WO2002037308A1

WO2002037308A1 - A method for discriminating string added to uniform resource locator, business method using the method and computer readable medium having stored thereon computer executable instruction for performing the business method

Info

Publication number: WO2002037308A1
Application number: PCT/KR2001/001856
Authority: WO
Inventors: Dong-Kyu Kim
Original assignee: Kim Dong Kyu
Priority date: 2000-11-03
Filing date: 2001-11-02
Publication date: 2002-05-10
Also published as: AU2002224144A1; KR100397818B1; KR20010008031A

Abstract

The present invention relates to a method for adding a personal ID(Identifier) to an internet host address and allowing a computer to recognize the same. The present invention, that is the method for recognizing a character string (ID) added to URL comprising steps of, (a1) inputting a new character string formed by inserting a character string and '@' in turn before an internet domain name to a URL inputting section of a web browser which is accessible to the internet; (b1) extracting the character string inserted before '@' and transmitting the same to said host server; and (c1) calling a file corresponding the said character string from the disk area of said server divided into individual file units according to said character string. According to the present invention, a single domain name may have infinite client's virtual domain addresses in the same form as that of the conventional electronic mail address. And, an electronic mail service function may be obtained without any mail server by combining the same with a board program. Further, characters of various languages, symbols, numbers, figures, and space may freely by used for a character string of a virtual domain name including '@' like an example (I), and a user may directly send/receive messages on web.

Description

A METHOD FOR DISCRIMINATING STRING ADDED TO UNIFORM RESOURCE

LOCATOR , BUSINESS METHOD USING THE METHOD AND COMPUTER

READABLE MEDIUM HAVING STORED THEREON COMPUTER EXECUTABLE

INSTRUCTION FOR PERFORMING THE BUSINESS METHOD

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

(a) Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to a method for recognizing a character string

added to URL, a business method by using the same, and a computer readable

medium comprising computer executable instruction for performing the same. More

particularly, it relates to a method for recognizing an individual identification ID as well as a domain name when a character string indicating the individual identification ID and

@ are additionally input before the domain name in an URL inputting section of a web

browser. The individual identification ID may be comprised of not only Alpha-Numeric

words but also letters of various languages such as Korean, Chinese, Japanese, Arabic,

Spanish, French, German, etc. and various expansion characters. These can be used

by being variously mixed. That is, according to the present invention, every individual of

all over the world may personally be discriminated by using a domain name not

restricted to a specific language system and an individual identification ID connected

with the domain name. And by using this, the same function of sending/receiving

electronic mails may be performed.

(b) Description of the Related Art

People generally use URL (Uniform Resource Locator) such as

'http://www.onzi.co.kr/onzipat/search' to access an website. Here, 'www.onzi.co.kr' of

the above URL is a domain name that means an address of a host computer where electronic information resources are stored in. Vonzipat/search' of the above URL

means a directory in the computer. V of the above URL is a symbol promised to use for

indicating a desired directory name in a file system having hierarchical directory

structure.

The number of virtual domain is restricted according to a range of a

DNS(Domain Name System) server and a range of IP CLASS. For example, only within

255 of individual domains may be assigned in an IP band of B CLASS.

DNS server, a kind of dispersed database, is a system mapping host names

and IP addresses with each other, providing Resolution with a host name as an IP

address, and being used by TCP/IP application.

Conventionally, some sites providing personal homepage areas from a server of a business proprietor uses 7' as a URL mark for indicating a personal homepage area to

overcome the limit mentioned above. For example, 'http://www.onzi.co.kr/~jkyang'.

However, general users are not accustomed to such an expression and thus, there is a

problem that the frequency of use of general users is low.

Generally, to send an electronic mail through the internet, both side of sender

and receiver must have a mail server. And, in order to use an electronic mailing service,

a user should pass a process of receiving a user account from the mail server.

Meanwhile, a user may use an electronic mailing service through an intermediate

business proprietor who provides a mail server though the user does not possess a mail

server. However, even in this case, a user should apply for an account of his/her own

and pass an authentication process.

The process of using the conventional electronic mailing service is as follows.

