WO2002057694A1 - Cryogenic pulse tube system - Google Patents

Cryogenic pulse tube system Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO2002057694A1
WO2002057694A1 PCT/US2002/000617 US0200617W WO02057694A1 WO 2002057694 A1 WO2002057694 A1 WO 2002057694A1 US 0200617 W US0200617 W US 0200617W WO 02057694 A1 WO02057694 A1 WO 02057694A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
pulse tube
fluid
regenerator
gas
heat exchanger
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2002/000617
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Dante Patrick Bonaquist
Bayram Arman
Nancy Jean Lynch
Arun Acharya
Original Assignee
Praxair Technology, Inc.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Praxair Technology, Inc. filed Critical Praxair Technology, Inc.
Priority to EP02713381A priority Critical patent/EP1352199A4/en
Publication of WO2002057694A1 publication Critical patent/WO2002057694A1/en

Links

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B9/00—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point
    • F25B9/14—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point characterised by the cycle used, e.g. Stirling cycle
    • F25B9/145—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point characterised by the cycle used, e.g. Stirling cycle pulse-tube cycle
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/0002—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the fluid to be liquefied
    • F25J1/0005—Light or noble gases
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/0002—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the fluid to be liquefied
    • F25J1/0005—Light or noble gases
    • F25J1/0007—Helium
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/0002—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the fluid to be liquefied
    • F25J1/0005—Light or noble gases
    • F25J1/001—Hydrogen
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/0002—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the fluid to be liquefied
    • F25J1/0012—Primary atmospheric gases, e.g. air
    • F25J1/0017—Oxygen
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
    • F25J1/0203—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process using a single-component refrigerant [SCR] fluid in a closed vapor compression cycle
    • F25J1/0204—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process using a single-component refrigerant [SCR] fluid in a closed vapor compression cycle as a single flow SCR cycle
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
    • F25J1/0221—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process using the cold stored in an external cryogenic component in an open refrigeration loop
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
    • F25J1/0225—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process using other external refrigeration means not provided before, e.g. heat driven absorption chillers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
    • F25J1/0228—Coupling of the liquefaction unit to other units or processes, so-called integrated processes
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02G—HOT GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT ENGINE PLANTS; USE OF WASTE HEAT OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02G2243/00—Stirling type engines having closed regenerative thermodynamic cycles with flow controlled by volume changes
    • F02G2243/30—Stirling type engines having closed regenerative thermodynamic cycles with flow controlled by volume changes having their pistons and displacers each in separate cylinders
    • F02G2243/50—Stirling type engines having closed regenerative thermodynamic cycles with flow controlled by volume changes having their pistons and displacers each in separate cylinders having resonance tubes
    • F02G2243/54—Stirling type engines having closed regenerative thermodynamic cycles with flow controlled by volume changes having their pistons and displacers each in separate cylinders having resonance tubes thermo-acoustic
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2309/00—Gas cycle refrigeration machines
    • F25B2309/14—Compression machines, plants or systems characterised by the cycle used 
    • F25B2309/1407—Pulse-tube cycles with pulse tube having in-line geometrical arrangements
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2309/00—Gas cycle refrigeration machines
    • F25B2309/14—Compression machines, plants or systems characterised by the cycle used 
    • F25B2309/1412—Pulse-tube cycles characterised by heat exchanger details
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2309/00—Gas cycle refrigeration machines
    • F25B2309/14—Compression machines, plants or systems characterised by the cycle used 
    • F25B2309/1424—Pulse tubes with basic schematic including an orifice and a reservoir
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B9/00—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point
    • F25B9/002—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point characterised by the refrigerant
    • F25B9/006—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point characterised by the refrigerant the refrigerant containing more than one component
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2205/00—Processes or apparatus using other separation and/or other processing means
    • F25J2205/86—Processes or apparatus using other separation and/or other processing means using electrical phenomena, e.g. Corona discharge, electrolysis or magnetic field
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2210/00—Processes characterised by the type or other details of the feed stream
    • F25J2210/42—Nitrogen
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2215/00—Processes characterised by the type or other details of the product stream
    • F25J2215/32—Neon
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2220/00—Processes or apparatus involving steps for the removal of impurities
    • F25J2220/02—Separating impurities in general from the feed stream
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2270/00—Refrigeration techniques used
    • F25J2270/90—External refrigeration, e.g. conventional closed-loop mechanical refrigeration unit using Freon or NH3, unspecified external refrigeration
    • F25J2270/908—External refrigeration, e.g. conventional closed-loop mechanical refrigeration unit using Freon or NH3, unspecified external refrigeration by regenerative chillers, i.e. oscillating or dynamic systems, e.g. Stirling refrigerator, thermoelectric ("Peltier") or magnetic refrigeration
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2270/00—Refrigeration techniques used
    • F25J2270/90—External refrigeration, e.g. conventional closed-loop mechanical refrigeration unit using Freon or NH3, unspecified external refrigeration
    • F25J2270/908—External refrigeration, e.g. conventional closed-loop mechanical refrigeration unit using Freon or NH3, unspecified external refrigeration by regenerative chillers, i.e. oscillating or dynamic systems, e.g. Stirling refrigerator, thermoelectric ("Peltier") or magnetic refrigeration
    • F25J2270/91—External refrigeration, e.g. conventional closed-loop mechanical refrigeration unit using Freon or NH3, unspecified external refrigeration by regenerative chillers, i.e. oscillating or dynamic systems, e.g. Stirling refrigerator, thermoelectric ("Peltier") or magnetic refrigeration using pulse tube refrigeration
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2290/00—Other details not covered by groups F25J2200/00 - F25J2280/00
    • F25J2290/34—Details about subcooling of liquids

