informed of its right to transmit at a given point.
  • Medium access control layer 310 is also responsible for the recognition of messages addressed to mobile station 300 on the downlink side.
  • physical layer 312 provides interface between radio frequency hardware and a call processor (not shown), including scheduling of reception and transmission of physical data, receiver gain control, transmitter power control, signal level measurements, and so forth.
  • FIG. 4 is a data flow diagram of data throughput during cell reselection in a communication system according to the present invention.
  • network 302 includes hierarchical equivalents for each layer 306-312 of mobile station 300, along with correspondingly equivalent logical link control adjustment unit 304, so that the method and apparatus of the present invention would be equivalent when network 302 is sending data to mobile station 300.
  • a separate description of data transfer from network 302 to mobile station 300 has been omitted merely for brevity.
  • the network 302 determines when mobile station 300 will reselect to another cell using the power- measurement information sent from mobile station 300 to make a determination as to which cell mobile station 300 will reselect to and when the reselection will take place. This power measurement data would then be considered the reselection pending signal, as well as the reselection aborted signal, which will be described below.
  • mobile station 300 when cell 1 14 is selected as the serving cell by mobile station 300, mobile station 300 sends packet data to network 302 via cell 114, while at the same time, mobile station 300 continues to monitor signal characteristics from cells 102-116.
  • the packet data sent by mobile station 300 is organized at logical link control layer 304 of mobile station 300 for transmission to cell 114 within logical link control frames, with each logical link control frame varying in size up to 1530 octets.
  • one logical link control frame logically propagates downward through the data plane, it is divided at radio link control layer 308 into multiple radio link control data blocks, with each radio link control data block being 22 to 54 octets in length.
  • Each radio link control data block is in turn interleaved over four physical layer bursts at physical layer 312 with added redundancy.
  • the length of the logical link control frame varies, if a logical link control frame has a length of 1000 octets, for example, 53 radio link control data blocks would be required to send the logical link control frame in a channel coding scheme CS-1.
  • mobile station 300 would then transmit the logical link control frame to cell 114 within 53 radio link control blocks, with cell 114 sending an acknowledgement message to mobile station 300 each time after cell 114 receives four radio link control blocks, corresponding to the four physical layer bursts.
  • logical link control frame x has a length of 1000 octets
  • mobile station 300 begins by transmitting radio link control blocks 1-4 associated with logical link frame x to cell 114. Once radio link control blocks 1-4 have been received at cell 114, cell 114 transmits an acknowledgement message 400 to mobile station 300 acknowledging receipt of radio link control blocks 1-4.
  • mobile station 300 Upon receipt of acknowledgement message 400, mobile station 300 transmits a next portion of logical link control frame x within radio link control blocks 5-8, which are then acknowledged when received by cell 114, and so forth The process continues until the last radio link control block, i.e., radio link control block ⁇ last>, associated with logical link control frame x is sent, and all fifty-three radio link control blocks necessary to transmit logical link control frame x have been acknowledged by cell 114.
  • radio link control block ⁇ last> associated with logical link control frame x
  • mobile station 300 transmits a next logical link control frame x + 1, if one is available for transmission, using whatever number of radio link control blocks are needed, which of course is again dependent upon the length of logical link control frame x+1.
  • mobile station 300 begins by transmitting radio link control blocks 1-4 associated with logical link control frame x + 1 to cell 114, with cell 114 acknowledging receipt each time after four radio link control blocks are received as described above, until the last radio link control block ⁇ last> corresponding to logical link control frame x + 1 is sent.
  • mobile station 300 transmits a next logical link control frame x+2, if a next one is available for transmission, with cell 114 acknowledging receipt after four radio link control blocks are received, and so forth. As a result, the data transmission process continues until the transmission of packet data by mobile station 300 is either completed, interrupted or aborted. Once the transmission of the packet data is either completed, interrupted, or aborted, the reselection process is terminated.
  • mobile station 300 will begin to detect that another cell, cell 116 for example, is a candidate for reselection as the serving cell. This detection could occur at any time during packet data transmission, such as, for example, as illustrated in FIG. 4, at time ti, which is prior to transmission of the last radio link control block ⁇ last> corresponding to logical link control frame x.
  • GSM 05.08 Digital Cellular Telecommunications System (Phase 2+); Radio Subsystem Link Control", (European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), European Standard (Telecommunications Series), requires an adjacent cell to have better signal quality for a period of at least five seconds prior to reselecting to that cell.
  • the present invention takes advantage of this five second interval prior to reselection as a logical input for dynamically changing the size of the logical link control frame during a data transfer session, using the method and apparatus of the present invention. As a result, by dynamically changing the size of the logical link control frame during a data transfer session, the present invention maximizes data throughput.
  • physical layer 312 informs logical link confrol adjustment unit 304 by sending a reselection pending signal 402 to adjustment module 324.
  • the timing for sending reselection pending signal 402 coincides with the start of the five-second interval, i.e., time ti.
  • logical link control layer 306 Upon receipt of reselection pending signal 402, logical link control layer 306 transmits a current logical link confrol frame size signal 332 informing adjustment module 324 of the size of the logical link confrol frame that is not yet completely transmitted, which in the example illustrated in FIG. 4 is the size of logical link control frame x. Adjustment module 324 then stores the frame size of logical link confrol frame x as the current logical link control frame size in memory 328. Adjustment module 324 then sets the logical link confrol frame length to a predetermined minimum value, which, according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention would be 100 octets, by sending a predetermined minimum value signal 334 to logical link confrol layer 306.
  • the present invention uses 100 octets as the predetermined value for the logical link control frame lengthy-it is understood that the present invention is not limited to using 100 octets as the predetermined logical link control frame length, and that the present invention is intended to include the use of other values for the logical link control frame length.
  • mobile station 300 operates in a normal frame-size state until the logical link control frame length is set to the predetermined minimum value at logical link control layer 306. However, once the logical link control frame length is set to the predetermined minimum value, mobile station 300 transitions from the normal frame-sized state to a minimum frame-size state.
  • the next logical link control frame x+1 is then transmitted from mobile station 300 to cell 114, as described above, using the pre-determined minimum logical control link length and corresponding number of radio link control blocks.
  • the number of radio link confrol blocks is dependent upon the channel coding scheme that is used, and is equal to (LLC) payload size / (RLC data block payload size) + remainder of (LLC payload size) mod (RLC data block payload size). Therefore, with a logical link control frame length of 100 octets, the number of radio link control blocks needed in a CS-1 coding scheme would be equal to six radio link control data blocks. As a result, the number of radio link confrol blocks required for transmission of the data would potentially be reduced during the minimum frame-size state from 53 radio link confrol blocks, assuming a frame length of 100 octets, to six radio link control blocks.
  • mobile station 300 sends a next logical link control frame x+2, using the predetermined minimum logical control link length and corresponding number of radio link control blocks, with cell 114 acknowledging receipt of the radio link control blocks, until the last radio link control block ⁇ last> corresponding to logical link control frame x+2 is sent.
  • Mobile station 300 then continues by transmitting a next logical link control frame x + 3 using the predetermined minimum logical confrol link length and corresponding number of radio link confrol blocks, with cell 114 acknowledging receipt of the radio link confrol blocks as described above, until the last radio link control block ⁇ last> corresponding to logical link control frame x + 3 is sent, and so on.
  • a reselection complete signal 404 is transmitted from physical layer 312 to adjustment module 324 of logical link control adjustment unit 304 at time t se ⁇ e ct- Since reselection complete signal 404 is received during transmission of a logical link control frame, logical link control frame x+3, for example, mobile station 300 respects the known ordinal integrity mechanism, specified in the current GSM specification, GSM 04.60, "Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+); General Packet Radio Service (GPRS); Mobile Station (MS) - Base Station System (BSS) interface; Radio Link Control/Medium Access Control (RLC/MAC) protocol", (European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), European Standard (Telecommunications Series), so that once the temporary block flow is re-established on new serving cell 116, mobile station 300 re-organizes its radio link control data block transmission window by re-setting the logical link control frame size to the value previously stored in memory 328. Mobile station 300 then sends the
  • mobile station 300 begins sending the last unacknowledged logical link control frame x+3 to cell 116, resending all associated radio link control blocks, starting with the first, using the previously stored logical link control frame size, i.e., 1000 octets, and so forth, placing mobile station 300 back to a normal frame- size state.
  • the reselection shown in FIG. 4 takes place after the expiration of the five-second warning, tj+5 sec, it is possible that for certain reasons, such as loss in signal strength, for example, the reselection does not take place either within the five second warning, t ⁇ +5 sec, or within a defined time period after the five second warning as defined in the system requirements.
  • a reselection aborted signal 406 (FIG. 3) is transmitted from physical layer 312 to adjustment module 324 of logical link control adjustment unit 304.
  • mobile station 300 Upon receipt of reselection aborted signal 406 at adjustment module 324, mobile station 300 re-organizes its radio link control data block transmission window by re-setting the logical link control frame size to the value previously stored in memory 328, and sends the first radio link control block- in the last unacknowledged logical link control frame, i.e., logical linkco ⁇ tr ⁇ lrframe x+3, using the previously storediogicaLlintconte ⁇ Lframessize, and continues transmitting the packet data to the last selected cell, i.e., cell 114.
  • any predetermined size for the logical link confrol frame length could be used.
  • a minimum frame size may be utilized which is based on a reasonable assumption relative to the payload size of a radio link control block on a per channel coding scheme basis and a statistically-determined value for frequently- interchanged packets, e.g., just large enough to accommodate a frequently-transmitted control packet at the transport layer.
  • FIGS. 5 and 6 are flowcharts illustrating a method for dynamically adjusting a logical link control frame size, according to the present invention. As illustrated in FIGS. 4 and 5, when in the normal frame-size state, Step 500, adjustment module 324 determines whether reselection pending signal 402 has been received, Step 502.
  • Step 502 Once reselection pending signal is received, yes in Step 502, adjustment module 324 stores the current logical link control frame size in memory 328, Step 504, and sets the logical link control frame size to the predetermined value, Step 506.
  • mobile station 300 Upon completion of Steps 504-506, mobile station 300 transitions to the minimum frame-size state, Step 508.
  • Step 510 once one of reselection signals 402-406 are received,- Stepr 512, adjustment module 324 determines whether it is reselection pending signal 402, reselection complete signal 404, or reselection aborted signal 406, Step 514.
  • Step 510 If reselection pending signal 402 is received, the process returns to Step 510, and adjustment module 324 waits for receipt of reselection signals 402-406, Step 512. If it is determined in Step 514 that reselection complete signal 402 or reselection aborted signal 406 are received, adjustment module 324 sets the logical link confrol frame size to the previously stored value, Step 516, and mobile station 300 then transitions to the normal frame-size state, Step 518.
  • FIG. 7 is a graphical view of the effect on real user data throughput of varying the length of the logical link control frame, according to the present invention.
  • Plots illustrating the cumulative throughput rates for 500 and 1500 octet logical link control frames, both with and without the method and apparatus of the present invention, are shown, in a simulation of the cumulative effects on user data throughput of reselections every fifteen seconds.
  • the present invention reduces the impact of cell reselection on user data transfer rates.

