WO2001084949A2

WO2001084949A2 - Protein and lipid sources for use in aquafeeds and animal feeds and a process for their preparation

Info

Publication number: WO2001084949A2
Application number: PCT/CA2001/000663
Authority: WO
Inventors: David Higgs; Robert E. Cairns; Ian Shand
Original assignee: Her Majesty The Queen In Right Of Canada As Represented By The Minister Of Fisheries And Oceans
Priority date: 2000-05-09
Filing date: 2001-05-08
Publication date: 2001-11-15
Also published as: WO2001084949A3; AU5811301A; AU2001258113B2; EP1280874A2

Abstract

A process for producing cold pressed human food grade plant oils, nutritionally upgraded oilseed meals, highly digestible protein concentrates, animal feed grade lipid sources, and constituents suitable for inclusion in organic fertilizers. The oilseed may be raw cold pressed/dehulled, heat-treated cold pressed/undehulled, heat-treated cold pressed/dehulled or heat-treated/dehulled seed. A source of minced and hydrolyzed animal offal is used and the oilseeds and the animal offal are blended together to form a mixture. Products produced by the process are also included.

Description

PROTEIN AND LIPID SOURCES FOR USE IN AQUAFEEDS AND ANIMAL FEEDS AND A PROCESS FOR THEIR PREPARATION Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to a novel process for the production of nutritionally upgraded protein and lipid sources for use in aquafeeds and other animal feeds. More specifically, the present invention relates to a process involving the co-processing of animal offal(s) with oilseed(s); the invention also relates to products produced thereby.

In addition, the invention relates to cold pressed plant oils suitable for organic human^'foods, as well as products for use as components in organic fertilizers, both produced by the process of the invention.

Background of the Invention

Feed accounts for on average 35-60% of the operating costs of salmon farms and it represents the largest cost in the culture of other carnivorous aquatic species. Moreover, the protein sources presently used account for about 51 % of the total feed cost and this percentage can be higher than this when increased reliance is placed on imported premium quality fish meals. The latter mainly originate from South America through the processing of whole pelagic fish species like sardines and anchovies and they are used to meet most of the dietary protein needs of farmed Canadian salmon. Accordingly, salmon farming profitability is marginal in Canada.

Currently, aquatic feeds contain high levels of fish meal and oil, which are mostly imported, to produce a protein-rich and sometimes lipid-rich (e.g. salmon diets) aquatic feed. However, as noted hereinabove, such fish meal and oil can be very expensive and this will be especially true in the future due to progressively increasing demands that are being placed on the finite global supplies offish meal and oil. Hence, alternative economical sources of protein and lipid are required. One known approach is to use less expensive plant protein sources in aquafeed that have been specially processed so that they are in the form of nutritionally upgraded protein meals, concentrates, and isolates. These may be used either singly or in combination with rendered animal protein ingredients such as poultry-by-product meal. To date, each of these protein products, such as canola meal, soybean meal, and poultry-by-product meal have been processed (produced) separately and then these protein sources have been blended together in dried and finely ground form in appropriate ratios for a particular aquatic species at the time of diet formulation and preparation.

U.S. Patent No. 4,418,086 to -Marino et al. discloses the preparation of an animal feed which comprises (a) a proteinaceous matrix, (b) fat or oil, (c) a sulfur source, (d) farinaceous material, (e) a plasticizer and (f) water. The method disclosed involves the blending of the ingredients together, introducing the mixture into an extruder and subjecting it to shear forces, mechanical work, heat and pressure such that the product temperature prior to discharge is at least 280 degrees F. This patent is concerned with the production of an animal feed with a "meat like texture".

U.S. Patent No. 3,952,115 to Damico et al. relates to a feed where an amino acid is utilized as an additive to fortify a proteinaceous feed.

U.S. Patent No.4,973,490 to Holmes discloses the production of animal feed products utilizing rape seed in combination with another plant species.

U.S. Patent No. 5,773,051 to Kim relates to a process for manufacturing a fish feed which refloats after initially sinking. This document discloses a process including blending conventional fish feed containing fish meal, wheat meal, soybean meal and other substances and compressing the mixture at a constant temperature to produce a molded product. Summary of the Invention

In the present invention, there are several different aspects represented by different process aspects, as well as several novel product compositions resulting from different process aspects.

Dealing initially with the process aspects, there is provided a first aspect involving the preparation of nutritionally upgraded oilseed meals, which are protein and lipid-rich and have a reduced fibre content, and plant oils from oilseeds for use in fish or other non-human animal diets or human foods. This process comprises the steps of: - providing a source of oilseed;

- subjecting said oilseed to heat treatment to substantially reduce the concentration of at least some antinutritional components normally present in said oilseed to obtain heat-treated seed;

- dehulling said heat-treated seed to produce a meat fraction and a hull fraction or a mixture thereof; and

- cold pressing said meat fraction or said mixture to yield said plant oils and said protein and lipid-rich meals.

According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided a process for preparation of nutritionally upgraded oilseed meals, which are protein and lipid-rich and have a reduced fibre content, and plant oils from oilseeds for use in fish or other non-human animal diets or human foods comprising the steps of:

- providing a source of oilseed;

- providing a source of unhydrolyzed animal offal;

- blending said heat-treated seed in particulate form with said animal offal to form a mixture thereof; - cooking said mixture under conditions selected to substantially improve protein digestibility, and substantially free cellular water present in said animal offal, as well as to facilitate separation of protein from the lipid in said oilseeds to obtain a cooked mixture; and

- separating said cooked mixture into a stickwater fraction, a moisture containing protein-rich fraction, and an animal feed grade oil fraction.

In a third aspect of this invention, the above-described second aspect can be modified as described herein to provide the third process aspect. In particular, in the above second aspect, the modifications involve the preparation of protein concentrates and lipid sources from co-processing of animal offal with oilseed for use in fish or other non-human animal feeds, wherein the cold pressing step of said meat fraction or said mixture obtained from the first aspect above is carried out so as to substantially reduce the particle size of said meat or said mixture and to yield a high value human grade oil and a protein and lipid-rich meal with reduced fibre content. Thus, the third aspect of the process comprises the further steps of:

- providing a source of unhydrolyzed animal offal;

- blending said protein and lipid-rich meal with said animal offal to form a mixture thereof; - - cooking said mixture under conditions selected to substantially improve protein digestibility, and substantially free cellular water present in said animal offal, as well as to facilitate separation of protein from the lipid in said animal offal and said oilseeds to obtain a cooked mixture; and

A fourth aspect of the process of the present invention involves the preparation of protein concentrates and lipid sources from the co-processing of animal offal with raw oilseeds for use in fish or other non-human animal diets. The fourth process aspect comprises the steps of:

- providing a source of raw oilseed;

- cold pressing said oilseed under conditions to substantially reduce the particle size of said oilseed and obtain pressed raw seeds;

- providing a source of unhydrolyzed animal offal;

- blending said pressed raw seeds with said animal offal to produce a mixture thereof;

- cooking said mixture under conditions to substantially improve protein digestibility, and substantially free cellular water present in said animal offal and facilitate separation of protein from the lipid in said animal offal and said oilseed to obtain a cooked mixture; and

In a fifth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a process for preparation of protein concentrates and lipid sources from the co-processing of animal offal with dried and then dehulled oilseeds for use in fish or other non-human animal diets. In thisjϊfth aspect, the process comprises the steps of:

- providing a source of oilseed; - drying said oilseed to produce a dried seed;

- dehulling said dried seed to produce a meat fraction and a hull fraction or a mixture thereof;

- cold pressing said meat fraction or mixture under conditions selected to substantially reduce particle size of said meat or mixture to yield a high value human grade oil and protein and lipid-rich meals with reduced fibre content;

- providing a source of unhydrolyzed animal offal;

- blending said protein and lipid-rich meal with said animal offal to form a mixture thereof; - cooking said mixture under conditions selected to substantially improve protein digestibility, substantially free cellular water present in said animal offal and facilitate separation of protein from the lipid in said animal offal and said oilseeds to obtain a cooked mixture; and

In a sixth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a process for producing a protein concentrate for use in animal and aquafeeds. As such, the sixth aspect process steps comprise:

- providing a source of oilseed ; - drying^" said oilseed to reduce its moisture content to below about

10% to obtain dried seed or subjecting said oilseed to heat treatment under conditions selected to substantially deactivate, destroy or reduce the concentration of at least some of the antinutritional components normally present in the oilseed to produce a heat-treated seed;

- cold pressing or grinding said dried seed or heat-treated seed to reduce the particle size and yield human grade oil;

- providing a source of unhydrolyzed animal offal;

- blending said oilseed and said animal offal in ratios from about 10:90 to about 90:10 form a mixture thereof;

- extracting said mixture with a solvent; and

- removing said solvent to obtain a protein concentrate.

In the first aspect of the process, as an optional feature, the process may further include the step of extracting said protein and lipid-rich meals with a solvent. The protein rich fraction of the second to fifth aspects of the process may also be subjected to a solvent extraction to obtain a protein concentrate.

In all of the above process aspects, there may also be included the step of stabilizing said plant oils by adding an antioxidant. In the sixth process aspect, there may be also included the step of cooking said mixture to obtain a cooked mixture prior to said extracting step. In this embodiment, there may be further included the step of separating said cooked mixture into a stickwater fraction, a moisture containing protein-rich fraction, and an animal feed grade oil. If desired, there also may be provided the step of drying the protein concentrate.

In each of the second to fifth embodiments, one may also include, if desired, the step of drying said protein-rich fraction to reduce its moisture content to below about 10%, preferably 6% to 9%.

In other preferred embodiments, in any of the first, second, third or sixth process aspects, desirably the heat treatment is a rapid heat treatment. The heat treatment may be carried out in one or more stages - for example, a two stage heat treatment can be employed where temperatures range from about 100°C to 115°C, and for treatment times ranging from 1.5 minutes to 30 minutes or more depending on the specific components being treated.

Particularly suitable for the first four process aspects, as well as the sixth aspect, is where the oilseed is selected from the group consisting of canola, rape seed, soybeans, sunflower seed, flax seed, mustard seed, cotton seed, hemp and mixtures thereof. In either of the first, third, fourth or fifth process aspects, the oilseed may be selected from the group consisting of canola, rape seed, sunflower seed, flax seed, mustard seed, cotton seed and mixtures thereof. In either of the second or sixth process aspects, the oilseed may also be a commercially available processed ground oilseed meal. In this case, the initial steps involving rapid heat-treatment and cold pressing are deleted. In the fifth process aspect, particularly suitable is where the oilseed is sunflower. Particularly suitable for the sixth process aspect is where the oilseed is selected from the group consisting of canola, soybeans, cotton seed, sunflower, hemp and mixtures thereof. In the second to sixth aspects of the invention, the animal offal may be selected from the group consisting offish processing waste, whole fish, fish by-catch, squid offal, whole birds, beef offal, lamb offal and mixtures thereof. Particularly suitable in the sixth aspect is where the animal offal is a fish product or poultry. In preferred embodiments of these second to sixth aspects, squid offal, poultry offal without feet, and whole birds including chickens, turkeys and others without feathers can be used. In more preferred embodiments, the fish offal or whole fish utilized include fish species having low levels of chlorinated hydrocarbons and heavy metals such as mercury. In all the above-mentioned aspects, preferred animal offal is a minced unhydrolyzed animal offal. Also in these aspects if desired, the process may include the step of dehulling the heat-treated seed and the blending step may include adding hot water to the mixture.

The dehulling step in the first, third and fifth process aspects may be carried out by a mechanical treatment with a gravity screening or air-classification step and may also further include a seed sizing step. Optionally the oilseed can be treated by suitable techniques to remove the outer mucilage layer of the seed coat before the seed is used; the preferred oilseed used in this embodiment includes flax seed. In accordance with another embodiment, especially when producing aquatic feeds, oilseed selected from canola, soybeans, sunflower seed, hemp or delinted cotton seed or mixtures thereof is used, due to their global availability, cost, and/or high quality of protein and/or lipid.

