WO2001073203A1 - Rail insulator - Google Patents

Rail insulator Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2001073203A1
WO2001073203A1 PCT/CA2001/000405 CA0100405W WO0173203A1 WO 2001073203 A1 WO2001073203 A1 WO 2001073203A1 CA 0100405 W CA0100405 W CA 0100405W WO 0173203 A1 WO0173203 A1 WO 0173203A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
insulator
covering
laterally
flank portion
flank
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/CA2001/000405
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Jude O. Igwemezie
Original Assignee
Igwemezie Jude O
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Igwemezie Jude O filed Critical Igwemezie Jude O
Priority to AU2001244005A priority Critical patent/AU2001244005A1/en
Publication of WO2001073203A1 publication Critical patent/WO2001073203A1/en

Links

Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01B—PERMANENT WAY; PERMANENT-WAY TOOLS; MACHINES FOR MAKING RAILWAYS OF ALL KINDS
    • E01B9/00—Fastening rails on sleepers, or the like
    • E01B9/02—Fastening rails, tie-plates, or chairs directly on sleepers or foundations; Means therefor
    • E01B9/32—Fastening on steel sleepers with clamp members
    • E01B9/34—Fastening on steel sleepers with clamp members by resilient steel clips

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a rail insulator comprising an electrically insulative body having a flank portion to be interposed between a shoulder member and an edge of a rail flange and wherein at least a laterally inner side of the flank portion has applied thereto an abrasion resistant covering, for example of metal .
  • the insulator has a load reception portion integral with the flank portion for extending on an upper side of the rail flange for receiving a downward force of a clip portion thereon, and an underside of the load reception portion has an abrasive resistant covering.
  • the arrangement of the invention prevents premature failure of the insulator as a result of a combination of high compressive force and shear or abrasion applied thereto.
  • Figure 1 is a partially perspective view showing a rail fastening incorporating an insulator having an abrasion resistant covering in accordance with the invention.
  • Figure 2 is an isometric view of the rail insulator employed in the rail fastening of Figure 1.
  • Figures 3a, 3b and 3c show components of the insulator of Figure 2.
  • Figure 4 is an isometric view of a further form of rail insulator having an abrasion resistant covering in accordance with the invention.
  • Figure 4 a, 4b and 4c show components of the insulator of Figure 4.
  • Figure 5 is a partially perspective view showing a further form of rail fastening incorporating the insulator of Figure 4.
  • Figures 6 and 7 are isometric views showing a side view and a rear view, respectively, of a further form of rail insulator having an abrasion resistant covering in accordance with the invention.
  • Figures 8 a, 8 b and 8c show components of the insulator of Figures 6 and 7.
  • Figures 9 and 10 are partial side views of a rail fastener incorporating an insulator and illustrating the compressive abrasion of the insulator resulting from rail rocking.
  • electrical currents or signals are passed through the rails and are used to locate the trains and to activate guarded road crossings . They also serve to warn the track maintenance crew of rail breaks such as a pullapart that occurs in cold regions .
  • pads and insulators made from electrically insulative material such as polymers are used between the rail and the tie and between the rail and the shoulders to isolate the rail from signal leakage.
  • This invention relates to insulators used between the rail and shoulders of steel, concrete, direct fixation or other similar installations.
  • Figure 1 shows a fastening arrangement employing a steel tie 20, electrically insulating cant pad 21 and a hook-in-field and gauge shoulder members 22 and 23, together with resilient clips 24, these element being generally as and installed as described in, applicants International application PCT/CA 99/00966 which should be referred to for further details and the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • each insulator member 31 comprises an electrically insulative central or core member 32 formed of conventional polymer material, and laterally outer and inner abrasion resistant coverings 33 and 34 applied on opposite sides of the core member 32.
  • the coverings 33 and 34 are metal plates, preferably having laterally extending side surfaces that engage with the core member 32 so as to resist longitudinal displacement of the elements of the insulator relative to one another.
  • the central or core member 32 has longitudinally inclining laterally extending inner and outer side surfaces 36 and 37 extending dove tail fashion.
  • the inner and outer coverings have surfaces complementary to and engaging with the inclining surfaces of the central or core member.
  • the laterally inner covering 34 has a dove tailed groove 38 with inclining surfaces 39 that receive the edges 36 in the assembled condition and likewise the outer covering 33 has inclining side surfaces 41 that are received in the assembled condition in an upper groove 42 in the central or core member 32 having the side surfaces 37.
