WO2002069736A1 - Method and feed for obtaining fluids from the gastrointestinal system of vertebrates, especially fish - Google Patents

Method and feed for obtaining fluids from the gastrointestinal system of vertebrates, especially fish Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2002069736A1
WO2002069736A1 PCT/NO2002/000078 NO0200078W WO02069736A1 WO 2002069736 A1 WO2002069736 A1 WO 2002069736A1 NO 0200078 W NO0200078 W NO 0200078W WO 02069736 A1 WO02069736 A1 WO 02069736A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
feed
fish
absorbing material
gastrointestinal system
fluids
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/NO2002/000078
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Alf Reidar Sandstad
Original Assignee
Alf Reidar Sandstad
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Alf Reidar Sandstad filed Critical Alf Reidar Sandstad
Publication of WO2002069736A1 publication Critical patent/WO2002069736A1/en

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
    • A23K50/80—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for aquatic animals, e.g. fish, crustaceans or molluscs
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K20/10—Organic substances
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K40/00—Shaping or working-up of animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K40/30—Shaping or working-up of animal feeding-stuffs by encapsulating; by coating

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method for obtaining fluids from the gastrointestinal system of vertebrates, preferably fish, and a fish feed for carrying out the method, according to the preamble of the independent claims.
  • Viscera from slaughtered animals and fish is in most cases considered as waste.
  • certain compounds such as the enzyme pepsin, that naturally exists in the gastrointestinal system of most animals.
  • the main object of the present invention is to provide a new fish feed giving an opportunity to simplify the obtaining of compounds in the gastric juices, preferably after the fish has been slaughtered. It is a further object that the feed should have a reasonable price, and be equally easy to use as ordinary fish feed.
  • the present invention concerns a feed for animals, preferably fish, wherein the feed comprises a fluid absorbing material, that will absorb both the fluids present in the gastrointestinal system at feeding time, and those generated up to slaughter.
  • a fluid absorbing material Any material absorbing fluids may be used. It should, however, be resistant to the conditions prevailing in the gastro- intestinal system of the animal in question, for example the temperature, pressure and acidity, meaning the pH value. It should neither be broken down nor split of the active enzymes. Further, it would be an advantage if the material could be exposed to mechanical stress without leaking out any of it's absorbed fluids. In this way, it will be easier to remove the material from the animal without diminishing the amount of absorbed fluids.
  • An example of a well suited material is sponge, both natural and synthetical.
  • the material In order to make the fish consume the material, it will be very advantageous to camouflage the material in the feed material, so that the fish eats the material itself, and the material is led into the gastrointestinal system in the ordinary way.
  • the material should be eaten some time before the fish is slaughtered, so that the absorption of the gastrointestinal juices is as high as possible.
  • those parts of the gastrointestinal system comprising the material are removed, and the compounds of the gastrointestinal juices are extracted by normal methods.
  • Most fish types will more readily eat food resembling the food they are used to. Therefore, it would be very advantageous if the absorbing material could be encapsulated in a feed material which is familiar to the fish, e.g. fish feed pellets.
  • This may be carried out by placing the absorbing material in the form of a "sausage", which is to led through a feed extruder together with the feed material, as for normal feed production. It is also important that the size of the feed units resemble the size the fish is used to. Both the size of the absorbing material in different feed types, and the amount of feed-units having to be eaten in order to achieve the aimed effect, will thus vary.
  • absorbing materials will absorb a maximum amount if they are pressed together or compressed when they come in contact with the compound which is to be absorbed. If such an absorbing material is to be used, the material should be in a compressed state when encapsulated in the feed units.
  • the amount of absorbing material per feed unit Upon calculation of the amount of absorbing material per feed unit according to the present invention, and upon dosage of the feed, one has to consider the volume of the material after it has swollen, and the size of the stomach of the fish. If the volume of the absorbing material in the swollen state is larger than the volume of the stomach of the fish, after normal feeding, the amount of absorbing material per unit should be reduced.
  • the feeding material encapsulating the absorbing material is not strong enough to hold the unit together, unless one uses a disadvantageous amount of the feeding material, one can use a separate capsule enclosing the material, and the feeding material may be laid on the outside of - this capsule. This is, however, in most cases a poorer solution compared with one simple layer of a feed material being known to the fish in question, because it raises the price of the feed units according to the invention, and it complicates the production of the feed units. If such a capsule is used, it must be of a material that is degradable in the gastrointestinal system of the fish which is supposed to eat the feed according to the present invention. An example of such a material is starch.
  • the present invention also relates to a method for obtaining fluids in the gastrointestinal system of vertebrates, especially fish, using the feed units described above.
  • the vertebrate is supplied with the feed, and after some time, at the least parts of the absorbing material is removed from the gastrointestinal system of the fish. In most cases, the material is removed after the animal is slaughtered, but there may be cases where it is possible to remove the material directly from the stomach, while the animal lives on. Compounds in absorbed fluids in the absorbing material may be extracted by known techniques.
  • the absorbing material is covered with normal fish feed, consumption of this food will start the digestive process in the fish, and probably result in larger enzyme production, and thus larger yield of the compounds in the gastrointestinal juices, e.g. pepsin. If the fish is unable to digest the absorbing material, the enzyme production may increase, and result in further yield of the compounds in question.
  • Fish feed for salmon which is ready to be slautghtered, is normally in the form of pellets, with a size of about 12 x 12 mm or 9 x 9 mm (diameter x length of the pellet).
  • the absorbing material must thus be less.
  • the size of the absorbing material which is to be encapsulated in the fish feed will depend on i.a. the strength and density of the fish feed material. If the fish feed material has low strength, the outer layer offish feed must be thick, and the absorbing material correspondingly less. If the fish feed, however, has great strength, the outer feed material may be thin, and the amount of encapsulated material may be correspondingly larger.
  • the density Upon production offish feed, the density must also be considered. Fish eats less feed if it is floating on the surface of the water, and the feed pellet according to the present invention should thus have a density greater than water. However, if the density of the pellet is too high, the pellet will sink so fast that the fish does not have time to eat it before it has disappeared out of the net. This may be solved in several ways, for example a feed material with high density may be used for coating, or the absorbing material may be filled with a fluid before it is covered with a feed material.
  • Sponge has, in the compressed state, a density close to water. Sponge has good absorbing ability, and does not release compounds that will bother the fish, or reduce the quality of the fish meat.

