WO2001085648A1 - Process for the generation of a gas - Google Patents

Process for the generation of a gas Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2001085648A1
WO2001085648A1 PCT/NL2001/000339 NL0100339W WO0185648A1 WO 2001085648 A1 WO2001085648 A1 WO 2001085648A1 NL 0100339 W NL0100339 W NL 0100339W WO 0185648 A1 WO0185648 A1 WO 0185648A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
gas
generating
process according
solid material
product made
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/NL2001/000339
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Ronald Peter Van Den Berg
Rutger Webb
Original Assignee
Nederlandse Organisatie Voor Toegepast-Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek Tno
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Nederlandse Organisatie Voor Toegepast-Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek Tno filed Critical Nederlandse Organisatie Voor Toegepast-Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek Tno
Priority to AU2001255107A priority Critical patent/AU2001255107A1/en
Publication of WO2001085648A1 publication Critical patent/WO2001085648A1/en

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
    • C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
    • C06B23/00—Compositions characterised by non-explosive or non-thermic constituents
    • C06B23/04—Compositions characterised by non-explosive or non-thermic constituents for cooling the explosion gases including antifouling and flash suppressing agents
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
    • C06D—MEANS FOR GENERATING SMOKE OR MIST; GAS-ATTACK COMPOSITIONS; GENERATION OF GAS FOR BLASTING OR PROPULSION (CHEMICAL PART)
    • C06D5/00—Generation of pressure gas, e.g. for blasting cartridges, starting cartridges, rockets
    • C06D5/06—Generation of pressure gas, e.g. for blasting cartridges, starting cartridges, rockets by reaction of two or more solids