Definitions

  • This invention relates generally to refrigeration and, more particularly, to the generation and use of refrigeration at a very cold temperature such as is needed to cool, liquefy and/or subcool or densify fluids such as hydrogen and oxygen.
  • the cooling, liquefaction and/or subcooling or densification of certain gases such as neon, hydrogen or helium requires the generation of very low temperature refrigeration.
  • gases such as neon, hydrogen or helium
  • the generation of such very low temperature refrigeration is very expensive.
  • fluids such as neon, hydrogen and helium are becoming increasingly important in such fields as energy generation, energy transmission, and electronics, any improvement in systems for the liquefaction of such fluids would be very desirable.
  • Another application is cooling of superconducting systems. Densification of propellants such as hydrogen and oxygen for reusable launch vehicles is another application.
  • a method for providing refrigeration to a product fluid comprising:
  • Apparatus for providing refrigeration to a product fluid comprising:
  • regenerator having a regenerator heat exchanger and a regenerator body containing heat transfer media, and means for generating pressurized gas for oscillating flow within the regenerator;
  • a pulse tube comprising a pulse tube heat exchanger and a pulse tube body, and means for passing cooling fluid to the pulse tube heat exchanger;
  • (C) means for passing gas between the regenerator body and the pulse tube body, a product fluid heat exchanger employing fluid from the pulse tube, and means for recovering product fluid from the product fluid heat exchanger in a refrigerated condition;
  • (D) means for passing cryogen fluid to the regenerator heat exchanger, and means for withdrawing cryogen fluid from the regenerator heat exchanger.
  • liquefy means to change a vapor to a liquid and/or to subcool a liquid.
  • subcool means to cool a liquid to be at a temperature lower than the saturation temperature of that liquid for the existing pressure.
  • ultra cold means having a temperature of 90°K or less.
  • indirect heat exchange means the bringing of fluids into heat exchanger relation without any physical contact or intermixing of the fluids with each other.
  • Figure 1 is a representation of one preferred embodiment of the pulse tube refrigeration system of this invention.
  • Figures 2-5 illustrate variations of the embodiment of the invention illustrated in Figure 1.
  • the numerals in Figures 1-5 are the same for the common elements .
  • Figure 6 is a representation of another preferred embodiment of the invention which also illustrates the invention as part of a supply system.
  • the invention comprises the use of a pulse tube refrigeration system, which uses a cryogen fluid as a heat sink, to generate ultra cold gas for use to cool, liquefy and/or subcool or densify a product fluid which preferably has been precooled prior to entering the pulse tube system.
  • the cryogen fluid also serves as a cooling fluid for carrying out the product fluid precooling.
  • the cryogen fluid serves to cool the heat transfer media within the regenerator body of the pulse tube refrigeration system serving as a heat sink to assist in generating the ultra cold refrigeration.
  • 3a contains pulse tube gas which may be hydrogen, neon, nitrogen, a mixture of helium and neon, a mixture of neon and nitrogen, or a mixture of helium and hydrogen. Mixtures of helium and hydrogen are preferred.
  • a pulse i.e. a compressive force
  • the pulse is provided by a piston which compresses a reservoir of pulse tube gas in flow communication with regenerator section 3.
  • Another preferred means of applying the pulse to the regenerator is by the use of a ther oacoustic driver which applies sound energy to the gas within the regenerator.
  • Yet another way for applying the pulse is by means of a linear motor/compressor arrangement.
  • Yet another means to apply pulse is by means of a loudspeaker.
  • Another preferred means to apply pulse is by means of a travelling wave engine.
  • the pulse serves to compress the pulse tube gas producing hot pulse tube gas at the hot end of the regenerator.
  • the hot pulse tube gas is cooled by indirect heat exchange with heat transfer fluid 33 in heat exchanger 2 to produce warmed heat transfer fluid in stream 34 and to produce cooled compressed pulse tube gas for passage through the remainder of the regenerator, i.e. the regenerator body.
  • fluids useful as the heat transfer fluid in the practice of this invention include water, air, ethylene glycol and the like.
  • the cooled compressed pulse tube gas is further cooled by indirect heat exchange with cryogen fluid 27, 28 in regenerator heat exchanger 8.
  • the preferred cryogen fluid in the practice of this invention is liquid nitrogen.
  • cooling fluids which may be used include atmospheric gases such as argon, oxygen, air and carbon dioxide; hydrocarbons such as methane, ethane, ethylene, propane, propylene, liquefied natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas; fluorocarbons and hydroflurorcarbons such as carbon tetrafluoride and fluoroform; fluoroethers and hydrofluoroethers .
  • the regenerator body contains heat transfer media.
  • suitable heat transfer media in the practice of this invention include steel balls, wire mesh, high density honeycomb structures, expanded metals, lead balls, copper and its alloys, complexes of rare earth element (s) and transition metals.
  • the heat transfer media is at a cold temperature, generally within the range of from 3 to 150K at the cold end to 20 to 330 K at the warm end, having been brought to this cold temperature in the second part of the pulse tube sequence which will be described more fully below.
  • heat is removed from the heat transfer media by indirect heat exchange with cryogen fluid in the regenerator heat exchanger thus serving to intercept heat within the heat transfer media.
  • the cooled compressed pulse tube gas passes through the regenerator body, it is further cooled by direct contact with the cold heat transfer media to produce warmed heat transfer media and cold pulse tube gas, generally at a temperature within the range of from 4 to 151 K at the cold end to 21 to 331 K at the warm end.
  • the cold pulse tube gas is passed from the regenerator to pulse tube 10 at the cold end.
  • Pulse tube 10 has a pulse tube heat exchanger 5 at a distance from where the cold pulse tube gas is passed into the pulse tube.
  • the cold pulse tube gas passes into pulse tube 10 at the cold end, it generates a gas pressure wave which flows toward the warm end of pulse tube 10 and compresses the gas within the pulse tube, termed the pulse tube working fluid, thereby heating the pulse tube working fluid.
  • Cooling fluid 20 is passed to pulse tube heat exchanger 5 wherein it is warmed or vaporized by indirect heat exchange with the pulse tube working fluid, thus serving as a heat sink to cool the pulse tube working fluid. Resulting warmed or vaporized cooling fluid is withdrawn from pulse tube heat exchanger 5 in steam 26.
  • cooling fluid 20 is water.
  • cooling fluids which may be used in the practice of this invention include ethylene glycol, water/glycol mixtures, atmospheric gases such as argon, oxygen, air and carbon dioxide; hydrocarbons such as methane, ethane, ethylene, propane, propylene; liquefied natural gas; liquefied petroleum gas; fluorocarbons and hydrofluorocarbons such as carbon tetrafluoride and fluoroform; and selected fluoroethers and hydrofluoroethers .
  • Attached to the warm end of pulse tube 10 is a line having orifice 6 leading to reservoir 7. The compression wave of the pulse tube working fluid contacts the warm end wall of the pulse tube and proceeds back in the second part of the pulse tube sequence.
