WO2002066971A2 - Method for detecting metal nucleating substances - Google Patents
Method for detecting metal nucleating substances Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2002066971A2 WO2002066971A2 PCT/EP2002/001869 EP0201869W WO02066971A2 WO 2002066971 A2 WO2002066971 A2 WO 2002066971A2 EP 0201869 W EP0201869 W EP 0201869W WO 02066971 A2 WO02066971 A2 WO 02066971A2
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- metal
- substance
- metal salt
- carrier
- nucleating
- Prior art date
Links
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 138
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 138
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 102
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 43
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 60
- 238000010531 catalytic reduction reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 claims description 30
- 230000001603 reducing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 28
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 229910052785 arsenic Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 17
- RQNWIZPPADIBDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N arsenic atom Chemical compound [As] RQNWIZPPADIBDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- -1 palladium halide Chemical class 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N citric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- GGCZERPQGJTIQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium;9,10-dioxoanthracene-2-sulfonic acid Chemical compound [Na+].C1=CC=C2C(=O)C3=CC(S(=O)(=O)O)=CC=C3C(=O)C2=C1 GGCZERPQGJTIQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N palladium Substances [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N Ascorbic acid Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1O CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium bicarbonate Chemical compound [Na+].OC([O-])=O UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000012822 chemical development Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- ADZWSOLPGZMUMY-UHFFFAOYSA-M silver bromide Chemical compound [Ag]Br ADZWSOLPGZMUMY-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 6
- CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fe2+ Chemical compound [Fe+2] CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N antimony atom Chemical compound [Sb] WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000004678 hydrides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-QKKXKWKRSA-N Lactose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O[C@H]2[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)O[C@@H]2CO)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-QKKXKWKRSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000007664 blowing Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- OWEGMIWEEQEYGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 100676-05-9 Natural products OC1C(O)C(O)C(CO)OC1OCC1C(O)C(O)C(O)C(OC2C(OC(O)C(O)C2O)CO)O1 OWEGMIWEEQEYGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-QTVWNMPRSA-N D-mannopyranose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-QTVWNMPRSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229930091371 Fructose Natural products 0.000 claims description 3
- RFSUNEUAIZKAJO-ARQDHWQXSA-N Fructose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@](O)(CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O RFSUNEUAIZKAJO-ARQDHWQXSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000005715 Fructose Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N Glucose Natural products OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- YZCKVEUIGOORGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen atom Chemical compound [H] YZCKVEUIGOORGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-PICCSMPSSA-N Maltose Natural products O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@H]1O[C@@H]1[C@@H](CO)OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-PICCSMPSSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical class [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000012670 alkaline solution Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-PHYPRBDBSA-N alpha-D-galactose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-PHYPRBDBSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229960005070 ascorbic acid Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000010323 ascorbic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011668 ascorbic acid Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N beta-D-glucose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-QUYVBRFLSA-N beta-maltose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@H](O[C@H]2[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)O[C@@H]2CO)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-QUYVBRFLSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000004061 bleaching Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- UZEDIBTVIIJELN-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromium(2+) Chemical compound [Cr+2] UZEDIBTVIIJELN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229930182830 galactose Natural products 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000002302 glucosamines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000008103 glucose Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000030 sodium bicarbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000017557 sodium bicarbonate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- LKDRXBCSQODPBY-AMVSKUEXSA-N L-(-)-Sorbose Chemical compound OCC1(O)OC[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O LKDRXBCSQODPBY-AMVSKUEXSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010953 base metal Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N germanium atom Chemical compound [Ge] GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury Chemical compound [Hg] QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- SHZVCTRRRIRFOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury(1+) Chemical compound [Hg+] SHZVCTRRRIRFOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229910021626 Tin(II) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 230000007717 exclusion Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 15
- 238000009736 wetting Methods 0.000 description 13
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 9
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 6
- 235000000346 sugar Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910001385 heavy metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 150000008163 sugars Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000003651 drinking water Substances 0.000 description 4
- 235000020188 drinking water Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 4
- 150000004681 metal hydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 description 4
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000006722 reduction reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052711 selenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000011669 selenium Substances 0.000 description 4
- SQGYOTSLMSWVJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N silver(1+) nitrate Chemical compound [Ag+].[O-]N(=O)=O SQGYOTSLMSWVJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- XFXPMWWXUTWYJX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyanide Chemical compound N#[C-] XFXPMWWXUTWYJX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N Selenium Chemical compound [Se] BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-acetylene Natural products C#C HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000010899 nucleation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000006911 nucleation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 150000003346 selenoethers Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 150000003378 silver Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229910052714 tellurium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 3