At first, a user executes a program of an electronic mailing agent such as Outlook of MS Inc. in his/her terminal and writes a message. Next, the user transmits the message

outside through a predetermined internet port. On transmitting, the message goes via

predetermined route on internet. For example, the message reaches a receiver's

electronic mail server via intermediate system, mail server, etc. Further, the receiver

accesses his/her electronic mail server and brings a copy of the received message to

his/her terminal to complete the electronic mail sending/receiving process.

The sending/receiving of the electronic mail and the information provision

through web pages are made via internet ports which are technically different from each

other. That is, the information should pass through several stages of transmission

server for transmitting the same, accordingly, there is a problem that some information

may be lost or leaked out in the process of transmission. Further, when a receiver

replies to the sender after receiving an electronic mail, the message should go via

several complicated routes. Accordingly, the mailing procedure may not be performed in

real-time. Such problems are undesirable considering the tendency of technical

development hereafter taking the real-time information exchange as an object.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is to overcome the conventional problems mentioned

above. That is, it is an object of the present invention to provide a method for using and

making the computer recognize the same expression of the electronic mail address by

inserting '@' before the domain address represented as 'http://', which gives to shorten

the communication route and to extend the opportunity of personal homepage and

electronic commerce.

Further, another object of the present invention is to provide a method of transmitting a message in real-time by inputting an address in the form of

'http://id@domain' on a web browser to directly access an account of the corresponding

receiver and writing a message without necessity for building the mail server.

To achieve the above object, the method for recognizing a character string

added to URL comprising steps of, (a1 ) inputting a new character string formed by

inserting a character string and '@' in turn before an internet domain name to an URL

inputting section of a web browser which is accessible to the internet; (b1 ) extracting the

character string inserted before '@' and transmitting the same to said host server; and

(d ) calling a file corresponding to said character string from the disk area of said server

divided into individual file units according to said character string.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Conventionally, if the character '@' is input before a domain name on an URL

inputting section of a web browser, the character '@' before the domain name is not

recognized. The character '@' is treated as a meaningless character and transmitted to

a web page of a corresponding server. That means that the character '@' and a certain

character string before '@' are transmitted as a reference value. For example, when

'http://jkyang@onzi.co.kr' is input as an URL, only 'onzi.co.kr' is recognized and is input

to a corresponding web engine and '@' and 'jkyang' before '@' is transmitted but

disused being regarded as a meaningless value.

Accordingly, if it is possible to extract the character string before '@'

corresponding to a personal ID to have the computer recognize the same as a valuable

character string(personal ID), it is possible to connect the personal ID with certain

information corresponding the personal ID in a server. Here, even when the domain name is replaced with IP address, the same result

may be obtained. That is, the same effect can be obtained by the access with

http://jkyang@210.182.39.141 as by the access with http://jkyang@onzi.co.kr.

In addition, even in some web browsers such as the Netscape and the Linux

system where the transmission of the expanded 2 byte characters such as Korean,

special characters, Chinese, Japanese, etc. recognized in a character set in web server

is incomplete when referenced to an internet domain name in a script, a character string

may completely be accepted as a domain character string by being converted via

CGI(Common Gateway Interface) of web server through an 'environment variable'

expressed by $ENV'QUERY_STRING' grammar.

Further, it is preferable that the first extraction of the character string of b1 step

be made in a client's terminal.

If the extraction of the character string is made entirely in the server, the

physical load is applied to the server in every reference because of infinite addresses

expanded in the web server. So the processes cannot be performed smoothly.

Accordingly, the character string had better be transmitted to the corresponding web

page after extracted in the CPU of the client's system to reduce the physical load of the

server.

Here, the extraction of the character string of the step b1 may be done by JAVA

script language. And also it can be performed by an embodiment such as a following

program.

function ChecklD(str) { var pos = str.indexOf("@"); if (pos == -1 || pos == 0) return ""; var value = str.split("@"); if (value[1J. length < 1 ) return ""; var domain = value[1].split("."); if (domain. length < 2 || domain[1]. length < 1 ) return ""; var value2 = value[0].split("."); if (value2[1]) id=value2[1]; else id=value2[0]; return id;

var _referer=document.location.toString(); var _length=_referer.length; var _key = ChecklD(_referer.substr(7,_length-7)); if(_key){

_targeturl="http://MemoDesk.COM/MemoDesk/Public/UserFrame.htm?"+_key; }else{

_targeturl="http://MemoDesk.COM/MemoDesk/DefaultHome.htm";

} window.frames['DeskMainPane ].document.location.replace(_targeturl);

The above-mentioned program first analyzes an input URL. If the URL

comprises '@', the program extracts a character string before '@' and reorganizes the

same as usable information and when the URL does not comprise '@', the program branches the same to be interpreted as a normal domain address. Further, it is possible

to add the branch of www address. Here, the access address of a sender is maintained

as it is input.