  • Orifice 6 and reservoir 7 are employed to maintain the pressure and flow waves in phase so that the pulse tube generates net refrigeration during the expansion and the compression cycles in the cold end of pulse tube 10.
  • Other means for maintaining the pressure and flows waves in phase include inertance tube and orifice, expander, linear alternator and bellows arrangements.
  • the pulse tube gas expands to produce ultra cold pulse tube gas at the cold end of the pulse tube 10. The expanded gas reverses its direction such that it flows from the pulse tube toward regenerator 3, 3a.
  • product fluid is helium, hydrogen, neon, nitrogen, argon, oxygen, krypton, xenon or methane.
  • Mixtures comprising one or more of neon, hydrogen, helium, nitrogen, argon, oxygen, methane and carbon tetrafluoride are other examples of product fluids which may be liquefied in the practice of this invention.
  • Product fluid 42 which may have been precooled, is passed to product fluid heat exchanger 4 wherein it is cooled, liquefied and/or subcooled or densified by indirect heat exchange with ultra cold pulse tube gas. The resulting product fluid is recovered from product fluid heat exchanger 4 in stream 43.
  • the pulse tube gas emerging from product fluid heat exchanger 4 is passed to regenerator 3a, 3 wherein it directly contacts the heat transfer media within the regenerator body to produce the aforesaid cold heat transfer media, thereby completing the second part of the pulse tube refrigerant sequence and putting the regenerator into condition for the first part of a subsequent pulse tube refrigeration sequence.
  • the pulse tube body contains only gas for the transfer of the pressure energy from the expanding pulse tube gas at the cold end for the heating of the pulse tube working fluid at the warm end of the pulse tube. That is, pulse tube 10 contains no moving parts such as are used with a piston arrangement.
  • the operation of the pulse tube without moving parts is a significant advantage of this invention.
  • the pulse tube may have a taper to aid adjustment of the proper phase angle between the pressure and flow waves.
  • the pulse tube may have a passive displacer to help in separating the ends of the pulse tube.
  • FIGs 2-5 illustrate other preferred embodiments of the invention which are variations of the basic system illustrated in Figure 1. A description of the common elements which have the same numeral will not be repeated.
  • product fluid in line 41 is precooled by passage through regenerator portion 3a before being provided as stream 42 to product fluid heat exchanger 4.
  • product fluid in stream 40 is precooled in recuperative heat exchanger 9 by indirect heat exchange with cryogen fluid 28 which emerges therefrom as stream 30.
  • Resulting precooled product fluid 41 emerges from heat exchanger 9 and is further processed as previously described.
  • cooling fluid 20 is divided into portion 37 and portion 36. Portion 36 is processed in heat exchanger 5 as previously described, emerging therefrom in stream 38.
  • Portion 37 is passed into cryostat 11 to keep reservoir 7 and orifice 6 at a temperature below ambient, and is passed out of cryostat 11 in stream 39 which is combined with stream 38 to form stream 26.
  • a portion 28a of stream 28 is used to cool pulse tube gas by indirect heat exchange in regenerator section 3, emerging therefrom as stream 29.
  • FIG. 6 illustrates the use of the invention to provide product fluid to a use point.
  • the product fluid is hydrogen and the cooling fluid used in the pulse tube heat exchange is also used to precool the product fluid.
  • water 50 from water treatment unit 51 is passed to electrolysis unit 52 wherein it is separated into oxygen and hydrogen.
  • Hydrogen is passed in stream 53 from electrolysis unit 52 to purifier 54 and high purity hydrogen, having a hydrogen concentration generally of at least 90 mole percent, is withdrawn from purifier 54 in stream 55.
  • At least some of the purified hydrogen, shown in Figure 6 as stream 56, is used as the product fluid for the practice of the invention.
  • Hydrogen stream 56 is precooled by passage through precooler 57 by indirect heat exchange with cooling fluid and resulting precooled hydrogen product fluid in stream 58 is liquefied by passage through product fluid heat exchanger 59 by indirect heat exchange with ultra cold pulse tube gas. Resulting liquefied hydrogen product fluid is recovered in stream 60 which passes the liquefied hydrogen product fluid from product fluid heat exchanger 58 to liquid hydrogen storage tank 61. As required by the use point, liquid hydrogen is withdrawn from storage tank 61 in stream 62, vaporized . by passage through vaporizer 63 and passed in stream 64 through filter 65 and then to the use point in stream 66.
  • stream 64 is combined with stream 67, which is another portion of stream 55, to form combined stream 68 for passage through filter 65 and to the use point in stream 66.
  • the use point could be, for example, a fuel cell where hydrogen and oxygen react to produce electricity, a chemical plant where hydrogen is used in a hydrogenation reaction, or a fabrication facility where hydrogen is used for heat treating.
  • a pulse is provided to regenerator 69 using linear motor 70 to compress pulse tube gas and produce hot pulse tube gas which is cooled by indirect heat exchange with cooling water 71 in heat exchanger 72, and is further cooled by indirect heat exchange with cryogen fluid passing through regenerator heat exchanger 73.
  • the pulse tube gas is further cooled to a cold condition by direct contact with heat transfer media in regenerator 69 and then passed from regenerator 69 into pulse tube 74.
  • regenerator 69 As the cold pulse tube gas passes into pulse tube 74 at the cold end it compresses the gas in the pulse tube and pushes some of it into reservoir 85 via valve 84. Heat is removed by pulse tube heat exchanger 77.
  • the pressure at the pressure generator decreases to a minimum, then the expansion sequence starts.
  • the gas within the pulse tube expands, lowering its temperature so as to form ultra cold pulse tube gas, and also generating a gas pressure wave which flows toward the warm end of pulse tube 74 thereby compressing the pulse tube working fluid within pulse tube 74 and heating the pulse tube working fluid.
  • Cooling fluid in this case liquid nitrogen, is passed from liquid nitrogen storage tank 75 in stream
  • pulse tube heat exchanger 77 wherein it is warmed by indirect heat exchange with the pulse tube working fluid, thus serving as a heat sink to cool the pulse tube working fluid.
  • Resulting warmed cooling fluid is withdrawn from pulse tube heat exchanger 77 in stream 78 and passed to precooler 57 wherein it serves as the cooling fluid for precooling hydrogen product fluid stream 56.
  • the further warmed cooling fluid is removed from the system as nitrogen stream 79.
  • a portion 80 of nitrogen cooling fluid stream 76 is passed through valve 81 and as stream 82 is passed into envelope 83 which houses orifice 84 and reservoir 85 which function in a manner similar to that described in conjunction with the embodiment illustrated in Figure 1.
  • Warmed cooling fluid is withdrawn from envelope 83 in stream 86 and passed to regenerator heat exchanger 73 where it serves as the cryogen fluid for removing heat from the heat transfer media by intercepting heat at some mid temperature, and also for cooling of the pulse tube gas as was previously described, and then for removal from the system in stream 87.
  • the pulse tube could be composed of a number of tubes connected to a single regenerator to allow scale up of the overall system.
  • a ballast tank need not be employed in all embodiments.

