WO2001073518A1 - Eolienne a helices a vitesse fixe et a vitesse variable - Google Patents

Eolienne a helices a vitesse fixe et a vitesse variable Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2001073518A1
WO2001073518A1 PCT/NO2001/000134 NO0100134W WO0173518A1 WO 2001073518 A1 WO2001073518 A1 WO 2001073518A1 NO 0100134 W NO0100134 W NO 0100134W WO 0173518 A1 WO0173518 A1 WO 0173518A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
power
correction signal
speed
variable
active
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/NO2001/000134
Other languages
English (en)
Other versions
WO2001073518A9 (fr
Inventor
Jan Wiik
Original Assignee
Abb Research Ltd.
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Abb Research Ltd. filed Critical Abb Research Ltd.
Priority to EP01918009A priority Critical patent/EP1269282A1/fr
Priority to AU2001244881A priority patent/AU2001244881A1/en
Publication of WO2001073518A1 publication Critical patent/WO2001073518A1/fr
Publication of WO2001073518A9 publication Critical patent/WO2001073518A9/fr

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D7/00—Controlling wind motors 
    • F03D7/02—Controlling wind motors  the wind motors having rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor
    • F03D7/0276—Controlling wind motors  the wind motors having rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor controlling rotor speed, e.g. variable speed
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D7/00—Controlling wind motors 
    • F03D7/02—Controlling wind motors  the wind motors having rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor
    • F03D7/028—Controlling wind motors  the wind motors having rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor controlling wind motor output power
    • F03D7/0284—Controlling wind motors  the wind motors having rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor controlling wind motor output power in relation to the state of the electric grid
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D7/00—Controlling wind motors 
    • F03D7/02—Controlling wind motors  the wind motors having rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor
    • F03D7/04—Automatic control; Regulation
    • F03D7/042—Automatic control; Regulation by means of an electrical or electronic controller
    • F03D7/048—Automatic control; Regulation by means of an electrical or electronic controller controlling wind farms
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D9/00—Adaptations of wind motors for special use; Combinations of wind motors with apparatus driven thereby; Wind motors specially adapted for installation in particular locations
    • F03D9/20—Wind motors characterised by the driven apparatus
    • F03D9/25—Wind motors characterised by the driven apparatus the apparatus being an electrical generator
    • F03D9/255—Wind motors characterised by the driven apparatus the apparatus being an electrical generator connected to electrical distribution networks; Arrangements therefor
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/38—Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
    • H02J3/381—Dispersed generators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
    • H02P9/00—Arrangements for controlling electric generators for the purpose of obtaining a desired output
    • H02P9/48—Arrangements for obtaining a constant output value at varying speed of the generator, e.g. on vehicle
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2220/00—Application
    • F05B2220/70—Application in combination with
    • F05B2220/706—Application in combination with an electrical generator
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2240/00—Components
    • F05B2240/90—Mounting on supporting structures or systems
    • F05B2240/96—Mounting on supporting structures or systems as part of a wind turbine farm
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2270/00—Control
    • F05B2270/10—Purpose of the control system
    • F05B2270/20—Purpose of the control system to optimise the performance of a machine
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2270/00—Control
    • F05B2270/30—Control parameters, e.g. input parameters
    • F05B2270/337—Electrical grid status parameters, e.g. voltage, frequency or power demand
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2300/00—Systems for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by decentralized, dispersed, or local generation
    • H02J2300/20—The dispersed energy generation being of renewable origin
    • H02J2300/28—The renewable source being wind energy
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
    • H02P2101/00—Special adaptation of control arrangements for generators
    • H02P2101/15—Special adaptation of control arrangements for generators for wind-driven turbines
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/70—Wind energy
    • Y02E10/72—Wind turbines with rotation axis in wind direction
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/70—Wind energy
    • Y02E10/76—Power conversion electric or electronic aspects

Definitions

  • Wind power plant having fixed-speed and variable-speed windmills.
  • the present invention relates to a wind power plant having at least one fixed- speed windmill and at least one variable-speed windmill which are coupled to a common electric network, the variable-speed windmill having a controllable converter means for independent control of active power and of reactive power supplied to the common electric network, in dependence on an active power set point value and a reactive power set point value, the power plant further having measuring means for providing, in a frequency interval that extends above and below a frequency of 8.8 Hz, measured values representative of one of a voltage fluctuation and of a fluctuation in active and reactive power at a selected point in the common electric network.