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  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Quality & Reliability (AREA)
  • Mobile Radio Communication Systems (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé et un appareil de resélection de cellules lors de la transmission (Fig. 5) de données entre une station mobile et un réseau par une première cellule au sein d'un ensemble de cellules. Chaque cellule définit une zone de couverture radio correspondante. Une pile de contrôle (305) organise les données dans des cadres lors de la transmission de celles-ci et un module (324) de réglage ajuste la taille des cadres avant la détection du fait qu'une seconde cellule au sein de l'ensemble de cellules est candidate à la resélection.
PCT/US2002/015891 2001-06-06 2002-05-21 Procede et appareil de reduction de l'impact de la reselection de cellules sur les debits binaires gprs/edge WO2002100012A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (7)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
MXPA03001018A MXPA03001018A (es) 2001-06-06 2002-05-21 Metodo y aparato para reducir el impacto de la nueva seleccion de celulas de indices de datos gprs/edge.
AU2002303809A AU2002303809B2 (en) 2001-06-06 2002-05-21 Method and apparatus for reducing the impact of cell reselection on GPRS/EDGE data rates
BR0205526-0A BR0205526A (pt) 2001-06-06 2002-05-21 Método e aparelho para reduzir o impacto de resseleção de célula em velocidades de dados de gprs/edge
JP2003501863A JP4180503B2 (ja) 2001-06-06 2002-05-21 Ｇｐｒｓ／ｅｄｇｅデータ速度に対するセル再選択の影響を低減させるための方法並びに装置
HU0301270A HUP0301270A3 (en) 2001-06-06 2002-05-21 Mobil station, telecommunication system and method for cell reselection
KR1020037001724A KR100549765B1 (ko) 2001-06-06 2002-05-21 Ｇｐｒｓ/ｅｄｇｅ 데이터 속도에 대한 셀 재선택의영향을 감소시키는 방법 및 장치
CA002418460A CA2418460C (fr) 2001-06-06 2002-05-21 Procede et appareil de reduction de l'impact de la reselection de cellules sur les debits binaires gprs/edge