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
  • Zoology (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Food Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Animal Husbandry (AREA)
  • Insects & Arthropods (AREA)
  • Marine Sciences & Fisheries (AREA)
  • Birds (AREA)
  • Feed For Specific Animals (AREA)
  • Fodder In General (AREA)

Abstract

Method for obtaining fluids from the gastrointestinal system of a vertebrate, especially fish. The vertebrate is fed with a feed comprising an absorbing material, and then at least parts of the absorbing material is removed from the gastrointestinal system, for possible extraction of absorbed fluids from the absorbing material.

Description

Method and feed for obtaining fluids from the gastrointestinal system of vertebrates, especially fish.
The present invention relates to a method for obtaining fluids from the gastrointestinal system of vertebrates, preferably fish, and a fish feed for carrying out the method, according to the preamble of the independent claims.
Background
Viscera from slaughtered animals and fish is in most cases considered as waste. At the same time, there is large demand for certain compounds, such as the enzyme pepsin, that naturally exists in the gastrointestinal system of most animals.
Today there are several known methods for isolating and purifying compounds, such as enzymes, that exist in the gastrointestinal system of humans and animals. See for example Arunchalam, K., Haard, N. F., Isolation and characterization of pepsin from polar cod (Boreogadus Saida) Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 80B, nr.3, s. 467-473, 1985, Sanchez-Chiang, L. Cisternas, E. og Ponce, O., Partial purification of pepsins from adult and juvenile salmon fish Oncorhynchus Keta. Effect of NaCl on proteolytic activities. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 87B, nr.4, s. 793-797, 1987, and Gildberg, A. Olsen, R. and Bjarnason, J. B., Catalytic properties and chemical composition of pepsins from atlantic cod (Gadus Morhua). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 96B, nr.2 s. 323-330, 1989. A method for manual extraction of gastrointestinal juices, by means of a sponge, is also known, see Smit, H., Influence of temperature on the rate of gastric juice secretion in the brown Bullhead Ictalurus Nebulosus. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 21, s.125-132, 1967. All of the above said methods are, however, work intensive.
Object
The main object of the present invention is to provide a new fish feed giving an opportunity to simplify the obtaining of compounds in the gastric juices, preferably after the fish has been slaughtered. It is a further object that the feed should have a reasonable price, and be equally easy to use as ordinary fish feed.
The invention
The object is obtained with a method according to the characterizing part of patent claim 1, and a fish feed according to the characterising part of patent claim 2. Further advantageous features are stated in the appurtenant dependent claims. The present invention concerns a feed for animals, preferably fish, wherein the feed comprises a fluid absorbing material, that will absorb both the fluids present in the gastrointestinal system at feeding time, and those generated up to slaughter. Any material absorbing fluids may be used. It should, however, be resistant to the conditions prevailing in the gastro- intestinal system of the animal in question, for example the temperature, pressure and acidity, meaning the pH value. It should neither be broken down nor split of the active enzymes. Further, it would be an advantage if the material could be exposed to mechanical stress without leaking out any of it's absorbed fluids. In this way, it will be easier to remove the material from the animal without diminishing the amount of absorbed fluids. An example of a well suited material is sponge, both natural and synthetical.
In the following the invention will be described with regards to fish, but this is not to be considered as limiting to the invention.
In order to make the fish consume the material, it will be very advantageous to camouflage the material in the feed material, so that the fish eats the material itself, and the material is led into the gastrointestinal system in the ordinary way. The material should be eaten some time before the fish is slaughtered, so that the absorption of the gastrointestinal juices is as high as possible. Upon slaughtering, those parts of the gastrointestinal system comprising the material, are removed, and the compounds of the gastrointestinal juices are extracted by normal methods. Most fish types will more readily eat food resembling the food they are used to. Therefore, it would be very advantageous if the absorbing material could be encapsulated in a feed material which is familiar to the fish, e.g. fish feed pellets. This may be carried out by placing the absorbing material in the form of a "sausage", which is to led through a feed extruder together with the feed material, as for normal feed production. It is also important that the size of the feed units resemble the size the fish is used to. Both the size of the absorbing material in different feed types, and the amount of feed-units having to be eaten in order to achieve the aimed effect, will thus vary.