In the second to sixth aspects, the cooking step may be performed at a temperature of from about 90°C to about 93°C and may further include the step of adding an antioxidant and/or a palatability enhancer to the cooked mixture. In preferred embodiments, in these second to sixth process aspects, the antioxidant may be selected from the group consisting of ethoxyquin (santoquin), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), tertiary butyl hydroquinone, natural antioxidants and mixtures thereof. One or more of the foregoing antioxidants are also added to the dried protein concentrate, and the animal feed grade lipid fraction. In the case of the former, the amount of antioxidant utilized is from about 200 ppm to about 250 ppm whereas the latter is supplemented with about 250 ppm to about 500 ppm antioxidant(s). In preferred embodiments, combinations of BHA and ethoxyquin or ethyoxquin alone at highest level is used. The palatability enhancer may be.selected from the group consisting of natural and synthetic products based on krill, euphausiids and derivatives thereof, squid, Finnstim™ and mixtures thereof. In preferred embodiments of the invention, other ingredients such as enzymes, fillers, as well as other sources of lipid of plant or animal origin and other protein sources such as heat-treated field peas or lupins may be added to the composition of the mixture.

The oilseed and the animal offal in^'the second to fifth process aspects are mixed together in a ratio of about 10:90 to about 90: 10 by weight. Preferred ratios in these aspects, as well as in the sixth process aspect is from about 25:75 to about 75:25 by weight or from about 60:40 to about 40:60 by weight.

The amount of oilseed present in the mixture depends upon the sources of oilseed and animal offal actually used. This amount also depends on respective attendant concentrations of protein and lipid, as well as costs. In accordance with one embodiment, the oilseed is present in a range of about 5% to about 78% by weight. In preferred embodiments, the oilseed is present in the amount of about 22% to about 78% by weight, and in more preferred embodiments, the range is of about 40% to about 60% by weight. In accordance with another embodiment, it is important to maintain an optimal ratio of water (from endogenous and exogenous sources) to the oil- free dry matter content of the oilseed in the initial mixture and usually this is found within the range of about 3-6:1 w/w. Ratios within this range facilitate the removal of water soluble antinutritional factors from the oilseed (in press liquor).

The mixture is further pressed and/or centrifuged using respectively either a screw press equipped with perforated screens, an expeller equipped with flat steel bars set edgewise around the periphery and spaced to allow the fluids to flow between the bars, a decanter centrifuge or any combination of these. In preferred embodiments, depending upon the efficiency of liquid/solid separation the mixture is centrifuged before or after the presscake has passed through the screw press or expeller. This part of the process removes fluids generally comprised of water that contains some soluble protein and water soluble antinutritional factors stemming from the oilseed such as glucosinolates, phenolic compounds and unwanted sugars including oligosaccharides (raffinose and stachyose). Animal feed grade plant oil that is enriched with fatty acids from the animal offal lipid is also removed.

The drying step in the second to sixth process aspects may be performed at a temperature of between about 70° C to about 85° C. As mentioned above, the separation step may be carried out in a screw press, expeller press or decanter centrifuge, or any combination thereof. As an optional feature, the stickwater fraction obtained after separation may be further condensed to yield condensed solubles. Preferred embodiments in these process aspects further comprise, if desired, the step of stabilizing said condensed solubles with an inorganic acid.

In each of the second to sixth process aspects, the step of incubating said mixture in the presence of one or more enzymes prior to the cooking step may further be included. Preferred enzymes used in this embodiment include the enzyme phytase.

When a palatability enhancer is utilized, it may be selected from conventional products based on krill, euphausiids, and/or squid or other like palatability enhancers such as Finnstim™ or the like. The palatabiity enhancers may be added to the dried protein concentrates in amounts ranging from about 1 % to about 3% by weight.

The cooking step in the second to sixth process aspects is carried out using a heat exchanger or through direct steam injection coupled with batch processor. In these aspects as well as in the sixth aspect, the process may further comprise, if desired, the initial step of deboning said animal offal to produced deboned animal offal and bones.

_*

The cold pressing step in any of the first, third, fifth or sixth process aspects should be carried out at a temperature not exceeding 85°C, desirably below about 70°C.

In the second and sixth embodiments of the process of the present invention, the source of the oil seed utilized is most desirably a commercially available particulate processed oil seed meal, which has not been previously subjected to initial rapid heat treatment or cold processing.

The extraction step in the second to sixth process aspects may be carried out at least twice; preferably the solvent used is or includes hexane.

An optional feature of various processes described above which involve processing of oilseed prior to co-processing it with animal offal, can utilize the addition of hot water (from about 37°C to about 55°C) to ground oilseed, followed by adjustment of the pH to a value of from about 5.5 to about 6.0 using an inorganic acid such as sulphuric acid; this treatment being carried out in the presence of an enzyme such as the enzyme phytase.

The various processes of the present invention can be economically and readily carried out using conventional equipment. Such processes will provide cost effective products which can be used in place of or added to other known products in order to achieve additional sources of the desired ingredients for use in fish or other non-human animal diets or human foods. The use of inexpensive fish wastes and other animal offal in the various processes of the present invention is a positive way to deal with waste streams rather than considering them as a liability.

As described hereinafter, it will be seen that the different processes can be combined into one overall procedure allowing separation of products at various stages of the process.

Turning now to the various novel products and compositions according to the invention, the first product aspect relates to a protein source having from about 40% to about 80% protein, desirably from about 55% to about 77% protein calculated on a lipid-free dry weight basis, said source being adapted for use in animal and aquafeeds and comprising an admixture of treated oilseed protein and animal offal whereby said admixture is characterized by at least one of the following:

- enriched concentrations of essential amino acids and bioavailable minerals relative to those present in said animal offal or untreated oilseed; - enriched concentrations of highly unsaturated n-3 fatty acids relative to those present initially in said oilseed if said source of animal offal is fish;

- reduced concentrations of heat-labile and water soluble antinutritional factors in an amount of at least 20% by weight relative to non-treated oilseed protein;

- increased protein digestibility relative to non-treated oilseed protein; and

- a lipid concentration of less than 10% of dry weight of said source. The first product aspect of the invention may also have a reduced content of heat-labile and antinutritional components of at least 80% calculated on a lipid-free dry weight basis. This product may further comprise if desired, an antioxidant which may be selected from the group consisting of ethoxyquin (santoquin), butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, tertiary butyl hydroxyquinone, natural antioxidants and mixtures thereof. The amount of antioxidant utilized will range depending on the components; generally speaking, this will be from about 200 ppm to about 250 ppm in the protein concentrate, and the animal feed grade lipid fraction resulting from the production of the concentrate may be supplemented with about 250 ppm to about 500 ppm antioxidants. In preferred embodiments, a combination of BHA and ethoxyquin or ethoxyquin alone at highest levels is used.

The above product invention also comprises enrichment of at least one amino acid selected from the group consisting of arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, cystine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine. Preferred amino acids altered in this product are selected from lysine, methionine or cystine. This product also comprises enrichment of at least one mineral selected from the group consisting of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, copper and zinc. Preferred minerals altered in this product are selected from calcium, phosphorus, sodium, zinc or mixtures thereof.

This first product comprises enrichment of at least one n-3 highly saturated fatty acid; this is preferably at least one fatty acid selected from eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) if said source of animal offal is fish.

The heat-labile and water soluble antinutritional components in the first product are most desirably selected from glucosinates, phenolic compounds including sinapine, chlorogenic acid, oligosaccharides, trypsin inhibitor, saponins and isoflavones or mixtures thereof.

The digestibility of the first product of the invention is about at least 89% for Atlantic salmon in sea water (fecal settling columns or the Guelph System of fecal collection was used). This percentage may vary and is desirably as high as possible, e.g., in the order of from about 92% to about 100%.

The oilseed in the first product of the invention is selected from the group consisting of canola, rapeseed, soybeans, sunflower seed, flax seed, mustard seed, cotton seed, hemp and mixtures thereof. In preferred embodiments, as an optional feature, the oilseed may be heat-treated.

The animal offal in the first product is most desirably selected from the group consisting of whole fish, fish by-catch, fish processing waste, squid offal, whole birds, beef offal, lamb offal and mixtures thereof.

The protein and lipid contents of the first product are present in an amount within the range (respectively) of about 50% to about 77% calculated on a lipid-free dry weight basis and less than about 10% by weight if the step involving organic solvent extraction has been employed.

In accordance with a further embodiment, phytate-reduced protein concentrates can be produced. The process involves an additional step consisting of adding hot water (temperature of about 37°C to about 55°C) to the ground oilseed in the presence of the enzyme phytase. It should be mentioned that the moisture content of the ground oilseed should be raised to about 80% or more and the pH should be about 5.5 to about 6.0 by addition of an inorganic acid, such as sulphuric acid. The mixture is then incubated for about 30 minutes and not more than 240 minutes, before being mixed with the animal offal. The protein source of this first product finds particular use for animal and fish feeds to cost effectively and extensively replace high nutritive value protein sources such as premium quality fish meal, or conventionally processed oilseed meals that have lower nutritional value. The advantage of the above products according to the present invention, is that they may be produced in a very economical manner by co-processing sources of protein that heretofore have been processed separately without the attendant benefits of enhancing the nutritive value of the oilseed protein fraction through protein and mineral complementation from the animal offal and by concurrent reduction of the concentrations of heat-labile and water soluble antinutritional factors as well as phytic acid if the optional initial step of phytase pretreatment of the oilseed is adopted. These protein products provide significant advantages to animal and fish feed manufacturers which in addition to the economic savings, also provide highly desirable and digestible proteins that have excellent amino acid profiles relative to the essential amino acid needs of commercially important animals and fish.

A second aspect of the invention relates to another product which is an edible organic oil comprising an oilseed oil, said organic oil having been obtained by cold pressing oilseed in which the cold pressing was carried out at temperatures below 85^°C, said oil having minimal lipid oxidation products and a peroxide value of less than about 2 milliequivalents per kg following oilseed processing.

The oilseed providing the oil of the second product is preferably selected from canola, rape seed, sunflower* seed, flax seed, mustard seed, cotton seed and mixtures thereof. In more preferred embodiments, the oilseed is heat-treated.

The edible organic oils of this aspect of the present invention provide highly nutritional products which can be used for human consumption. Such oils may be packaged and distributed per se or may be incorporated into various types of foods or food compositions where edible oils are required or utilized. A further advantage of such organic oils is that they have not been subjected to any organic solvent or other processing steps that would reduce their concentrations of natural antiόxidarits. Moreover, they are generated under conditions that minimize lipid peroxidation and the products that result from the process. They are highly desired by health conscious people who are concerned with ingesting vegetable oils close to their natural state. Hence, these oils command a premium price in the market place.

A third product^' aspect relates to an animal feed grade oil for use in animal and aquafeeds comprising an admixture of treated oilseed oil and animal offal, said admixture having an enriched n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acid content (20:5n-3 + 22:6n-3) relative to non-treated oilseed oil if the animal offal used is fish or poultry that have been fed diets comprising adequate concentrations of one or more fish products. The oilseed oil of the third product is desirably oil derived from seeds selected from canola, soybeans, sunflower seed, flax seed, hemp and mixtures thereof. In this third product, the oil utilized may be derived from oilseed that has been heat-treated. Preferred oilseeds in this embodiment is oil derived from canola seed since the product may further comprise an enriched monounsaturated fatty acid content (18:1 n-9) relative to non-treated oilseed oil.

The feed grade oils of this aspect of the present invention will find utility in animal and fish foods; they have the advantage that they can be produced in a very efficient and economic manner and they provide highly nutritional sources of enriched unsaturated fatty acid contents. The latter lipid sources are highly desirable particularly for use in fish feeds to partially replace premium quality fish oil that may be expensive and difficult to obtain. This is specially true if the plant oil fraction has been enriched with n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids from the fish offal fraction. These oils can be utilized individually or, if desired, combined with other known and conventional oils at the time of feed manufacture.

A fourth product aspect relates to a constituent for an organic fertilizer comprising at least one of canola, sunflower, soybean, mustard seed, cotton seed and hemp hulls, said hulls being dried hulls and containing protein and lipid. In preferred embodiments of this fourth product aspect, the hulls are heat-treated hulls. As a constituent for organic fertilizers, the fourth product can be used in combination with other conventional fertilizer components such as sawdust. As a result of adding this constituent, fertilizers have the advantage of a readily available source of nitrogen. The hulls will act as soil conditioner and carrier for nutrients, these being delivered to the soil on a sustained basis. In addition, the fourth product of the invention will facilitate soil irrigation and water retention in soils. This feature is particularly important in times of drought.