Abstract

A pulse tube system especially useful for producing and delivering refrigeration at very cold temperatures wherein a product fluid (42, 58) such as hydrogen is preferably precooled and then liquefied, subcooled and/or densified by heat exchange (4, 59) with ultra cold gas generated by a pulsing compression wave (1) which rejects heat into a cryogen fluid heat sink (8, 73).

Description

CRYOGENIC PULSE TUBE SYSTEM
Technical Field
This invention relates generally to refrigeration and, more particularly, to the generation and use of refrigeration at a very cold temperature such as is needed to cool, liquefy and/or subcool or densify fluids such as hydrogen and oxygen.
Background Art
The cooling, liquefaction and/or subcooling or densification of certain gases such as neon, hydrogen or helium requires the generation of very low temperature refrigeration. For example, at atmospheric pressure neon liquefies at 27.1 K, hydrogen liquefies at 20.39K, and helium liquefies at 4.21 K. The generation of such very low temperature refrigeration is very expensive. Inasmuch as the use of fluids such as neon, hydrogen and helium are becoming increasingly important in such fields as energy generation, energy transmission, and electronics, any improvement in systems for the liquefaction of such fluids would be very desirable. Another application is cooling of superconducting systems. Densification of propellants such as hydrogen and oxygen for reusable launch vehicles is another application. It allows larger payloads per space flight and requires subcooling of liquid hydrogen near its triple point which is around 14K. Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to provide an improved system for generating and providing refrigeration for cooling, liquefying and/or subcooling or densifying fluids such as neon, hydrogen, oxygen or helium.
Summary Of The Invention The above and other objects, which will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon a reading of this disclosure, are attained by the present invention, one aspect of which is:
A method for providing refrigeration to a product fluid comprising:
(A) compressing pulse tube gas to produce hot compressed pulse tube gas, cooling the hot compressed pulse tube gas, and further cooling the cooled compressed pulse tube gas by direct contact with cold heat transfer media to produce cold pulse tube gas and warmed heat transfer media;
(B) expanding cold pulse tube gas to produce ultra cold pulse tube gas and to produce a gas pressure wave which compresses and heats pulse tube working fluid, and extracting heat from the heated pulse tube working fluid by indirect heat exchange with cooling fluid to produce warmed cooling fluid;
(C) providing refrigeration to product fluid by passing product fluid in indirect heat exchange with the ultra cold pulse tube gas; and
(D) intercepting heat within the heat transfer media by indirect heat exchange with cryogen fluid to produce warmed cryogen fluid.
Another aspect of the invention is: Apparatus for providing refrigeration to a product fluid comprising:
(A) a regenerator having a regenerator heat exchanger and a regenerator body containing heat transfer media, and means for generating pressurized gas for oscillating flow within the regenerator;
(B) a pulse tube comprising a pulse tube heat exchanger and a pulse tube body, and means for passing cooling fluid to the pulse tube heat exchanger;
(C) means for passing gas between the regenerator body and the pulse tube body, a product fluid heat exchanger employing fluid from the pulse tube, and means for recovering product fluid from the product fluid heat exchanger in a refrigerated condition; and
(D) means for passing cryogen fluid to the regenerator heat exchanger, and means for withdrawing cryogen fluid from the regenerator heat exchanger.
As used herein the term "liquefy" means to change a vapor to a liquid and/or to subcool a liquid.
As used herein the term "subcool" means to cool a liquid to be at a temperature lower than the saturation temperature of that liquid for the existing pressure. As used herein the term "ultra cold" means having a temperature of 90°K or less.
As used herein the term "indirect heat exchange" means the bringing of fluids into heat exchanger relation without any physical contact or intermixing of the fluids with each other.
Brief Description of Drawings
Figure 1 is a representation of one preferred embodiment of the pulse tube refrigeration system of this invention. Figures 2-5 illustrate variations of the embodiment of the invention illustrated in Figure 1. The numerals in Figures 1-5 are the same for the common elements . Figure 6 is a representation of another preferred embodiment of the invention which also illustrates the invention as part of a supply system.
Detailed Description
In general the invention comprises the use of a pulse tube refrigeration system, which uses a cryogen fluid as a heat sink, to generate ultra cold gas for use to cool, liquefy and/or subcool or densify a product fluid which preferably has been precooled prior to entering the pulse tube system. In a preferred embodiment the cryogen fluid also serves as a cooling fluid for carrying out the product fluid precooling. The cryogen fluid serves to cool the heat transfer media within the regenerator body of the pulse tube refrigeration system serving as a heat sink to assist in generating the ultra cold refrigeration.
Referring now to Figure 1 regenerator 3, 3a contains pulse tube gas which may be hydrogen, neon, nitrogen, a mixture of helium and neon, a mixture of neon and nitrogen, or a mixture of helium and hydrogen. Mixtures of helium and hydrogen are preferred.
A pulse, i.e. a compressive force, is applied to the hot end of regenerator section 3 as illustrated in representational form by pulse arrow 1 thereby initiating the first part of the pulse tube sequence. Preferably the pulse is provided by a piston which compresses a reservoir of pulse tube gas in flow communication with regenerator section 3. Another preferred means of applying the pulse to the regenerator is by the use of a ther oacoustic driver which applies sound energy to the gas within the regenerator. Yet another way for applying the pulse is by means of a linear motor/compressor arrangement. Yet another means to apply pulse is by means of a loudspeaker. Another preferred means to apply pulse is by means of a travelling wave engine. The pulse serves to compress the pulse tube gas producing hot pulse tube gas at the hot end of the regenerator. The hot pulse tube gas is cooled by indirect heat exchange with heat transfer fluid 33 in heat exchanger 2 to produce warmed heat transfer fluid in stream 34 and to produce cooled compressed pulse tube gas for passage through the remainder of the regenerator, i.e. the regenerator body. Examples of fluids useful as the heat transfer fluid in the practice of this invention include water, air, ethylene glycol and the like. Preferably, as in the embodiment of the invention illustrated in Figure 1, the cooled compressed pulse tube gas is further cooled by indirect heat exchange with cryogen fluid 27, 28 in regenerator heat exchanger 8. The preferred cryogen fluid in the practice of this invention is liquid nitrogen. Other cooling fluids which may be used include atmospheric gases such as argon, oxygen, air and carbon dioxide; hydrocarbons such as methane, ethane, ethylene, propane, propylene, liquefied natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas; fluorocarbons and hydroflurorcarbons such as carbon tetrafluoride and fluoroform; fluoroethers and hydrofluoroethers .
The regenerator body contains heat transfer media. Examples of suitable heat transfer media in the practice of this invention include steel balls, wire mesh, high density honeycomb structures, expanded metals, lead balls, copper and its alloys, complexes of rare earth element (s) and transition metals. The heat transfer media is at a cold temperature, generally within the range of from 3 to 150K at the cold end to 20 to 330 K at the warm end, having been brought to this cold temperature in the second part of the pulse tube sequence which will be described more fully below. In addition heat is removed from the heat transfer media by indirect heat exchange with cryogen fluid in the regenerator heat exchanger thus serving to intercept heat within the heat transfer media. As the cooled compressed pulse tube gas passes through the regenerator body, it is further cooled by direct contact with the cold heat transfer media to produce warmed heat transfer media and cold pulse tube gas, generally at a temperature within the range of from 4 to 151 K at the cold end to 21 to 331 K at the warm end.
The cold pulse tube gas is passed from the regenerator to pulse tube 10 at the cold end. Pulse tube 10 has a pulse tube heat exchanger 5 at a distance from where the cold pulse tube gas is passed into the pulse tube. As the cold pulse tube gas passes into pulse tube 10 at the cold end, it generates a gas pressure wave which flows toward the warm end of pulse tube 10 and compresses the gas within the pulse tube, termed the pulse tube working fluid, thereby heating the pulse tube working fluid.