- HGINCPLSRVDWNT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrolein Chemical compound C=CC=O HGINCPLSRVDWNT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butadiene Chemical compound C=CC=C KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QIGBRXMKCJKVMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydroquinone Chemical compound OC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 QIGBRXMKCJKVMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric oxide Chemical compound O=[N] MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propene Chemical compound CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003213 activating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000001299 aldehydes Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229940093915 gynecological organic acid Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 238000009616 inductively coupled plasma Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052755 nonmetal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 235000005985 organic acids Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 150000002989 phenols Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000012266 salt solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001961 silver nitrate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000004772 tellurides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- PORWMNRCUJJQNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tellurium atom Chemical compound [Te] PORWMNRCUJJQNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VXNZUUAINFGPBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-Butene Chemical compound CCC=C VXNZUUAINFGPBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZFIQGRISGKSVAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-methylaminophenol Chemical compound CNC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 ZFIQGRISGKSVAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dihydrogen sulfide Chemical compound S RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 102000004190 Enzymes Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000790 Enzymes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- VTLYFUHAOXGGBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fe3+ Chemical compound [Fe+3] VTLYFUHAOXGGBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 108010010803 Gelatin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 206010020751 Hypersensitivity Diseases 0.000 description 1
- CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ozone Chemical compound [O-][O+]=O CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical class [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphide Chemical compound [S-2] UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000006887 Ullmann reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AOPCTAWIMYYTKA-UHFFFAOYSA-N [As].[Ag] Chemical compound [As].[Ag] AOPCTAWIMYYTKA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000001335 aliphatic alkanes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 208000026935 allergic disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000007815 allergy Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003321 amplification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001479 atomic absorption spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001649 bromium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000872 buffer Substances 0.000 description 1
- IAQRGUVFOMOMEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N butene Natural products CC=CC IAQRGUVFOMOMEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 1
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012876 carrier material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- ZCDOYSPFYFSLEW-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromate(2-) Chemical class [O-][Cr]([O-])(=O)=O ZCDOYSPFYFSLEW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 description 1
- XLJKHNWPARRRJB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt(2+) Chemical class [Co+2] XLJKHNWPARRRJB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000001 cobalt(II) carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CWZOMTYLSNXUEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt(ii) cyanide Chemical compound [Co+2].N#[C-].N#[C-] CWZOMTYLSNXUEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009918 complex formation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000002534 ethynyl group Chemical group [H]C#C* 0.000 description 1
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000159 gelatin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000008273 gelatin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019322 gelatine Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000011852 gelatine desserts Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910000037 hydrogen sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000002452 interceptive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- SHXXPRJOPFJRHA-UHFFFAOYSA-K iron(iii) fluoride Chemical compound F[Fe](F)F SHXXPRJOPFJRHA-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002730 mercury Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052753 mercury Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052976 metal sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000007431 microscopic evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000013336 milk Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008267 milk Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000004080 milk Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GQPLMRYTRLFLPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrous oxide Inorganic materials [O-][N+]#N GQPLMRYTRLFLPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000003199 nucleic acid amplification method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004989 p-phenylenediamines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- MUJIDPITZJWBSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N palladium(2+) Chemical class [Pd+2] MUJIDPITZJWBSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002978 peroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- CMCWWLVWPDLCRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenidone Chemical compound N1C(=O)CCN1C1=CC=CC=C1 CMCWWLVWPDLCRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003003 phosphines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000000053 physical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011158 quantitative evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008929 regeneration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011069 regeneration method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011896 sensitive detection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940100890 silver compound Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- XSOKHXFFCGXDJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N telluride(2-) Chemical compound [Te-2] XSOKHXFFCGXDJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002562 thickening agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- IUTCEZPPWBHGIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin(2+) Chemical class [Sn+2] IUTCEZPPWBHGIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010981 turquoise Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229930195735 unsaturated hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003313 weakening effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004383 yellowing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N31/00—Investigating or analysing non-biological materials by the use of the chemical methods specified in the subgroup; Apparatus specially adapted for such methods
- G01N31/005—Investigating or analysing non-biological materials by the use of the chemical methods specified in the subgroup; Apparatus specially adapted for such methods investigating the presence of an element by oxidation
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/18—Water
- G01N33/1813—Specific cations in water, e.g. heavy metals
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for the extremely sensitive detection of metal nucleating substances such as metal and non-metal hydrides, metal salts such as iron (II), chromium (II) or tin (II) salts, mercury (I) and (II) salts , Fine dust of base metals, aldehydes, phenols, microorganisms and reducing sugars.