  • the invention also relates to a method for use in such a wind power plant, a use of a variable-speed windmill in such a wind power plant, and a controllable converter means for such a variable-speed windmill.
  • a wind power plant usually comprises a plurality of windmills, each comprising a wind turbine mechanically coupled to an electric generator for conversion of the wind power to electric power.
  • the wind turbines are, in dependence on the local wind conditions, distributed over a given area, typically in a number of parallel strings perpendicular to the prevailing wind direction, or where no such wind direction is to be found, in a grid layout.
  • a string may comprise 5 - 10 windmills with a mutual distance in the order of 300 m.
  • a power collection system within the wind power plant is formed by coupling the generators along a string to a radial cable running along the string and connecting the radial cables to each other at a so called point of common connection (PCC).
  • PCC point of common connection
  • at least some of the generators may be coupled to a ring cable coupled to the point of common connection.
  • the power generated by the wind power plant is supplied to an electric power grid, for example a utility grid, of a rated frequency (usually 50 or 60 Hz) and a rated voltage that may typically be at the 132 kV level.
  • the rated voltage of the cables is 22 kV and the point of common connection is coupled to the electric power grid via a power transformer.
  • the windmills may be divided into two categorises, i. e. fixed-speed and variable-speed mills, referring to whether the turbine and the rotor of the electric generator will operate at an at least substantially fixed rotational speed, determined by the frequency of the power grid, or operate with a variable rotational speed adapted to the actual wind conditions and the characteristics of the wind turbine.
  • Fixed-speed windmills may be equipped with some kind of synchronous generators, such as reluctance machines or conventional synchronous machines, but are, due to mechanical design considerations, more often equipped with induction generators.
  • Induction generators are of an uncomplicated design requiring only a minimum of control equipment, which also makes them attractive from an economical point of view.
  • a mechanical gearbox is required to adapt the low rotational speed of the wind turbine to the speed of the generator.
  • the generators will need reactive power for their operation but the control equipment usually comprises only some starting equipment to limit the inrush current when the generator is connected to the power collection system, and phase capacitors, sometimes switchable, coupled to the stator windings of the generator for generation of reactive power during operation.
  • the generators may be designed with a pole-changing mechanism, this feature allows only for operation at two different but fixed rotational speeds at the cost of a more complicated winding design.
  • variable-speed mills The electrical energy conversion part of variable-speed mills is adapted to supply electric power of a frequency that is not in a fixed relationship to the rotational speed of the wind turbine.
  • This normally requires use of some power electronics equipment in addition to the generator, which usually is a multi- pole synchronous machine.
  • a frequency converter may be coupled between the stator terminals of the generator and the power collection system, which allows for a conversion of the voltage and the frequency available at the terminals of the generator to a frequency and a voltage amplitude suitable for coupling the windmill to the power collection system.
  • double-winded asynchronous machines with the rotor winding available at slip rings on the rotor shaft may be used as generators.
  • the frequency and the voltage at the stator windings of the generator can be controlled to a desired frequency, for example the instantaneous frequency of the electric power grid, and to a desired amplitude of the voltage.
  • the system is usually implemented by coupling a frequency converter between the slip rings and that electric system to which the stator windings of the generator are coupled.
  • Converters suitable for the use as mentioned above may be of different types known per se, for example converters with an intermediate direct current link, often equipped with gate-turn off semiconductor elements such as gate-turn-off thyristors (GTOs) or insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs), or direct frequency converters such as cycloconverters.
  • GTOs gate-turn-off thyristors
  • IGBTs insulated gate bipolar transistors
  • direct frequency converters such as cycloconverters.
  • the introduction of a frequency converter with control equipment also provides suitable methods for control of reactive power exchange with the transmission network.
  • variable-speed windmills and in particular the power electronics equipment with control equipment, will render variable-speed windmills more expensive and complicated than the fixed-speed windmills as described above, and thus it is in many cases desirable to use fixed-speed windmills in wind power plants.
  • the operator of the electric power grid usually has a requirement on the maximum level of the voltage supplied from the wind power plant.
  • usually all the generated electric power is supplied to the grid.
  • the voltage control at the point of common connection has been identified as a problem.
  • the voltage rise typically occurring at times of low grid load and high output power from the windmills, is dependent on the short circuit power at the point of common connection and in particular where the wind power plant is equipped with fixed-speed windmills, a situation may arise where it will be necessary to switch off a windmill in order to keep the voltage level within prescribed limits. This of course means an undesirable loss of energy.