Cooling fluid 20 is passed to pulse tube heat exchanger 5 wherein it is warmed or vaporized by indirect heat exchange with the pulse tube working fluid, thus serving as a heat sink to cool the pulse tube working fluid. Resulting warmed or vaporized cooling fluid is withdrawn from pulse tube heat exchanger 5 in steam 26. Preferably cooling fluid 20 is water. Other cooling fluids which may be used in the practice of this invention include ethylene glycol, water/glycol mixtures, atmospheric gases such as argon, oxygen, air and carbon dioxide; hydrocarbons such as methane, ethane, ethylene, propane, propylene; liquefied natural gas; liquefied petroleum gas; fluorocarbons and hydrofluorocarbons such as carbon tetrafluoride and fluoroform; and selected fluoroethers and hydrofluoroethers . Attached to the warm end of pulse tube 10 is a line having orifice 6 leading to reservoir 7. The compression wave of the pulse tube working fluid contacts the warm end wall of the pulse tube and proceeds back in the second part of the pulse tube sequence. Orifice 6 and reservoir 7 are employed to maintain the pressure and flow waves in phase so that the pulse tube generates net refrigeration during the expansion and the compression cycles in the cold end of pulse tube 10. Other means for maintaining the pressure and flows waves in phase which may be used in the practice of this invention include inertance tube and orifice, expander, linear alternator and bellows arrangements. In the expansion sequence, the pulse tube gas expands to produce ultra cold pulse tube gas at the cold end of the pulse tube 10. The expanded gas reverses its direction such that it flows from the pulse tube toward regenerator 3, 3a.
Preferably product fluid is helium, hydrogen, neon, nitrogen, argon, oxygen, krypton, xenon or methane. Mixtures comprising one or more of neon, hydrogen, helium, nitrogen, argon, oxygen, methane and carbon tetrafluoride are other examples of product fluids which may be liquefied in the practice of this invention. Product fluid 42, which may have been precooled, is passed to product fluid heat exchanger 4 wherein it is cooled, liquefied and/or subcooled or densified by indirect heat exchange with ultra cold pulse tube gas. The resulting product fluid is recovered from product fluid heat exchanger 4 in stream 43.
The pulse tube gas emerging from product fluid heat exchanger 4 is passed to regenerator 3a, 3 wherein it directly contacts the heat transfer media within the regenerator body to produce the aforesaid cold heat transfer media, thereby completing the second part of the pulse tube refrigerant sequence and putting the regenerator into condition for the first part of a subsequent pulse tube refrigeration sequence.
In the practice of this invention the pulse tube body contains only gas for the transfer of the pressure energy from the expanding pulse tube gas at the cold end for the heating of the pulse tube working fluid at the warm end of the pulse tube. That is, pulse tube 10 contains no moving parts such as are used with a piston arrangement. The operation of the pulse tube without moving parts is a significant advantage of this invention. As discussed previously, the pulse tube may have a taper to aid adjustment of the proper phase angle between the pressure and flow waves. In addition, the pulse tube may have a passive displacer to help in separating the ends of the pulse tube.
Figures 2-5 illustrate other preferred embodiments of the invention which are variations of the basic system illustrated in Figure 1. A description of the common elements which have the same numeral will not be repeated. Referring now to Figure 2, product fluid in line 41 is precooled by passage through regenerator portion 3a before being provided as stream 42 to product fluid heat exchanger 4. In the embodiment illustrated in Figure 3 product fluid in stream 40 is precooled in recuperative heat exchanger 9 by indirect heat exchange with cryogen fluid 28 which emerges therefrom as stream 30. Resulting precooled product fluid 41 emerges from heat exchanger 9 and is further processed as previously described. In the embodiment illustrated in Figure 4 cooling fluid 20 is divided into portion 37 and portion 36. Portion 36 is processed in heat exchanger 5 as previously described, emerging therefrom in stream 38. Portion 37 is passed into cryostat 11 to keep reservoir 7 and orifice 6 at a temperature below ambient, and is passed out of cryostat 11 in stream 39 which is combined with stream 38 to form stream 26. In the embodiment illustrated in Figure 5 a portion 28a of stream 28 is used to cool pulse tube gas by indirect heat exchange in regenerator section 3, emerging therefrom as stream 29.
Figure 6 illustrates the use of the invention to provide product fluid to a use point. In the system illustrated in Figure 6, the product fluid is hydrogen and the cooling fluid used in the pulse tube heat exchange is also used to precool the product fluid. Referring now to Figure 6, water 50 from water treatment unit 51 is passed to electrolysis unit 52 wherein it is separated into oxygen and hydrogen. Hydrogen is passed in stream 53 from electrolysis unit 52 to purifier 54 and high purity hydrogen, having a hydrogen concentration generally of at least 90 mole percent, is withdrawn from purifier 54 in stream 55. At least some of the purified hydrogen, shown in Figure 6 as stream 56, is used as the product fluid for the practice of the invention.
Hydrogen stream 56 is precooled by passage through precooler 57 by indirect heat exchange with cooling fluid and resulting precooled hydrogen product fluid in stream 58 is liquefied by passage through product fluid heat exchanger 59 by indirect heat exchange with ultra cold pulse tube gas. Resulting liquefied hydrogen product fluid is recovered in stream 60 which passes the liquefied hydrogen product fluid from product fluid heat exchanger 58 to liquid hydrogen storage tank 61. As required by the use point, liquid hydrogen is withdrawn from storage tank 61 in stream 62, vaporized . by passage through vaporizer 63 and passed in stream 64 through filter 65 and then to the use point in stream 66. In the embodiment illustrated in Figure 6, stream 64 is combined with stream 67, which is another portion of stream 55, to form combined stream 68 for passage through filter 65 and to the use point in stream 66. The use point could be, for example, a fuel cell where hydrogen and oxygen react to produce electricity, a chemical plant where hydrogen is used in a hydrogenation reaction, or a fabrication facility where hydrogen is used for heat treating. A pulse is provided to regenerator 69 using linear motor 70 to compress pulse tube gas and produce hot pulse tube gas which is cooled by indirect heat exchange with cooling water 71 in heat exchanger 72, and is further cooled by indirect heat exchange with cryogen fluid passing through regenerator heat exchanger 73. The pulse tube gas is further cooled to a cold condition by direct contact with heat transfer media in regenerator 69 and then passed from regenerator 69 into pulse tube 74. As the cold pulse tube gas passes into pulse tube 74 at the cold end it compresses the gas in the pulse tube and pushes some of it into reservoir 85 via valve 84. Heat is removed by pulse tube heat exchanger 77. When the pressure at the pressure generator decreases to a minimum, then the expansion sequence starts. The gas within the pulse tube expands, lowering its temperature so as to form ultra cold pulse tube gas, and also generating a gas pressure wave which flows toward the warm end of pulse tube 74 thereby compressing the pulse tube working fluid within pulse tube 74 and heating the pulse tube working fluid.
Cooling fluid, in this case liquid nitrogen, is passed from liquid nitrogen storage tank 75 in stream
76 to pulse tube heat exchanger 77 wherein it is warmed by indirect heat exchange with the pulse tube working fluid, thus serving as a heat sink to cool the pulse tube working fluid. Resulting warmed cooling fluid is withdrawn from pulse tube heat exchanger 77 in stream 78 and passed to precooler 57 wherein it serves as the cooling fluid for precooling hydrogen product fluid stream 56. The further warmed cooling fluid is removed from the system as nitrogen stream 79. A portion 80 of nitrogen cooling fluid stream 76 is passed through valve 81 and as stream 82 is passed into envelope 83 which houses orifice 84 and reservoir 85 which function in a manner similar to that described in conjunction with the embodiment illustrated in Figure 1. Warmed cooling fluid is withdrawn from envelope 83 in stream 86 and passed to regenerator heat exchanger 73 where it serves as the cryogen fluid for removing heat from the heat transfer media by intercepting heat at some mid temperature, and also for cooling of the pulse tube gas as was previously described, and then for removal from the system in stream 87. Although the invention has been described in detail with reference to certain preferred embodiments, those skilled in the art will recognize that there are other embodiments of the invention within the spirit and the scope of the claims. For example, the pulse tube could be composed of a number of tubes connected to a single regenerator to allow scale up of the overall system. In another embodiment there would be more than one inlet to the pulse tube. In another embodiment there would be an impedance tube in addition to the valve to adjust proper phase relationship between the flow and pressure waver. A ballast tank need not be employed in all embodiments. In yet another embodiment there would be more than one pulse tube stage with cryogen intercept .