  • the upper side of the outer covering 33 has a channel section groove 43 in an upper side having laterally extending sides 44.
  • An inner portion 46 of the clip 24 is received in the groove 43 and engagement of the inner portion 46 with the channel sides 44 prevents lateral creep of the insulator 31 relative to the shoulder 23 and clip 24.
  • a flank portion 47 of the insulative core 32 that extends between the shoulder 23 and rail flange edge 28 in the installed condition has inwardly extending cheek portions 48 at each end.
  • the end surfaces 49 of a plate like flank portion 51 of the inner metal covering 34 are received between the cheek portions 48 in the assembled condition, preventing a longitudinal creep of the inner covering 34 relative to the insulative core 32.
  • Figure 9 is a side view, partially in section, showing the rail fastening arrangement including an insulator 31 in its normal, unstressed condition.
  • the inner plate like portion 51 of the abrasion resistant covering 34 absorbs and distributes the compressive and shear load over substantially the entire area of contact between the plate portion 51 and the flank portion 47 of the insulative core member 32.
  • the invention avoids the application of high compressive forces and abrasion or shear to the insulative core member 32 and avoids premature failure of the structure of the insulating member 32.
  • flank portion 51 of the abrasion resistant covering is formed integrally with an abrasion resistant covering portion 52 that in the assembled condition extends on the underside of the portion 42 of the insulative core member 32 that receives the load of the inner portion 46 of the clip 24 and bears on the upper side of the rail flange 27, so as to absorb and distribute the compressive and shear or abrasion forces applied to the underside of the insulator 31 by the upper side of the rail flange 27.
  • an outer abrasion resistant covering 33 is provided that has an upper portion 53 extending between the insulative core 32 and the inner portion 46 of the clip in the installed condition and that absorbs and distributes abrasion or shear and compressive forces exerted by the clip 24 on the insulator 31.
  • a plate like outer flank portion 54 is formed integrally with the upper portion 53 and, in the installed condition, extends between the insulator 31 and inner face of the shoulder 23 and absorbs and distributes compressive and shear forces to which the insulator 31 may be subjected. It may be noted that throughout the assembled structure, the outer metal covering 33 is spaced from the inner metal covering 34 by the thickness of the insulative core 32, so that there is no conductive path between the elements 33 and 34.
  • Figures 4, 4a, 4b and 4c show a further form of insulator 61 for use with a known form of PANDROL (trade mark) clip and fastening arrangement.
  • Figure 5 shows the known form of clip 62 engaging a shoulder 63 and engaging the upper side of the insulator 61.
  • the insulator 61 comprises an electrically insulative core member 64 and abrasion resistant outer and inner coverings 66 and 67 preferably of plate form metal.
  • the core member 64 comprises a plate like flank portion 68 and an upper load receiving portion 69.
  • the outer covering 66 comprises a generally planar flank portion 71 that extends on the outer side of the flank portion 68 of the core 64, and an upper portion 72 formed integrally with portion 71 that in the assembled condition extends on the upper side of the portion 69.
  • An inner covering 67 similarly comprises a plate like flank portion 73 that extends in the assembled condition on the inner side of the flank portion 68 and an upper load receiving portion 74 that extends on the under side of the portion 69.
  • the elements of the insulator 61 are assembled together and function broadly similarly to the insulator 31 described above in detail in connection with Figures 1 to 3, 9 and 10.
  • the outer abrasion resistant portion 66 has longitudinally spaced laterally outwardly extending ear portions 76 adjacent each end of the flank portion 71. These ear portions 76 engage opposite ends of the shoulder 63 in the installed position, as seen in Figure 5, to locate the insulator relative to the shoulder 63 and prevent longitudinal creep.
  • Figure 6, 7 and 8a to 8c show an insulator member 76 comprising an insulative core 77 an outer metal abrasion resistant covering 78 and an inner metal abrasion resistant covering 79.
  • the member 76 is somewhat similar to the insulator 61 described above with reference to Figures 4 and 5, except the outer covering 78 terminates upwardly from the planar flank portion 81 of the core member 77, so that the inner side of the shoulder 63 engages directly on the insulative core 81.
  • the compressive and shear forces exerted between the shoulder 63 and the insulator are relatively small, and therefore the coverings 78 and 79 provide adequate resistance to failure of the insulative core structure 81.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Railway Tracks (AREA)