A fifth product aspect relates to a composition of condensed solubles for use as constituents in organic fertilizers comprising an admixture of treated oilseed and animal offal whereby said admixture has an enriched soluble nitrogen content, water soluble carbohydrate content, water soluble antinutritional component content and mineral content.

In accordance with a preferred aspect of the invention, the original hull fraction may be directed for use in ruminant diets either as is or pretreated with carbohydrases. In accordance with another embodiment, the original hull fraction is used in the production of organic fertilizers where it serves as a carrier medium that is completely broken down enzymatically during aerobic or anaerobic decomposition processes.

The oilseed in the fifth product is selected from canola, rape seed, soybeans, sunflower seed, flax seed, mustard seed, cotton seed, hemp and mixtures thereof. Optionally in this fifth product, the oilseed may be heat-treated.

The animal offal in the fifth product of the invention is selected from fish processing waste, whole fish, fish by-catch, squid offal, whole birds, beef offal, lamb offal and mixtures thereof.

The water soluble antinutritional component in the fifth product is selected from glucosinates, phenolic compounds including sinapine, chlorogenicacid, oligosaccharides, saponins or isoflavones. In this fifth product, the soluble carbohydrate is selected from rrionosaccharides, disaccharides and oligosaccharides.

The mineral in the fifth product is selected from calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, copper, iron and zinc.

This fifth product is enriched with soluble nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, as well as organic nutrients. As a constituent for organic fertilizers this product contributes to upgrade the quality of the fertilizer. It should stimulate plant growth, specially the root structure of plants.

The condensed soluble products of the fifth aspect of the present invention may be utilized with other fertilizer components to provide enhanced fertilizers. As described above with respect to the fourth aspect, also relating to fertilizers, the condensed solubles can be incorporated into known fertilizers or, if desired, could be marketed as additives per se to known fertilizers.

There is also provided a sixth product according to the present invention which relates to a protein and lipid-rich oilseed meal suitable for use in fish and non-human animal diets. This product comprises a heat-treated dehulled oilseed, said oilseed being substantially free of flaxseed, mustard seed, rapeseed and cotton seed, said meal having:

- from about 26% to about 40% protein on a dry weight basis;

- from about 48% to about 64% protein on a lipid-free dry weight basis;

-from about 2.4% to about 4.6% methionine and cystine calculated as a percent of said protein;

-from about 3.6% to about 6.1 % lysine calculated as a percent of said protein;

- from about 21 % to about 52% lipid on a dry weight basis; - from about 2% to about 12% crude fibre on a lipid-free dry weight basis;

- from about 0.16% to about 0.45% calcium on a lipid-free dry weight basis; and

- less than about 0.01 % sodium on a lipid-free dry weight basis.

The sixth product of the present invention may further comprise at least one of trypsin inhibitor, glucosinolates, sinapine, chlorogenic acid and mixtures thereof. In preferred embodiments of this sixth product aspect, the trypsin inhibitor is in an amount of up to about 8000 units/g on a lipid-free dry weight basis; the glucosinolates are in an amount of up to about 20 μmoles/g of total glucosinolates on a lipid-free dry weight basis; the sinapine is in an amount of up to about 2.1 % on a lipid-free dry weight basis; and the chlorogenic acid is in an amount of up to about 3 % on a lipid-free dry weight basis.

The oilseed in this sixth product may be partially or totally dehulled.

The protein and lipid rich meals of the sixth product of the present invention can be produced in a very economical manner and will find utility in fish and animal feeds requiring high_ protein and lipid rich meal with reduced concentrations of fibre and heat-labile antinutritional factors. . Their utility will depend on various factors such as the species of animal or fish and their respective requirements for protein and energy, etc. As described previously with respect to other animal and fish feed sources, the products of this aspect of the invention can be incorporated into the feeds of animal and fish as replacements for conventionally processed oilseed meals and oils, and fish meals and oils. Due to the protein and lipid rich content of such products, a beneficial result will be obtained in the increased digestible energy content of diets for such animals and fish. The protein concentration can also be increased in the preceding meals through removal of lipid by solvent extraction which increases their utility as components in low energy diets for animals and fish.

In a seventh product aspect of the present invention, there is provided a protein concentrate containing an admixture of a co-processed oilseed and unhydrolyzed animal offal, said concentrate being suitable for use in fish and non-human animal diets, said oilseed comprising a heat-treated dehulled oilseed substantially free of flaxseed, mustard seed, rapeseed and cotton seed, said protein concentrate having:

- from about 38% to about 58% protein on a dry weight basis;

- from about 52% to about 77%, desirably up to about 57% protein on a lipid-free dry weight basis; -from about 2.7% to about 4.6% methionine and cystine calculated as a percent of protein;

-from about 4.3% to about 7.9% lysine calculated as a percent of said protein;

- from about 24% to about 37% lipid on a dry weight basis;

- from about 1.7% to about 10% crude fibre on a lipid-free dry weight basis;

- from about 0.7% to about 3.6% calcium on a lipid-free dry weight basis; and

- from about 0.06% to about 0.30% sodium on a lipid-free dry weight basis. The seventh product may further comprise at least one of trypsin inhibitor, glucosinolates, sinapine, chlorogenic acid and mixtures thereof. In preferred embodiments of this seventh product aspect, the trypsin inhibitor is in an amount of up to about 2500 units/g on a lipid-free dry weight basis; the glucosinolates are in an amount of up to 4.0 μmoles/g of total glucosinolates on a lipid-free dry weight basis; sinapine is in an amount of up to about 1.2% on a lipid-free dry weight basis; and the chlorogenic acid is in an amount of up to about 1.7% on a lipid-free dry weight basis.

The oilseed in this seventh product may be partially or totally dehulled if desired.

The high digestible protein content, moderate content of highly digestible lipid, reduced fibre content and substantially reduced heat-label and water soluble antinutritional factor content of the seventh product make them suitable as major replacements for fish meal and other conventional sources of protein used in fish and non-human animal diets. Their enriched content of at least some of the essential amino acids and minerals, together with their economical cost of production will make such products highly desirable as feed stuff commodities throughout the world.

In an eighth product aspect of the present invention, there is also provided an animal feed grade oil comprising oil derived from an admixture of a co- processed oilseed and unhydrolyzed animal offal, said oil being substantially free of flaxseed oil, mustard seed oil, rapeseed oil and cotton seed oil, said animal feed grade oil having:

- from about 60% to about 92% of total fatty acids as unsaturated fatty acids;

- from about 8% to about 50% of total fatty acids as (n-6) fatty acids;

- from about 0.5% to about 35% of total fatty acids as (n-3) fatty acids;

- from about 3% to about 25% of total fatty acids as n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids; and - a peroxide value less than about 8 milliequivalents per kg of oil at the time of production.

The oilseed in this eighth product may be a raw oilseed or a heat-treated oilseed. In preferred embodiments of this eighth product, the animal offal is a fish product and the product further comprises (20:5n-3+22:6n-3).

The eighth product has a generally high content of n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids compared to the oil from the initial oilseed used if the source of animal offal is fish and hence it is desirable for use in both fish and animal diets. The additional benefits of this type of product include ease of production, economical attributes, readily available sources of natural products for obtaining the oil, and its adaptability to incorporation into existing animal diets, as well as its utility as a separate dietary component.

A ninth product aspect of the present invention relates to an edible organic oil comprising oil of cold pressed heat-treated oilseed, said oil being substantially free of flaxseed oil, mustard seed oil, rapeseed oil and cotton seed oil, said organic oil comprising:

- from about 86% to about 96% of total fatty acids as unsaturated fatty acids;

- from about 20 to about 80% of total fatty acids as (n-6) fatty acids; and

- a peroxide value of less than about 2 milliequivalents of peroxide per kg oil at the time of production.

The ninth product may further comprise up to about 22% of total fatty acids as (n-3) fatty acids. The oilseed in the ninth product may be undehulled, partially dehulled or totally dehulled if desired. This ninth product is a very cost-effective organic oil for the increasing organic human food industry. As described above with respect to the second product embodiment of this invention, the oil of this embodiment will find utility in various types of food products or as a separate product in and of itself.

In different embodiments of the products of the present invention, depending on their intended utility, particularly preferred embodiments are those where the animal feed grade oil is an oil derived from raw oilseed; likewise, in another embodiment, the edible organic oils may be derived from raw oilseed.

It will be understood that reference to the above described products which are suitable for animal and fish feeds, refers to products which can be used by numerous types of species. For example, depending on the geographic location, fish feeds are used in fish farming operations for salmon, trout, tilapia, carp, catfish, sea bream and many other warm water as well as cold water species of commercial importance. In the case of animal feeds, conventional farming*practices utilize such feeds for poultry, hogs, swine and cattle.

In further explanation of the various embodiments of both the products and process aspects of the present invention, the solvent used for extracting the mixture obtained from co-processing of oilseed and animal offal includes hexane or other compatible solvents used in the animal feed or human food industry.

In various embodiments of the process and product aspects of the present invention, the ash content in the protein concentrates can be regulated as desired by controlling the concentration of bone in the animal offal. Thus, the ash can be controlled by using a deboning step to obtain offal with the desired bone content. Bones in wet or dry form of different types of offal can be utilized, with varying degrees of bone coarseness. By way of example, the ash content can thus be controlled by controlling the amount of bone added to the mixture of oilseed and animal offal.

In the process and product aspects of the present invention, when referring to animal offal such as birds or chickens, it is to be understood that a most preferred embodiment is the use of offal without bird feathers.

In both the process and product aspects of the present invention, when using dehulled seeds, the term "dehulled" is intended to mean seeds which have substantially all of their hulls removed. However, in many cases, partially dehulled seeds can be employed as otherwise noted herein, and to this end, dehulled seeds are those which have had at least 55% of their hulls removed.

The above described products can be produced by the various processes described herein; specific embodiments of such processes producing the products will be described hereinafter in greater detail.

As used in the specification, the term "unhydrolyzed" in describing the animal offal refers to animal offal which has less than about 20% by weight of hydrolyzed content, desirably less than 5% and most desirably no hydrolysis whatsoever (fresh, unspoiled). In most preferred embodiments, the amount of hydrolyzed content is as close as possible to 0% in order to best achieve the highest nutritive value in the products that are formed.

In this invention, the animal offal is preferably in a particulate form such as that which would be obtained by processing procedures resulting in minced offal. Well known techniques in the offal processing art can be employed to obtain such minced offal.

Brief Description of the Drawing

Having generally described the invention, reference will be made to the accompanied drawing which illustrates the preferred embodiments only. Figure 1 is a schematic representation of the process according to the present invention.

Detailed Description of the Invention The steps involved in the process of the invention are broadly represented in Figure 1. In this Figure, there is illustrated a schematic representation of the co-processing of animal offal(s) with oilseed(s) to yield cold pressed oil indicated as product 1; hulls from dehulled oilseed meats indicated as product 2; nutritionally upgraded oilseed meal produced from heat treated, dehulled and cold pressed oilseed indicated as product 3; animal- feed grade oil indicated as product 4; condensed solubles indicated as product 5; and high nutritive value protein concentrate indicated as product 6. Other products of the invention are obtained by further processing the above-mentioned products as will be described in greater detail hereinafter.

In accordance with certain embodiments of the invention, undehulled oilseed (A) is used in the process. Other embodiments involve dehulled seed (B) and raw seed. Dehulled seed is preferred when it is desired to feed monogastric species such as fish and poultry, and the preferred raw seed used in this embodiment includes canola, sunflower, or delinted cottonseed. The following examples are presented to describe embodiments of the invention and are not meant to limit the invention unless otherwise stated.