  • the mechanical torque of the wind turbine is subject to fluctuations, in particular to periodic fluctuations due to the design of the wind turbine, typically at a frequency in the order of 1 - 2 Hz, occasionally even below 1 Hz.
  • a predominant source of such fluctuations is the so-called vortex interaction, see for example a paper by Vladislav Akhmatov and Hans Knudsen: Dynamic modelling of Windmills (IPST '99 - International Conference on Power Systems Transients, June 20-24, 1999, Budapest).
  • imperfections in the gearbox may be the cause of fluctuations even in higher frequency ranges, typically in the order of up to 8 Hz.
  • Flicker meters taking into account the visual perception process of the human eye, have been developed and standardised, having a sensitivity maximum at frequency of 8,8 Hz for sinusoidal fluctuations.
  • this object is accomplished in a wind power plant having at least one fixed-speed windmill and at least one variable-speed windmill which are coupled to a common electric network, the variable-speed windmill having a controllable converter means for independent control of active power and of reactive power supplied to the common electric network, in dependence on a an active power set point value and a reactive power set point value, the power plant further having measuring means for providing, in a frequency interval that extends above and below a frequency of 8.8 Hz, measured values representative of one of a voltage fluctuation and of a fluctuation in active and reactive power at a selected point in the common electric network, and wherein the plant comprises flicker control means, responsive to fluctuations in said frequency interval, for receiving the measured values and generating at least one of an active power flicker correction signal and a reactive power flicker correction signal in dependence thereon, and means for receiving said at least one flicker correction signal and for forming at least one of the active power set point value and the reactive power set point value in dependence on said at least one flicker correction signal.
  • said flicker control means generates one active power flicker correction signal and one reactive power flicker correction signal in dependence on the measured values
  • said means for receiving said at least one flicker correction signal receives said flicker corrections signals and forms the active power set point value in dependence on said active power flicker correction signal, and forms the reactive power set point value in dependence on said reactive power flicker correction signal.
  • said flicker control means comprises at least one filter means having a band pass characteristics with a pass band in said frequency interval.
  • said frequency interval has a frequency range of 0.5 -20 Hz.
  • said at least one filter means has a phase-advancing characteristics in said frequency interval.
  • said at least one filter means comprises a filter member having a transfer function substantially similar to the sensitivity characteristics of a standardised flicker meter.
  • said measured values is representative of a voltage fluctuation at said selected point in the common electric network.
  • said measured values are representative of a fluctuation in active and reactive power, and have one component (P) that is representative of active power flow at said selected point, and one component (Q) that is representative of reactive power flow at said selected point.
  • variable-speed mills can be added to avoid flicker problems caused by fixed-speed mills, thus allowing for increased generation capacity.
  • the main or at least a great part of the power generated by the wind power plant can be generated by uncomplicated and comparatively inexpensive fixed- speed windmills without giving rise to flicker problems.
  • variable-speed windmill will respond to fluctuations in a frequency range that is relevant for the flicker problem.
  • variable-speed windmill(s) will contribute to the generation of electric power and this without any loss in efficiency due to the power modulations executed in dependence on the flicker control means.
  • variable-speed windmill(s) may also, as is known per se, contribute to the steady state voltage level control of the power collection system.
  • figure 1 shows a known embodiment of a fixed-speed windmill
  • figure 2 shows a known embodiment of a variable-speed windmill
  • figure 3 shows details of a known embodiment of a controller for a converter means for control of the electric output of a variable- speed windmill
  • figure 4 shows an example of a wind power plant and an electric power grid according to the invention
  • figure 5A shows an embodiment of a flicker control means according to the invention
  • figure 5B shows parts of another embodiment of a flicker control means according to the invention
  • figure 6A shows details of an embodiment of filter means comprised in a flicker control means according to figures 5A-5B, and
  • figure 6B shows details of another embodiment of filter means comprised in a flicker control means according to figures 5A-5B, and
  • the following description relates both to the wind power plant and to the method, and the block diagrams can thus be regarded both as signal flow diagrams and block diagrams of a device.
  • the functions to be performed by the blocks shown in the block diagrams may in applicable parts be implemented by means of analogue and /or digital technique in hard- wired circuits, or as programs in a microprocessor.
  • the blocks shown in the figures are mentioned as members, filters, devices etc. they are, in particular where their functions are implemented as software for a microprocessor, to be interpreted as means for accomplishing the desired function.