Abstract

A rail insulator (31) has an electrically insulative body (32) having a flank portion to be interposed between a shoulder member and an edge of a rail flange. A laterally inner side of the flank portion has an abrasion resistant covering (33). The insulative body has a load reception portion integral with the flank portion for extending on an upper side of the rail flange for receiving a download force of a clip portion, and an underside of the load reception portion may have an abrasive resistant covering. The electrically insulative body may be a central member having laterally outer and inner abrasion resistant coverings on its opposite sides.

Description

RAIL INSULATOR
The present invention relates to a rail insulator comprising an electrically insulative body having a flank portion to be interposed between a shoulder member and an edge of a rail flange and wherein at least a laterally inner side of the flank portion has applied thereto an abrasion resistant covering, for example of metal . In a preferred form, the insulator has a load reception portion integral with the flank portion for extending on an upper side of the rail flange for receiving a downward force of a clip portion thereon, and an underside of the load reception portion has an abrasive resistant covering. The arrangement of the invention prevents premature failure of the insulator as a result of a combination of high compressive force and shear or abrasion applied thereto.
Some examples off structures in accordance with the invention will be illustrated with reference to the accompanying drawings .
Figure 1 is a partially perspective view showing a rail fastening incorporating an insulator having an abrasion resistant covering in accordance with the invention.
Figure 2 is an isometric view of the rail insulator employed in the rail fastening of Figure 1.
Figures 3a, 3b and 3c show components of the insulator of Figure 2. Figure 4 is an isometric view of a further form of rail insulator having an abrasion resistant covering in accordance with the invention.
Figure 4 a, 4b and 4c show components of the insulator of Figure 4. Figure 5 is a partially perspective view showing a further form of rail fastening incorporating the insulator of Figure 4.
Figures 6 and 7 are isometric views showing a side view and a rear view, respectively, of a further form of rail insulator having an abrasion resistant covering in accordance with the invention.
Figures 8 a, 8 b and 8c show components of the insulator of Figures 6 and 7.
Figures 9 and 10 are partial side views of a rail fastener incorporating an insulator and illustrating the compressive abrasion of the insulator resulting from rail rocking. In railway track, electrical currents or signals are passed through the rails and are used to locate the trains and to activate guarded road crossings . They also serve to warn the track maintenance crew of rail breaks such as a pullapart that occurs in cold regions . In areas where concrete or steel ties or direct fixation or similar installations are used, it is necessary to isolate the rail to prevent a shorting out of the current in both rails. Traditionally, pads and insulators made from electrically insulative material such as polymers are used between the rail and the tie and between the rail and the shoulders to isolate the rail from signal leakage. This invention relates to insulators used between the rail and shoulders of steel, concrete, direct fixation or other similar installations.
Referring to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals indicate like parts, Figure 1 shows a fastening arrangement employing a steel tie 20, electrically insulating cant pad 21 and a hook-in-field and gauge shoulder members 22 and 23, together with resilient clips 24, these element being generally as and installed as described in, applicants International application PCT/CA 99/00966 which should be referred to for further details and the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
The arrangement as shown retains a rail 26 having a flange 27 providing outer edges 28. Before installation of the clips 24, insulator members 31 as shown in more detail in Figure 2, are inserted between each shoulder member 22 and 23 and the adjacent rail flange edge 28. As best seen in Figures 3a, 3b and 3c, each insulator member 31 comprises an electrically insulative central or core member 32 formed of conventional polymer material, and laterally outer and inner abrasion resistant coverings 33 and 34 applied on opposite sides of the core member 32. Preferably, the coverings 33 and 34 are metal plates, preferably having laterally extending side surfaces that engage with the core member 32 so as to resist longitudinal displacement of the elements of the insulator relative to one another. In the example shown, the central or core member 32 has longitudinally inclining laterally extending inner and outer side surfaces 36 and 37 extending dove tail fashion. The inner and outer coverings have surfaces complementary to and engaging with the inclining surfaces of the central or core member. The laterally inner covering 34 has a dove tailed groove 38 with inclining surfaces 39 that receive the edges 36 in the assembled condition and likewise the outer covering 33 has inclining side surfaces 41 that are received in the assembled condition in an upper groove 42 in the central or core member 32 having the side surfaces 37.
The upper side of the outer covering 33 has a channel section groove 43 in an upper side having laterally extending sides 44. An inner portion 46 of the clip 24 is received in the groove 43 and engagement of the inner portion 46 with the channel sides 44 prevents lateral creep of the insulator 31 relative to the shoulder 23 and clip 24.