Examples 1 to 10 outlined below described each step involved in the process of the invention:

EXAMPLE 1: Animal offal

A common batch of whole Pacific herring was used as the main source of animal offal for the project. Soon after the herring were caught, they were rapidly block frozen by McMillan J.S. Fisheries Ltd., Vancouver, BC and stored at -40°C for about 9 months. At this time, about 500 kg of herring were transported to the Department of Fisheries and Oceans, West Vancouver Laboratory where they were held at -20°C until small batches of about 50 kg were partiaily thawed for each test run. The thawed herring were cold extruded using a Butcher Boy equipped with an auger, cutter knife, and perforated plate having holes with diameter 9.52 mm.

Fresh poultry offal (heads and viscera minus feet) was also used for some trials that involved co-processing the offal with partially dehulled animal feed grade sunflower seed (designated as batch 2 hereinafter). The offal was obtained from West Coast Reduction Ltd., Vancouver, BC and was stored for one night at -20°C under cover before being handled as described above for the herring.

EXAMPLE 2: Oilseeds The four oilseeds that have been tested successfully in this project include Goliath canola seed (Cloutier Agra Seeds Inc., Winnipeg, MB), soybeans (InfraReady Products Ltd. , Saskatoon SK), sunflower (completely dehulled confectionary grade seed obtained from North West Grain, St. Hilaire, MN, USA (batch 1) and undehulled animal feed grade seed obtained from Cargill Incorporated, Wayzata, MN, USA; batch 2), and devitalized hemp seed (Seedtec/Terramax, Qu'Appelle, SK sterilized by InfraReady Products Ltd., Saskatoon SK). Delinted glandless cottonseed (California Planting Cottonseed Distributor, Bakersfield, CA.USA) and brown flax (InfraReady Products Ltd., Saskatoon, SK) were also tested in the process. The analytical results pertaining to products based on the former are pending. It was concluded that flax seed would be suitable for the process provided that the seed is almost totally dehulled or the outer mucilage layer of the seed coat is removed through an economical process.

EXAMPLE 3: Heat treatment or micronization of oilseeds

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, specially for canola, soya, flax and hemp, an initial heat treatment was performed. The process involved subjecting the whole seeds to infrared energy so that the seed temperature reached 110-115°C for 90 seconds. Subsequently, the micronized seeds were held for 20-30 min, depending upon the seed source, in an insulated tank where temperatures ranged from 100-110°C (residual cooking conditions). These conditions inactivated enzymes such as myrosinase in canola and trypsin inhibitors in soya as well as peroxidase and cyanogenic glucosides. Further, they ensured devitalization of viable germ tissue in hemp, improved starch digestibility, and destroyed or reduced the concentrations of heat labile antinutritional factors other than those mentioned above.

Sunflower seeds (batches 1 and 2) were not micronized before co-processing with animal offal but the batch 1 seeds were dried to £ 10% moisture to ensure proper seed storage and facilitate dehulling. Thus, only non-micronized dehulled sunflower seeds were tested in this study.

EXAMPLE 4: Oilseed dehulling

Micronized canola, soya, hemp and flax and non-micronized animal feed-grade sunflower were dehulled. The process involved seed sizing, impact dehulling (Forsberg model 15-D impact huller), screening and air classification (Forsberg model 4800-18 screener and screen-aire).

EXAMPLE 5: Oilseed cold-pressing

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the oilseeds (micronized or raw), except soya and micronized dehulled hemp were cold-pressed at a temperature not exceeding 85°C, using a Canadian designed and manufactured laboratory scale Gusta cold press (1 HP Model 11 , Gusta Cold Press, St. Andrews, Manitoba, Canada). This served to remove some (dehulled seeds) or a significant proportion (undehulled seeds) of the residual oil (organic human food grade oil) and concomitantly reduced the particle size of the oilseed before it was co-processed with minced animal offal in various proportions (improved the efficiency of the subsequent aqueous extraction of the water soluble antinutritional factors and oligosaccharides present in the oilseed).

In a more preferred embodiment, specially for soya, the particle size was further reduced, using a modified crumbier (model 706S, W.W. Grinder Corp., Wichita, Kansas). This machine was equipped after modification with dual motorized corrugated rolls. One of these had a fixed speed whereas the speed of the other could be varied. For the purpose of this investigation, the variable speed roller was adjusted to rotate much faster than the fixed speed roller to achieve a shearing action.

EXAMPLE 6: Mixing or co-processing step

Thawed, ground, whole animal offal (mostly herring, but in two cases poultry offal minus feet, was used) and oilseeds that had been micronized or dried as described in Example 3 or in raw form and either cold pressed or ground as described in Example 5 were first combined in various proportions. In preferred embodiments, the usual percentages of offal to oilseed were 75:25; 50:50; or 25:75 (w/w). Thereafter, 100 mg of santoquin (antioxidant) per kg of mixture in a marine oil carrier (1g/kg) were added. Then hot water was added to the mixture in such a way that the ratio of water to oil-free dry matter present in the oilseed was maintained between 3-6:1 (w/w), depending upon the source and proportion of oilseed in the mixture. Both the endogenous water originating from the offal and the exogenous water were considered when calculating the aforementioned ratios.

EXAMPLE 7: Cooking step

The mixture obtained from co-processing of animal offal and oilseed (Example 6) was cooked for about 27 min at 90-93°C in the steam jacketed cooker section of a pilot-scale fish meal machine (Chemical Research Organization, Esbjerg, Denmark), that was equipped with a heated auger (it is notworthy that the cooking step could have also been performed by using a heat exchanger with a positive displacement pump or through direct steam injection coupled with processor). The cooking step was undertaken to: (1 ) minimize the loss of soluble protein through protein denaturation, (2) destroy or reduce the concentration of heat labile antinutritional factors present in the oilseed (especially important when processing non-micronized seeds and micronized soya), (3) liberate the bound cellular water and lipid in the offal and the oilseed, and (4) subject the oilseed to aqueous washing to facilitate removal of the water soluble antinutritional factors originating from this source.

EXAMPLE 8: Pressing step

Significant but not total removal of the latter as well as lipid (animal-feed grade product) was accomplished by passing the cooked mixture through the fish meal machine screw press that was equipped with perforated screens and then a laboratory-scale press (Vincent model CP-4; Vincent Corp., Tampa Florida). Constituents in the water fraction of the press liquids consisted of water soluble carbohydrates such as monosaccharides, disaccharides, or problem sugars like raffinose and stachyose, phenolic compounds, glucosinolates (when canola used), chlorogenic acid (when sunflower used), isoflavones and saponins (when soybeans used) as well as some soluble nitrogen and water soluble vitamins. In preferred embodiments, the presscake in each case was dried in the steam jacketed drier portion of the above-mentioned fish meal machine at 75-83°C to produce dried protein and lipid-ricrf products.

EXAMPLE 9: Drying step In one preferred embodiment, further drying of the protein products was necessary to reduce their moisture content. The drying was performed for about 30 min to reduce their moisture content to less than 10%. This was accomplished using a custom designed vertical stack (stainless steel mesh trays) pellet cooler that was equipped with two electric base heaters and a top mounted variable speed fan. The temperature of the upward drawn air was maintained between 70°C and 80°C during the process. All protein and lipid sources stemming from the above process, including the cold-pressed oils were further stabilized with santoquin (ethoxyquin). In a more preferred embodiment, specially in the case of the dried protein products, 100 mg of santoquin were added per kg of product in a marine oil carrier (1 g/kg). Then, each of the products was vacuum packaged in oxygen impermeable bags and stored at -20°C pending chemical analysis or their evaluation in a digestibility trial (see below). In another embodiment, specially in relation to the oils, 500 mg of santoquin were added per kg and then each lipid source was stored at -5°C in 1 L black plastic bottles.

EXAMPLE 10: Separation step

In preferred embodiments, the press liquid was separated into water and lipid fractions using an Alpha de Laval batch dairy centrifuge (Centrifuges Unlimited Inc., Calgary, Alberta). Then, the water fraction was condensed to about one third of its original volume using a steam jacketed bowl cooker.

EXAMPLE 11 : Preparation of protein concentrates Protein concentrates that are mostly based on protein from canola, soya, sunflower and hemp were prepared by hexane extracting the products that originated from the coprocessing of 1 :1 combinations of whole herring and each of the preceding oilseeds. In this regard, 200 g of each of the four protein products were extracted four times with hexane (5: 1 v/w). During each extraction the mixture was held for 30 min (stirred once after 15 min) before being filtered through Whatman No.1 filter paper in a Buchner funnel. Following hexane extraction, each protein product was placed on a tray that was lined with aluminum foil and then it was air-dried overnight. Then, each product was placed in the pellet cooler described in Example 9, where it was dried at about 70-80°C for 15 min to remove any residual traces of hexane.

EXAMPLE 12: In vivo protein digestibility experiments

In a preferred embodiment, the in vivo availability (digestibility) of protein in some of the test protein sources that were prepared by co-processing various proportions of whole herring with canola, soya, sunflower and hemp was determined using Atlantic salmon in sea water as the test animal. Two experiments were conducted and the experimental conditions for each are provided in the table 1 below, wherein the flow rate of the oxygenated, filtered, ambient sea water was 6 - 8 L/min, feeding frequency was twice daily, ration was maximum (fish fed to satiation), and the photoperiod was natural. Table 1.

The design of the digestibility tanks and the fecal collection procedures have been described by Hajen etal. (1993a,b. Aquaculture 112: 321-348). The experimental diets consisted of 29.85% test protein product, 69.65% reference diet, and 0.5% chromic oxide as the indigestible marker. Table 2 outlined below provides the ingredient and proximate composition of the reference diet used in the digestibility experiments.

Table 2.

Ingredients (g/kg; air-dry basis )

LT Anchovy meal 643.2

Blood flour; spray-dried 41.0

Pregelatinized wheat starch 80.9

Raw wheat starch 26.9

Vitamin supplement ^/ 18.9

Mineral supplement ^v 18.9

Menhaden oil; stabilized ^3/ 122.4

Soybean lecithin 9.46

Choline chloride (60%) 4.73

Vitamin C, monophosphate (42%) 3.38

Permapell 9.46

Finnstim ™ 14.2

DL-methionine 1.51

Chromic oxide 5.00

Level of:

Dry matter 924-926

Protein 452-453

Lipid 184

Ash 118-123

^1/ The vitamin supplement provided the following amounts/kg of diet on an air-dry basis: vitamin A acetate, 4731 IU; cholecalciferol (D₃), 2271 IU; DL-α- tocopheryl acetate (E), 284 IU; menadione, 17.0 mg; D-calcium pantothenate, 159.3 mg; pyridoxine HCI, 46.6 mg; riboflavin, 56.8 mg; niacin, 283.8 mg; folicacid, 14.2 mg; thiamine mononitrate, 53.0 mg; biotin, 1.42 mg; cyanocobalamin (B₁₂), 0.085 mg; inositol, 378.5 mg.

²¹ The mineral supplement provided the following (mg/kg diet on an air-dry basis): manganese (as MnS0₄ ^■ H₂0), 71.0; zinc (as ZnS0₄ ^• 7H₂0), 85.2; cobalt (as CoCI₂- 6H₂0), 2.84; copper (as CuS0₄ ^• 5H₂0), 6.62; iron (as FeS0₄ ^• 7H₂0), 94.6; iodine (as KI0₃ and Kl, 1 : 1 ), 9.46; fluorine (as NaF), 4.73; selenium (as Na₂Se0₃), 0.19; sodium (as NaCI), 1419; magnesium (as MgS0₄ ^• 7H₂0), 378; potassium (as K₂S0₄ and K₂C0₃, 1 :1), 1419.

^3/ Stabilized with 0.5 g santoquin/kg oil.

After adjustment of all experimental diet mashes to a moisture content of 9%, they were cold pelleted using a California model CL type 2 pellet mill. Diet particle size was adjusted to suit fish size. The reference and experimental diets that were used in the study were stored at 5°C in air-tight containers until required.

The reference and experimental diets (mixture of reference and test diet) and lyophilized fecal samples were analyzed for levels of moisture, protein and chromic oxide at the DFO, West Vancouver Laboratory (WVL) using the procedures described below. Subsequently, the digestibility coefficients for protein were determined for each diet according to Cho etal. (1985. Finfish nutrition in Asia: methodological approaches to research and development. IDRC Ottawa, Ont., 154p.). Then, the digestibility coefficients for each of the protein products themselves were calculated according to Forster (1999. Aquaculture Nutrition 5: 143-145).