  • the expression "signal" can also be interpreted as a value generated by a computer program and appearing only as such. Only functional descriptions of the blocks are given below as these functions are either known per se or can be implemented in manners known per se by persons skilled in the art.
  • Figure 1 shows a fixed-speed windmill having a wind turbine 1, coupled to a three-phase induction generator 2 via a gearbox 3.
  • the stator windings of the generator are via an intermediate transformer 4 coupled to an electric network, only a part of which is shown in the figure as a three-phase cable CNET.
  • the nominal voltage at the stator windings of the generator is 690 V and the nominal voltage of the cable CNET is 22 kV.
  • the rated frequency of the network is usually 50 or 60 Hz.
  • a voltage-measuring device 5 senses the voltage Ug at the stator windings of the generator and a current-measuring device 8 senses the current Ig flowing to the cable.
  • the active power output of the windmill is controlled via a per se known pitch control system.
  • the sensed voltage Ug and current Ig are supplied to a pitch controller 9, calculating in dependence thereon the active power delivered by the windmill.
  • the pitch controller In dependence on the active power delivered and a sensed wind velocity w, the pitch controller generates a pitch control signal PC that adjusts the pitch of the turbine blades so that at lower wind velocities the highest possible power output from the windmill will be obtained and when the power output reaches a power limit, the pitch position is so changed that a selected constant power output is obtained.
  • Figure 2 shows a variable-speed windmill having a wind turbine 1 directly coupled to a three-phase generator 2 of synchronous type.
  • the stator windings of the generator are via a frequency converter 10 and an intermediate transformer 4 coupled to a three-phase cable CNET.
  • the converter is of a type known per se, for example comprising a rectifier for rectifying the voltage supplied by the generator, and a direct current link (not shown in the figure) coupling the rectifier to an inverter which supplies its output voltage to the transformer 4.
  • the converter is controllable such that the voltage supplied to the transformer is controllable to phase and amplitude whereby active power output and reactive power output from the converter can be controlled independently of each other.
  • a power controller 11 generates a set point value Pset for the active power output and a set point value Qset for the reactive power output. Control equipment for control of the converter in dependence on the set point values are known per se and not shown in the figure.
  • a voltage-measuring device 5 senses the voltage Uc supplied by the converter to the transformer and a current-measuring device 8 the value of the current Ic flowing from the converter to the transformer.
  • the rotational speed N of the turbine and the wind speed w are sensed and supplied to a pitch controller 9, which generates a pitch control signal PC so that when the active power output reaches a limit, the pitch of the turbine blades is adjusted to obtain a selected constant power output.
  • FIG 3 shows an embodiment of the power controller 11 into some detail, and, for the sake of clarity, also the frequency converter 10, the voltage- measuring device 5 and the current-measuring device 8.
  • a calculating member 111 storing information on the known characteristics of the wind turbine is supplied with a measured value of the wind speed w and calculates in dependence thereon a rotational speed reference value Nref that optimises the active power output from the turbine at the instantaneous wind speed.
  • the speed reference value and the instantaneous value N of the rotational speed are compared in a difference forming member 112, the output of which is supplied to an active power control member 113.
  • the control member 113 comprises typically a control device having a proportional- integrating-derivating type for generating an output signal Pref in dependence on the output of the difference forming member 112.
  • the rate of change of the output signal is limited to a chosen value, in the figure illustrated by a limiting signal dPref/dt.
  • the power controller 113 is also supplied with a measured value of the voltage Uc. When this measured value exceeds a chosen voltage limit value the output signal Pref is reduced according to a chosen Pref /Uc-characteristic. coupled to the cable CNET1 at a point located between the fixed-speed windmills FS1 and the fixed-speed windmills FS2.
  • the three cables are connected to each other at a point PCC of common connection, and at this point the power collection system is coupled to an electric power grid EPG via a power transformer 13.
  • the windmills are all coupled to a common electric network.
  • the nominal voltage of the cables CNET1- CNET3 is typically 22 kV whereas the nominal voltage of the electric power grid is typically 132 kV.
  • a local consumer in the figure shown as a local network LOCN is coupled to the point of common connection via a power transformer 14.
  • Measuring means 121 is coupled to the cable CNET1 at a point located between the point of connection to the cable of the variable-speed windmill VS1 and of the fixed-speed windmills FS2, and measuring means 122 is coupled to the cable CNET1 at a location between the point of connection to the cable of the variable-speed windmill VS2 and the point of common connection.