On the other hand, the call of file of the step d may be made by CGI(Common

Gateway Interface) program and it is also possible by an embodiment such as a

following program.

CLIENT SIDE : function ChecklD2(str) { var id=""; var pos = str.indexOff?"); if (pos == -1 || pos == 0) return "None"; var value = str.split("?"); if (value[1].length < 1 ) return "None"; if (value[1]) id=value[1]; else id="None"; return id;

} var _referer=document.location.toString(); var Jength=_referer.length; var _key = ChecklD2(_referer.substr(7,_length-7)); var argeturl="UserMain.cgi?"+_key+"?"+_ts; var _targeturl2="UserFront.htm?"+_key; window.frames['NulPaner].document.location.replace(_targeturl2); SERVER SIDE : #! perl

SgEncKeyWord = "SENVQUERY.STRING™; ($_id , $_nulstr) = split(//, $gEncKeyWord, 2);

A completely independent web address may be created in one domain by

repeating the script such as the above-mentioned program and the newly created

address is then transmitted to CGI of the web server. As the CGI of the web server, a

traditional RDB(Relational Database) engine may be used for the individual account

management. And a general board CGI for managing individual addresses is made by

using File System Addressing function of the web server without the RDB engine in the

point that the concept of the web server is similar to that of the RDB.

Application of the CGI having a function of general board to the individual

account may be made by an embodiment such as following program,

sub pllnt_ChecklD { local ($dbName, $memberld) = @_; local ($mem_dir);

$mem_dir = "$_wb'DataDir/$dbName/$_wb'MemberDir"; return $_pro'error if ( ! -f "$mem_dir/$memberld"); return $_pro'success;

}

According to the above-mentioned program, an address transmitted from the

client side is received by means of $ENV{'QUERY_STRING'}, then divided and

assigned to $dbName and $memberlD. And then, the assigned address as an individual file unit is read from a disk area of the web server such as "if(!-f "$mem- dir/$memberld")';. Since the data stored in a CGI-BIN area on web cannot be directly

accessed without passing through the Server Side CGI, the individual security can be

also maintained.

Furthermore, in case a large-scale service such as MX record of E-mail service

is provided, the load of access applied to the server may be dispersed by dispersed

server systems in stages of separating character string set of each ID, forming

permutation and/or combination, then converting and assigning it into the domain

character of the corresponding dispersed server when CGI call.

For example, the inputted ID character string can be dispersed and processed

by dispersing it into infinite server groups from the combination of character string value

as shown in the following program. if($first_str > 126){

$second_str=ord($gEncKeyWord2); if($second_str > 126){ # 3^rd character

$_server_num3 = &Mod($third_str,$_language_mask); In addition, the character string inserted before '@' may be a combined

character string comprising one or more selected from among characters of various

languages, symbols, numbers, figures, and space. For example, since Korean is more

familiar in Korea, an URL such as 'http://βi=! !§@onzi.co.kr' may be used. In the same

way, an URL such as 'http://55ll l@onzi.co.kr' may be used in China and an URL such

as 'http://£ ^t^N@onzi.co.kr' may be used in Japan. In another way, a character string

comprised of special characters using emoticon such as 'http://(^Λ_^Λ)@onzi.co.kr' may

be used. On the other hand, a service for providing web addresses for a plurality of

clients by one domain may be provided by using the method of adding individual ID to an URL as follows.