The results of chemical analyses of the protein sources used in this study and of the products derived from the co-processing of animal offals (herring or poultry offal) with canola, sunflower, soya and hemp treated as described above are presented in Tables 3-20. The results have been expressed on a dry weight basis and a lipid-free dry weight basis since the mechanical pressing of lipid from the cooked blends of offal and oilseed was variable and not complete. This is a function of the design of the presses and other conventional presses available in industry can be of higher efficiency.

Examples 13 to 16 outlined hereinafter give the results of chemical analyses performed on products obtained in accordance with the process of the invention from: canola and canola-based products, sunflower and sunflower-based products, soya and soya-based products, as well as hemp and hemp-based products. The chemical analyses were performed according to the following methods:

Concentrations of protein, moisture, and ash in the protein sources and products that were prepared as well as in all test diets, and fecal samples were determined at the Department of Fisheries and Oceans, West Vancouver Laboratory (DFO-WVL) using the procedures described by Higgs et al. (1979. in_J.E. Halver, and K. Tiews, eds. Finfish Nutrition and Fishfeed Technology, Vol. 2. Heenemann Verlagsgesellschaft MbH., Berlin, pp. 191-218).

Similarly, the fatty acid compositions of the cold pressed oils and animal feed grade oils stemming from the press liquids were determined at the same laboratory using the procedures of Silver etal. (1993. In SfJ. Kaushik and P. Luquet, eds. Fish nutrition in practice. IV^th International Symposium on Fish Nutrition and Feeding, INRA, Paris, pp. 459-468).

Moreover, the chromic acid concentrations in diets and lyophilized fecal samples were determined at the DFO-WVL using the methods of Fenton and Fenton (1979. Can. J. Anim. Sci., 59: 631-634).

Concentrations of crude fibre (AOCS Official Method Ba 6-84), lipid (Troeng, S. 1955. J.A.O.C.S.32: 124-126), chlorogenic acid (capillary electrophoresis method developed by M. Marianchuk at the POS Pilot Plant Corp.) arid sinapine (capillary electrophoresis method developed by P. Kolodziejczyk et al. at the POS Pilot Plant Corp.) in the oilseeds and test protein products as well as measurements of trypsin inhibitor (AOCS Official Method Ba 12-75 reapproved 1997) and urease (AOCS Official Method Ba 9-58 reapproved 1993) activities in soya and sunflower seeds and protein products were determined at the POS Pilot Plant Corp., Saskatoon, SK. according to the methods cited in the parentheses.

Determinations of the amino acid concentrations in the oilseeds and test protein products were conducted by AAA Laboratory, Mercer Island, WA, USA using the general procedures described by Mwachireya etal. (1999. Aquaculture Nutrition 5: 73- 82).

Levels of phytic acid in all oilseeds and in the products derived from the co-processing of oilseeds and animal offal were determined by Ralston Analytical Laboratories, Saint Louis, MO using the procedures described by Forster et al. (1999. Aquaculture 179: 109-125).

Mineral concentrations in the oilseeds and the protein products were determined by Norwest Labs, Surrey, BC using plasma spectroscopy (Higgs etal., 1982. Aquaculture 29: 1-31).

Concentrations of glucosinolate compounds (total of all the different types of glucosinolates) present in canola and canola- based products were measured by Dr. Phil Raney, of Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK according to the methods of Daun and McGregor (1981. Glucosinolate Analysis of Rapeseed (Canola). Method of the Canadian Grain Commission Revised Edn. Grain Research Laboratory, Canadian Grain Commission, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada).

Measurements of soy isoflavones namely, daidzein, glycitein, genistein, and saponins were conducted by Dr. Chung-Ja C. Jackson, of the Guelph Center for Functional Foods, University of Guelph Laboratory Services and have been reported here as the total for the preceding compounds (the methodology in each case is the subject of a patent application and hence has not been published).

EXAMPLE 13: Results obtained for canola and canola-based products Table 3 outlined below gives the percentages of extensively dehulled and partially dehulled Goliath canola seed and of hulls in relation to seed size after dehulling by Forsberg Incorporated, Thief River Falls, MN.

Table 3.

Seed size/fraction Weight (kg) %

Extensively 35.8 39.4 dehulled; large ^1/

Extensively 10.8 11.8 dehulled; small ^1/

Partially dehulled; 20.4 22.4 large ^a

Partially dehulled; 14.3 15.7 small *

Hulls; small ³ 3.33 3.66

Hulls; large ^3/ 6.49 7.13

Total 91.1 100

¹ The extensively dehulled canola as identified visually by the lack of hulls in the material was used in the tests reported below (referred to as dehulled canola)

²⁷ The partially dehulled canola could be subjected to further dehulling, directed into ruminant diets, and/or mixed at a low proportion with animal offal and then co-processed to create a nutritionally upgraded protein source for monogastrics.

³¹ The hulls contained little visible evidence of canola meats and had low density.

Table 4 gives the percentages of presscake and oil obtained after cold pressing raw, undehulled and micronized, dehulled Goliath canola seed using a laboratory scale Gusta press. Table 4.

Table 5 sets out the initial ratios of water from endogenous and exogenous sources to oilseed lipid-free dry matter content and percentage yields (air-dry product, moisture- free product, and lipid-free dry weight product) from the co-processing of different blends of whole herring (WH) with dehulled, micronized (DC) and undehulled raw Goliath canola seed (URC).

Table 5.

Protein product ¹ Initial ratio of hot Air-dry Moisture- Lipid-free water to oilseed product free product dry product lipid-free dry (%) (%) (%) matter (w/w)

WH75DC25 5:1 29.4 27.0 19.4

WH50DC50 5:1 32.7 31.1 20.4

WH37.5DC62.5 5:1 34.8 31.8 20.0

WH75URC25 4.5:1 30.5 27.1 19.0

WH50URC50 5:1 30.9 29.8 21.3

WH25URC75 5:1 29.6 28.6 20.5

^1/ Numbers following WH, DC, and URC refer to initial percentages of these products in the herring/canola seed blends (canola seed was cold pressed to remove a significant portion of the oil and reduce the particle size of the starting material before blending with herring and santoquin; 0.1 g/kg of mixed product before water addition) before their coprocessing using cooking temperatures of 90-93°C and drying temperatures of 77-83°C.

In Table 6, the concentrations of proximate constituents including crude fibre (CF) as well as phytic acid (PA), total glucosinolates (TG), and sinapine in whole herring (WH), dehulled micronized cold pressed Goliath canola (DC), undehulled raw cold pressed Goliath canola (URC), and six protein products produced by the co-processing of different proportions of WH with either DC or URC (expressed on a dry weight basis, DWB or lipid-free dry weight basis, LFDWB) are provided. The composition of a seventh protein product that was produced by hexane extraction of WH50DC50 is also shown (WH50DC50-hexane) together with the apparent protein digestibility coefficients for some of the products (Atlantic salmon in sea water used as the test animal) is also provided.

Table 6.

Parameter WH DC URC WH75 WH50 WH50 WH37.5 WH75 WH50 WH25 DC25 DC50 DC50 DC62.5 URC25 URC5 URC75

(hexane) 0

Dry matter (g/kg ) 286 954 936 918 952 928 914 890 966 968

Protein (g/kg) -DWB 488 279 348 529 456 693 416 525 414 404

-LFDWB 870 515 469 735 696 724 662 748 578 564

Lipid (g/kg) -DWB 439 458 258 280 345 42.5 372 298 284 284

Ash (g/kg) -DWB 70.3 48 60.9 81 67.1 97.2 63 77.1 78.8 73.5

-LFDWB 125 88.6 82.1 113 102 102 100 110 110 103

CF (g/kg) -DWB _ 1/ 28.3 66.5 21 24.7 38.3 28.9 - 69.2 76.4

-LFDWB - 52.2 89.6 29.2 37.7 40 46 - 96.6 107

PA (g/kg) -DWB - 28.2 33.9 * 15.6 22.9 - 25.5 14.2 > 26 30.7

-LFDWB - 52 45.6 21.6 35 - 40.6 20.2 36.3 42.9

TG (μmoles/g) - - . 10.8 17.8 1.09 1.26 - 0.92 0.44 0.9 1.06 DWB

-LFDWB - 19.9 24 1.52 1.92 - 1.47 0.63 1.26 1.49

Sinapine(g/kg) -DWB - 11.2 13.1 3.16 4.94 - 5.8 2.92 5.18 5.68

-LFDWB - 20.7 17.7 4.39 7.54 - 9.23 4.16 7.23 7.94

In vivo protein - - - 88.9 94.4 - 94.9 - 94.4 96.4 digestibility (%)

¹ Not determined

Table 7 provides the concentrations of essential amino acids (% of protein) and selected minerals (μg/g of lipid-free dry matter) in whole herring (WH), micronized, dehulled, cold pressed Goliath canola (DC), undehulled, raw cold pressed Goliath canola (URC), and six protein products produced by the co-processing of different propotions of WH with either DC or URC. The amino acid and mineral concentrations in a seventh protein product, produced by hexane extraction of WH50DC50 are also shown (WH50DC50- hexane).

Table 7.

Parameter WH DC URC WH75 WH50 WH50 WH37.5 WH75 WH50 WH25 DC25 DC50 DC50 DC62.5 URC2 URC5 URC75

(hexane) 5 0

A) Essential amino acids 17

Arginine 6.66 7.09 7.23 7.44 7.5 6.93 - - -

Histidine 1.97 2.84 - 2.62 , 2.69 2.69 2.59 - - -

Isoleucine 4.56 4.28 - 4.81 4.78 4.71 4.51 - - -

Leucine 8.4 7.47 - 8.15 8.22 8.01 7.71 - - -

Lysine 5.47 , 3.87 - 4.92 4.85 7.01 4.4 - - -

Methionine + 3.97 4.55 - , 4.54 4.63 4.25 4.47 - - - Cystine

Phenylalanine + 7.55 7.26 - 8.08 8.14 7.93 7.54 - - - Tyroslne

Threonine 4.97 4.62 - 4.83 4.89 4.73 4.61 - - -

Tryptophan 1.51 1.72 - 1.69 1.63 0.92 1.69 - - -

Valine 5.51 5.34 - 5.66 5.75 5.23 5.36 - - -

B) Minerals

Calcium 30303 4061 5183 23905 14594 16202 12195 22088 14458 10244

Phosphorus 19073 18760 17278 23299 21971 23746 20384 21127 20675 20777

Magnesium 1961 7929 7631 4388 5934 6921 6098 4161 6289 8599

Sodium 5704 <100 <100 3026 1443 1598 1220 2081 772 495

Potassium 14260 18566 18142 12104 12348 14293 ^* 12544 10244 11234 12019

Copper 5.2 3.09 <1.00 15.4 6.09 12.0 8.36 11.4 10.7 9.81

Zinc 101 70.8 66.7 116 101 106 79.6 96.2 74.6 71.1

1/ Not determined.

Table 8 sets out the percentages of selected fatty acids and of saturated, unsaturated, (n-6), (n-3) and n-3 highly unsaturated fatfy acids (n-3 HUFA; 20:5 (n-3) + 22:6 (n-3)) in whole herring (WH), undehulled raw cold pressed Goliath canola (URC), and the press lipids resulting from th e co-processing of different proportions of WH with DC or URC.

EXAMPLE 14: Results obtained for sunflower and sunflower-based products In Table 9, initial ratios of water from endogenous and exogenous sources to oilseed lipid-free dry matter and percentage yields (air-dry product, moisture-free product, and lipid-free dry weight product) from the co-processing of different blends of whole herring (WH) or poultry offal (PO) with dehulled, raw sunflower seed, batch 1 (DRSF.,) or batch 2 (DRSF₂) are provided.

Table 9.

¹⁷ Numbers following WH, DRSF and PO refer to initial percentages of these products in the herring/sunflower seed and poultry/sunflower seed blends (sunflower seed was cold pressed to remove a significant portion of the oil and reduce the particle size of the starting material before blending with herring or poultry and santoquin; 0.1 g/kg of mixed product before water addition) before their co-processing using cooking temperatures of 90-93°C and drying temperatures of 77-83°C.