  • measuring means 123 is coupled to the cable CNET2 between the point of connection to the cable of the variable-speed windmill VS3 and the point of common connection
  • measuring means 124 is coupled to the cable CNET3 between the point of connection to the cable of the variable-speed windmill VS4 and the point of common connection.
  • the measuring means 121-124 sense and provide measured values at least of the respective voltages Ul, U2, U3, U4 of the respective cable at the point where the respective measuring means is located. In one embodiment of the invention the measuring means also sense and provide measured values of the respective currents II, 12, 13, 14 flowing through the respective cable at the same location, thereby making it possible to determine the active and reactive power flow in the respective cable at the respective location.
  • Figure 5A shows an embodiment of the invention, applied to the variable- speed windmill VS3 that is of the kind described with reference to figure 2.
  • the frequency converter 10 and the intermediate transformer 4 are shown, and in addition also the measuring means 123 at the cable CNET2.
  • the measuring means 123 provides measured values of the voltage U3 and of the current 13 at the cable.
  • flicker is observable and disturbing for the human eye when appearing in a frequency interval typically 0.5 - 20 Hz, and standardized flicker meters have a sensitivity maximum a frequency of about 8,8 Hz. It is assumed that the measuring means have a corresponding bandwidth.
  • the measured values of the voltage U3 and of the current 13 are supplied to a calculating unit 17 of a kind known per se, which in dependence thereon calculates and outputs values P of the active power flow and values Q of the reactive power flow at the location of the measuring means (the indexes 3 to P and Q are omitted for the sake of simplicity).
  • the fixed- speed windmills FS3 will usually introduce fluctuations in the active power outputted by their generators, and also in their reactive power exchange with the power collection system, that is in particular on the cable CNET2. These fluctuations will now be present in the outputted values P and Q of the calculating unit 17 as fluctuations in the respective amplitudes of P and Q.
  • the frequency converter 10 modulates the active and reactive power outputted from the windmill in dependence on its set point values Pset and Qset respectively, which set point values in known embodiments of a variable-speed windmills are set equal to an active power reference signal Pref and to a reactive power reference signal Qref respectively, generated for example as described with reference to figure 3.
  • an active power flicker correction signal Pcorr' is now generated and added to the active power reference signal Pref, and a reactive power flicker correction signal Qcorr' is generated and added to the reactive power reference signal Qref.
  • the active power set point value is thus formed in dependence on the active power flicker correction signal, and the reactive power set point value in dependence on the reactive power flicker correction signal.
  • the flicker correction signals are added to the respective power reference signals with signs in such a way that the outputted active and reactive power of the variable-speed windmill will counteract the fluctuations sensed by the measuring means, thereby improving the power quality and in particular the presence of flicker on the cable CNET2 at the location of the measuring means.
  • the calculated values P are supplied to a filter device 18P having a band pass characteristics, that outputs a signal Pcorr, representing the fluctuations in active power at the location of the measuring means.
  • a signal Pcorr representing the fluctuations in active power at the location of the measuring means.
  • the output signal of the filter device 18P is thus supplied to a limiting device 19P, which in a per se known way limits the amplitude of the signal Pcorr not to exceed a selected value.
  • the output signal Pcorr' of the device 19P is then supplied to an adding member 21P, which is also supplied with the active power reference signal Pref generated according to the prior art, for example as described with reference to figure 3.
  • the sum of the active power reference signal Pref and the active power correction signal Pcorr', in the figure labelled as Pset, is then supplied to the frequency converter as its active power set point value Pset for active power flowing through it.
  • a reactive power correction signal Qcorr' is generated in dependence on values Q of the reactive power flow at the location of the measuring means, calculated by the calculating unit 17, and processed in a filter device 18Q, and a limiting device 19Q.
  • the reactive power correction signal Qcorr' is supplied to an adding member 21Q, which is also supplied with the reactive power reference signal Qref generated according to the prior art, for example as described with reference to figure 3.
  • FIG. 5B shows parts of another embodiment of a flicker control means according to the invention.
  • the measuring means 123 provides measured values only of the voltage U3 at the cable, and the calculating unit 17 is omitted. Fluctuations generated by the fixed-speed windmills FS3 will now be present in the voltage U3 as a fluctuation in its amplitude, and the measured values of the voltage U3 are supplied to the filter device 18P and to the filter device 18Q.
  • the filter devices 18P and 18Q output signals Pcorr and Qcorr, respectively, which signals are processed in a similar way as described above.
  • the filter device 18P comprises a filter member 181P and a filter member 182P coupled in cascade.