- metal salts such as iron (II), chromium (II) or tin (II) salts, mercury (I) and (II) salts , Fine dust of base metals, aldehydes, phenols, microorganisms and reducing sugars.
- the filter tip is colored yellow to form an arsenic-silver compound, blackish brown when water is added to separate elemental silver. This method is simple and can be carried out without any great expenditure on equipment, but is far from sensitive enough to detect arsenic in drinking water.
- the object of the present invention is to provide a precise and reproducible method for the detection of metal nucleating substances, such as metal and non-metal hydrides, the detection limit of which can be reduced almost as desired and can be carried out simply, inexpensively and without major outlay on equipment.
- a metal nucleating substance in particular a reducing substance (for example arsenic or antimony hydrogen) is brought into contact with a carrier which contains metal salt (for example silver bromide).
- the metal salt reacts with the substance to be detected to form at least one metal seed.
- the metal nuclei produced are then chemically developed in the manner customary for photographic purposes. If, for example, a photographic film containing silver salt is used as the support and this is brought into contact with a reducing substance, a number of nuclei are generated which is a measure of the concentration of the reducing substance to be detected.
- the invention takes advantage of the fact that even the slightest metal nuclei, for example those formed by reduction, are converted into visible metal by the subsequent chemical development of the metal salt-containing carrier.
- Photographic material such as commercially available films, contain silver salt in the form of uniformly distributed crystal grains, for example silver bromide grains.
- a silver bromide grain of the photographic layer consists of approximately 10 8 to 10 12 silver ions.
- the method according to the invention enables the detection of metal nucleating substances in the ppb range and far below, down to the atomic or molecular range. This makes it possible, for example, to detect arsenic in drinking water in the lowest concentrations as arsenic hydrogen in the lowest concentrations without sample preparation, even below the drinking water limit of 10 ⁇ g / 1.
- a photographic material with a correspondingly high sensitivity (coarse grain) and by selecting an appropriate development process it is possible to shift the detection limit into the desired range as required.
- the method according to the invention can therefore be used, for example, in semiconductor technology wherever extremely precise detection methods for doping are important.
- the inventive method allows ⁇ after calibration with a standard sample (a sample having a known content of the metal nucleating substance), an exact quantitative determination. Since the amount of reducing substance contained in the sample can be found in the blackened or yellowed or at high concentrations still differently colored area of the developed photographic material, this can be determined by simply measuring the corresponding blackened or colored areas. This evaluation can be automated through the use of commercially available scanners and evaluation programs.
- An advantage of the detection method according to the invention in addition to its extremely high sensitivity, which can be moved over a wide range, is that it enables cost-effective analysis of water and soil samples directly at the location of the sampling without any complex equipment. This prevents sample falsification due to storage and transport and the procedure can also be carried out without difficulty in places that are otherwise difficult to access.
- Metal nucleating substances in the sense of this invention are understood to mean any substances which, when brought into contact with a metal salt, produce at least one metal nucleus.
- Metal nucleating substances can, for example, be reducing substances which contain the metal salt Generation of one or more metal nuclei reduced.
- metal nucleating substances can, for example, also be oxidizing substances which oxidize the metal salt to produce one or more metal nuclei.
- the number of metal nuclei formed depends on the amount of the substance to be detected. If the substance to be detected is present in very small quantities - as is the case, for example, in very sensitive analytical detection methods - only a small number of metal nuclei are generated.