Table 10 gives the concentrations of proximate constituents including crude fibre (CF), phytic acid (PA), trypsin inhibitor activity (Tl), urease activity (UA) and chlorogenic acid (CA) content in whole herring (WH), poultry offal (PO), dehulled, raw cold pressed sunflower, batch 1 (DRSF.,), and five protein products produced by the co-processing of different proportions of WH or PO with either DRSF_! or dehulled, raw cold pressed sunflower, batch 2 (DRSF₂) (expressed on a dry weight basis, DWB or lipid-free dry weight basis, LFDWB). The composition of a sixth protein product that was produced by hexane extraction of WH50DRSF.,50 is also shown (WHδODRSF^O-hexane) together with the apparent protein digestibility coefficients for some of the products (Atlantic salmon in sea water used as the test animal). Table 10.

^1/ Not determined

²⁷ DRSF₂ co-processed with PO was pressed, partially dehulled (58%) animal feed grade with a DM, protein, lipid, ash and crude fibre content (g/kg expressed on a dry weight basis except DM) of 918, 379, 211, 59.4, and 123, respectively.

Table 11 gives the concentrations of essential amino acids (% of protein) and selected minerals (μg/g of lipid-free dry matter) in whole herring (WH), poultry offal (PO), dehulled, raw, cold pressed sunflower, batch 1 (DRSF.,), and four protein products produced by the co-processing of different proportions of WH or PO with either DRSF_! or DRSF₂. The concentrations in a fifth protein product, produced by hexane extraction of WH50DRSF₁50, is also shown (WH50DRSF₁50-hexane).

Table 11

Parameter WH PO DRSF_! ²⁷ WH75 WH50 WH50 WH25 PO50 DRSF^δ DRSF^O DRSF^O DRSF^δ DRSF_jδO³' (hexane)

A) Essential amino acids

Arginine 6.66 8.11 10.6 7.66 8.58 8.64 9.16 8.52

Histidine 1.97 1.91 2.59 2.34 2.42 2.40 2.41 2.56

Isoleucine 4.56 3.19 4.45 4.28 4.45 4.52 4.38 4.56

Leucine 8.40 5.88 6.32 7.16 6.96 7.11 6.57 6.95

Lysine 5.47 5.28 3.67 6.88 5.57 5.57 4.30 4.59

Methionine + Cystine 3.97 3.16 3.61 3.71 3.41 3.61 3.42 3.25

Phenylalanine + Tyrosine 7.55 5.45 7.66 7.46 7.65 7.82 7.55 7.72

Threonine 4.97 3.67 4.15 4.40, 4.17 4.10 4.06 , 3.99

Tryptophan 1.51 0.75 1.28 1.27 0.78 1.27 1.03 1.40

Valine 5.51 4.03 5.19 5.09 5.29 4.86 5.08 4.81

B) Minerals

Calcium 30303 1930 33810 15055 14999 10226 12420

Phosphorus 19073 - 22188 29950 25011 23221 23573 15843

Magnesium 1961 - 10805 4493 7503 7544 9987 4992

Sodium 5704 - 19.8 2223 1454 1378 836 852

Potassium 14260 - 23090 11085 14406 15110 15036 9894

Copper 5.20 - 39.1 21.6 36.5 28.9 37.0 39.9

Zinc 101 - 124 99.0 118 124 123 93.0

^1/ Not determined. ^τ

²¹ Values for essential amino acids were derived from unpressed DRSF^

³¹ DRSF₂ co-processed with PO was partially dehulled (58%) animal feed grade with a DM, protein, lipid, ash and crude fibre composition (g/kg expressed on a dry weight basis except DM) of 918, 379, 211, 59.4, and 123, respectively.

In Table 12, percentages of selected fatty acids and of saturated, unsaturated, (n-6), (n- 3) and n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (n-3 HUFA; 20:5 (n-3) + 22:6 (n-3)) in whole herring (WH), poultry offal (PO), dehulled, raw, cold pressed sunflower, batch 1 (DRSF.,), and the press lipids resulting from the co-processing of different proportions of WH or PO with DRSF., or dehulled, raw, cold pressed sunflower, batch 2 (DRSF₂).

Table 12

^1/ Not determined.

²⁷ DRSF₂ co-processed with PO was partially dehulled (58%) animal feed grade with a DM, crude protein, lipid, ash and crude fi content (g/kg expressed on a dry weight basis except DM) of 918, 379, 211 , 59.4, and 123, respectively.

EXAMPLE 15: Results obtained for soya and soya-based products

In Table 13, the initial ratios of water from endogenous and exogenous sources to oilseed, lipid-free dry matter and percentage yields (air-dry product, moisture-free product, and lipid-free dry weight product) from the co-processing of different blends of whole herring (WH) with dehulled, micronized (DSY) and undehulled raw soya seed

(URSY).

Table 13.

Protein product ^1/ Initial ratio of hot Air-dry Moisture- Lipid-free water to oilseed product free product dry product lipid-free dry (%) (%) (%) matter (w/w)

WH75DSY25 5:1 14.2 13.6 10.3

WH50DSY50 5:1 36.7 34.9 26.4

WH25DSY75 4:1 48.3 43.8 32.7

WH75URSY25 5:1 20.7 19.1 15.0

WH50URSY50 5:1 29.9 27.4 21.1

WH25URSY75 4:1 43.8 38.4 33.7

^1/ Numbers following WH, DSY and URSY refer to initial percentages of these products in the herring/soya blends (soya seed was ground to reduce the particle size of the starting material before blending with herring and santoquin; 0.1 g/kg of mixed product before water addition) prior to their co-processing using cooking temperatures of 90-93 °C and drying temperatures of 77-83 °C.

Table 14 shows the concentrations of proximate constituents including crude fibre (CF) as well as phytic acid (PA), total saponins, total isoflavones (TIF), urease activity (UA), and trypsin inhibitor activity (Tl) in whole herring (WH), dehulled, micronized, , soya (DSY), undehulled, raw soya (URSY), and six protein products produced by the coprocessing of different proportions of WH with either DSY or URSY (expressed on a dry weight basis, DWB or lipid-free dry weight basis, LFDWB). The composition of a seventh protein product that was produced by hexane extraction of WH50DSY50 is also shown (WH50DSY50-hexane) together with the apparent protein digestibility coefficients for some of the products (Atlantic salmon in sea water used as the test animal). Table 14

Parameter WH DSY URSY WH75 WH50 WH50 WH25 WH75 WH50 WH25 DSY25 DSY50 DSY50 DSY75 URSY25 URSY5 URSY75

(hexane) 0

Dry matter (g/kg) 286 921 897 956 950 936 907 921 916 878

Protein (g/kg ) 488 396 334 526 531 647 507 497 429 388 DWB

-LFDWB 870 522 434 696 701 668 680 633 557 504

Lipid (g/kg ) 439 242 230 244 242 30.1 254 215 230 232 DWB

Ash (g/kg ) 70.3 50.3 57.1 77.2 59.4 71.2 52.2 85.8 66.4 56.8 DWB

-LFDWB 125 66.4 74.2 , 102 78.4 73.4 70.0 109 86.2 74.0

CF (g/kg) _ 1/ 16.2 44.6 16.0 16,3 18.7 19.3 46.6 67.5 ,82.2 DWB

-LFDWB - 21.3 57.9 21.2 21.5 19.3 25.9 59.3 87.6 107

PA (g/kg ) - 14.9 20.0 9.87 11.9 - 12.9 12.5 15.9 17.2 DWB

-LFDWB - 19.6 25.9 13.1 15.7 - 17.3 15.9 20.7 22.4

Saponins (mg/g ) - 1.60 - 0.71 1.02 - 1.18 - - - -DWB

-LFDWB - 2.11 - 0.94 1.35 - 1.58 - - -

TIF(μg/g ) - 2305 - 899 1402 - 1622 - - - DWB

-LFDWB - 3041 - 1189 1850 - 2174 - - -

UA (ΔpH) - 0.01 2.48 0.02 0.01 - 0.02 0.09 0.28 0.35

Tl (TIA units/g) - 7813 101563 871 1017 ^* 553 1902 8296 11138 LFDWB

In vivo protein - - - - 96.2 - 94.2 - 93.5 88.2 digestibility (%)

^1/ Not determined

Table 15 provides concentrations of essential amino acids (% of protein) and selected minerals (μg/g of lipid-free dry matter) in whole herring (WH), dehulled, micronized, soya (DSY), and three protein products produced by the co-processing of different proportions of WH with DSY. The concentrations in a fourth protein product, produced by hexane extraction of WH50DSY50, is also shown (WH50DSY50-hexane).

Table 15

Parameter WH DSY WH75 WH50 WH50 WH25 DSY25 DSY50 DSY50 DSY75

(hexane)

A) Essential amino acids

Arginine 6.66 7.57 7.39 7.17 7.64 7.38

Histidine 1.97 2.48 2,45 2.42 2.49 2.47

Isoleucine 4.56 4.65 4.67 4.60 4.83 4.57

Leucine 8.40 7.53 7.66 7.48 8.00 7.58

Lysine 5.47 . 6.14 7.13 6.70 6.72 6.52

Methionine + Cystine 3.97 2.46 3.30 2.70 3.20 2.97

Phenylalanine + Tyrosine 7.55 8.56 8.21 8.27 8.78 8.47

Threonine 4.97 4.21 4.57 4.37 4.44 4.30

Tryptophan 1.51 1.45 1.38 1.31 1.20 1.35

Valine 5.51 4.54 5.26 5.04 4.79 4.99

B) Minerals

Calcium 30303 2637 22138 14304 9958 8646

Phosphorus 19073 9339 19648 14998 11897 12385

Magnesium 1961 3638 2684 2597 2324 2971

Sodium 5704 <5.00 2228 1290 1157 668

Potassium 14260 27646 17157 16942 13769 17587

Copper 5.20 21.6 36.7 26.7 23.6 27.2

Zinc 101 57.3 75.3 65.5 65.6 67.8

Table 16 provides the percentages of selected fatty acids and of saturated, unsaturated, (n-6), (n-3) and n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (n-3 HUFA; 20:5 (n-3) + 22:6 (n-3)) in whole herring (WH), micronized, dehulled, soya (DSY), undehulled, raw soya (URSY), and the press lipids resulting from the co-processing of different proportions of WH with DSY or URSY.

Example 16: Results obtained for hemp and hemp-based products.

In Table 17, the initial ratios of water from endogenous and exogenous sources to oilseed lipid-free dry matter and percentage yields (air-dry product, moisture-free product, and lipid-free dry weight product) from the co-processing of different blends of whole herring (WH) with dehulled, sterilized (DHP) and undehulled sterilized hemp seed

(UHP).

Table 17.

Protein product ^1/ Initial ratio of hot Air-dry Moisture- Lipid-free dry water to oilseed lipid- product free product product (%) free dry matter (w/w) (%) (%)

WH75DHP25 5:1 3.04 2.93 2.80

WH50DHP50 4:1 20.4 19.9 . 15.1

WH25DHP75 3:1 37.3 32.6 23.2

WH75UHP25 5:1 15.0 14.7 11.9

WH50UHP50 5:1 ' 36.9 36.4 31.4

WH25UHP75 4:1 40.3 39.7 34.2

^1/ Numbers following WH, DHP and UHP refer to initial percentages of these products in the herring/hemp blends (UHP seed was cold pressed to remove a significant portion of the oil and to reduce the particle size of the starting material before blending with herring and santoquin; 0.1 g/kg of mixed product before water addition) prior to their coprocessing using cooking temperatures of 90-93°C and drying temperatures of 77-83 °C.

Table 18 gives the concentrations of proximate constituents including crude fibre (CF) as well as phytic acid (PA) in whole herring (WH), dehulled, sterilized hemp (DHP), cold pressed undehulled, sterilized hemp (UHP), and six protein products produced by the co-processing of different proportions of WH with either DHP or UHP (expressed on a dry weight basis, DWB or lipid-free dry weight basis, LFDWB). The composition of a seventh protein product that was produced by hexane extraction of WH50DHP50 is also shown (WH50DHP50-hexane) together with the apparent protein digestibility coefficients for some of the products (Atlantic salmon in sea water used as the test animal). Table 18.