  • the filter member 181P has a phase- advancing (derivating with respect to time) characteristic, in the figure symbolised with the Laplace-operator s, a time constant Tl, in the figure symbolised with the term 1+sTl, and an amplification factor Kp.
  • the time constants in the filter device are chosen in such a way that the device is responsive to frequencies in an interval that extends above and below a frequency of 8.8 Hz, preferably in a frequency range of 0.5 - 20 Hz.
  • a filter member 183P having a low pass characteristics with a time constant T7, in the figure symbolised with the term l+sT7, is coupled in cascade with the filter members 181P and 182P to suppress fluctuations of frequencies above the frequency interval of interest for flicker reduction.
  • the filter device 18Q is of similar kind as the filter device 18P, having filter members 181Q, 182Q and 183Q, however in particular the amplification factor Kq in the member 181Q may have a value that differs from the value of the amplification factor Kp of the filter member 18 IP.
  • the filter member 18P comprises in this embodiment a weighting filter member 184P, having a transfer function substantially similar to the sensitivity characteristics of a standardised flicker meter.
  • flicker meters taking into account the visual perception process of the human eye, have been developed and standardised, having a sensitivity maximum at frequency of 8,8 Hz for sinusoidal fluctuations.
  • the specifications for such a flicker meter specifies a particular filter characteristic of the form
  • s is the Laplace-operator
  • k and ⁇ are constants having the values 1, 74802 and 2 ⁇ * 4.05981 respectively.
  • ⁇ ⁇ 2 , ⁇ 3 and ⁇ 4 expresses characteristic frequencies for the filter, having the values 2 ⁇ * 9.15494, 2 ⁇ * 2.27979, 2 ⁇ * 1.22535 and 2 ⁇ * 21.9 respectively.
  • the filter member 184P is thus in this embodiment of the invention implemented to have a transfer function substantially similar to the filter c aracterisfic " H (1) above7 ⁇
  • the member 182P is similar to the member 182P described with reference to figure 6A, whereas the member 181P described with reference to figure 6A is replaced by a member 181P' with the amplification factor Kp.
  • the filter device 18Q is of similar kind as the filter device 18P, having filter members 181Q', 182Q and 184Q, however in particular the amplification factor Kq in the member 181Q' may have a value that differs from the value of the amplification factor Kp of the filter member 181P'.
  • the setting of the values of the amplification factors Kp and Kq will usually be determined for each factor individually, preferably in dependence on an analysis of expected fluctuations in active power and reactive power at the selected point of location of the measuring means in the electric network. Such an analysis may be performed by way of calculations and/or simulations. As mentioned above, it is for practical reasons suitable to limit the amplitude of the flicker corrections signals with respect to the power rating of the frequency converter. The flicker control means will, when such a limit is reached, have a limited effect on the reduction of fluctuations in power flow and voltage, respectively.
  • the values of the amplification factors are thus preferably set so that these limits are not reached under expected normal operating conditions.
  • the effect will be that fluctuations of frequencies that are most disturbing to the human eye will also be most strongly reduced.
  • all the various flicker frequencies expected to appear at the selected point in the electric network have to be considered as well as the influence of the weighting filter members 184P and 184Q on these frequencies.
  • the time constants T1-T8 of the filter devices 18P and 18Q are set to values such that the filter devices will be responsive to fluctuations in a frequency interval where flicker occurs and can be influenced by the variable-speed windmill.
  • the measuring means provides measured values that are representative only of a voltage fluctuation at the selected point in the common electric network, as is described above with reference to figure 5B, and the goal is to reduce flicker at the point of common connection PCC, it is preferable that these measured values are representative of the voltage fluctuations at the same point.
  • the selected point for location of the measuring means should preferably be at the point of common connection or at a point in the electric network where the impedance between the selected point and the point of common connection is low.
  • the following calculations can be performed.
  • the voltage fluctuations AU appearing in the measured voltage values, at the selected point for location of the measuring means can be approximately expressed as
  • AP and AQ are fluctuations in active and reactive power, respectively, corresponding to the voltage fluctuation s AU .
  • the setting of the value of the amplification factor Kp will be done in consideration of the maximum active power fluctuations that are expected to occur in the wind power plant and of the relation between AU and AP according to the expression (4).
  • the ratio between the amplification factor Kp and the amplification factor Kq will under these assumptions follow the expression (3), that is be equal to the factor K r .