The service comprising of steps, (a2) a building, by business proprietor, a web

server connected to the internet and a CGI program server where a program for

performing (d ) step of claim 1 is stored in; (b2) an access, by client, said web server of

said business proprietor by inputting a character string newly combined by inserting a

character string and '@' in turn before the internet domain name of said business

proprietor to an URL inputting section of a web browser which is accessible to the

internet; (c2) transmitting the character string before '@' extracted at a terminal of said

client to said host server; (d2) calling, by business proprietor, a web page corresponding

to said character string from a disk area of said business proprietor's server which is

divided into individual file units according to said character string and transmitting the

web page to said client; and (e2) reading and writing, by said client, the web page which

is transmitted from said business proprietor.

The object of the present invention may be achieved by computer readable

medium having computer executable instruction for performing the method for recognizing a character string added to URL. For example, ROM (Read Only Memory),

RAM (Random Access Memory), CD (Compact Disk)-Rom, DVD (Digital Video Disk)-

Rom, magnetic tape, floppy disk, hard disk, optical data storage device, etc. may be mentioned. Further, something implemented in the form of carrier wave (for example,

transmission through internet) is also included. In addition, in such a writing medium,

code that is dispersed in computer systems connected by network and that the

computer can read in dispersed way may be stored and executed. [Embodiment]

Fig. 1 is a structural diagram of network of an electronic mailing service

according to the conventional art.

Referring to Fig. 1 , according to the conventional method, when clients having

personal computer(PC) 10 and 1 1 respectively send electronic mails to each other

through the internet 20, the mails should pass through mail servers 13 and 32. If a

personal client possesses a web server 12 and a mail server 13 or his/her PC is

connected with a web server 12 and a mail server 13 by LAN, the personal client may

send or receive electronic mails by forming a mailing account in the mail server 13.

However, a client PC 1 1 without a web server 12 and a mail server 13 should access a

web server 31 of a server provider 30 who provides the servers and receive an account

of his/her ID from a mail server 32 of the server provider 30 to send or receive

electronic mails.

Thus, according to the conventional system, it is possible to send or receive the

electronic mail only via the mail server in any case and the user should get his/her own

ID assigned from the mail server.

Fig. 2 is a structural diagram of a business network for providing '@' domain

servers according to the present invention.

According to Fig. 2, when a sender 40 wants to transmit a message to a

receiver 50, the mail server 13 and 32 is not required on the contrary to the description

of Fig. 1.

In the first place, the receiver 50 accesses a web server 70 of a '@' domain

server provider 60 and a personal ID for the receiver 50 is assigned by a '@' domain. At

this time, the personal ID is used in the form of 'http://id@domain' at the time when the user accesses the web page of the '@' domain server 70 and a personal homepage

corresponding to the personal ID is assigned in the web server.

At the time when the said sender 40 wants to transmit a message to the said

receiver 50, the sender 40 accesses the web server 70 of the said '@' domain server

provider 60 by using personal terminal which is connected to the internet 20. At this time,

the sender 40 accesses the receiver's homepage which is already assigned to the said

receiver 50 by inputting an URL in the form of 'http://id@domain' to the URL inputting

section, not the homepage of the server provider. The method for recognition of the

user's personal ID positioned before the domain name may be realized by such as

JAVA program as described above. And the separation of the ID from the said URL is

performed in the terminal of the sender 40 who input the URL firstly for the purpose of reducing the load applied to the server of the '@' domain server provider 60. The

recognition process of the separated ID is performed at the '@' domain server system

80 as described above. And, the web page corresponding to the said ID character string

is called by the CGI program and is displayed to the said sender 40 through the said

web server 70.

Then, the said sender 40 writes a message which be sent to the said receiver

on the homepage of the receiver 50. As the message data is stored in real-time through

the said CGI, the said receiver 50 is able to read the message written by the sender 40

in real-time.

To read the message sent from the said sender 40, the said receiver 50

accesses his/her own '@' domain at the '@' domain server system of the '@' domain

server provider by inputting the URL in the form of 'http://id@domain', and then can

read the said message. In the conventional electronic mailing service, there are differences in time and

space between the sender and the receiver to transmit and to receive a message,

according to the present invention, on the other hand, the restrictions of the time and

space can be overcome because the sender can directly access the receiver's area and

then write and transmit a message.

Fig. 3 is a structural diagram of a '@' domain server system according to the

present invention.

Referring to Fig. 3, a client 90 having a '@' domain account may have a web browser 91 and an outside browser 92 and access the web server 70 of the said '@'

domain server system 60 through the said web browser 91.