^v Not determined

51

Table 19 shows the concentrations of essential amino acids (% of protein) and selected minerals (μg/g of lipid-free dry matter) in whole herring (WH), dehulled, sterilized hemp (DHP), and three protein products produced by the co-processing of different proportions of WH with DHP. or UHP. The concentrations in a fourth protein product, produced by hexane extraction of WH50DHP50, are also shown (WH50DHP50-hexane).

Table 19

Parameter WH DHP WH75 WH50 WH50 WH25 DHP25 DHP50 DHP50 DHP75

(hexane)

A) Essential amino acids

Arginine 6.66 14.0 8.48 10.4 10.6 11.7

Histidine 1.97 2.81 2.53 2.58 2.62 2.71

Isoleucine 4.56 4.24 4.97 4.72 4.79 4.54

Leucine 8.40 6.72 8.32 7.70 7.90 7.31

Lysine 5.47 3.81 7.93 6.45 6.39 5.35

Methionine. + Cystine 3.97 4.11 4.11 4.08 4.02 3.91 .

Phenylalanine + i Tyrosine _* 7.55 8.41 8.62 8.48 8.68 8.52.

Threonine 4.97 3.71 4.80 4.37 4.36 4.06

Tryptophan 1.51 0.40 0.41 0.75 1.39 0.75

Valine 5.51 4.97 5.58 5.37 5.19 5.20

B) Minerals

Calcium 30303 1792 35867 16734 17616 7789

Phosphorus 19073 31048 29641 28340 27652 31219

Magnesium 1961 14202 3668 8772 8531 12375

Sodium 5704 37.8 2558 1646 1708 1162

Potassium 14260 18880 10882 11876 13559 14419

Copper 5.20 30.8 18.7 22.5 26.5 25.4

Zinc 101 169 101 125 141 154

Table 20 sets out the percentages of selected fatty acids and of saturated, unsaturated, (n-6), (n-3) and n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (n-3 HUFA; 20:5 (n-3) + 22:6 (n-3)) in whole herring (WH), dehulled, sterilized hemp (DHP), undehulled, sterilized hemp (UHP), and the press lipids resulting from the co-processing of different proportions of WH with DHP or UHP.

The co-processing of animal offal with the foregoing oilseeds pretreated using the methods according to the present invention resulted in nutritionally upgraded protein sources suitable for use.

The yields of these protein sources were good for all canola and sunflower-based products and this was also true for the soya and hemp-based products when higher concentrations (> 50% in initial mixture) of these treated oilseeds were used. All of the yields were likely underestimated of true values owing to the difficulty in quantitatively collecting all of the material from the drier portion of the fish meal machine.

The oilseed-based protein products contained high concentrations of protein that was highly bioavailable to salmon (generally 89% to 100% of the protein was noted to be digestible in Atlantic salmon held^" in sea water depending upon the source and percentage of the oilseed in the initial mixture of offal and oilseed and the pretreatment of the latter and the offal before their co-processing). Moreover, these protein products had significantly reduced concentrations of all heat labile and water soluble antinutritional factors except phytic acid relative to their respective initial levels in the oilseeds. Phytic acid was concentrated during the co-processing of offal with oilseed and the extent depended upon its initial^" concentration in the oilseed used in the process.

The fatty acid compositions of the animal feed grade lipid sources produced by the process largely reflected the fatty acid compositions and lipid levels contributed by the different proportions of the animal offal and oilseed used initially in the process. This provides considerable scope to produce specially designed lipid sources that are tailored to meet the fatty acid needs of various animal species.

The cold-pressing of oilseeds before they are blended with animal offal yielded high quality economically valuable human food grade oils whose fatty acid compositions can be varied, depending upon market requirements and the selection of the oilseed or combination of oilseeds that are used in cold pressing. The high value of the cold pressed oils which can be generated in greater quantities wen undehulled seeds rather than dehulled seeds are cold pressed will contribute to the overall economic viability of the co-processing of animal offals with oilseeds.

The hulls resulted from the dehulling of the oilseeds used in this study and the condensed solubles produced by co-processing animal offal(s) with oilseed(s) likely will be excellent organic fertilizer constituents. This is because they collectively contain soluble protein, some lipid and minerals and other components that can be degraded by aerobic or anaerobic bacterial processes into value-added fertilizer products making the overall process described herein economically viable.

The rapid heat treatment of oilseeds to inactivate enzymes like the protease inhibitors in soya and destruct heat labile antinutritional components coupled with the dehulling of oilseeds yield protein and lipid-rich products that potential can be used directly in high energy feeds such as those destined for aquatic species like salmon (salmon grower diets frequently contain 25-35% lipid on an air-dry basis and they are produced by extrusion processing technology).

Claims

WE CLAIM:

1. A process for preparation of nutritionally upgraded oilseed meals, which are protein and lipid-rich and have a reduced fibre content, and plant oils from oilseeds for use in fish or other non-human animal diets or human foods comprising the steps of:

- providing a source of oilseed;

- dehulling said heat-treated seed to produce a meat fraction, a hull fraction or a mixture thereof; and

- cold pressing said meat fraction or said mixture to yield said plant oils and said protein and lipid-rich meals .

2. A process for preparation of nutritionally upgraded oilseed meals, which are protein and lipid-rich and have a reduced fibre content, and plant oils from oilseeds for use in fish or other non-human animal diets or human foods comprising the steps of:

- providing a source of oilseed;

- subjecting said oilseed to heat treatment to substantially reduce the concentration of at least some antinutritional components normally present in said oilseed to obtain heat-treated particulate seed;

- providing a source of unhydrolyzed animal offal;

- blending said heat-treated seed in particulate form with said animal offal to form a mixture thereof;

- cooking said mixture under conditions selected to substantially improve protein digestibility, and substantially free cellular water present in said animal offal, as well as to facilitate separation of protein from the lipid in said animal offal and said oilseeds to obtain a cooked mixture; and

A process according to claim 1 for the preparation of protein concentrates and lipid sources from co-processing of animal offal with oilseed for use in fish or other non-human animal feeds, wherein the cold pressing step of said meat fraction or said mixture is carried out so as to substantially reduce the particle size of said meat or said mixture and to yield a high value human grade oil and protein and lipid-rich meals with reduced fibre content; said process comprising the further steps of:

- providing a source of unhydrolyzed animal offal;

- blending said protein and lipid-rich meal with said animal offal to form a blended mixture thereof;

- cooking said blended mixture under conditions selected to substantially improve protein digestibility, and substantially free cellular water present in said animal offal, as well as to facilitate separation of protein from the lipid in said animal offal and said oilseeds to obtain a cooked mixture; and

A process for preparation of protein concentrates and lipid sources from coprocessing of animal offal with oilseeds for use in fish or other non-human animal diets comprising the steps of:

- providing a source of oilseed;

- cold pressing said oilseed under conditions to substantially reduce particle size of said oilseed and obtain pressed raw seeds;

- providing a source of unhydrolyzed animal offal;

5. A process for preparation of protein concentrates and lipid sources from the coprocessing of animal offal with oilseeds for use in fish or other non-human animal diets comprising the steps of:

- providing a source of oilseed;

- drying said oilseed to produce a dried seed;

- dehulling said dried seed to produce a meat fraction, a hull fraction or a mixture thereof;

- cold pressing said meat fraction or said mixture under conditions selected to substantially reduce particle size of said meat or mixture to yield a high value human grade oil and protein and lipid-rich meals with reduced fibre content;

- providing a source of unhydrolyzed animal offal;

- blending said protein and lipid-rich meals with said animal offal to form a blended mixture thereof; ^*

- cooking said blended mixture under conditions selected to substantially improve protein digestibility, substantially free cellular water present in said animal offal and facilitate separation of protein from the lipid in said animal offal and said oilseeds to obtain a cooked mixture; and

6. A process for producing a protein concentrate for use in animal and aquafeeds comprising the steps of:

- providing a source of oilseed;

- drying said oilseed to reduce its moisture content to below about 10% to obtain a dried seed or subjecting said oilseed to heat treatment under conditions selected to substantially deactivate, destroy or reduce the concentration of at least some of the antinutritional components normally present in oilseed to produce a heat-treated seed;

- providing a source of unhydrolyzed animal offal;

- blending said oilseed and said animal offal in a ratio of about 10:90 to about 90:10 to form a mixture thereof;

- extracting said mixture with a solvent; and

- removing said solvent to obtain a protein concentrate.

7. The process according to claim 1 , further including the step of extracting said protein and lipid-rich meals with a solvent.

8. The process according to any one of claims 2 to 5, further comprising the steps of:

- extracting said protein rich fraction with a solvent; and

- removing said solvent to obtain a protein concentrate.

9. The process according to claims 1 or 7, further including the step of stabilizing said plant oils by adding an antioxidant.

10. The process according to claim 6,^Afurther comprising the step of cooking said mixture to obtain a cooked mixture prior to said extracting step.

11. The process according to claim 10, further comprising the step of separating said cooked mixture into a stickwater fraction, a moisture containing protein-rich fraction, and an animal feed grade oil fraction.

12. The process according to any one of claims 2 to 5 or 11 , further including the step of stabilizing said animal feed grade oil by adding an antioxidant.

13. The process according to any one of claims 2 to 5, further including the step of drying said protein-rich fraction to reduce its moisture content to below about 10%.

14. The process according to any one of claims 2 to 5, further including the step of drying said protein-rich fraction to reduce its moisture content to about 6% to about 9%.

15. The process according to claim 6, further including the step of drying said protein concentrate.

16. The process according to any one of claims 1 to 3 or 6, wherein said heat treatment is a rapid heat treatment.

17. The process according to claims 1 to 4 or 6, wherein said oilseed is selected from the group consisting of canola, rape seed, soybeans, sunflower seed, flax seed, mustard seed, cotton seed, hemp and mixtures thereof.

18. The process according to any one of claims 1 , 3, 4 or 5, wherein said oilseed is selected from the group consisting of canola, rape seed, sunflower seed, flax seed, mustard seed, cotton seed and mixtures thereof.

19. The process according to claim 5, wherein said oilseed is sunflower seed.

20. The process according to any one of claims 2 to 6, wherein said animal offal is selected from the group consisting offish processing waste, whole fish, fish by- catch, squid offal, whole birds, beeϊ offal, lamb offal and mixtures thereof.

21. The process according to claims 2 or 6, further including the step of dehulling said heat-treated seed.

22. The process according to any one of claims 1 , 3, 5 or 21 , wherein said dehulling is carried out by a mechanical treatment with a gravity screening or air- classification step.

23. The process according to any one of claims 1 , 3, 5 or 21 , wherein said process further includes a seed sizing step.

24. The process according to any one of claims 2 to 6, wherein said blending step includes adding hot water to said mixture.

25. The process according to any one of claims 2 to 5 or 10, wherein said cooking is performed at a temperature of about 90°C to about 93°C.

26. The process according to any one of claims 2 to 6, further including the step of adding a palatability enhancer to said mixture.

27. The process according to any one of claims 2 to 6, further including the step of adding an antioxidant to said mixture.

28. The process according to claim 26, wherein said palatability enhancer is selected from the group consisting of natural and synthetic products based on krill, euphausiids and derivatives thereof, squid, Finnstim™ and mixtures thereof.

29. The process according to anyone of claims 9, 12 or 27, wherein said antioxidant is selected from the group consisting of ethoxyquin (santoquin), butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, tertiary butyl hydroquinone, natural antioxidants and mixtures thereof.

30. The process according to any one of claims 2 to 5, wherein said oilseed and said animal offal are mixed together in a ratio of about 10:90 to about 90:10 by weight.

31. The process according to any one of claims 2 to 6, wherein said oilseed and said animal offal are mixed together in a ratio of about 25:75 to about 75:25 by weight.

32. The process according to any one of claims 2 to 6, wherein said oilseed and said animal offal are mixed together in a ratio of about 60:40 to about 40:60 by weight.

33. The process according to any one of claims 2 to 5 or 15, wherein said drying step is performed at a temperature of between about 70°C to about 85°C.