Definitions

  • the invention relates to applied chemistry, more specifically to the generation of gases of low temperature for various purposes.
  • Gas generating processes based on the decomposition or burning of chemical propellants and other compositions are frequently being used for a number of purposes. It is known that gas for inflation can be generated by decomposition or burning of solid materials, such as azides. However, these materials have the disadvantage that they generate a very hot gas, which is often unwanted, because of the hazards thereof to the environment or the object to be used.
  • these gases can be cooled by using the endothermal decomposition of a product made of gas penetrable solid material.
  • the hot gas generated by the burning of a solid material passes through the porous material.
  • the heat of decomposition needed is given off by the hot gas, which cools as a consequence thereof.
  • the cooling can be effected by an endothermal reaction, or of a phase transition of the solid porous material or making use of physical properties (e.g. heat capacity). Examples of phase transition are melting, evaporation and sublimation.
  • phase transition are melting, evaporation and sublimation.
  • there is a need for generating a gas in that way whereby the temperature of the gas in not fixed at the level determined by the system, but rather can be determined independently of the system.
  • the invention is accordingly directed to a process and a system for generating a gas having a temperature of between 50 and 500°C, by generating a hot gas using combustion of a combustible material, cooling at least part of the said hot gas using the endothermal decomposition of a product made of gas penetrable solid material, wherein the porosity of the said product made of gas penetrable solid material and thereby the heat exchange with the undecomposed mass is controlled, and/or by adjusting the chemical composition of the said product made of gas penetrable solid material and/or the gas generating material, and/or by mixing part of the cooled gas and part of uncooled gas to provide a gas of the required temperature and/or the grain size of the gas generating material.
  • the present invention is based on the surprising idea, that it is possible to produce a gas of an intermediate temperature by various means, namely either by controlling the porosity of the said product made of gas penetrable solid material and thereby the heat exchange with the undecomposed mass, by adjusting the chemical composition of the said product made of gas penetrable solid material and/or the gas generating material, or by providing a by-pass for part of the hot gas, which is then mixed with the cold gas.
  • first two embodiments may be combined with the last one to provide a variable temperature.
  • the temperature of the final gas can be selected. It is quite surprising that it is possible to obtain two separate gas flows from the single source of combustion, without influencing the total combustion unduly.
  • the process of the present invention is carried out by providing the combustion of a combustible material, whereby at least part of the generated gas is passed through the cooling material, and optionally part is by-passing the cooling material.
  • a method of generating cold gases specifically nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, carbon dioxide or a gas-mixture containing at least one of these gases, is used, which method is based on the decomposition of a product made of gas penetrable solid material.
  • the gas penetratable solid material comprises a nitrogen (or other gas) source and a heat absorbing mixture, whereby the gaseous reaction products are cooled by passing the hot gases through the said porous body of the product in the moving direction of the reaction front.
  • the hot gases heat the porous body to a temperature necessary to support the endothermic chemical reaction taking place.
  • the heating of the porous body is necessary to enable the main reaction.
  • the decomposition of the cooling agent is also an endothermic chemical reaction.
  • the type of gas generating material can be freely selected among the suitable propellant or other gas generating materials.
  • the gas to be generated will be nitrogen, but it is also possible to generate oxygen, hydrogen, carbon dioxide or a suitable mixture of gases.
  • the high temperature burning gases are passed through the layer of the cooling agent or the heat exchanger and the temperature of the gases decreases as a result of the endothermal decomposition process of, or heat absorption by the cooling agent.
  • the initial temperature of the gases depends on the chemical composition of the gas generating mass, and can be influenced by that.
  • the degree of cooling of the generated gas depends on the composition of the gas generating material (including optional cooling agent), the porosity of the gas generating material and the grain size of the gas generating material. Generally the gas is cooled to a temperature below 100°C, but a value within the range of 25 to 75°C is preferred.
  • a by-pass of hot gas can be created, which hot gas is mixed with the cool gas in a variable amount.
  • the relative amounts of the two gas flows determine the final temperature, which may be between about 50°C and about 500°C.
  • the relative amounts of the two gas flows, hot and cold, can be obtained using suitably designed lines and gas flow controlling devices, such as valves, orifices and the like.
  • the decomposition reaction generally results in Na and the gas.
  • the formed gas is blown off and the slag remains.
  • This slag comprises of the remains of cementing agent and cooling agent and metallic sodium.
  • This highly chemically reactive sodium is thus generated.
  • This highly reactive material will accumulate in the condensed burning products and thus provides a potential hazard for persons involved. When moisture is present this can result in vigorous and dangerous reactions taking place in combination with the generation of the highly flammable and explosive hydrogen.
  • this problem can easily be overcome by the use of a gas generator comprising a first body, comprising means for the generation of gas, and a second body, comprising means for the generation of a neutralisation agent, wherein means are present for contacting the neutralisation agent with the reaction products formed in the generation of gas in the first body, and wherein means are present for operating the means in the second body at a temporal and/or spatial interval with the means in the first body.
  • the principle encompasses two gas generators.
  • a first gas generator with the primary task of generating gas of variable temperature, and a second gas generator with the primary task of generating neutralizing compounds for the slag obtained from the first gas generator.
  • the first gas generator contains a composition from which gas of variable temperature can be obtained by the decomposition of a gas generating composition in the form of a gas penetrable solid material wherein the generated gaseous products are passed through the porous body in the moving direction of the reaction front.
  • the second gas generator (the neutraliser) is another composition, comprising a gas generating composition together with an effective neutraliser compound, for instance sulphur.
  • an effective neutraliser compound for instance sulphur.
  • gas and vaporised sulphur is generated at a time and space interval with the first gas generator.
  • the gas and vaporised sulphur is generated at a rate and a manner that the effective neutralisation of slag is accomplished and the vaporised sulphur is not emitted.
  • the vaporised sulphur reacts with the reaction products from the first gas generator such that the products are effectively neutralised.
  • the first and second gas generator do not have to be physically separated from each other.
  • the vaporised neutraliser of the second generator can come into contact with the slag from the first generator.
  • the neutralisation takes place behind the reaction front of the decomposition reaction of the first gas generator.
  • the spatial interval between the said reaction front of the first gas generator and production of the neutralising agent in the second gas generator is such that the reaction products of high temperature from the first gas generator stay behind, while the nitrogen gas is blown off.
  • the neutralisation front lags behind the decomposition front and neutralises the said reaction products remaining behind.
  • the rate at which the gas generating composition decomposes is different from the decomposition rate of the neutraliser charge.
  • the decomposition of the gas generating composition and the neutraliser are started simultaneously.
  • Metallic slag is formed, followed by the generation of vaporous neutraliser in the second generator, which neutralises the slag.
  • the moment at which the neutraliser is activated lies later than the moment of activation of the gas generator.
  • the activation, or ignition, of the two bodies can be done by any suitable means known in the art.
  • the process of the present invention may be used for generating gas of a variable temperature, i.e. a temperature that is relatively independent of the type of gas generating material, and which temperature may further be dependent on the specifics of the location and the situation. Examples of suitable applications are especially in the rescue and salvage operations, generating of aerosols having multispectral properties (IR and visible), heat shields, and the like.
  • the composition can also be employed for gas generation in areas where only permissible explosives are allowed.
  • the present invention can also suitably be applied in the melting, spraying and/or atomizing of insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, rodicides, and the like, which materials are quite often applied in the form of a mist or aerosol, using airplanes or other suitable machinery for that purpose.