Claims

1. A method for providing refrigeration to a product fluid comprising: (A) compressing pulse tube gas to produce hot compressed pulse tube gas, cooling (2, 72) the hot compressed pulse tube gas, and further cooling the cooled compressed pulse tube gas by direct contact with cold heat transfer media to produce cold pulse tube gas and warmed heat transfer media;
(B) expanding cold pulse tube gas to produce ultra cold pulse tube gas and to produce a gas pressure wave which compresses and heats pulse tube working fluid, and extracting heat from the heated pulse tube working fluid by indirect heat exchange (5, 77) with cooling fluid to produce warmed cooling fluid;
(C) providing refrigeration to product fluid (42, 58) by passing product fluid in indirect heat exchange (4, 59) with the ultra cold pulse tube gas; and
(D) intercepting heat within the heat transfer media by indirect heat exchange (8, 73) with cryogen (27, 86) fluid to produce warmed cryogen fluid (28, 87) .
2. The method of claim 1 wherein cryogen fluid is additionally employed for cooling (82, 86) the pulse tube gas to assist in producing the cold pulse tube gas.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein cryogen fluid is also employed for precooling (9) the product fluid prior to said provision of refrigeration to the product fluid.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the product fluid comprises hydrogen.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein the product fluid comprises neon.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein the cryogen fluid comprises nitrogen.
7. Apparatus for providing refrigeration to a product fluid comprising: (A) a regenerator (3, 3a, 69) comprising a regenerator heat exchanger (8, 73) and a regenerator body containing heat transfer media, and means (70) for generating pressurized gas (1) for oscillating flow within the regenerator; (B) a pulse tube comprising a pulse tube heat exchanger (5, 77) and a pulse tube body, and means for passing cooling fluid (20, 76) to the pulse tube heat exchanger;
(C) means for passing gas between the regenerator body and the pulse tube body, a product fluid heat exchanger (4, 59) employing fluid from the pulse tube and means for recovering product fluid from the product fluid heat exchanger (4, 59) in a refrigerated condition (43, 60) ; and (D) means for passing cryogen fluid (27, 86) to the regenerator heat exchanger (8, 73), and means for withdrawing cryogen fluid (28, 87) from the regenerator heat exchanger (8, 73).
8. The apparatus of claim 7 further comprising means for passing cooling fluid (78) from the pulse tube heat exchanger to a precooler (57) for precooling product fluid.
9. The apparatus of claim 7 further comprising means for passing cryogen fluid (28a) from the regenerator heat exchanger (8) in indirect heat exchange with heat transfer media within the regenerator (3) .
10. The apparatus of claim 7 further comprising means for passing cryogen fluid (28) from the regenerator heat exchanger (8) to a precooler (9) for precooling product fluid (40) .
PCT/US2002/000617 2001-01-19 2002-01-11 Cryogenic pulse tube system WO2002057694A1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP02713381A EP1352199A4 (en) 2001-01-19 2002-01-11 Cryogenic pulse tube system