Most absorbing materials will absorb a maximum amount if they are pressed together or compressed when they come in contact with the compound which is to be absorbed. If such an absorbing material is to be used, the material should be in a compressed state when encapsulated in the feed units.
Upon calculation of the amount of absorbing material per feed unit according to the present invention, and upon dosage of the feed, one has to consider the volume of the material after it has swollen, and the size of the stomach of the fish. If the volume of the absorbing material in the swollen state is larger than the volume of the stomach of the fish, after normal feeding, the amount of absorbing material per unit should be reduced.
If the feeding material encapsulating the absorbing material, is not strong enough to hold the unit together, unless one uses a disadvantageous amount of the feeding material, one can use a separate capsule enclosing the material, and the feeding material may be laid on the outside of - this capsule. This is, however, in most cases a poorer solution compared with one simple layer of a feed material being known to the fish in question, because it raises the price of the feed units according to the invention, and it complicates the production of the feed units. If such a capsule is used, it must be of a material that is degradable in the gastrointestinal system of the fish which is supposed to eat the feed according to the present invention. An example of such a material is starch.
The present invention also relates to a method for obtaining fluids in the gastrointestinal system of vertebrates, especially fish, using the feed units described above. The vertebrate is supplied with the feed, and after some time, at the least parts of the absorbing material is removed from the gastrointestinal system of the fish. In most cases, the material is removed after the animal is slaughtered, but there may be cases where it is possible to remove the material directly from the stomach, while the animal lives on. Compounds in absorbed fluids in the absorbing material may be extracted by known techniques.
Example
In the following, the invention will be described by means of an example, which is to consider as illustrative, and not restrictive to the invention.
In the fish farming industry, fish is produced under controlled environments. The viscera is in most cases ensiled and used for example in fox fodder. Use of farmed fish to extract compounds and enzymes naturally excsting in the gastrointestinal system, will thus be natural.
Before the fish is slaughtered, it is starved, which means it has good appetite, and will more readily eat the feed according to the present invention. If the absorbing material is covered with normal fish feed, consumption of this food will start the digestive process in the fish, and probably result in larger enzyme production, and thus larger yield of the compounds in the gastrointestinal juices, e.g. pepsin. If the fish is unable to digest the absorbing material, the enzyme production may increase, and result in further yield of the compounds in question.
In order make the fish eat the absorbing material, it will be an advantage to wrap it in normal fish feed. Fish feed for salmon which is ready to be slautghtered, is normally in the form of pellets, with a size of about 12 x 12 mm or 9 x 9 mm (diameter x length of the pellet). The absorbing material must thus be less. The size of the absorbing material which is to be encapsulated in the fish feed, will depend on i.a. the strength and density of the fish feed material. If the fish feed material has low strength, the outer layer offish feed must be thick, and the absorbing material correspondingly less. If the fish feed, however, has great strength, the outer feed material may be thin, and the amount of encapsulated material may be correspondingly larger.
Upon production offish feed, the density must also be considered. Fish eats less feed if it is floating on the surface of the water, and the feed pellet according to the present invention should thus have a density greater than water. However, if the density of the pellet is too high, the pellet will sink so fast that the fish does not have time to eat it before it has disappeared out of the net. This may be solved in several ways, for example a feed material with high density may be used for coating, or the absorbing material may be filled with a fluid before it is covered with a feed material.
It is advantagous to use natural or synthetic sponge as absorbing material. Sponge has, in the compressed state, a density close to water. Sponge has good absorbing ability, and does not release compounds that will bother the fish, or reduce the quality of the fish meat.
It will be understood by persons skilled of the art, that this disclosure in many respects, is only illustrative, changes may be made in details, particularly in matters of shape, size and arrangement of parts, without exceeding the scope of the invention as defined in the following claims.