Abstract

The present invention is directed to a process for generating a gas having a temperature of between 50 and 500 °C, by generating a hot gas using combustion of a combustible material, cooling at least part of the said hot gas using the endothermal decomposition of a product made of gas penetrable solid material, wherein the porosity of the said product made of gas penetrable solid material and thereby the heat exchange with the undecomposed mass is controlled, or by adjusting the chemical composition of the said product made of gas penetrable solid material and/or the gas generating material, and/or by mixing part of the cooled gas and part of uncooled gas to provide a gas of the required temperature and/or the grain size of the gas generating material.

Description

PROCESS FOR THE GENERATION OF A GAS
The invention relates to applied chemistry, more specifically to the generation of gases of low temperature for various purposes.
Under various circumstances there exist the need for providing a gas to a system, for example for blanketing purposes, passivation, medicinal, cooling, heating and the like. Usually these systems are either based on compressed gases stored in cylinders, or on compressors driven by external power, such as gasoline or electricity. The latter approach is not useful in case the power/energy has to be provided on locations where such facilities are not available. Examples thereof can be found in all kinds of emergency systems, rescue and salvage systems and the like. Also the use of compressed gas has disadvantages, as these systems require maintenance and cannot be relied on in situations where only occasionally need exists for its use. Further, the use of compressed gas may lead to temperature decrease due to adiabatic expansion. The weight and size of the system for providing the gas for power generation is also an important consideration.
Gas generating processes based on the decomposition or burning of chemical propellants and other compositions are frequently being used for a number of purposes. It is known that gas for inflation can be generated by decomposition or burning of solid materials, such as azides. However, these materials have the disadvantage that they generate a very hot gas, which is often unwanted, because of the hazards thereof to the environment or the object to be used.
It is known that these gases can be cooled by using the endothermal decomposition of a product made of gas penetrable solid material. The hot gas generated by the burning of a solid material passes through the porous material. The heat of decomposition needed is given off by the hot gas, which cools as a consequence thereof. The cooling can be effected by an endothermal reaction, or of a phase transition of the solid porous material or making use of physical properties (e.g. heat capacity). Examples of phase transition are melting, evaporation and sublimation. However, there is a need for generating a gas in that way, whereby the temperature of the gas in not fixed at the level determined by the system, but rather can be determined independently of the system. There is also a need for generating a gas having a temperature intermediate between the temperature of a cold gas generator (between 25 and 95°C) and of a hot gas generator (about 1000°C).
The invention is accordingly directed to a process and a system for generating a gas having a temperature of between 50 and 500°C, by generating a hot gas using combustion of a combustible material, cooling at least part of the said hot gas using the endothermal decomposition of a product made of gas penetrable solid material, wherein the porosity of the said product made of gas penetrable solid material and thereby the heat exchange with the undecomposed mass is controlled, and/or by adjusting the chemical composition of the said product made of gas penetrable solid material and/or the gas generating material, and/or by mixing part of the cooled gas and part of uncooled gas to provide a gas of the required temperature and/or the grain size of the gas generating material.
The present invention is based on the surprising idea, that it is possible to produce a gas of an intermediate temperature by various means, namely either by controlling the porosity of the said product made of gas penetrable solid material and thereby the heat exchange with the undecomposed mass, by adjusting the chemical composition of the said product made of gas penetrable solid material and/or the gas generating material, or by providing a by-pass for part of the hot gas, which is then mixed with the cold gas.
Further, the first two embodiments may be combined with the last one to provide a variable temperature. By selecting the ratio of the two gas flows, the temperature of the final gas can be selected. It is quite surprising that it is possible to obtain two separate gas flows from the single source of combustion, without influencing the total combustion unduly.
In general, the process of the present invention is carried out by providing the combustion of a combustible material, whereby at least part of the generated gas is passed through the cooling material, and optionally part is by-passing the cooling material.
In the present invention a method of generating cold gases, specifically nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, carbon dioxide or a gas-mixture containing at least one of these gases, is used, which method is based on the decomposition of a product made of gas penetrable solid material. The gas penetratable solid material (porous body) comprises a nitrogen (or other gas) source and a heat absorbing mixture, whereby the gaseous reaction products are cooled by passing the hot gases through the said porous body of the product in the moving direction of the reaction front. The hot gases heat the porous body to a temperature necessary to support the endothermic chemical reaction taking place. The heating of the porous body is necessary to enable the main reaction. The decomposition of the cooling agent is also an endothermic chemical reaction.
The type of gas generating material can be freely selected among the suitable propellant or other gas generating materials. Generally the gas to be generated will be nitrogen, but it is also possible to generate oxygen, hydrogen, carbon dioxide or a suitable mixture of gases.