- the reaction can go beyond the mere formation of metal nuclei to complete conversion (eg oxidation and / or reduction) of the metal salt.
- reducing substance is generally understood to mean those substances which are less noble than the metal of the metal salt contained in the carrier and thus can reduce the metal salt to elemental metal.
- Reducing substances are especially those that are less noble than gold, silver or palladium. Examples of such reducing substances are reducing hydrides, in particular arsenic hydrogen, germanium hydrogen, antimony hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide, selenium hydrogen, tellurium hydrogen, tin hydrogen and phosphines.
- reducing substances in the sense of this invention are reducing metal salts such as iron (II), chromium (II) and tin salts as well as alkaline solutions of reducing Sugars or organic acids such as glucose, mannose, galactose, sorbose, ascorbic acid, glucosamines, milk sugars, maltose and fructose.
- Acrolein, unsaturated hydrocarbons such as ethylene and acetylene and aldehydes, phenols and nitric oxide are used as reducing 'substances in question can be detected with the inventive method.
- Fine dust (with a diameter of less than 0.1 ⁇ m down to the atomic range) of metals and mercury vapors, but also reducing sugars etc. can also be detected. This is of great importance in allergy research and job surveillance.
- an oxidizing substance is generally understood to mean those substances which can oxidize the metal salt to elemental metal.
- suitable oxidizing substances are ozone, chromates and dichromates, nitrous gases and / or peroxides.
- metal salts such as telluride or selenide can be oxidized to elemental metal (e.g. tellurium or selenium).
- metal nucleating substance to be detected with the method according to the invention does not itself have to have a direct metal nucleating effect. Rather, metal nucleating substances to be detected according to the invention also include reducing and / or oxidizing substances which generate a reducing and / or oxidizing agent via a mediator or by complex formation.
- the metal nucleating substances also include metals and semiconductors themselves.
- Metal nucleating substances in the sense of this invention can also be microorganisms. These can be, for example, reducing or oxidizing microorganisms. These can be fixed, for example, on the metal salt-containing carrier by means of a specific receptor. Metal nucleating substance can be released from the microorganisms, for example, by the action of an enzyme or surfactant.
- Metal nucleating substances in the sense of this invention can also be biochemical substances. These can be fixed on the metal salt-containing support, for example, by specific receptors. The release of nucleating oxidizing and / or reducing agents can take place, for example, by a defined destruction of the complex.
- the sample to be examined for a metal nucleating substance can be in a solid, liquid and gaseous state and can be applied to the metal salt-containing carrier.
- gaseous substances such as heavy metal hydrides such as arsenic or antimony hydrogen
- Atomic hydrogen can be produced, for example, by reacting acid and metal or by electrolysis of an aqueous solution.
- Gaseous heavy metal hydride can be produced in a particularly simple manner at the location of the sampling, by mixing out the corresponding solution containing heavy metal salt with a mixture Magnesium and citric acid added.
- the mixture of magnesium and citric acid preferably contains about five parts by weight of citric acid per part by weight of magnesium.
- the reducing gas generated is brought into contact quantitatively, for example by introducing it into a closed reaction chamber, with the preferably moistened metal salt-containing carrier.
- the selectivity of the process can also be achieved by selectively forming the seed at a specific pH or by introducing activating substances into the carrier.
- Cobalt (II) salt for cyanide ions for example, can act as an activation substance. This produces a reducing cobalt (II) cyanide.
- iron (II) ions can act as an activating substance for fluoride ions.
- the iron fluoride complex (FeF 6 ) 4 ⁇ formed has a strong reducing effect.
- an upstream immobile reducing agent such as magnesium powder can convert the substance to be detected into a reducing form (eg conversion of iron (III) or vanadium (V) or vanadium (III) into iron (II) or vanadium (II.) With a reducing effect) , Carbon monoxide, ethene, ethyne, propene, butene, butadiene and alkanes from three carbon atoms with palladium (II) salt can also be detected catalytically.
- cyanide can be activated by activation with a sparingly soluble metal sulfide, the metal of which is easily a cyanide complex forms and thereby releases the nucleating sulfide ion.