In the example shown, a flank portion 47 of the insulative core 32 that extends between the shoulder 23 and rail flange edge 28 in the installed condition has inwardly extending cheek portions 48 at each end. The end surfaces 49 of a plate like flank portion 51 of the inner metal covering 34 are received between the cheek portions 48 in the assembled condition, preventing a longitudinal creep of the inner covering 34 relative to the insulative core 32.
Figure 9 is a side view, partially in section, showing the rail fastening arrangement including an insulator 31 in its normal, unstressed condition.
It has been found that, in service, the rail 26 rocks as a result of the lateral forces applied to the side of the head of the rail 26 by the passing wheels. This rocking is illustrated in Figure 10, wherein the rail 26 has rotated about a fulcrum at the point of engagement of the lower side of the rail flange edge 28 on the cant pad 21. The upper side of the rail flange 27 forces the insulator 31 upwardly relative to the shoulder 23, as seen in Figure 10. The upper edge of the rail flange edge 28 engages compressively on the inner flank of the insulator 31. Since the contact between the rail flange edge 28 and the insulator 31 is essentially a line contact, a very high compressive stress is applied to the insulator 31. At the same time, there is a strong abrasion or shear forces applied to the inner flank portion of the insulator 31 as a result of the rubbing contact with the rail flange edge 28. In the present invention, the inner plate like portion 51 of the abrasion resistant covering 34 absorbs and distributes the compressive and shear load over substantially the entire area of contact between the plate portion 51 and the flank portion 47 of the insulative core member 32. Hence, the invention avoids the application of high compressive forces and abrasion or shear to the insulative core member 32 and avoids premature failure of the structure of the insulating member 32.
In the preferred form, the flank portion 51 of the abrasion resistant covering is formed integrally with an abrasion resistant covering portion 52 that in the assembled condition extends on the underside of the portion 42 of the insulative core member 32 that receives the load of the inner portion 46 of the clip 24 and bears on the upper side of the rail flange 27, so as to absorb and distribute the compressive and shear or abrasion forces applied to the underside of the insulator 31 by the upper side of the rail flange 27. Further, preferably an outer abrasion resistant covering 33 is provided that has an upper portion 53 extending between the insulative core 32 and the inner portion 46 of the clip in the installed condition and that absorbs and distributes abrasion or shear and compressive forces exerted by the clip 24 on the insulator 31. Further, preferably a plate like outer flank portion 54 is formed integrally with the upper portion 53 and, in the installed condition, extends between the insulator 31 and inner face of the shoulder 23 and absorbs and distributes compressive and shear forces to which the insulator 31 may be subjected. It may be noted that throughout the assembled structure, the outer metal covering 33 is spaced from the inner metal covering 34 by the thickness of the insulative core 32, so that there is no conductive path between the elements 33 and 34.
Figures 4, 4a, 4b and 4c show a further form of insulator 61 for use with a known form of PANDROL (trade mark) clip and fastening arrangement. Figure 5 shows the known form of clip 62 engaging a shoulder 63 and engaging the upper side of the insulator 61.
As seen in more detail in Figures 4a to 4c, the insulator 61 comprises an electrically insulative core member 64 and abrasion resistant outer and inner coverings 66 and 67 preferably of plate form metal. The core member 64 comprises a plate like flank portion 68 and an upper load receiving portion 69. The outer covering 66 comprises a generally planar flank portion 71 that extends on the outer side of the flank portion 68 of the core 64, and an upper portion 72 formed integrally with portion 71 that in the assembled condition extends on the upper side of the portion 69.
An inner covering 67 similarly comprises a plate like flank portion 73 that extends in the assembled condition on the inner side of the flank portion 68 and an upper load receiving portion 74 that extends on the under side of the portion 69. The elements of the insulator 61 are assembled together and function broadly similarly to the insulator 31 described above in detail in connection with Figures 1 to 3, 9 and 10. It may be noted the outer abrasion resistant portion 66 has longitudinally spaced laterally outwardly extending ear portions 76 adjacent each end of the flank portion 71. These ear portions 76 engage opposite ends of the shoulder 63 in the installed position, as seen in Figure 5, to locate the insulator relative to the shoulder 63 and prevent longitudinal creep.
Figure 6, 7 and 8a to 8c show an insulator member 76 comprising an insulative core 77 an outer metal abrasion resistant covering 78 and an inner metal abrasion resistant covering 79. The member 76 is somewhat similar to the insulator 61 described above with reference to Figures 4 and 5, except the outer covering 78 terminates upwardly from the planar flank portion 81 of the core member 77, so that the inner side of the shoulder 63 engages directly on the insulative core 81. The compressive and shear forces exerted between the shoulder 63 and the insulator are relatively small, and therefore the coverings 78 and 79 provide adequate resistance to failure of the insulative core structure 81.