The high temperature burning gases are passed through the layer of the cooling agent or the heat exchanger and the temperature of the gases decreases as a result of the endothermal decomposition process of, or heat absorption by the cooling agent. The initial temperature of the gases depends on the chemical composition of the gas generating mass, and can be influenced by that.
The degree of cooling of the generated gas depends on the composition of the gas generating material (including optional cooling agent), the porosity of the gas generating material and the grain size of the gas generating material. Generally the gas is cooled to a temperature below 100°C, but a value within the range of 25 to 75°C is preferred.
Further a by-pass of hot gas can be created, which hot gas is mixed with the cool gas in a variable amount. The relative amounts of the two gas flows determine the final temperature, which may be between about 50°C and about 500°C. The relative amounts of the two gas flows, hot and cold, can be obtained using suitably designed lines and gas flow controlling devices, such as valves, orifices and the like.
When sodium compounds are used as the gas source for the temperature gas production, the decomposition reaction generally results in Na and the gas. The formed gas is blown off and the slag remains. This slag comprises of the remains of cementing agent and cooling agent and metallic sodium. Under these conditions of gas generation the highly chemically reactive sodium is thus generated. This highly reactive material will accumulate in the condensed burning products and thus provides a potential hazard for persons involved. When moisture is present this can result in vigorous and dangerous reactions taking place in combination with the generation of the highly flammable and explosive hydrogen.
According to a preferred embodiment this problem can easily be overcome by the use of a gas generator comprising a first body, comprising means for the generation of gas, and a second body, comprising means for the generation of a neutralisation agent, wherein means are present for contacting the neutralisation agent with the reaction products formed in the generation of gas in the first body, and wherein means are present for operating the means in the second body at a temporal and/or spatial interval with the means in the first body.
The principle encompasses two gas generators. A first gas generator with the primary task of generating gas of variable temperature, and a second gas generator with the primary task of generating neutralizing compounds for the slag obtained from the first gas generator.
The first gas generator contains a composition from which gas of variable temperature can be obtained by the decomposition of a gas generating composition in the form of a gas penetrable solid material wherein the generated gaseous products are passed through the porous body in the moving direction of the reaction front.
The second gas generator (the neutraliser) is another composition, comprising a gas generating composition together with an effective neutraliser compound, for instance sulphur. With the neutraliser composition gas and vaporised sulphur is generated at a time and space interval with the first gas generator. The gas and vaporised sulphur is generated at a rate and a manner that the effective neutralisation of slag is accomplished and the vaporised sulphur is not emitted. The vaporised sulphur reacts with the reaction products from the first gas generator such that the products are effectively neutralised. The first and second gas generator do not have to be physically separated from each other. In embodiments of the invention they can be placed in any position relative to each other, as long as the vaporised neutraliser of the second generator can come into contact with the slag from the first generator. The neutralisation takes place behind the reaction front of the decomposition reaction of the first gas generator. The spatial interval between the said reaction front of the first gas generator and production of the neutralising agent in the second gas generator is such that the reaction products of high temperature from the first gas generator stay behind, while the nitrogen gas is blown off. The neutralisation front lags behind the decomposition front and neutralises the said reaction products remaining behind.
In another embodiment of the invention the rate at which the gas generating composition decomposes is different from the decomposition rate of the neutraliser charge. Thus, the decomposition of the gas generating composition and the neutraliser are started simultaneously. Metallic slag is formed, followed by the generation of vaporous neutraliser in the second generator, which neutralises the slag.
In another embodiment of the invention the moment at which the neutraliser is activated lies later than the moment of activation of the gas generator.
The activation, or ignition, of the two bodies can be done by any suitable means known in the art.
The process of the present invention may be used for generating gas of a variable temperature, i.e. a temperature that is relatively independent of the type of gas generating material, and which temperature may further be dependent on the specifics of the location and the situation. Examples of suitable applications are especially in the rescue and salvage operations, generating of aerosols having multispectral properties (IR and visible), heat shields, and the like. The composition can also be employed for gas generation in areas where only permissible explosives are allowed.
The present invention can also suitably be applied in the melting, spraying and/or atomizing of insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, rodicides, and the like, which materials are quite often applied in the form of a mist or aerosol, using airplanes or other suitable machinery for that purpose.
All these applications have in common that they require a relatively cold and harmless gas to be generated at short notice at locations where no external power is available. Important in these applications is also that the equipment is relatively compact and remains reliable even after long periods of storage, without maintenance or testing. Especially the use of compressed gas requires continuous maintenance activities. For example in remote locations this may be difficult to arrange.