  • the expression (2) indicates that the voltage fluctuations depend only on fluctuations in reactive power. This implies that in this case the desired reduction of flicker can be achieved by generating only a reactive power flicker correction signal Qcorr, as possible fluctuations in active power will not influence the flicker level.
  • the filter member 18P of figure 5B when for example the resistive part of the system impedance can be neglected, the filter member 18P of figure 5B, as well of course also the limiting member 19P and the adding member 21P of figure 5A, can be omitted from the flicker control means, or alternatively, the amplification factor Kp can be reduced to zero or to a veryTow valuer ⁇
  • variable-speed windmill VS1 is located between the fixed-speed windmills FSl and the fixed-speed windmills FS2.
  • the power available for flicker reduction in the windmill VS1 can then be used to reduce power fluctuations caused by the windmills FSl, thereby diminishing the requirements for power to reduce flicker in the windmill VS2.
  • the fixed-speed windmills FS3 and the variable-speed windmill VS3 are in figure 4 shown as coupled to the common line CNET2 of the power collection system at a first junction Jl and a second junction J2, respectively, and the location of the measuring means 121 is selected to be between the second junction and the point of common connection, that is upstream in the direction of the power flow to the electric power grid.
  • the location of the measuring means 121 is selected to be between the first and the second junction.
  • Figure 4 also shows a location of measuring means 125, which are of the same kind as the measuring means 121-124, at a point between the point of common connection and the power transformer 13.
  • the measured values that are provided by this measuring means are thus representative of the fluctuations appearing at the point of common connection.
  • the measured values of the voltage U and current I are supplied to a calculating unit 15 that is of the same kind as the above described calculating unit 17, thus calculating and outputting values P of the active power flow and values Q of the reactive power flow at the location of the measuring means 125, including fluctuations in their respective amplitudes.
  • the values P and Q are supplied to a flicker controller means 16 of the same kind as described with reference to figure 5A, outputting limited power corrections signals Pcorrc' and Qcorrc'.
  • the flicker controllermeans _ 167 that is then common to the wind power plant, " supplies the limited power correction signals to all variable-speed windmills in the plant, where they are added to the respective active power and reactive power reference signals.
  • the measuring means 125 may provide measured values only of the voltage U at the point of common connection.
  • the calculating unit 15 is omitted.
  • the measured values of the voltage U are processed as described above with reference to figure 5B, and the corresponding limited flicker correction signals are then supplied to all variable-speed windmills in the plant, where they are added to the respective power reference signals.
  • the flicker control means as described with reference to figure 5A and the measuring means 121-124, are then not used as individual means for each variable-speed windmill. However, due to for example different ratings and /or different operating conditions for the various variable-speed windmills, also a combination of a centralised measuring means 125 at the point of common connection and individual flicker control means provided at each variable- speed windmill may be of advantage.
  • the power collection system has the form of radial cables coupled to a point of common connection.
  • the windmills may also be coupled to a ring cable. Power and voltage fluctuations are then present everywhere in the ring cable and preferably the measured value of the fluctuations are then provided by only one central measuring means, whereas the flicker control means can be either a common one for all variable-speed windmills coupled to the cable or individual flicker control means provided at each variable-speed windmill.
  • the phase positions of the fluctuations of the various fixed-speed windmills are all distributed in an uncorrelated manner.
  • the overall fluctuations sensed at the point of common connection may be small.
  • at least some of the windmills may become closer to synchronism, thereby increasing the risk of flicker at an unacceptable level also at the point of common connection.
  • a centralised localisation of the measuring means at the point of common connection may under such circumstances be of advantage, allowing for an equalisation of the power fluctuations between the windmills internal to the power collection system.
  • a flicker control based on forming only one of the active and reactive power set point values in dependence on a flicker control means, and where voltage fluctuations caused by fluctuations in active power are cancelled by controlling the reactive power fluctuations or where voltage fluctuations caused by fluctuations in reactive power are cancelled by controlling the active power fluctuations, will have the effect that although the voltage fluctuations at the selected point are reduced, power fluctuations might still exist and might cause voltage fluctuations at other locations in the electric network. Under such circumstances, forming the active power set point value in dependence on the active power flicker correction signal, and the reactive power set point value in dependence on the reactive power flicker correction signal, will have the effect of reducing voltage fluctuations also at other locations in the electric network that are coupled to the power collection system.