Claims

CLAIMS :
1. A rail insulator comprising an electrically insulative body having a flank portion adapted to be interposed between a shoulder member and an edge of a rail flange and wherein at least a laterally inner side of the flank portion has applied thereto an abrasion resistant covering.
2. An insulator as claimed in claim 1 wherein the insulator has a load reception portion integral with the flank portion for extending on an upper side of the rail flange for receiving a downward force of a clip portion thereon, and an underside of the load reception portion has an abrasive resistant covering.
3. An insulator as claimed in claim 2 wherein the electrically insulative body comprises a central member having laterally outer and inner abrasion resistant coverings applied on opposite sides thereof.
4. An insulator as claimed in claim 3 wherein each covering has a laterally extending side surface that engages with the central member.
5. An insulator as claimed in claim 4 wherein the central member has longitudinally inclining laterally extending inner and outer side surfaces .
6. An insulator as claimed in claim 4 and 5 wherein the side surfaces of each covering incline complementarily to and engage with the respective surfaces of the central member.
7. An insulator as claimed in any one of claims 3 to 6 wherein the outer covering has a channel section groove in an upper side having laterally extending sides .
8. An insulator as claimed in any one of claims 3 to 7 wherein said flank portion has inwardly extending cheek portions at each longitudinal end.
9. An insulator as claimed in claim 8 wherein a plate like flank portion of the inner covering is received between the cheek portions.
10. An insulator as claimed in claim 9 wherein the flank portion of the inner covering is formed integrally with an abrasion resistant covering portion that extends on the underside of the load reception portion.
11. An insulator as claimed in any one of claims 3 to 9 wherein the laterally outer covering has an upper portion extending between the central member and the clip portion.
12. An insulator as claimed in any one of claims 3 to 9 wherein the laterally outer covering terminates upwardly from said flank portion of said electrically insulative body.
13. An insulator as claimed in claim 11 wherein the laterally outer covering has an outer flank portion formed integrally with the upper portion and that, in the installed condition, extends between the central member and the shoulder member.
14. An insulator as claimed in claim 12 wherein the outer flank portion of the laterally outer covering has longitudinally spaced laterally outwardly extending ear portions adjacent each end thereof.
15. An insulator as claimed in any one of the preceding claims wherein the or each covering comprises a metal plate.
16. An insulator as claimed in any one of the preceding claims wherein the electrically insulative body comprises polymer material .
PCT/CA2001/000405 2000-03-29 2001-03-27 Rail insulator WO2001073203A1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU2001244005A AU2001244005A1 (en) 2000-03-29 2001-03-27 Rail insulator