Claims

Claims
1. Process for generating a gas having a temperature of between 50 and 500°C, by generating a hot gas using combustion of a combustible material, cooling at least part of the said hot gas using the endothermal decomposition of a product made of gas penetrable solid material, wherein - the porosity of the said product made of gas penetrable solid material and thereby the heat exchange with the undecomposed mass is controlled, and/or by adjusting the chemical composition of the said product made of gas penetrable solid material and/or the gas generating material, and/or - by mixing part of the cooled gas and part of uncooled gas to provide a gas of the required temperature and/or the grain size of the gas generating material.
2. Process according to claim 1, wherein a combustible gas generating material is combusted and the generated hot gas is passed through the gas penetrable solid material.
3. Process according to anyone of the claims 1 and 2, wherein the gas is selected from the group of nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, carbon dioxide and gasmixtures containing at least one of these gases.
4. Process according to claim 1-3, wherein the gas is used in rescue and salvage operations.
5. Process according to claim 1-3, wherein the gas is used in generating of aerosols having multispectral properties (IR and visible), heat shields, and the like.
6. Process according to claim 1-3, wherein the gas is used for gas generation in areas where only permissible explosives are allowed.
7. Process according to claim 1-3, wherein the gas is used for melting and/or spraying and/or atomizing active substances, such as insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, rodicides and the like.
PCT/NL2001/000339 2000-05-08 2001-05-03 Process for the generation of a gas WO2001085648A1 (en)

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AU2001255107A AU2001255107A1 (en) 2000-05-08 2001-05-03 Process for the generation of a gas

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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EP00201650.9 2000-05-08
EP00201650A EP1153903A1 (en) 2000-05-08 2000-05-08 Process for the generation of a gas

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FR1099904A (en) * 1949-08-03 1955-09-14 Improvements to processes and devices for the production of pressurized gases
US2744816A (en) * 1947-10-10 1956-05-08 Ici Ltd Solid gas-generating charges
US3692495A (en) * 1970-06-19 1972-09-19 Thiokol Chemical Corp Gas generator
DE2351379A1 (en) * 1972-10-17 1974-05-09 Poudres & Explosifs Ste Nale PROCESS FOR QUICKLY RECOVERING A LARGE VOLUME OF NON-TOXIC GASES AT MODERATE TEMPERATURES BY COMBUSTION OF A FUEL
US4298412A (en) * 1979-05-04 1981-11-03 Thiokol Corporation Gas generator composition for producing cool effluent gases with reduced hydrogen cyanide content
RU2108282C1 (en) * 1996-11-28 1998-04-10 Научно-производственное объединение "Алтай" Method and device for producing cold gases
WO1999010093A1 (en) * 1997-08-21 1999-03-04 Nikolai Nikolaevich Sysoev Method for generating a low-temperature gas from solid fuel
WO2000006424A1 (en) * 1998-07-30 2000-02-10 Autoliv Asp, Inc. Treatment of airbag inflation gases
WO2001023327A1 (en) * 1999-09-30 2001-04-05 Altai Federal Research And Production Organisation Gas generator and method for the generation of low-temperature gas

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2744816A (en) * 1947-10-10 1956-05-08 Ici Ltd Solid gas-generating charges
FR1099904A (en) * 1949-08-03 1955-09-14 Improvements to processes and devices for the production of pressurized gases
US3692495A (en) * 1970-06-19 1972-09-19 Thiokol Chemical Corp Gas generator
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US4298412A (en) * 1979-05-04 1981-11-03 Thiokol Corporation Gas generator composition for producing cool effluent gases with reduced hydrogen cyanide content
RU2108282C1 (en) * 1996-11-28 1998-04-10 Научно-производственное объединение "Алтай" Method and device for producing cold gases
WO1999010093A1 (en) * 1997-08-21 1999-03-04 Nikolai Nikolaevich Sysoev Method for generating a low-temperature gas from solid fuel
WO2000006424A1 (en) * 1998-07-30 2000-02-10 Autoliv Asp, Inc. Treatment of airbag inflation gases
WO2001023327A1 (en) * 1999-09-30 2001-04-05 Altai Federal Research And Production Organisation Gas generator and method for the generation of low-temperature gas

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CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS, vol. 132, no. 1, 3 January 2000, Columbus, Ohio, US; abstract no. 4539z, A.M. TELENGATOR ET AL.: "Ignition analysis of a porous energetic material: II. Ignition at a closed heatred end" page 525; XP002140539 *
CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS, vol. 132, no. 7, 12 February 2000, Columbus, Ohio, US; abstract no. 80495x, V.A. SHANDAKOV ET AL.: "Cold gas generators multiple use in hazardous situations" page 845; XP002140538 *
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