34. The process according to any one of claims 2 to 5 or 11 , wherein said separation step is carried out in a screw press, expeller press or decanter centrifuge, or any combination thereof.

35. The process according to any one of claims 2 to 5 or 11 , further comprising the step of condensing said stickwater fraction to yield condensed solubles.

36. The process according to claim 35, further comprising the step of stabilizing said condensed solubles with an inorganic acid.

37. The process according to any one₄of claims 2 to 5, further including the step of incubating said mixture in the presence of one or more enzymes prior to said cooking step.

38. The process according to claim 37, wherein said enzyme includes the enzyme phytase.

39. The process according to any one of claims 2 to 5 or 10, wherein said cooking step is carried out using a heat exchanger or through direct steam injection coupled with batch processor.

40. The process according to any one of claims 2 to 6, further comprising the initial step of deboning said animal offal to produced deboned animal offal and bones.

41. The process according to any one of claims 6 to 8, wherein said solvent extraction is carried out at least twice.

42. The process according to any one of claims 6 to 8, wherein said solvent includes hexane.

43. The process according to claim 6, wherein said oilseed is selected from the group consisting of canola, soybeans, cotton seed, sunflower, hemp and mixtures thereof.

44. The process according to claim 6, wherein said animal offal is a fish product or poultry.

45. The process according to any one of claims 1 or 3 to 6, wherein said cold pressing step is carried out at a temperature not exceeding 85°C.

46. The process according to any one of claims 2 or 6, wherein said source of oilseed is a commercially available particulate processed oilseed meal which has not been submitted to the initial rapid heat treatment or cold pressing steps.

47. The process according to any one of claims 2 to 6, wherein said unhydrolyzed animal offal is a minced unhydrolyzed animal offal.

48. A protein source having from about 40% to about 80% protein calculated on a lipid-free dry weight basis, said source being adapted for use in animal and aquafeeds and comprising an admixture of treated oilseed protein and animal offal whereby said admixture is characterized by at least one of the following:

- enriched concentrations of essential amino acids and bio-available minerals relative to those present in said animal offal or untreated oilseed;

- enriched concentrations of highly unsaturated n-3 fatty acids relative to those present initially in said oilseed if said source of animal offal is fish;

- reduced concentrations* of heat-labile and water soluble and antinutritional factors in an amount of at least 20% by weight relative to non-treated oilseed protein;

- increased protein digestibility relative to non-treated oilseed protein; and

- a lipid concentration of less than 10% of dry weight of said source.

49. The protein source according to claim 48, wherein said reduction of the heat- labile and antinutritional factors is at least 80% calculated on a lipid-free dry weight basis.

50. The protein source according to claim 48, further comprising an antioxidant.

51. The protein source according to claim 50, wherein said antioxidant is selected from ethoxyquin (santoquin), butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, tertiary butyl hydroxyquinone, natural antioxidants and mixtures thereof.

52. The protein source according to claim 48, wherein said amino acid is at least one acid selected from arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, cystine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine.

53. The protein source according to claim 48, wherein said amino acid is at least one acid selected from lysine, methionine or cystine.

54. The protein source according to claim 48, wherein said mineral is at least one mineral selected from calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, copper and zinc.

55. The protein source according to claim 48, wherein said mineral is at least one mineral selected from calcium, phosphorus, sodium or zinc.

56. The protein source according to claim 48, wherein said n-3 highly saturated fatty acid is at least one fatty acid selected from eicosapentaenoicacid (20:5n-3) or docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3).

57. The protein source according to claim 48, wherein said heat-labile and water soluble antinutritional components are selected from glucosinolates, phenolic compounds including sinapine, chlorogenic acid, oligosaccharides, trypsin inhibitor, saponins or isoflavones.

58. The protein source according to claim 48, wherein said protein digestibility is at least 89% for Atlantic salmon in sea water.

59. The protein source according to claim 48, wherein said oilseed is selected from canola, rape seed, soybeans, sunflower seed, flax seed, mustard seed, cotton seed, hemp and mixtures thereof.

60. The protein source according to claim 48, wherein said animal offal is selected from whole fish, fish processing waste, fish by-catch, squid offal, whole birds, beef offal, lamb offal and mixtures thereof.

61. The protein source according to claim 48, having a protein content of about 50% to about 77% calculated on a lipid-free dry weight basis and a lipid content of less than about 10% by weight.

62. The protein source according to claim 48, having a protein content of about 38% and a lipid content of up to about 40% calculated on a dry weight basis.

63. The protein source according to claim 48, wherein said treated oilseed is heat- treated.

64. An edible organic oil comprising an oilseed oil, said organic oil having been obtained by cold pressing oilseed in which the cold pressing was carried out at temperatures below 85°C, said oil having minimal lipid oxidation products and a peroxide value of less than about 2 milliequivalents per kg following oilseed processing.

65. The organic oil according to claim 64, wherein said oilseed is heat-treated.

66. The organic oil according to claim 64, wherein said oilseed is selected from canola, rape seed, sunflower seed, flax seed, mustard seed, cotton seed and mixtures thereof.

67. An animal feed grade oil for use in animal and aquafeeds comprising an admixture of treated oilseed oil and animal offal, said admixture having an enriched n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acid content (20:5n-3 + 22:6n-3) relative to non treated oilseed oil if fish is said source of animal offal.

68. The animal feed grade oil according to claim 67, wherein said oilseed is canola and further comprising an enriched monounsaturated fatty acid content (18: 1 n- 9) relative to non-treated oilseed oil.

69. The animal feed grade oil according to claim 67, wherein said treated oilseed is heat-treated.

70. The animal feed grade oil according to claim 67, wherein said oilseed is selected from canola, rape seed, soybeans, sunflower seed, flax seed, mustard seed, cotton seed, hemp and mixtures thereof.

71. A constituent for an organic fertilizer comprising at least one of canola, sunflower, soybean, mustard seed, cotton seed and hemp hulls, said hulls being dried hulls and containing protein and lipid.

72. The constituent for an organic fertilizer according to claim 71 , wherein said hulls are heat-treated hulls.

73. Condensed solubles for use as constituents in organic fertilizers comprising an admixture of treated oilseed and animal offal whereby said admixture has an enriched soluble nitrogen content, water soluble carbohydrate content, water soluble or heat-labile antinutritional component content and mineral content.

74. The solubles according to claim 73, wherein said treated oilseed is heat-treated.

75. The solubles according to claim 73, wherein said oilseed is selected from canola, rape seed, soybeans, sunflower seed, flax seed, mustard seed, cotton seed, hemp and mixtures thereof. ^*

76. The solubles according to claim 73, wherein said animal offal is selected from fish processing waste, whole fish, fish by-catch, squid offal, whole birds, beef offal, lamb offal and mixtures thereof.

77. The solubles according to claim 73, wherein said water soluble carbohydrate is selected from monosaccharides, disaccharides or oligosaccharides.

78. The solubles according to claim 73, wherein said antinutritional component is selected from glucosinolates, phenolic compounds including sinapine, chlorogenic acid, oligosaccharides, trypsin inhibitor, saponins or isoflavones.

79. The solubles according to claim 73, wherein said mineral is selected from calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, copper and zinc.

80. A protein and lipid-rich oilseed meal suitable for use in fish and non-human animal diets comprising a heat-treated dehulled oilseed, said oilseed being substantially free of flaxseed, mustard seed, rapeseed and cotton seed, said meal having:

- from about 26% to about 40% protein on a dry weight basis;

- from about 48% to about 64% protein on a lipid-free dry weight basis;

- from about 2.4% to about 4.6% methionine and cystine calculated as a percent of said protein;

- from about 3.6% to about 6.1% lysine calculated as a percent of said protein;

- from about 21 % to about 52% lipid on a dry weight basis;

-from about 2% to about 12% crude fibre on a lipid-free dry weight basis;

- from about 0.16% to about 0.45% calcium on a lipid-free dry weight basis; and

- less than about 0.01% sodium on a lipid-free dry weight basis.

81. The meal according to claim 80, further comprising at least one of trypsin inhibitor, glucosinolates, sinapine, chlorogenic acid and mixtures thereof.

82. The meal according to claim 81 , wherein said trypsin inhibitor is in an amount of up to about 8000 units/g on a lipid-free dry weight basis.

83. The meal according to claim 81 , wherein said glucosinolates are in an amount of up to about 20 μmoles/g of total glucosinolates on a lipid-free dry weight basis.

84. The meal according to claim 81 , wherein said sinapine is in an amount of up to about 2.1 % on a lipid-free dry weight basis.

85. The meal according to claim 81 , wherein said chlorogenic acid is in an amount of up to about 3 % on a lipid-free dry weight basis.

86. The meal according to claim 80, wherein said dehulled oilseed is greater than about 55% dehulled.

87. A protein concentrate containing an admixture of a co-processed oilseed and unhydrolyzed animal offal, said concentrate being suitable for use in fish and non-human animal diets, said oilseed comprising a heat-treated dehulled oilseed substantially free of flaxseed, mustard seed, rapeseed and cotton seed, said protein concentrate having:

- from about 38% to about 58% protein on a dry weight basis;

- from about 52% to about 77% protein on a lipid-free dry weight basis;

- from about 2.7% to about 4.6% methionine and cystine calculated as a percent of protein;

- from about 4.3% to about 7.9% lysine calculated as a percent of said protein;

- from about 24% to about 37% lipid on a dry weight basis;

- from about 1.7% to about 10% crude fibre on a lipid-free dry weight basis;

-from about 0.7% to about 3.6% calcium on a lipid-free dry weight basis; and

- from about 0.06% to about 0.30% sodium on a lipid-free dry weight basis.

88. The protein concentrate according to claim 87, further comprising at least one of trypsin inhibitor, glucosinolates, sinapine, chlorogenic acid and mixtures thereof.

89. The protein concentrate according to claim 87, wherein said trypsin inhibitor is in an amount of up to about 2500 units/g on a lipid-free dry weight basis.

90. The protein concentrate according to claim 87 wherein said glucosinolates are in an amount of up to about 4.0 μmoles/g of total glucosinolates on a lipid-free dry weight basis.

91. The protein concentrate according to claim 87, wherein said sinapine is in an amount of up to about 1.2% on a lipid-free dry weight basis.

92 The protein concentrate according to claim 87 wherein said chlorogenic acid is in an amount of up to about 1.7% on a lipid-free dry weight basis.

93. The protein concentrate according to claim 87, wherein said dehulled oilseed is greater than about 55% dehulled.

94. An animal grade oil comprising oil derived from an admixture of a co-processed oilseed and unhydrolyzed animal offal, said oil being substantially free of flaxseed oil, mustard seed oil, rapeseed oil, and cotton seed oil, said animal grade oil having:

- from about 60% to about 92% of total fatty acids as unsaturated fatty acids;

- from about 8% to about 50% of total fatty acids as (n-6) fatty acids;

- from about 0.5% to about 35% of total fatty acids as (n-3) fatty acids;

- from about 3% to about 25% of total fatty acids as n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids if said source of animal offal is fish; and

- a peroxide value less thanabout 8 milliequivalents per kg of oil at the time of production.

95. The animal grade oil according to claim 94, wherein said animal offal is a fish or poultry product and further comprises (20:5n-3+22:6n-3).

96. The animal grade oil according to claim 94, wherein said oilseed is a raw oilseed.

97. The animal grade oil according to claim 94, wherein said oilseed is a heat- treated oilseed.

98. An edible organic oil comprised of cold pressed heat-treated oilseed, said oil being substantially free of flaxseed oil, mustard seed oil, rapeseed oil and cotton seed oil, said organic oil comprising:

- from about 86% to about 96% of total fatty acids as unsaturated fatty acids;

-from about 20% to about 80% of total fatty acids as (n-6) fatty acids; and

99. The organic oil according to claim 98, further comprising up to about 22% of total fatty acids as (n-3) fatty acids.

100. The organic oil according to claim 98, wherein said oilseed is greater than about 55% dehulled.

101. The organic oil according to claim 98, wherein said oilseed is undehulled.

102. The organic oil according to claim 98, wherein said oilseed is a raw oilseed.