- the substance to be detected is brought into contact with a carrier containing metal salts.
- Metal salts suitable according to the invention are any metal salts which form at least one metal seed due to the substance to be detected.
- Suitable metal salts are, for example, silver, gold, copper, selenium, palladium and mercury salts and the silver salts of sulfur, selenium and tellurium.
- Suitable metal salts are also tellurides and selenides, especially alkali tellurides and alkali selenides, which are particularly suitable for the detection of oxidizing substances.
- Particularly suitable metal salts are silver, gold and / or palladium halides. Preferred halides are bromides. Silver bromide is particularly preferred.
- the silver, gold and / or palladium halides are particularly suitable for the detection of reducing substances.
- the metal salts are preferably in the form of crystals. Microencapsulated silver salt solutions or generally microencapsulated reducible metal salt solutions are also possible.
- Any material that can serve as a medium for metal salts and that can be brought into contact with the substance to be detected can be used as a carrier.
- Layer systems which contain metal salt in at least one layer are particularly suitable as supports. Papers or foils or grains or glass tubes coated with gelatin or similar thickeners are particularly suitable as supports.
- Photographic materials in particular can be used as the metal salt-containing support. Any photographic plates, films and papers containing silver salt can be used as photographic material. These preferably contain silver halides, particularly preferably silver bromide, as the silver salt. Because of their availability and ease of handling, commercial black-and-white or color negative films and color reversal films are preferably used. Slide films or instant film can also be used.
- the photographic materials can be used in any sensitivity level.
- Relatively coarse-grained photographic materials with high sensitivity are preferably used. These preferably have a sensitivity class of 18 to 30 DIN, in particular 23 to 30 DIN or 100 to 3200 ASA.
- Coarse-grained (3200 ASA) photographic materials can detect even the smallest amounts of substances to be detected in the ppt range. With microscopic evaluation of the developed film, detection down to the atomic range is even possible. Suitable photographic materials are described, for example, in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Technical Chemistry, 4th edition, volume 18, page 474 ff., Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, 1979.
- the metal salt-containing carrier for example silver salt-containing photographic material
- the metal salt-containing carrier is brought into contact with the sample to be examined for the metal nucleating substance and / or is stored until development, essentially in the absence of light or under conditions which prevent exposure of the film, for example in one closed housing or for orthochromatic films using red light in a dark room.
- the contacting of the substance to be detected with the photographic material is expediently carried out in a camera suitable for recording such materials.
- the surface of the carrier is wetted with a suitable liquid before it is brought into contact with the sample.
- the wetting mediates the contact of the substance to be detected with the metal salt contained in the carrier and enables the chemical reaction of the nucleation.
- the carrier is preferably wetted with an aqueous solution. This preferably has a pH from 4.0 to 10.0, in particular from 5.0 to 8.0 and very particularly preferably from 7.0 to 8.0.
- a buffered aqueous solution is also used as the wetting liquid. As such, approximately 0.1 to 5% by weight, in particular 0.5 to 1.5% by weight, aqueous
- Sodium bicarbonate solution with a buffered pH around 7.0 can be used.
- certain reducing substances such as sugars, e.g. glucose, mannose, galactose, milk sugar, maltose and fructose as well as organic acids such as ascorbic acid and glucosamines
- an alkaline solution for example with a to wet ammoniacal solution (0.1% to 10.0% solution) or sodium hydroxide solution (0.1 to 10% solution).
- the liquid used for wetting the carrier contains a substance which reduces the surface tension.
- a substance that is particularly suitable for this purpose is alcohols such as methanol and ethanol.
- a wetting liquid consisting of one part by volume of an approximately 1% sodium carbonate solution and approximately 9 parts by volume of methanol has also proven to be particularly advantageous.
- the wetting of the carrier with the wetting liquid can be carried out with devices familiar to the person skilled in the art, for example with the aid of a wet sponge or felt which touches the film and, if appropriate, is continuously supplied with wetting liquid, or by spraying a defined amount of the wetting liquid through a spray head or via a device be carried out analogously to an inkjet cartridge. It is advantageous to measure the degree of humidification capacitively with a suitable sensor and / or a measuring device and thus to control it.