  • the set point values for active and reactive power must not exceed the power handling capacity of the windmill. For this reason, usually not only the flicker correction signals should be limited but also the power reference signals. In particular when the windmill is operating close to the limit of its active power reference value and at the same time the active power flicker correction signal reaches a high level, it might be feasible to further limit the active power reference signal in dependence on the amplitude of the active power flicker correction signal, thereby creating maximum power handling capacity for reduction of the active power fluctuations according to the invention.
  • Such limitations may be implemented by a person skilled in the art by sensing the amplitude of the active power flicker correction signal, and in dependence thereon apply, preferably delayed by a time constant, a limitation of the power reference signal to a value that is lower the higher the amplitude of the correction signal is.
  • the fixed-speed and the variable-speed windmills may be of any per se known type and configuration, assumed that the variable-speed windmill is of a type that allows for independent control of active and reactive power.
  • the flicker control means may be implemented in other ways well known in the art as long as they are responsive in a frequency interval that is relevant for flicker.
  • the flicker control means may be provided with an enabling unit letting through or blocking, respectively, the limited flicker correction signals in dependence on a manually or automatically generated enabling signal.
  • the wind power plant may comprise more than one power collection systems, each with a point of common connection and constituting a separate wind park.
  • Such wind parks may, in particular when they are located in the neighbourhood of each other, be coupled to a common electric power grid. It might then be feasible to equip one of the wind parks only with fixed-speed windmills and one of the wind parks with a combination of fixed-speed and variable-speed windmills.
  • a flicker control according to the invention is based on a measured value of the active and the reactive power at the selected point for the measuring means, for example at the point of common connection of the wind park having variable-speed windmills, these windmills may be used to reduce also fluctuations caused by the windmills in the wind park having only fixed-speed windmills.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
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  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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Abstract

L'invention concerne une éolienne présentant au moins une hélice (FS1-FS4) à vitesse fixe et au moins une hélice à vitesse variable (VS1-VS4) reliées à un réseau électrique (CNET1-CNET3, EPG) commun. L'hélice à vitesse variable comprend un moyen convertisseur (10) réglable destiné à la commande indépendante de la puissance active (P) et de la puissance réactive (Q) qui sont fournies au réseau électrique commun, en fonction d'une valeur de réglage de puissance active (Pset) et d'une valeur de réglage de puissance réactive (Qset). L'éolienne comprend également des moyens de mesure (121-125) permettant d'obtenir, dans un intervalle de fréquence qui s'étend au dessus et en dessous d'une fréquence de 8,8 Hz, des valeurs mesurées (U, I) représentant une des tensions de fluctuation et une des tensions de fluctuation des puissances active et réactive à un point de contrôle dans le réseau électrique commun. L'éolienne comprend également des moyens de commande du papillotement (16, 17, 18P, 18Q) qui répondent aux fluctuation dans l'intervalle de fréquence; ces moyens sont conçus pour recevoir les valeurs mesurées et pour produire au moins un signal de correction du papillotement dans la puissance active (Pcorr, Pcorr') et un signal de correction du papillotement dans la puissance réactive (Qcorr, Qcorr') en fonction desdites fluctuations, et des moyens (21P, 21Q) permettant de recevoir ce signal de correction du papillotement et de former au moins une des valeurs parmi la valeur de réglage de puissance active et la valeur de réglage de puissance réactive, en fonction dudit signal de correction du papillotement de la puissance active.
PCT/NO2001/000134 2000-03-29 2001-03-28 Eolienne a helices a vitesse fixe et a vitesse variable WO2001073518A1 (fr)

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EP01918009A EP1269282A1 (fr) 2000-03-29 2001-03-28 Eolienne a helices a vitesse fixe et a vitesse variable
AU2001244881A AU2001244881A1 (en) 2000-03-29 2001-03-28 Wind power plant having fixed-speed and variable-speed windmills

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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NO20001641A NO20001641L (no) 2000-03-29 2000-03-29 Vindkraftanlegg
NO20001641 2000-03-29

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WO2002086315A1 (fr) * 2001-04-24 2002-10-31 Aloys Wobben Procede d'exploitation d'une installation d'energie eolienne
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EP1548278A2 (fr) * 2003-12-22 2005-06-29 REpower Systems AG Installation éolienne avec un dispositif de commande autoalimenté avec un module de régulation de puissance active et puissance réactive
EP1571746A1 (fr) * 2004-03-05 2005-09-07 Gamesa Eolica, S.A. (Sociedad Unipersonal) Système de régulation de la puissance active d'un parc éolien
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AU2001244881A1 (en) 2001-10-08
WO2001073518A9 (fr) 2002-01-03

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