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US09/875,627 2001-06-06
US09/875,627 US7106711B2 (en) 2001-06-06 2001-06-06 Method and apparatus for reducing the impact of cell reselection of GPRS/EDGE data rates

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WO2002100012A1 true WO2002100012A1 (fr) 2002-12-12

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US (1) US7106711B2 (fr)
JP (1) JP4180503B2 (fr)
KR (1) KR100549765B1 (fr)
CN (1) CN100553179C (fr)
AU (1) AU2002303809B2 (fr)
BR (1) BR0205526A (fr)
CA (1) CA2418460C (fr)
HU (1) HUP0301270A3 (fr)
MX (1) MXPA03001018A (fr)
RU (1) RU2251806C2 (fr)
TW (1) TWI232650B (fr)
WO (1) WO2002100012A1 (fr)
ZA (1) ZA200300893B (fr)

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US7106711B2 (en) 2006-09-12
CN1463513A (zh) 2003-12-24
RU2251806C2 (ru) 2005-05-10
MXPA03001018A (es) 2004-02-26
US20020186675A1 (en) 2002-12-12
CN100553179C (zh) 2009-10-21
KR20030022885A (ko) 2003-03-17
KR100549765B1 (ko) 2006-02-08
AU2002303809B2 (en) 2003-11-27
JP4180503B2 (ja) 2008-11-12
JP2004520786A (ja) 2004-07-08
CA2418460A1 (fr) 2002-12-12
CA2418460C (fr) 2007-10-09
TWI232650B (en) 2005-05-11
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HUP0301270A2 (hu) 2003-10-28
HUP0301270A3 (en) 2005-03-29

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