As described in Fig. 2, the client 90 accesses the said web server 70 by

inputting the URL in the form of 'http://id@domain' to the URL inputting section of the

web browser 91 and the ID part of the URL is separated to allow the said web server 70

to request the data to the CGI program. Being requested to output the data, the CGI

program finds out the data corresponding to the said search condition from a database

83 in a DBMS engine 82 and transmits the data as the output value to the said web

server 70. Being transmitted to the said web server 70, the output value is provided to

the web browser 91 of the said client 90 in the form of web page. In addition, the said

DBMS engine 82 play the role to output the data from the database 83, being correlated

with an application development tool 84 and a database application server 85.

It is preferable that the structure of the field and the form of the data of the

database 83 be formed as shown in Table 1.

[Table 1]

Fig. 4 is a block diagram showing a flow of an electronic mailing service according to the conventional art.

Referring to Fig. 4, according to the conventional electronic mailing service, a message written by a sender should pass through plural steps from the sender's PC 40 to a receiver's PC 50.

In the first place, once a sender creates a message at the sender's PC 40, the message passes several steps of relay host 110, 120 via a SMTP server (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol server) 100 and then the said message is transmitted to the receiver's PC 50 through a POP3(Post Office Protocol 3) server 130, where the SMTP is a TCP/IP

protocol which is used to send/receive electronic mails, and, POP3 is a client/server

protocol which is used for the internet server to receive the electronic mails and to store

its contents.

Fig. 5 is a block diagram showing a flow of an electronic mailing service

according to the present invention.

Referring to said Fig. 5, a sender 40 may transmit a message to a receiver 50

by accessing the '@' domain server system without a server for electronic mails

described as in said Fig. 4. To receive a message, at first, the receiver 50 is provided a

web page of 'id@domain' similar form of an electronic mail address from the '@' domain server system provider 60. A method for transmitting a message from the sender 40 to

the receiver 50 is as follows. At first, the sender 40 accesses the '@' domain server by

inputting an URL in the form of 'http://id@domain' which the ID and the domain name of

the receiver 50 being combined, to the URL inputting section of the web browser. The

'@' domain server system provides the sender 40 with web page of the receiver 50, by

transmitting a new address which is created corresponding the ID character string to the

ID of the receiver 50 of the inputted URL, to the Server Side CGI of the web server.

The process of transmitting a message is finished simply by that the sender 40

write a message which be transmitted on the web page of the receiver 50. The receiver

50 may check the message transmitted from the sender 40 by accessing his/her web

page by inputting the URL in the form of 'http://id@domain'.

Fig. 6 is a flow chart of an electronic mailing service using '@' domain according

to an embodiment of the present invention. According to Fig. 6, a sender 40 may transmit a message to a receiver 50 by

using the method for recognition of an URL to which personal ID is added.

At first, when the service is started S600, a receiver 50 who wants to get a web

page for receiving or checking messages should access a web page of a '@' domain

service provider and an account for the receiver should be registered S601. When the

receiver 50 is registered an account, he/she may get an URL of '@' domain name in the

form of 'id@domain' S602 and get a web page corresponding to the '@' domain name.

In addition, when a user wants to provide an advertising service or to provide data

through the said assigned web page, he/she should register marketing data to the said

'@' domain server S603.

If the sender 40 wants to transmit a message to the receiver 50, at first, the

sender 40 accesses the web page of the receiver S604 by using 'id@domain' which is

provided when the receiver is registered an account. The access method is just that the

sender 40 inputs 'http://id@domain' to an URL inputting section of the web browser of

the sender 40.

As described above, when the URL is inputted, the '@' domain server system 80 reads the script page S605, and analyzes the domain name comprising '@' to

separate the account S606. After recognition process of the ID is finished, the server

system 80 transmits the newly classified address to the CGI of the web server and

accesses the receiver's account S607. When the web page of the receiver is provided

to the sender 40, the sender 40 writes a message to be transmitted to the receiver in

the web page S608. While the sender writes the message, the sender 40 is provided

advertisings, publicities, or shopping data from the receiver 50 or the '@' domain server

provider 60 S609. When finished writing the message, the message is stored S610. The service is finished S61 1 as the receiver 50 access the '@' domain and check the

message S611 _:

Fig. 7 is a diagram showing a web page for writing an electronic mail according

to an embodiment of the present invention.