- a photographic film is used as the support, it is expedient to dry the film after contacting the film with the substance to be detected, before transporting it into the film reel and developing it. This can be done, for example, by blowing air in or blowing it in. The completion of this drying and thus the termination of the nucleation in the film is preferably checked capacitively.
- the substance to be detected is brought into contact with the metal salt-containing carrier, one or more metal nuclei are formed in the carrier by reaction with the metal salt depending on the amount of the substance to be detected, which is referred to in photography as a so-called latent image. These metal nuclei can be reinforced and made visible in the subsequent chemical development step.
- the metal salt-containing carrier is chemically developed in the usual way after being brought into contact with the substance to be detected and optionally subsequently dried. Through the development, the metal salt in the carrier is selectively reduced to metal at the locations of the metal nuclei formed. The latent images created on the carrier by bringing them into contact with the substance to be detected are made visible.
- Suitable developer substances are substances that. are able to selectively reduce the metal salt in the carrier material at the points where metal nuclei have been formed by contacting the substance to be detected.
- Both organic and inorganic reducing agents can be used as developer substances. These are described, for example, in Ullmann's Encyklopadie der Technischen Chemie, 4th edition, volume 18, page 444-446, point 5.1 and page 455-456, point 6.3.2.1.
- Particularly suitable developer substances are, for example, hydroquinone, N-methyl-p-aminophenol, 1-phenyl-3-pyrazolidone and N, N-dialkylated p-phenylenediamine derivatives.
- Aqueous solutions of these substances can be used for development (so-called developer solutions), which in addition to the actual developer substance can also be used
- Buffer substances and protective substances of various types can contain. Developer solutions that can be used according to the invention are described, for example, in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 4th edition, volume 18, pages 446 to 448, point 5.2, pages 451 to 452, point 5.4, pages 454 to 463, point 6.3. If other metal salts are used instead of silver salts, the developers must be adjusted accordingly.
- the development step carried out in the method according to the invention can furthermore be carried out for
- a particularly high gain is achieved by post-development with a developer containing silver nitrate.
- FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation of a device for carrying out the method according to the invention, in which a gaseous reducing substance is passed onto a photographic material and the photographic material is wetted by spraying with a liquid,
- FIG. 2 shows a schematic representation of a device for carrying out the method according to the invention, in which a gaseous reducing substance is passed onto a photographic material and the photographic material is wetted with the aid of a wet sponge,
- FIG. 3 shows a device according to FIG. 2, in which the gaseous reducing substance is produced by electrolysis and
- FIG. 4 shows a device according to FIG. 1, in which the sample to be examined is placed on the film dissolved in a solvent.
- a gaseous metal nucleating substance (5) is produced by reacting the liquid sample (5a) to be examined with a mixture of metal and acid in a reaction vessel (4) which is sealed airtight with a stopper (6).
- the gaseous reducing substance (5) is injected into the interior of the reaction vessel (4) through a needle (7), a tube (8) and a needle (9) from above next to the lens (2) the inside of a closed camera housing (1) on an unexposed photographic film (3) through the outlet opening (10).
- the film (3) was previously sprayed through a nozzle (11) with a solution of methanol and water in a ratio of 9: 1 buffered to pH neutral with sodium bicarbonate. Spraying is carried out by introducing about 40 ⁇ l of the methanol / water mixture into the line (14) via the microsyringe (13) and then actuating the 100 ml syringe (12) containing water to spray the wetting liquid.
- the degree of moistening is determined capacitively by a metal frame (13a) forming a capacitor and a metal plate (13b) between which the moist film (3) is guided, and recorded and controlled by a measuring device (13c). The.
- Lens (2) of the camera can be sealed light-tight with the help of a modeling clay (15) while opening the closure for further transport of the film.
- the film (3) can be dried by blowing air or inert gas through a syringe (12a) with feed line (12b) before being transported on. This drying can also be recorded capacitively.
- the reaction chamber (1) is flushed with air or inert gas from the reducing gas not converted on the film (3) for further measurements.
- FIG. 2 shows a device which corresponds to the device shown in FIG. 1, with the exception that the wetting of the photographic material (3) takes place via a felt (16) impregnated with wetting liquid.