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US09/764,401 2001-01-19
US09/764,401 US6374617B1 (en) 2001-01-19 2001-01-19 Cryogenic pulse tube system

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2002057694A1 true WO2002057694A1 (en) 2002-07-25

Family

ID=25070630

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/US2002/000617 WO2002057694A1 (en) 2001-01-19 2002-01-11 Cryogenic pulse tube system

Country Status (3)

Country Link
US (1) US6374617B1 (en)
EP (1) EP1352199A4 (en)
WO (1) WO2002057694A1 (en)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN109920581A (en) * 2019-03-08 2019-06-21 中国科学院电工研究所 A kind of the mix insulation medium and its preparation method of liquid nitrogen and liquefaction carbon tetrafluoride

Families Citing this family (44)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE10001460A1 (en) * 2000-01-15 2001-08-02 Karlsruhe Forschzent Pulse tube power amplifier and method for operating the same
WO2002057693A1 (en) * 2001-01-17 2002-07-25 Sierra Lobo, Inc. Densifier for simultaneous conditioning of two cryogenic liquids
US7347053B1 (en) 2001-01-17 2008-03-25 Sierra Lobo, Inc. Densifier for simultaneous conditioning of two cryogenic liquids
JP4766800B2 (en) * 2001-08-30 2011-09-07 アイシン精機株式会社 Pulse tube refrigerator
US6666033B1 (en) * 2002-06-06 2003-12-23 The Regents Of The University Of California Method and apparatus for fine tuning an orifice pulse tube refrigerator
JP3726965B2 (en) * 2002-07-01 2005-12-14 富士電機システムズ株式会社 Oxygen production method and apparatus
US6588224B1 (en) 2002-07-10 2003-07-08 Praxair Technology, Inc. Integrated absorption heat pump thermoacoustic engine refrigeration system
US6640557B1 (en) 2002-10-23 2003-11-04 Praxair Technology, Inc. Multilevel refrigeration for high temperature superconductivity
US6668581B1 (en) * 2002-10-30 2003-12-30 Praxair Technology, Inc. Cryogenic system for providing industrial gas to a use point
US6640553B1 (en) 2002-11-20 2003-11-04 Praxair Technology, Inc. Pulse tube refrigeration system with tapered work transfer tube
US6644038B1 (en) * 2002-11-22 2003-11-11 Praxair Technology, Inc. Multistage pulse tube refrigeration system for high temperature super conductivity
GB2415767B (en) * 2003-01-17 2006-02-15 Siemens Magnet Technology Ltd Pulse tube refrigerator with a warm end heat exchanger having a secondary cooling mechanism comprising fins cooled by airflow
US7434407B2 (en) * 2003-04-09 2008-10-14 Sierra Lobo, Inc. No-vent liquid hydrogen storage and delivery system
US6813892B1 (en) 2003-05-30 2004-11-09 Lockheed Martin Corporation Cryocooler with multiple charge pressure and multiple pressure oscillation amplitude capabilities
US7191602B2 (en) * 2003-06-16 2007-03-20 The Regents Of The University Of California Storage of H2 by absorption and/or mixture within a fluid medium
US6865897B2 (en) * 2003-07-10 2005-03-15 Praxair Technology, Inc. Method for providing refrigeration using capillary pumped liquid
US7062922B1 (en) * 2004-01-22 2006-06-20 Raytheon Company Cryocooler with ambient temperature surge volume
CA2559201C (en) * 2004-03-10 2009-10-06 Praxair Technology, Inc. Low frequency pulse tube with oil-free drive
US7263841B1 (en) 2004-03-19 2007-09-04 Praxair Technology, Inc. Superconducting magnet system with supplementary heat pipe refrigeration
US7165407B2 (en) * 2004-03-23 2007-01-23 Praxair Technology, Inc. Methods for operating a pulse tube cryocooler system with mean pressure variations
US7201001B2 (en) * 2004-03-23 2007-04-10 Praxair Technology, Inc. Resonant linear motor driven cryocooler system
US7249465B2 (en) * 2004-03-29 2007-07-31 Praxair Technology, Inc. Method for operating a cryocooler using temperature trending monitoring
US6938426B1 (en) 2004-03-30 2005-09-06 Praxair Technology, Inc. Cryocooler system with frequency modulating mechanical resonator
US7024867B2 (en) * 2004-05-18 2006-04-11 Praxair Technology, Inc. Method for operating a cryocooler using on line contaminant monitoring
US7219501B2 (en) * 2004-11-02 2007-05-22 Praxair Technology, Inc. Cryocooler operation with getter matrix
US7234307B2 (en) * 2005-04-11 2007-06-26 Praxair Technology, Inc. Cryocooler with grooved flow straightener
US20060254286A1 (en) * 2005-05-16 2006-11-16 Johnson Lonnie G Solid state cryocooler
EP2059755A1 (en) * 2006-09-07 2009-05-20 Docklands Science Park Pty Limited The capture and removal of gases from other gases in a gas stream
FR2914050B1 (en) * 2007-03-21 2012-12-28 Air Liquide REFRIGERATOR AT LOW OR VERY LOW TEMPERATURE AND REFRIGERATION PROCESS
US8079224B2 (en) * 2007-12-12 2011-12-20 Carleton Life Support Systems, Inc. Field integrated pulse tube cryocooler with SADA II compatibility
US20110146302A1 (en) * 2009-12-21 2011-06-23 Newman Michael D Cryogenic heat exchanger for thermoacoustic refrigeration system
EP2625474B1 (en) * 2010-10-08 2017-05-24 Sumitomo Cryogenics Of America Inc. Fast cool down cryogenic refrigerator
US9546647B2 (en) * 2011-07-06 2017-01-17 Sumitomo (Shi) Cryogenics Of America Inc. Gas balanced brayton cycle cold water vapor cryopump
US9163581B2 (en) * 2012-02-23 2015-10-20 The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of National Aeronautics And Space Administration Alpha-stream convertor
US10677498B2 (en) 2012-07-26 2020-06-09 Sumitomo (Shi) Cryogenics Of America, Inc. Brayton cycle engine with high displacement rate and low vibration
CN103776237B (en) * 2012-10-22 2015-12-02 中国科学院理化技术研究所 The helium liquefaction device of purifying redundancy in the band of a kind of multiple stage refrigeration machine precooling
JP6578371B2 (en) 2015-06-03 2019-09-18 スミトモ （エスエイチアイ） クライオジェニックス オブ アメリカ インコーポレイテッドＳｕｍｉｔｏｍｏ（ＳＨＩ）Ｃｒｙｏｇｅｎｉｃｓ ｏｆ Ａｍｅｒｉｃａ，Ｉｎｃ． Gas pressure balanced engine with buffer
US11371431B1 (en) 2015-11-06 2022-06-28 United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of Nasa Thermal management system
US10507934B1 (en) 2015-11-06 2019-12-17 United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of National Aeronautics And Space Administration Thermal management system
CN106247649B (en) * 2016-07-28 2018-11-09 西安交通大学 A kind of liquid hydrogen degree of supercooling acquisition device
US10808967B2 (en) 2017-01-16 2020-10-20 Praxair Technology, Inc. Refrigeration cycle for liquid oxygen densification
CN107677045B (en) * 2017-10-09 2020-04-10 中国科学院理化技术研究所 Internal purifier research system
FR3098576B1 (en) * 2019-07-08 2022-04-29 Air Liquide Process and installation for the production of liquid hydrogen
CN110726265B (en) * 2019-10-17 2021-11-19 上海理工大学 Pulse tube refrigerator and hydrogen supply refrigerating system of fuel cell automobile