Claims

Claims:
1. Method for obtaining fluids from the gastrointestinal system of vertebrates, especially fish, characterized in that the vertebrate is fed with a feed comprising an absorbing material, and that at the least parts of the absorbing material is removed from the gastrointestinal system of the vertebrate, for possible extraction of absorbed fluids from the absorbing material.
2. Feed for vertebrates, especially fish, for obtaining fluids in the gastrointestinal system of the vertebrate in question, characterized in that it comprises an absorbing material being resistant towards the conditions in the gastrointestinal system of the vertebrate in question.
3. Feed according to claim 2, characterized in that a feed material, familiar to the vertebrate, at the least in part encloses the absorbing material.
4. Feed according to claim 2 or 3, characterized in that the absorbing material is natural or synthetic sponge.
5. Feed according to any of the claims 2 - 4, characterized in that the absorbing material is compressed before it is covered with a known feed material.
6. Feed according to any of the claims 2 - 5, characterized in that the absorbing material is encapsulated in a biologically degradable material, such as starch, before a layer of a known feed material is applied.
PCT/NO2002/000078 2001-03-08 2002-02-25 Method and feed for obtaining fluids from the gastrointestinal system of vertebrates, especially fish WO2002069736A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NO20011199A NO312804B1 (en) 2001-03-08 2001-03-08 Process for the recovery of fluids from the gastrointestinal tract of animals, and feed for carrying out this process
NO20011199 2001-03-08

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2002069736A1 true WO2002069736A1 (en) 2002-09-12

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Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB700715A (en) * 1951-06-27 1953-12-09 Armour & Co Preparation of pepsinogen and pepsin
JPS61143321A (en) * 1984-12-17 1986-07-01 Masakatsu Matsuda Agent for suppressing absorption of nutrient and containing absorbable substance
US5032415A (en) * 1987-11-19 1991-07-16 Battista Orlando A Preparing shaped product expandable in gastric juices and product
US5340737A (en) * 1993-06-10 1994-08-23 Marcel Siegler Process of preparing pepsin for bating hides
WO1998023259A1 (en) * 1996-11-27 1998-06-04 Beisel Guenther Agent for producing a long-lasting saturation effect
DE19920853A1 (en) * 1999-05-06 2000-11-16 Lohmann Therapie Syst Lts Gastroretentive system for oral administration comprises porous capsule containing swellable polymer, useful for active agent administration or volume reduction of stomach contents

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB700715A (en) * 1951-06-27 1953-12-09 Armour & Co Preparation of pepsinogen and pepsin
JPS61143321A (en) * 1984-12-17 1986-07-01 Masakatsu Matsuda Agent for suppressing absorption of nutrient and containing absorbable substance
US5032415A (en) * 1987-11-19 1991-07-16 Battista Orlando A Preparing shaped product expandable in gastric juices and product
US5340737A (en) * 1993-06-10 1994-08-23 Marcel Siegler Process of preparing pepsin for bating hides
WO1998023259A1 (en) * 1996-11-27 1998-06-04 Beisel Guenther Agent for producing a long-lasting saturation effect
DE19920853A1 (en) * 1999-05-06 2000-11-16 Lohmann Therapie Syst Lts Gastroretentive system for oral administration comprises porous capsule containing swellable polymer, useful for active agent administration or volume reduction of stomach contents

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN *

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Publication number Publication date
NO20011199A (en) 2002-07-08
NO312804B1 (en) 2002-07-08
NO20011199D0 (en) 2001-03-08

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