- the felt (16) is supplied with wetting liquid by actuating a microsyringe (13).
- FIG. 3 shows a device which corresponds to the device shown in FIG. 2, with the exception that the gaseous reducing substance (5) is produced by electrolysis of the liquid sample (5a) by means of electrodes (17) arranged in the reaction vessel (4) becomes.
- the electrodes (17) are supplied with current via electrical lines (18).
- Fig. 4 shows a device which corresponds to the device shown in Fig. 1, with the exception that the substance to be detected (5) as a liquid sample by means of a syringe (13) via an air flow generated by the syringe (12) via the line (14) and the nozzle (11) is injected.
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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AU2002250994A AU2002250994A1 (en) | 2001-02-21 | 2002-02-21 | Method for detecting metal nucleating substances |
EP02719896A EP1466169A2 (en) | 2001-02-21 | 2002-02-21 | Method for detecting metal nucleating substances |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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DE2001108359 DE10108359B4 (en) | 2001-02-21 | 2001-02-21 | Detection method for reducing substances |
DE10108359.9 | 2001-02-21 | ||
DE10148869 | 2001-10-04 | ||
DE10148869.6 | 2001-10-04 |
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WO2002066971A2 true WO2002066971A2 (en) | 2002-08-29 |
WO2002066971A3 WO2002066971A3 (en) | 2004-07-29 |
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PCT/EP2002/001869 WO2002066971A2 (en) | 2001-02-21 | 2002-02-21 | Method for detecting metal nucleating substances |
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EP (1) | EP1466169A2 (en) |
AU (1) | AU2002250994A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2002066971A2 (en) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP1557669A1 (en) | 2004-01-14 | 2005-07-27 | Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. | Gas sensing material and gas inspecting method |
Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5171536A (en) * | 1989-09-22 | 1992-12-15 | Dragerwerk Aktiengesellschaft | Colorimetric testing and measuring device for gases |
EP0699903A1 (en) * | 1994-09-05 | 1996-03-06 | Japan Pionics Co., Ltd. | Reagent for detecting gaseous hydrides |
Family Cites Families (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2641559B2 (en) * | 1989-04-17 | 1997-08-13 | 理研計器株式会社 | Hydride detection paper and hydride detection paper preparation solution |
JPH03242539A (en) * | 1990-02-20 | 1991-10-29 | Terumo Corp | Test device and manufacture thereof |
JP3259949B2 (en) * | 1997-02-24 | 2002-02-25 | 理研計器株式会社 | Hydride gas detection paper |
-
2002
- 2002-02-21 EP EP02719896A patent/EP1466169A2/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2002-02-21 WO PCT/EP2002/001869 patent/WO2002066971A2/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2002-02-21 AU AU2002250994A patent/AU2002250994A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5171536A (en) * | 1989-09-22 | 1992-12-15 | Dragerwerk Aktiengesellschaft | Colorimetric testing and measuring device for gases |
EP0699903A1 (en) * | 1994-09-05 | 1996-03-06 | Japan Pionics Co., Ltd. | Reagent for detecting gaseous hydrides |
Non-Patent Citations (3)
Title |
---|
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 015, no. 037 (P-1159), 29. Januar 1991 (1991-01-29) & JP 02 275352 A (RIKEN KEIKI CO LTD;OTHERS: 01), 9. November 1990 (1990-11-09) * |
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 016, no. 032 (P-1303), 27. Januar 1992 (1992-01-27) & JP 03 242539 A (TERUMO CORP), 29. Oktober 1991 (1991-10-29) * |
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 1998, no. 14, 31. Dezember 1998 (1998-12-31) & JP 10 239303 A (RIKEN KEIKI CO LTD), 11. September 1998 (1998-09-11) * |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP1557669A1 (en) | 2004-01-14 | 2005-07-27 | Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. | Gas sensing material and gas inspecting method |
US7497107B2 (en) | 2004-01-14 | 2009-03-03 | Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. | Gas sensing material and gas inspecting method |
Also Published As
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AU2002250994A1 (en) | 2002-09-04 |
EP1466169A2 (en) | 2004-10-13 |
WO2002066971A3 (en) | 2004-07-29 |
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