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5339640A (en) * 1992-12-23 1994-08-23 Modine Manufacturing Co. Heat exchanger for a thermoacoustic heat pump
US6205812B1 (en) * 1999-12-03 2001-03-27 Praxair Technology, Inc. Cryogenic ultra cold hybrid liquefier
US6269658B1 (en) * 2000-06-28 2001-08-07 Praxair Technology, Inc. Cryogenic rectification system with pulse tube refrigeration

Family Cites Families (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5435136A (en) 1991-10-15 1995-07-25 Aisin Seiki Kabushiki Kaisha Pulse tube heat engine
CN1035788C (en) 1992-01-04 1997-09-03 中国科学院低温技术实验中心 Refrigerator with multi-channel shunt pulse pipes
JPH05312423A (en) * 1992-05-11 1993-11-22 Sanyo Electric Co Ltd Double inlet type freezer device
US5335505A (en) 1992-05-25 1994-08-09 Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba Pulse tube refrigerator
JPH0933124A (en) 1995-05-12 1997-02-07 Aisin Seiki Co Ltd Multistage type pulse pipe refrigerator
US5813234A (en) 1995-09-27 1998-09-29 Wighard; Herbert F. Double acting pulse tube electroacoustic system
JP2000035253A (en) * 1998-07-17 2000-02-02 Aisin Seiki Co Ltd Cooler
JP2000074518A (en) * 1998-08-27 2000-03-14 Aisin Seiki Co Ltd Cooler

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5339640A (en) * 1992-12-23 1994-08-23 Modine Manufacturing Co. Heat exchanger for a thermoacoustic heat pump
US6205812B1 (en) * 1999-12-03 2001-03-27 Praxair Technology, Inc. Cryogenic ultra cold hybrid liquefier
US6269658B1 (en) * 2000-06-28 2001-08-07 Praxair Technology, Inc. Cryogenic rectification system with pulse tube refrigeration

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
See also references of EP1352199A4 *

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN109920581A (en) * 2019-03-08 2019-06-21 中国科学院电工研究所 A kind of the mix insulation medium and its preparation method of liquid nitrogen and liquefaction carbon tetrafluoride

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP1352199A1 (en) 2003-10-15
US6374617B1 (en) 2002-04-23
EP1352199A4 (en) 2009-02-25

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US6374617B1 (en) Cryogenic pulse tube system
US6205812B1 (en) Cryogenic ultra cold hybrid liquefier
US6694774B1 (en) Gas liquefaction method using natural gas and mixed gas refrigeration
US4778497A (en) Process to produce liquid cryogen
US6336331B1 (en) System for operating cryogenic liquid tankage
US3677019A (en) Gas liquefaction process and apparatus
KR100891291B1 (en) Cryogenic vessel apparatus with pulse tube refrigeration
US6415611B1 (en) Cryogenic refrigeration system using magnetic refrigerator forecooling
US6425250B1 (en) System for providing cryogenic refrigeration using an upstream pulse tube refrigerator
EP1422485B1 (en) Refrigeration method for high temperature superconductivity
US3609984A (en) Process for producing liquefied hydrogen,helium and neon
JPH11316059A (en) Refrigeration process and plant using heat cycle of low boiling point fluid
KR20210072985A (en) Apparatus for hydrogen liquefaction
US6484516B1 (en) Method and system for cryogenic refrigeration
US6668581B1 (en) Cryogenic system for providing industrial gas to a use point
JPS6338632B2 (en)
JPH028234B2 (en)
MXPA00011915A (en) Cryogenic ultra cold hybrid liquefier
JPS6414560A (en) Cryogenic refrigerating machine

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
AK Designated states

Kind code of ref document: A1

Designated state(s): AE AG AL AM AT AU AZ BA BB BG BR BY BZ CA CH CN CO CR CU CZ DE DK DM DZ EC EE ES FI GB GD GE GH GM HR HU ID IL IN IS JP KE KG KP KR KZ LC LK LR LS LT LU LV MA MD MG MK MN MW MX MZ NO NZ OM PH PL PT RO RU SD SE SG SI SK SL TJ TM TN TR TT TZ UA UG UZ VN YU ZA ZM ZW

AL Designated countries for regional patents

Kind code of ref document: A1

Designated state(s): AM AZ BY KG KZ MD RU TJ TM AT BE CH CY DE DK ES FI FR GB GR IE IT LU MC NL PT SE TR BF BJ CF CG CI CM GA GN GQ GW ML MR NE SN TD TG

121 Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application
DFPE Request for preliminary examination filed prior to expiration of 19th month from priority date (pct application filed before 20040101)
REEP Request for entry into the european phase

Ref document number: 2002713381

Country of ref document: EP

WWE Wipo information: entry into national phase

Ref document number: 2002713381

Country of ref document: EP

WWP Wipo information: published in national office

Ref document number: 2002713381

Country of ref document: EP

REG Reference to national code

Ref country code: DE

Ref legal event code: 8642

NENP Non-entry into the national phase

Ref country code: JP

WWW Wipo information: withdrawn in national office

Ref document number: JP