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CA2,303,051 2000-03-29
CA 2303051 CA2303051A1 (en) 2000-03-29 2000-03-29 Rail insulator

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2001073203A1 true WO2001073203A1 (en) 2001-10-04

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/CA2001/000405 WO2001073203A1 (en) 2000-03-29 2001-03-27 Rail insulator

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AU (1) AU2001244005A1 (en)
CA (1) CA2303051A1 (en)
WO (1) WO2001073203A1 (en)

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2450731A (en) * 2007-07-04 2009-01-07 Pandrol Ltd Component and sealing plate for rail fastening assembly
US8286891B2 (en) 2007-07-04 2012-10-16 Pandrol Limited Components for rail fastening assembly
WO2016027059A1 (en) * 2014-08-18 2016-02-25 Pandrol Limited Assemblies comprising a railway rail side post insulator and railway rail clip anchoring device for use therewith
GB2536693A (en) * 2015-03-26 2016-09-28 Pandrol Ltd Height adaptation in a railway rail fastening assembly
US10392754B2 (en) 2015-04-09 2019-08-27 Progress Rail Services Corporation Recessed concrete rail seat assembly

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB915365A (en) * 1960-02-03 1963-01-09 Samuel Tippet Improvements relating to clamping blocks for railway rails
US4679293A (en) * 1983-09-09 1987-07-14 Dayco Products, Inc. Method of making a railroad track insulator unit
US5520330A (en) * 1991-12-18 1996-05-28 Pandrol Limited Railway rail-fastening clip and assembly and methods of employing the same

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB915365A (en) * 1960-02-03 1963-01-09 Samuel Tippet Improvements relating to clamping blocks for railway rails
US4679293A (en) * 1983-09-09 1987-07-14 Dayco Products, Inc. Method of making a railroad track insulator unit
US5520330A (en) * 1991-12-18 1996-05-28 Pandrol Limited Railway rail-fastening clip and assembly and methods of employing the same

Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2450731A (en) * 2007-07-04 2009-01-07 Pandrol Ltd Component and sealing plate for rail fastening assembly
GB2450731B (en) * 2007-07-04 2011-12-14 Pandrol Ltd Components for rail fastening assembly
US8286891B2 (en) 2007-07-04 2012-10-16 Pandrol Limited Components for rail fastening assembly
WO2016027059A1 (en) * 2014-08-18 2016-02-25 Pandrol Limited Assemblies comprising a railway rail side post insulator and railway rail clip anchoring device for use therewith
RU2691466C2 (en) * 2014-08-18 2019-06-14 Пэндрол Лимитед Assembly comprising railway side post insulator and railroad rail terminal anchoring device used together with it
GB2536693A (en) * 2015-03-26 2016-09-28 Pandrol Ltd Height adaptation in a railway rail fastening assembly
CN106012702A (en) * 2015-03-26 2016-10-12 潘多尔有限公司 Height adaptation in railway rail fastening assembly
CN106012702B (en) * 2015-03-26 2019-06-04 潘多尔有限公司 The height adaptive device and method of track rail fastening assembly
GB2536693B (en) * 2015-03-26 2020-11-18 Pandrol Ltd Height adaption in a railway rail fastening assembly
US10392754B2 (en) 2015-04-09 2019-08-27 Progress Rail Services Corporation Recessed concrete rail seat assembly

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CA2303051A1 (en) 2001-09-29
AU2001244005A1 (en) 2001-10-08

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