Referring to Fig. 7, if the sender 40 wants to write a message to the receiver 50,

the sender 40 accesses '@' domain of the receiver and is provided a web page 700 of

the receiver 50 where the sender can write a message.

The sender 40 inputs 'http://jypark@onzi.co.kr' in an URL inputting section of

the web browser to access the '@' domain of the receiver 50, where 'jypark' is an ID of

the receiver 50 and 'onzi.co.kr' is a domain name of the web server providing the '@'

domain service. The web page 702 of the receiver 50 may be comprised of various

items such as introduction of myself 703, album 704, my favorite sites 705, visitor's

book 706, E-mail 707, etc. If a sender 40 selects an item of sending E-mail 707, a web

page to write e-mail 708 shown as in Fig. 7. On the web page of writing e-mail, blanks

for inputting the receiver 709, the e-mail address of sender 710, the sender's name 71 1 ,

the title 712, and the contents 713, similarly as the ordinary e-mail menu, are presented.

When finished writing the message, the message is sent by click of the button for

sending 714. In fact, the message is stored in the web page of the receiver 50.

While the sender 40 writes a message, the sender 40 may be provided

advertisings, publicities, or shopping data 716 by the receiver 50 or the '@' domain

server provider 60.

According to the present invention, on the contrary to the concept of

conventional web messaging that one assesses when he/she want to receive a

message, a sender can directly accesses a web page of a receive. Accordingly, the exposure of the page corresponding to the web page is maximized, and because the domain address except 'http://' is the same form as that of the conventional electronic mail address, a personal homepage area including shopping mall and marketing area can be easily assessed. In addition, since the process of classification and separation of the ID at first is performed at the client's system without RDB Query, it is possible to minimize the load of the server. Further, since an http port different from an E-mail port is used, the conventional E-mail service may be provided at the same time or may be replaced with the inventive E-mail service. Furthermore, since expanded characters such as Korean, Chinese, Japanese, French, German, Spanish, Arabic, etc. may be used, it is possible to extend business area regardless of the language area.

In addition, there are advantages that the expense for managing one's own web page by oneself may be reduced from the point of each user, and the indirect advertising and the profit may be accomplished through a service provided by the service provider such as a board, shopping, etc.

While the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the preferred embodiments, those skilled in the art will appreciate that various modifications and substitutions can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as set forth in the appended claims.

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. A method for recognizing a character string(ID) added to URL comprising steps of:

(a1) inputting a new character string formed by inserting a character string and '@' in turn before an internet domain name to an URL inputting section of a web browser which is accessible to the internet;

(b1) extracting the character string inserted before '@' and transmitting the same to said host server; and

(d ) calling a file corresponding to said character string from the disk area of said server divided into individual file units according to said character string.

2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said domain name is replaced with an IP address and said steps are processed.

3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said extraction of the character string of (b1 ) step is made at the client's terminal.

4. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said extraction of the character string of (b1 ) step is made by using the JAVA script language.

5. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said call of individual file of (d) step is made by using 'QUERY_STRING', the server environment variable.

6. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said character string inserted before '@' is a character string comprising one or more selected from among characters of various languages, symbols, numbers, figures, and space.

7. A method for providing web addresses for a plurality of clients with a

single domain comprising steps of:

(a2) a building, by business proprietor, a web server connected to the internet

and a CGI program server where a program for performing (d ) step of claim 1 is stored

in;

(b2) an access, by client, said web server of said business proprietor by

inputting a character string newly combined by inserting a character string and '@' in

turn before the internet domain name of said business proprietor to an URL inputting

section of a web browser which is accessible to the internet;

(c2) transmitting the character string before '@' extracted at a terminal of said

client to said host server;

(d2) calling, by business proprietor, a web page corresponding to said character

string from a disk area of said business proprietor's server which is divided into

individual file units according to said character string and transmitting the web page to

said client; and

(e2) reading and writing, by said client, the web page which is transmitted from

said business proprietor.

8. A computer readable medium comprising computer executable instruction for performing the method according to any one of claim 1 to claim 7.